Chapter 2: Executing the Contract

The following entries focus on clauses that were used to report the act of contracting (hereinafter: ‘the creation clause’). The contracts are divided into three groups: [1] surrender of the object of the contract to the conveyee, first [1a] the conveyance of landed property and slaves, then [1b] the conveyance of fungibles, cash, and other types of commodities. [2] The assignment of a person to a designated purpose, particularly in the context of labour and slave contracts. Consensual contracts [3], in the sense of an agreement between the contracting parties on a future bond, are marginal, recorded only in several labour and partnership contracts and even here, they are not universal. In documents recording the conveyance of species, the conveyance is time-limited in one case, that of the lease contract, and permanent in all others. In documents that record the delivery of commodities, the assignment is permanent but the recipient is bound to repay the same type of objects of equal quantity and quality in the future. In the case of the assignment of a person, all contracts are time-limited or at least anticipate circumstances under which the bond should be dissolved. As observed below, in most instances the verb used to designate the contract is unique in each case. The only exceptions are ἐκδίδωμι and παραλαμβάνω, which are used in different contexts of contracts relating to the delivery of persons, as well as μισθόω, which is used in the contexts of leases and of labour contracts. In addition, in most cases only one verb, or one set of verbs, is used in a specific contractual context. One conspicuous exception is the plethora of verbs that designate the act of engagement. The act of marriage is also unique in that it can take the form of the assignment of a dowry and, as such, belong to Category [1b] or Category [2] when the surrender of a woman to a man for the purpose of marriage is reported.

Section I. Conveyance of Species

1. Act of Leasing Clause

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The clause that records the act of leasing is one of the best-documented in papyri from Greco-Roman Egypt. Notwithstanding some changes, it is also one of the clauses that exhibits most continuity from the early Ptolemaic until the Byzantine period. Such in particular is the case with the verb that records the act of leasing, μισθόω (‘assign an object for remuneration, offer to let’) [cf. in general, Kupizsewski (1991): 42]. While other verbs are occasionally used to denote a lease, μισθόω is by far most common: if the act of lease is reported from the lessor’s point of view, the verb appears in the active voice, with the object of lease in the accusative and the lessee in the dative. This is commonly the case in the Ptolemaic period; here the act of leasing is recorded in the indicative of the aorist tense: ἐμίσθωσεν [Type1]. The same formulation is also used in lease documents composed in the Roman period in the Arsinoite grapheia, and in the Oxyrhynchite format of the private protocol. The active voice is also used, in the perfect tense [Type1 act: μεμίσθωκα] in second-century Hermopolite, and later also in the Herakleopolite nome and in Aphrodite. It is also embedded into the text of a homologia in documents from the early Roman Arsinoites [Type3 act: ὁμολογῶ μεμισθωκέναι].

Alternatively, the act can be reported from the point of view of the lessee. Here the lessee stands in the nominative and the lessor in the genitive, introduced by the preposition παρά. In this case, too, the object stands in the accusative. The format is best documented in the formulation of the Arsinoite hypomnema of the early Roman period [Type2: βούλομαι μισθώσασθαι], in the text ἐπιδέχομαι μισθώσασθαι [Type2epid and Comfort (1934b): 286-288; Kränzlein (1997): 406[ commonly used in the Oxyrhynchite nome from the third century CE, and in the objective μεμίσθωμαι [Type1a] employed from the fourth century onward in the Herakleopolite and Panopolite nomes, in Kellis, and in Aphrodite. Finally, the middle voice becomes the default format for documentation of the act of leasing in the homologia and in late antique Hermopolites, Arsinoites and Aphrodite [Type3: ὁμολογῶ μεμισθῶσθαι].

The act of leasing does not necessarily focus on a tangible piece of property: one can lease oneself (auto-misthosis, see entry), fruit (karpoi: e.g., BGU XI 2035.8: 129, Karanis and Pringsheim (1950): 298-300, Herrmann (1958): 73, 224), labour (erga: e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1631: 280, Oxyrhynchos and Jördens (1992): 260-261), or inheritance (e.g., P.Amh. II 85 and 86: 78, Hermopolis) [Only the exceptions are noted in the catalogue below]. In most cases, however, the lease targets tangible objects. In particular, houses, buildings, and sites for non-agricultural purposes are leased in 182 documents and agricultural land in 836.

Lease is not the only type of contract documenting the conveyance of such assets. Landed property, for example, that belonging to the category of the kleros katoikikos, the most common type of private land in the Roman period, is recorded in 133 acts of sale and in 61 lease contracts; 141 documents record the leasing of houses and buildings, and 254 give evidence of their sale. Therefore, close similarities in the description of the object are anything but surprising, e.g., use of the same term to record the object; use of the same measurement system; use of the participle of ὑπάρχω to denote ownership; an indication of the location of agricultural land through the preposition περί with the accusative followed by the name of the neighbouring village, and of ἐν with the dative, or ἐπί with the genitive, to denote the location of the object within a specified village, town, or territory. Cf., e.g., SB VI 9612 (88/7 BCE, Theogonis): γῆς ἀρούρας εἴκοσι ἢ ὅσαι ἐὰν ὦσι ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον, ἐν πέντε σφραγῖσι, περὶ Θεογονίδα ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ Κοίλῃ (‘… twenty arouras five arourai of land, or as many as there may be, in five parcels near the village of Theogonis in the so-called Valley’) [cf. July (1966): 35-37].

However, there are also some differences: an act of sale presupposes the vendor’s ownership. A lease does not: quite frequently, the lessor holds an alien object that he now offers to sublet: cf., e.g., P.Mil.Vogl. VI 269.8-10 (124, Tebtynis): ἀ̣φʼ ὧ̣ν [κ]α̣ὶ [σὺ ἔχε]ι̣ς̣ ἐν μ[ισ]θ̣ώσ̣ει̣ | 9 ἀ̣ρ̣ούρας̣ τριά̣κ[οντ]α̣ [τέ]τ̣[αρ]τον ἢ ὅσα̣ι̣ ἐ̣ὰ̣[ν] | 10 ὦσι, ἐν αἷς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣φ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ (‘from the arouras that you hold in lease, 34 arouras, or as many as there may be, in which …’). Accordingly, in 20 lease contracts the land is said to be public (δημόσιαι ἄρουραι, δημόσια ἐδάφη), in 17 royal, and in 14 it is domain land—all three categories that are completely absent from acts of sale. In addition, in lease contracts we are informed about the current productivity rate and the crops cultivated. In 23 documents it is reported to be σιτικός, compared with just eight sales; in 34 leases the qualifying adjective is σπόριμος (‘fit for sowing’), a designation used in only five sale documents; in 19 it is called ἄνυδρος (‘lacking artificial irrigation system’: Herrmann (1958): 77). In just one land sale is this also the case.

There are, on the other hand, some elements that are common in deeds of sale and rare in leases, e.g., a description of the neighboring properties. Virtually indispensable in land sales, this account is occasional in land leases, recorded in just 22 cases in the following catalogue. The same holds true for an attempt to corroborate the conveyor’s title. An account of the form of acquisition is extremely common in sales; in leases, it does not emerge before the Byzantine period. Paradigmatic is P.Oxy. LXIII 4390,6-12 (469 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἑκουσίως ἐπιδέχομαι | 7 μισθώ‹σα›σθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτ̣ο̣ς ἔτους̣ ρ̣μϛ ριε, σπορᾶς τῆς ἐνάτης ἰνδικτίονος, | 8 ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων τῇ σῇ λαμπρότητι τῶν καὶ περιελθόντων εἰς αὐτὴν | 9 ἀπὸ δικαίου κληρονομί[ας] τοῦ τῆς μεγα̣λ̣οπρεποῦς μνήμης σου πατρὸς ἐμ πεδίοις | 10 τῆς ἡμετέρας̣ κώμ[η]ς ὁλό̣κληρον μ̣ηχανὴν ἐξηρτισμένην πάσῃ ἐξαρτίᾳ | 11 καὶ σιδηρώμασιν κ[αὶ τὰς ὑ]π̣ο̣[σ]τελλούσας ταύτῃ ἀρούρας δεκαεννέα ἥμισυ, οὔσας | 12 ἐν δια̣φ̣[ό]ρ̣ο̣ι̣ς τοποθε̣σ̣[ίαι]ς οὕτως· (‘I voluntarily undertake to hold in lease from the present year 146/115, for the sowing of the ninth indiction, from the property belonging to your ladyship that has devolved upon you by right of inheritance from your father of magnificent memory, in the fields of our village an entire irrigation machine fitted with all its equipment and ironwork and the nineteen and a half arouras dependent upon it, which are in different sites as follows’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 108).

Leases of buildings and factories naturally elicit a different vocabulary that aims to describe accurately the qualities of the object. In P.Prag. I 38.3-12 (96 CE, Herakleia), recording the lease of an oil press (ἐλαιουργεῖον), the object is qualified by three adjectives: ἐνεργός (‘actively used’), στεγνός (‘roofed’) and τεθυρομένος (‘furnished with doors’); a relative clause (ἐν ᾧ) then reports two objects located in the oil press: [1] a μηχανή, also characterised by means of an adjective (λιθίνη, ‘made of stone’), and then by the preposition σύν, reporting the presence of an appendant object (σὺν θυείῃ ‘with a mortar’); [2] an ὄργανον, qualified by the participle of the medial perfect of ἐξαρτίζω (ἐξηρτισμένον: ‘outfitted’) introducing, in the dative, the objects appendant to the ὄργανον: βού̣λομαι μισθ[ώσασθαι] | 4 παρὰ σοῦ τὸ ὑπάρχον σο̣ὶ ἐν κώμῃ Ἡρα[κ]λείᾳ | 5 ἐλαι̣ουργ‹ε›ῖον ἐνεργὸν στεγνὸν καὶ τεθυρομένον | 6 ἐν ὧι μηχανὴ λιθίνη σὺν θυείῃ καὶ ὀργ[α]νωι (l. ὄργανον) | 7 ἐξηρτισμένον ἄξωσι δυσὶ καὶ ο̣ἴκο̣υ̣ς̣ ̣[  ̣  ̣  ̣]  ̣  ̣| 8 [ -ca.?- ]  ̣  ̣  ̣  ̣ενει καὶ ὑπερόͅωι (l. ὑπερῴῳ) το̣ῦ ἑτέ̣|9ρου οἴκου μεγάλου λ̣εγομένωι (l. λ̣εγομένoυ) εἰς ἐν̣[ια]υ̣τὸν̣ | 10 ἕνα{ν} ἀπὸ μηνὸς Σωτηρίου νουμηνίας τοῦ | 11 ἐνεστῶτος πεντεκαιδεκάτου ἔτο̣υ̣ς̣ [Α]ὐ̣τ̣οκρά̣[τορο]ς̣ | 12 Καίσαρος Δομιτιανοῦ Σ[εβα]στοῦ Γερμανικοῦ (‘I wish to lease from you the active oil mill, with roof and doors, in which there is a stone oil press with a mortar and a millstone outfitted with two axles and sites – – located in the upper level of another site called ‘large’, which belong to me in the village of Herakleia, for one year from the beginning of the month of Soterios of the present fifteenth year of Emperor Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus’). The same construction is used in the contemporaneous P.Lond. II 216.6-14 (p. 186) (94, Soknopaiou Nesos) to record the lease of a granary: this object too is qualified through ἐνεργός, στεγνός and τεθυρομένος, and the relative clause ἐν ᾧ reports appendant facilities: βούλομαι μισθόσασ|7θαι (l. μισθώσασθαι) παρʼ ὑμῶν ἀφʼ ὧν καὶ ἡμῖς (l. ὑμεῖς) ἔχεται (l. ἔχετε) ἐν μισ|8θώσ‹ε›ι ἐν τῶι ἐποικίωι θησαυρὸν ἐνερ|9γὸν στεγνὸν καὶ τεθυρομένον, ἐν̣ ὧι | 10 πύργος καὶ αὐλ̣ὴ̣ καὶ ταμῖ[α] (l. ταμιεῖα) πέντε καὶ νού|11βεσι καὶ σιροῖς καὶ τοῖς λ̣ο̣ιπ̣οῖς χρηστηρί|12οις πᾶσι (‘I wish to sublease, out of the property which you hold in lease in the epoikion, a store-room in good condition with roof and doors, in which are a tower, a courtyard and five chambers together with the noubis, storage pits, and all the remaining gear’). (transl: Johnson (1936): 270).

In P.Lond. II 216, the word χρηστήριον (always in the plural) (‘equipment’) [Husson (1983): 291-293], used to cover any type of facility not mentioned specifically, has far-reaching implications: in the Roman and Byzantine periods, the description of appendant objects may of course refer to specific objects but also to property categories and accruing rights. Cf., e.g., P.Berl.Möller 3.8-18 (540 CE, Hermopolis): ὁμολογῶ ἑκουσίως καὶ αὐθαιρέτως | 9 μεμισθῶσθαι παρὰ σοῦ ἐφʼ ὃν βούλει χρόνον λογιζόμενο̣[ν] | 10 ἀπὸ τῆς παρούσης ἡμέρας, ἥτις ἐστὶν Φαρμοῦθι | 11 νεομηνία τῆς παρούσης τρίτης ἰνδικτίονος, κοι[τῶνα] | 12 ἕνα ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ στέγῃ νεύοντα εἰς νότο̣ν μετὰ [το]ῦ̣ | 13 αἱροῦντος αὐτῷ μέρους φρέα̣τος καὶ μ̣ε̣σ̣αύλης | 14 καὶ εἰσόδου καὶ ἐξόδου καὶ ἀνόδου καὶ καθόδου καὶ | 15 τῶν ὑπολοίπων χρηστηρίων καὶ δικαίων ἀπὸ τοῦ | 16 αἱροῦντός σοι μέρους οἰκίας ὁλοκλήρου διακειμέ̣νης | 17 ἐπὶ τ[ῆ]ς αὐτῆς Ἑρμουπολιτῶν ἐπʼ ἀμφόδου Πόλεως | 18 ἀ[π]η̣λ[ι]ώτου πρὸς οἴκησίν μου καὶ χρῆσιν (‘I acknowledge willingly and of my own choice that I have leased from you for whatever period you choose counting inclusively from the present day, which is the first of the month of Pharmouthi of the present third indiction, for the purpose of my dwelling and use one bedroom on ground level facing toward the south along with its proportionate share of a well, an inner court, an entrance, an exit, an ascent, a descent, and the remaining appurtenances and rights out of my proportional share of a complete house located in the same Hermopolis in the East-end Quarter ’).

The lease constitutes the surrender of an object to the assignee for the latter’s use within a limited time frame. In the Ptolemaic period, the duration is indicated in a special clause, following the act of leasing; later, it is integrated into the clause that records the act of leasing. The beginning of the time frame is introduced by the preposition ἀπό, as occurs in other contracts that convey future rights. Accordingly, the document may report the day (e.g., ἀπὸ α Θὼθ τοῦ εἰσιόντος ιζ ἔτους), month (e.g., ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος μηνὸς Χοιάκ), year (e.g., ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἔτους) or indiction of the beginning, as it would in any other contract (e.g., labour or loan). In leases, however, the contract may also begin with the sowing (e.g., ἀπὸ σπόρου; ἀπὸ σπορᾶς). A practice particularly common in the Byzantine period and in regard to houses [2, Comfort (1934a): 80-88; Müller (1985): 186-192; Jördens (1990): 244] is to leave the date of termination to the lessor’s discretion. Although some contracts do specify an end date (μέχρι Μεσορὴ μηνὸς τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος κβ ἔτους), the general inclination is to report the duration in years. The time frame is expressed in the accusative and is introduced, in decreasing order of frequency, by ἐπί (e.g., ἐπὶ χρόνον ἔτη δύο), εἰς (e.g., εἰς ἔτη ἑπτά) and πρός, which is the most common in the case of singular years, sometimes with the adjective μόνος (e.g., πρὸς μόνον τὸ ἐνεστὸς τρίτον ἔτος). From the fourth century on, the two key timespan-related designations, beginning and duration, are integrated into one construction through the newly introduced verb λογίζομαι: e.g., ἐπὶ πενταετῆ χρόνον λογιζόμενον ἀπὸ καρπῶν τῆς ἑνδεκάτης ἰνδικτίωνος.

In this ‘act of leasing’ clause, scribes in the Ptolemaic period rarely recorded the purpose of the lease, such as the crops that should be cultivated on the land. Such an addition is first introduced in the Roman period, in four different formulations [cf. Wolff (1946): 59; Herrmann (1958): 177]. The preposition εἰς [Pur1], followed by the purpose of the lease, is already extremely widespread in the first three centuries in documents from the Arsinoite and Hermopolite nomes (176 Texts). It becomes particularly detailed in multiannual leases, different crops assigned to each year. Cf., e.g., P.Mil.Vogl. II 63.16-26 (170 CE, Tebtynis): τὸ μὲν πρῶτον | 17 [καὶ τρίτον] κ̣α̣ὶ̣ πέ̣μ̣πτον ἔτος εἰς σπορὰν χόρ|18[του κα]ταβρώματος προβάτων, φόρου ἐπὶ τὴν | 19 τ[ριετίαν] κατʼ ἔτο[ς ἀ]σπερμεὶ τῶν ὅλων ἀρουρῶν | 20 ὀκ[τὼ] ἀργυρίου δρ̣α̣χμῶν ἑξήκοντα τεσσά|21ρ̣ω̣ν̣ τὸ δὲ δεύτερον̣ καὶ τέταρτον καὶ ἕκτον | 22 [ἔτος] εἰς σπορὰν πυροῦ, ἐκφορίου ἐπὶ τὴν | 23 [τριετίαν] κατ̣ʼ ἔ̣τος [σ]ὺν αἷς λημψόμεθα σπερ|24μ[άτων] πυροῦ ἀρτάβαις ὀκτὼ τοῦ παν|25τὸς̣ π̣υ̣ροῦ ἀρταβῶν ἑκατὸν ἑπτὰ πάντων | 26 ἀν[υ]πολόγων καὶ ἀκινδύνων (‘In the first, third, and fifth year for the sowing of grass for the grazing of sheep, for a rent for the period of three years each year without allowance for seed, for the entire eight arouras sixty-four drachmas, and in the second, fourth, and sixth year together with the seeds that we will receive, eight artabae of wheat, the amount of all the wheat being one hundred and seven artabae, subject to no deduction or risk’).

The second formulation, with πρός [pur2: 66 documents; Müller (1985): 242–244], is overwhelmingly Hermopolite and Byzantine. It is attested in particular in house leases (πρὸς χρῆσιν ἐμὴν καὶ οἴκησιν) and vineyard leases, in which the lessee’s duties are recorded at length. Cf., e.g., P.Coll.Youtie II 89.8-15 (485, Hermopolis): ὁ̣μολογ[ῶ] ἑκουσίως καὶ αὐθ̣αιρέτ[ω]ς̣ με̣[μ]ισθῶ̣σθαι | 9 πα[ρὰ] τ̣ῆς̣ σῆς θαυμασιότητος ἐπ[ὶ] τριετ[ῆ] χρόνον | 10 [τὸ ὑπά]ρ̣χον τῇ σῇ θ̣α̣υ̣μασιότητ̣[ι] χ̣[ωρ]ί̣ο̣ν ἀμπελικὸν | 11 ἀρ[ο]υ̣ρ[ῶν] ὅ̣σων̣ ἐστὶν ἐν συστάσ‹ε›ι [σὺ]ν φυτοῖς π̣[ᾶ]σι [ἀπὸ καρ]πῶν [τ]ῆς εὐτυχοῦς | 12 δ̣ε̣κ̣ά̣της ἰνδ(ικτίονος) δι̣[α]κ̣εί[μ]ενον π̣ερὶ πρακ[το]ρίαν τῆ[ς α]ὐ̣τ[ῆς κ]ώμη̣ς πρὸς | 13 χερ̣[ικ]ὴν ἀμπε[λ]ουργ̣ικὴν ἐργασίαν καὶ πᾶσ̣α̣ν̣ ἐ̣[πι]μέ[λειαν] καὶ καλ‹λ›ιεργίαν | 14 κ̣α̣ὶ̣ φ̣ιλοκαλί[α]ν̣ καὶ θρυοκοπίαν καὶ βαταν̣ολογί[α]ν̣ (l. βοτανολογί[α]ν) καὶ περίσκαψ‹ε›ιν ἄμεμ|15π̣[τον] (‘I acknowledge willingly and of my own choice that I have leased from your excellency for a period of three years a vineyard plot measuring so many arouras as are recorded in the systasis including all trees from the fruits of the felicious tenth indiction, located in the praktoria of the same village for manual vineyard-related work, care, improvement, embellishment, cutting of rushes, weeding, and digging all around without reproach’).

The conjunction ὥστε [pur3] is used in leases from the Oxyrhynchites, particularly in the construction ὥστε κατ᾽ ἔτος σπεῖραι καὶ ξυλαμῆσαι οἷς ἐὰν αἱρῆται χωρὶς ἰσάτεως καὶ ἐχομενίου (‘to sow and plant the land with any crop which he chooses except woad and coriander (?)) . The conjunction ἐφ᾽ ὧι [pur5] is recorded in the Ptolemaic and early Roman periods with the future indicative (ἐφ᾽ ὧι χερσοκοπήσει), and is especially popular in the Arsinoite nome. In the fourth century, the future indicative is replaced by the infinitive of the aorist tense (e.g., PSI XII 1233.25-26: ἐφʼ ᾧ ὑμᾶς οἰκοδομῆσαι). It gains popularity as we reach the sixth and seventh century and is especially well attested in legal documents from the village of Aphrodite. Also common from the third century onward is ἐπὶ τῷ with the infinitive [pur4], mostly in the aorist tense.

Bibl.: Wolff (1946): 59; Taubenschlag (1955): 357-359; Herrmann (1958): 41-43, 50, 68-98; (1975): 321-325; Kastner (1962): 34-36; Hennig (1967): 42-72; Müller (1985): 142-177, 178-184; Kupizsewski (1991): 46-48; Kränzlein (1997): 407.

Types of clause:   1: objective [ἐμίσθωσεν];    1a: objective [μεμίσθωμαι];     1a act: objective [μεμίσθωκα]; 2: application style [βούλομαι μισθώσασθαι]; 2epid: application style [ἐπιδέχομαι μισθώσασθαι]; 3: homologia, medio-passive [ὁμολογῶ μεμισθῶσθαι];     3act: homologia, active [ὁμολογῶ μεμισθωκέναι];   4: synchoresis [συγχωρῶ];     4act: synchoresis active voice;

Designations of purpose: pur1: εἰς; pur2: πρός; pur3: ὥστε; pur4: ἐπὶ τῷ; pur5: ἐφʼ ᾧ.

Type of activities: epispor.: ἐπισπορά; katabr.: κατάβρωμα; katam.: καταμονή; katan.: κατανομή; katath.: κατάθεσις.; kop.: κοπή; spor.: σπορά; xeras.: ξηρασία; allel.: ἐξ ἀλληλεγγύης vel sim. (mutual surety)

BGU I 39.5-10 (186, ArsN) [2]; 166.3-9 (157, ArsN) [2; pur1: spor., kop.: chort.]; 197.3-15 (17, Dionysias) [1]; 227.4-11 (151, ArsN) [2]; 237.2-11 (164/5, ArsN) [2]; 253.5-11 (244-248, PtolEu) [2]; 303.8-15 (586, ArsPol) [3]; 305.7-17 (556, ArsPol) [3]; 306.7-9 (566, ArsPol) [3]; 307.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3]; 308.1a-4 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3]; 311.10-14 (VII/VIII?, Theog) [3: σπείρειν]; 312.b.1-5 (657/8, ArsN); 349.5-8 (313, ArsN) [3act]; II 364.7-12 (553, ArsPol) [3]; 393.3-7 (167, Dionysias) [2]; 407.7-9 (III?, Seneus) [2]; 519.5-15 (IV, Phil) [2]; 526.5-17 (86, SokN) [3act; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 538.3-8 (100, Nilopolis) [1]; 586.6-12 (324, ArsPol) [2]; 591.8-16 (56/7, ArsN) [2: phoinik.karp.]; 603.6-15 (168, ArsN) [2: elaik.phoinik.karp.; allel.] 604.4-11 (167/8, ArsN) [2]; 606.3-6 (306 , PtolEu) [2: phoinik.karp.]; 633.1-8 (221, ArsN) [2]; 636.6-14 (20, Kar) [1: ed.: ἐ̣π̣ικεχω{ι}ρηκέναι αὐτῶι; pur1: katabr., katam.]; 640.6-9 (185, SokN) [2]; 644.4-20 (69, SokN) [1]; 661.3-9 (140, ArsN) [2: sublease]; III 749.1-10 (IV-VII, ArsN); 831.3-11 (201, SokN) [2; geitones]; 841.1-6 (672 or 687, ArsN) [3]; 860.5-11 (254-268, MagdMir) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr., chort., all]; 862.4-14 (154/5, ArsN) [2: phoinik.karp.]; 900.18-24, 27-28 (582/3, HermN) [3: ed.: πωμαριτικὴν̣ καὶ τὴν̣ ὑδροπαρο[χίαν;]; 912.5-13 (33, SokN) [1]; 916.4-15 (69-79, Herakleides Meris) [1; allel.]; 918.4-8 (110/1, ArsN) [2]; 920.5-17 (212 , Phil) [3]; 938.2-7 (385, Herak) [1a; pur2: spor.: arak.; allel.]; 939.7 (363 Herak) [3]; 940.5-17 (398, Herak) [1a]; IV 1017.1-7 (II/III, Ox) [1; pur3: ὥστε σπεῖραι: pyr.; ξυλαμῆσαι: all except]; 1018.5-11 (III, ArsN) [2]; 1067.3-9 (101/2, Euh) [2]; 1091.9-22 (212, Ox) [2epid]; 1092.7-13 (372, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 1116.4-9 (13A, Alex) [4]; 1117.5-11 (3A, Alex) [4]; 1118.3-7 (22A, Alex) [4act]; 1119.4-13 (6/5A, Alex) [4]; 1120.5-8 (5A, Alex) [4]; 1121.4-11 (5A, Alex) [4]; VI 1262.4-8 (216/5A, Takona) [1]; 1263.4-10 (215/4A, Tholt) [1]; 1264.7-13 (215/4A, Tholt) [1]; 1266.7-17 (203/2A, Takona) [1]; 1267.1-2 (before 286/5 or 266/6 or 228/7A, OxN); 1268.4-11 (IIIsA, UP); 1269.1-7 (III/IIA, Ox) [1]; 1270.7-15 (191A, Takona) [1]; 1282.5-10 (IIA/IA, ArsN?) [ὁμολογοῦμεν συμμετέχειν]; VII 1644.6-11 (294? , Phil) [2]; 1645.8-14 (245, Phil) [2: ed.: βούλομαι συνχωρηθῆναί | 5 [μοι];]; 1646.5-13 (III, Phil) [2, sublease]; X 1943.3-6, 23-28 (215/4A, Tholt) [1]; 1944.4-8 (214/3A, Tholt) [1]; 1946.3-8 (213/2A, Tholt) [1]; 1947.3,7 (213/2A, Tholt) [1]; 1948.5-6 (213/2A, Tholt) [1]; 1951.1 (221a-205A, OxN); 1954.1-2 (221A-205A, OxN) [1]; 1957.6-7, 15-17 (177A, ArsN) [1]; 1982.6 (236/5A, OxN) [1]; XI 2032.6-15 (113, PtolEu) [2]; 2033.6-12 (before 94, Herakleia) [2]; 2034.4-9 (II/III , PtolEu) [2]; 2035.6-12 (129, Kar) [2; karp.; allel.]; 2036.7-21 (162/3, Herakleia) [3act; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 2123.3-12 (85, ArsN) [2]; 2125.1-8 (II/III, HermN) [2; pur1: spor.: lachan.]; XII 2133.4-10 (IIIl, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.; katath.: chortasm.]; 2137.7-13 (426, Herm) [3]; 2138.6-11 (430, Herm) [2]; 2139.6-11 (432, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, katagoge]; 2141.9-10 (446, Herm) [3]; 2146.7-11 (457, Herm) [3; pur1: spor.: all]; 2147.5-12 (464, Herm) [3; pur1: katath.: all]; 2148.7-11 (375, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: all]; 2149.7-15 (470, Herm) [3; pur1: spor. katath.: all]; 2150.4-9 (472, Herm) [3; mortgaged land; pur1: katath.: all]; 2151.6-13 (476, Herm) [3; allel.; pur1: spor.: all]; 2152.3-8 (512?, Herm) [3; allel; pur1: spor. katath.: all]; 2153.8-15 (493?, Herm) [3: allel; spor., katath.: all]; 2155.6-11 (481?, Herm) [3; allel.; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 2156.6-10 (483, Herm) [3]; 2157.4-9 (485, Herm) [3]; 2158.1-3 (485?, Herm); 2159.5-12 (485, Herm) [3; pur1: spor.: karp.]; 2160.5-16 (488, Herm) [3; pur2: ὑδροπαροχεία]; 2162.5-16 (491, Herm) [2; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2164.4-9 (494, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 2172.3-9 (498?, Herm) [3; pur1.: spor., katath.: all]; 2174.6-12 (501, Herm) [all]; 2175.1-2 (VI/VII, Herm) [3; allel.]; 2181.6-14 (509?, Herm) [3; mortgaged land; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 2182.5-11 (510, Herm): [3: ἡμετέραν χρῆσιν]; 2186.4-7 (514?, Herm) [3; pur1: spor. katath.]; 2187.5-6 (520, Herm) [3]; 2202.6-15 (c. 565, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2204.9-22 (574, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; XIII 2333.3-10 (142/3 , PtolEu) [2; elaik.karp.]; 2340.1-12 (IIIe, Ox) [1; pur3: ὥστε ξυλαμῆσαι χλωροῖς]; 2341.1-7 (II, Kar); XIV 2383.2-6 (215/4A, Tholt); 2384.3 (215/4A, Tholt) [1]; 2385 passim (c. 214-212A, Tholt) [1]; 2388.7-11 (191A, Takona) [1]; 2389.1-5 (scr.int.), 16-20 (scr.ext.) (72A, HerakN) [3: sublease]; 2390.4-6, 14-16 (160/59A, HerakN) [1]; XV 2484.1-4 (II, ArsN) [pur1: spor.: all]; XVII 2675.7-11 (481, HermN) [2; pur1: spor. katath.: all]; 2676.8-18 (500, Herm) [3]; 2682.6-15 (481, Herm) [4; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 2684.7-15 (555, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2685.8-19 (585, Herm) [3; allel.; geitones; pur1: spor., katath: karp.]; 2696..12-17 (616, Herm) [3act; pur5: ἐφʼ ᾧ σπεῖραι ἐν χόρτῳ]; XIX 2801.1-10, ll. 2-4 (Im, HermN); 2801.11-17, ll. 11-14 (Im, HermN) [1a]; 2802.2-5 (IV, HermN) [2]; 2803.6-8 (Vs, HermN) [allel.]; 2804.4-7 (488?, HermN) [3; pur1: spor.: all]; 2807.8-16 (508?, Herm) [3; pur1.: spor., katath.: all]; 2808.5-14 (528, Herm) [3; katath.: karp.]; 2809.6-17 (533, Herm) [3; allel.]; 2810.6-12 (559/60, Herm) [3; pur1.: spor. katath.: all]; 2811.3-10 (VI, Herm) [3; pur2.: spor., katath.: karp.: all]; 2814.1-9 (VI/VII, Herm) [pur2.: spor., katath.: all]; 2815.2-14 (VIIf, Herm) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 2816.4-9 (Vs, Herm) [3; allel.; pur1: katath.: all]; 2817.5-12 (500, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis]; 2819.4-11 (442 ?, Herm) [3]; 2820.5-11 (Vs, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2821.5-15 (V/VI, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2822.7-22 (526/7?, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis: techne]; 2823.7-16 (568/9?, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 2869.6-13 (57/8, ArsN?) [ἐπιχωρηθείσης ἡμῖν δραγματηγίας καὶ σακκηγίας καὶ χορτηγίας]; CPR I 31.4-13 (153, ArsN) [2]; 32.6-12 (218, SokN) [2; allel., geitones]; 34.3-7 (217-223, Dionysias) [2]; 36.5-10 (225, Peenamis) [1a; pur1: spor., krith.]; 40.6-15 (300, Herak) [1a; pur2: katan.; probat.; pur1: spor.: chort.]; 42.7-19 (IV, Herak) [1a; allel.; pur1: spor.: all]; 239.5-8 (212, SokN) [2]; 240.7-20 (126, SokN) [3act]; 244.3-8 (II/III, ArsN) [2]; 245.1-7 passim (II, ArsN) [2; pur1: spor.; pyr., chort.]; 247.4-12 (335, Herak) [1act; pur1: spor.: chort.]; V 8.9-15 (320, HermN) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all.]; 16.6-10 (486, HermN) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all.]; VII 31.24-44, ll. 28-30 (197, Herm); 35.7-9 (III, Bac) [2]; 43.7-12, 15-18 (513, Herm) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 51.14-31 (629/644, ArsPol) [3]; VIII 9.5-11 (159, ArsN) [2]; 46.3-5 (IV, HermN); 61.10-20 (546, ArsPol) [4]; 62.14-29 (575, Herak) [1a]; 68.6-13 (VI/VII, HerakN) [3]; 69.3-11 (VI/VII, Herak) [1a]; 71.10-16 (684?, ArsN) [3]; IX 7.1 (VI, HermN) [pur2: spor., katath.: karp.]; 8.1-3 (VI, HermN) [pur2: chresis, katagoge]; 26.4-11 (545/6, HermN) [pur1: spor., katath.]; 27.5-9 (V/VI, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.]; 29.11-13 (631-641, HermN) [3]; 30.1-4 (VIIe, HermN) [pur1: spor., katath.: karp.]; 32.10?-17? (551, HermN); 33.6-19 (566, HermN) [3; chresis as object]; X 26.1-4 (before 532, ArsPol); 119.8-11 (491, ArsPol) [3; ed.: δίκαι[ον] μισθώ̣|[σεως -ca.?- ]κο ̣;]; XIV 10.8-12 (556-579, ArsPol) [3; allel.]; 11.5-10 (578, ArsPol) [3]; 12.4-18 (450, Herak) [1a]; XVIIa 2.6-10? (313, Herm) [3]; 4.5-8 (314, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: krith.]; 8.4-9 (316, Herm) [3]; 10.5-9 (320, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: karp.]; 11.6-10, 13-17 (320, Herm) [2; pur1: katath.: chort.]; 29.2-11 (IV, Herm) [2]; 38.4-9 (321/2 or 336/7 or 351/2, Herm) [2]; XVIII 2.26-32 (231A/206A, Theog) [1]; 3.46-52 (231A/206A, Theog) [1]; 7.124-131 (231A/207A, Theog) [1]; 11.210-217 (231A/206A, Theog) [1]; 15.298-310 (231A/206A, Theog) [1]; 19.391-397 (231A/206A, Theog) [1]; 33.13 (232/1A, or 207/6A Theog); XIX 7.5-9 (477, Herm) [3]; 9.5-9 (496, Herm) [3]; 11.7-10 (V/VI, ArsN) [3; ed.: [ὁμολογῶ συν̣[τεθεῖσθαι -ca.?- ] | γεωργῆσαι;]; 46.1-4 (V/VI, Ophis) [pur1: spor.: pyr.; katath.: karp., all]; XXIV 10.6-12 (475, Herm) [3]; 20.5-8 (Vend/VIb, ArsN?) [3]; 26.5-11 (602/3, ArsPol) [3]; O.Bodl. I 257.2-6 (IIA,, Thebes) [3act]; O.Deiss. 59.1-6 (70, UP); O.Leid. 315.4-14 (100/1, Peri Thebas) [2: ed.: θέ̣λομεν μ̣ε̣μισ̣θῶσ̣θαι;]; O.Wilck. 1158.4-6 (I-IV, Eleph?) [2]; P.Aberd. 45.3-14 (141, SokN) [2; ed.: ἐπιχ[ωρηθῆ]ναι;]; 57.4-20 (II, SokN) [2: ed.: ἐφʼ ὃν μενεῖ σοι ἡ γεωργεία;]; 58.2-5 (III, UP) [1: ἔλαβον ἐν μισθώσει]; 181.2-15 (41/2 or 54/5, Dionysias) [2]; 182.4-8 (IIIl, ArsN) [2]; 183.1-3 (III, ArsN) [2]; P.Alex. 11.3-9 (102-114, ArsN) [2: phoretra]; 32.5-11 (VI, Antai?) [2]; 33.12-15 (591-602, ArsPol) [3]; P.Alex.Giss. 5.5-7 (215, ArsN) [2]; 6.4-7 (IIl, Kar) [2]; P.Amh. II 85.3-10 (78, Herm) [2: inheritance]; 86.3-11 (78, Herm) [2: inheritance]; 90.1-12 (159, ArsN) [2; allel.]; 91.4-10 (159, PtolEu/Euh) [2]; 92.3-15 (162/3, SokN) [2: ἐπιχωρηθῆναι]; 93.3-14 (181, SokN) [2]; P.Amst. I 42.1-4 (III/IV, Mermertha); 43.1-3 (V/VI, Ophis) [pur1: spor.: pyr.; katath.: karp.; geitones]; P.Ant. II 89.5-10 (IVe, Antin) [2; pur1: katath.: lachanosp.]; 105.1-3 (VI, UP) [pur1: spor. (σπόρον̣), katath.]; P.Athen. 14.3-15 (22, Phil) [1]; 16.4-8 (138/9, ArsN) [2]; 18.3-6 (223/4, ArsN) [2]; 19.4-12 (153, ArsN) [2]; P.Bad. II 18.10-19 (61/2, Herm) [1a: ed.: συμ̣μ̣εμ̣[ίσθ]ω(νται);]; 30.7-18 (577, Herm) [3]; IV 91.2.18-26 (471, Herm) [3; pur2: oikesis, chresis]; VI 170.12-23 (54, Thead) [2; ed.: ἀπὸ τῶν ἀναγ̣[ρα]φομέ̣[νω]ν̣ εἰς ἡμᾶς (l. ὑμᾶς);]; 172.9-20 (547, Ox) [3: μεμισθῶσθαι καὶ παρειληφέναι]; P.Bas. II 53.3-15 (VIm, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; P.Batav. 3.5-20 (109A, Ta Memnoneia) [1]; 16.1-6 (346/7, OxN) [2; pur1: spor.: krith.]; P.Benaki 2.6-17 (IVs, Kaine) [1a: chresis as object]; P.Berl.Cohen 19.5-11 (VI, Terythis) [3]; P.Berl.Frisk 5.4-9 (510, Herm) [3; ed.: ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον διακατέχεις τὴν ὑποθήκην; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; P.Berl.Leihg. I 19.8-15 (221/2 or 225/6, Kerkesephis) [2]; 20.1-12 (149, OxN); 22.6-19 (155, Thead) [3act]; 23.3-10 (252, Thead) [2: sublease]; P.Berl.Möller 3.8-18 (540, Herm) [3; pur2: oikesis, chresis]; P.Berl.Zill. 5.8-15 (417, Herm) [3; pur2: oikesis, chresis]; 7.9-18 (574, Ox) [2epid]; P.Bingen 59.4-13 (33, Teb) [1; but also ed.: μεμισθωκέναι;]; 132.11-18 (541, Aphr) [3]; P.Bodl. I 34.6-15 (158/9, ArsN) [2: ed.: [ἐπιχωρηθῆ]ν̣αι;]; 36.8-17 (543/558, ArsPol); 37.17 (600, ArsPol) [3]; 38.5-9 (VI/VII, ApolHept) [1a]; 60.7-12 (553, Herm) [3]; 85.3-7 (II, ArsN?) [2: sublease: karp.]; 131.4-10 (132/3 or 153/4 or 176/7, ArsN) [2]; 142.4-9 (138-161, Kar) [2]; 156.2-7 passim (I/II, Kar) [1: ed.: π̣ροσεμ̣ί̣σ̣θ̣ωσαν;]; P.Bour. 17.5-8 (220, Herakleia) [2]; P.Brem. 36.10-14 (117, Herm) [1a: ἀναγράφονται]; P.Cair.Isid. 98.5-10? (291, Kar) [2]; 99.5-12 (297, Kar) [2]; 100.4-9 (297, Kar) [2]; 101.1-2 (300, ArsN); 102.2-10 (303/4, ArsN) [2]; 103.5-11 (313, Kar) [2]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67100.9-14 (506, Aphr) [1a]; 67101.9-14 (511, Aphr) [3]; 67102.7-9 (526, Aphr) [3; allel.]; 67104.4-8 (530, Aphr) [3]; 67105.11-20 (532, Aphr) [3]; 67106.8-15 (539, Aphr) [3; allel.]; 67107.6-11 (525/540, Aphr) [1a act: ed.: ἐ̣ξ[εμ]ίσθωσα;]; 67108.15-19 (547, Aphr) [3]; 67109.14-32 (565, Aphr) [1a]; 67110.13-38 (565, Aphr) [1a]; 67111.12-17 (585, Aphr) [3]; 67112.7-14 (544/5, Aphr) [3: βόσκημα]; 67113.4-10 (525/6?, Aphr) [3]; II 67170.14-23 (562/3/4, Zmin) [3; allel.]; 67235.5-12 (544/5, Aphr) [3]; 67240.1-3 (VI, UP); III 67300.6-9 (527, Aphr) [3]; 67301.10-20 (530, Aphr) [3; pur1: georg., katath.]; 67302.6-14 (555, Antin) [3]; 67303.10-15 (553, Aphr) [3]; P.Cair.Preis. 41.1?-8 (IVf, HermN); P.Cair.Zen. III 59340.3-4, 23-25 (247A, Phil) [1]; P.Charite 1.5-9 (c. 314, Herm) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: chortasm.]; 2.4-11 (312-322?, Herm) [2; pur2: spor., katath.: chortasm.]; 3.4-9 (late 317, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr., katath.: chortasm.]; 4.2-5 (c. 320-350, Herm) [2]; 5.5-13 (c. 320-350, Herm) [2]; 6.6-8 (c. 347/8, Herm) [2]; 7.6-12 (347, Herm) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; P.Col. III 54.4-8 (250A, ArsN) [1: ἐξέλαβεν]; IV 79.1-5 (256-248?, Phil); 85.3-5 (244/3A, Phil) [ed.: συ̣[γγέγραφε ἀποδεδόσθαι τοὺς] καρπούς;]; VII 179.6-12 (300, Kar) [2: ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ ἡμίσει]; 180.5-11 (315/6 or 330/1, Kar) [3]; VIII 232.1-17 (III, Ox); 233.1-11 passim (232/264, OxN) [1]; X 260 (149/50?, ArsN) [2]; 273r.1-9 (204, Ox); 284.4-17 (311, Ox) [2epid; ὑδροπαροχικὰ ἔργα]; P.Coll.Youtie I 27.5-22 (165, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.; allel.]; II 68.6-14 (266, Ox) [2epid]; 70.6-15 (272/3 OE 278/9, Ox) [2epid; pur3]; 80.7-12 (315, Ox) [2epid]; 89.8-15 (485, Herm) [3; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 90.8-14 (513, Herm) [3]; P.Corn. 10.4-21 (119, Phil) [2]; 11.5-15 (204/5 or 234/5, Phil) [2]; P.Daris 26.1-6 (VI, HermN); 28.8 (542-566, Ox) [2epid]; P.Diog. 29.3-8 (225, Phil) [2]; 33.1-11 (204, Phil); P.Dubl. 31.4-12 (355, Panop) [1a]; P.Eirene II 5.6-11 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3]; 25.9-14 (VIIm, Herm) [3]; P.Eleph.Wagner 101.1-11 passim (150/1, Eleph) [ἐπιτυγχάνω μισθ[ώσασθαι;]; P.Erl. 70.5-9 (IIIe, UP); 71a.4-12 (272, Ox) [3: ed.: ὁμολο[γ]οῦμεν ὑποβεβηκέναι;]; 73.16-28 (604, Herak) [1a]; 74.3 (VI, UP) [3]; 75.4-14 (535, Ox); P.Fam.Tebt. 5.2-7 (98, ArsN) [2]; 28.3-11 (133, ArsN) [1a]; 44.4-6 (189, Kerkesoucha Orous) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 47.5-9 (195, PtolEu) [2]; P.Fay. 36.6-14 (111/2, Thead) [ed.: ἐπιχωρηθείσης μοι;]; 93.5-13 (161, PtolEu) [2]; 95.5-12 (II, Thead) [2]; 307.1-2 (132 , Philoteris); P.Flor. I 10.5-14 (249/50 or 253/4 or 260/1, PtolEu) [2]; 13.1-13 (VI/VII, Herm) [pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 16.7-12 (239, Euh) [2]; 17.5-10 (341, HermN) [2; pur1: katath.: chort.]; 18.4-16 (147/8, ArsN) [2: βούλομαι γεωργήσειν]; 19.4-9 (248, PtolEu) [2; ἐφʼ ᾧ]; 24.8-9, l. 8 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2; pur1: kop., xeras.: chort.]; 24.26-28 passim (IIIm, PtolEu) [γεωργεῖν]; 25.10-15 (IIIm?, PtolEu); 25.20-22 (IIIm?, PtolEu); 37.1 (IV-VII, HermN); 38.7-13 (649, Herm) [3: ed.: διʼ ο̣ὗ̣ κατέχω;]; 41.1-7 (140, HermN); 85.2-7 (91, HermN) [1a]; 103.4-12 (330/1 or 344/5, Herm) [2]; III 279.6-11 (514, Aphr) [1a; pur4]; 281.7-13 (517, Aphr) [3; pur4]; 282.8-15 (520, Aphr) [1a; pur4]; 283.9-15 (536, Aphr) [3; pur4]; 285.7-14 (552, Aphr) [3]; 286.12-20 (552, Aphr) [1a; pur4]; 306.13-22 (635, Herm) [3]; 315.5-8 (435, Sesiy) [2; pur4]; 320.6-11 (373, HermN) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 325.5-13 (489, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; 353.1-3 (83-95, HermN); 354.1-5 (I/II, HermN); 356.1-16 (I/II, Selilais, HermN) [pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 361.1-3 (85/6, HermN); 368r.3-9 (96, Herm) [2]; 383.1.9-14 (234/5, Antin) [2; pur2: spor.: pyr.]; 383.2.47? (234/5, Antin) [2]; 383.3.72-77 (234, Antin) [2]; 383.4.87-92 ? (234, Antin); 383.5.100-106 (234/5, Antin) [2]; 384.1-23 (489, Herm); P.Fouad I 40.4-18 (35, Teb) [1,3act; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 42.2.6 ? (III, ArsN); 43.1-13 (189/90, Phoboou) [1: sublease; pur3]; P.Frankf. 1.6-13 (213A, Tholt) [1]; 2.6-14 (215/4A, Tholt) [1]; 4.6-12 (216/5A, Tholt) [1]; P.Freib. III 21.5-8 (178A, Phil) [1]; 22.5-11 (178A, Phil) [1]; 23.7-12 (178A, Phil) [1]; 24.4-9 (178A, Phil) [1]; 25.5-8 (178A, Phil) [1]; 34.6-11 (173A, Phil) [1]; 35.5-9 (177/6A, Phil) [1]; IV 58.4-6 (I/II, UP); P.Gen. I 10.6-12 (316, Phebichis) [1a act]; 66.7-14 (374, Phil) [3act]; 67.6-10 (382/3, Phil) [3act]; 69.5-8 (386, Phil) [2]; 70.7-15 (372/3, Phil) [2]; 78.4-12 (II-III, PtolEu) [2]; P.Genov. I 18.10-11 (III, Ox) [2epid]; 22.3-13 (345, Ox) [1]; 32.22-27 (155, Antin) [1]; P.Giss. I 37.2.2-4 (after 134A, Path) [1a act]; 49.1-12 (IIIm, Ox); 50.2-13 (259, Ox) [2epid]; 52.3-9 (397, Herm) [2; pur2: oikesis, chresis]; 56.2-14 (VI, HermN) [3; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; P.Univ.Giss. 12.2-7 (87/8, Thead) [2]; P.Gascou 40.6-16 (556, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 67.3-9 (368, Kellis) [3: ἐκμεμισθωκέναι]; P.Grad. 19.8-12 (214/3A, Tholt) [1]; P.Graux II 21.7-15 ? (151, Apias) [2]; P.Grenf. I 54.5-11 (378, ArsN) [3: sublease]; 56.6-12 (537, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 57.5-10 (561, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 58.3-6 (c. 561, Herm) [3]; II 57.6-14 (168, Phil) [2: sublease]; P.Gron. 9.6-14 (392, UP) [1a act; pur1: spor.]; P.Hamb. I 5.7-14 (89, Phil) [2; karp.]; 20.6-10 (258, Phil/Tanis) [2]; 23.11-21 (569, Antin) [3; allel.; pur5]; 36.5-7 (II, Euh) [1a act]; 64.9-17 (103, Euh) [2]; 68.4-10 (549/50 or 564/5, Aphr) [pur5]; 99.6-10 (I, Phil) [2]; III 222.9-20 (VI/VII, Herm) [3; vineyard, detailed]; IV 265.1-6 (VIs, Aphr) [pur1: oikesis, chresis]; 269.3-7 (IIIl, ArsN) [2]; P.Harr. I 80.8-12 (249, OxN) [pur3]; 82.3-16 (345, Ox) [1]; 137.1-7 (II, Ox); II 194.6-11 (183/4 or 215/6, Ox) [2epid: ed.: ἄγραν ἰχθύων ὑδάτων;]; 224.5-20 (IIl/IIIe, Ox) [2epid; pur3]; 238.13-19 (539, Ox) [2epid]; P.Haun. III 55.5-9 (325, Dinnis) [2]; P.Heid. IV 329.7-14 (105/6?, Thead) [2; pur1: spor.: all]; 337.4-17 (c. 78, HermN) [2]; V 351.1-9 (534/5, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 352.5-9 (558, HermN) [3; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; VII 405.5-14 (577, HermN) [2; geitones]; P.Herm. 22.7-13 (394, Herm) [2; pur1: katath.: λινοκαλάμη]; 26.1-5 (V, UP) [pur1: katasp.]; 27.1-6 (V, Herm); 34.7-23 (VII, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: karp.; geitones]; P.Hib. I 90.4-9 (222A, Tholt) [1]; P.Horak 8.1-7 (VI, Herm) [2; pur2: spor., katath., karp.: all]; 10.7-16 (555, HermN) [3]; P.Iand. III 26.4-18 (98, ArsN) [2; pur1: katabr., katanem.]; 26a.3-8 (Il/IIe, Thead) [2; pur1: katanem.]; 28.3-12 (104, Thead) [2; allel.; renewed]; P.Ifao I 1.3-14 (27, Teb) [1; pur1: spor.: pyr., chort.]; 10.3-20 (Il, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 22.5-20 ? (113, ArsN) [3act; ed.: [ἐπικ]ε̣χωρηκέναι: spor., kop., xeras: chort.]; 23.7-9 (II, ArsN) [2]; III 31.3-9 (73/4, Teb) [3; ed.: [μεμισθω]κ̣έ̣ν̣α̣ι̣; sublease; spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; P.Kell. I 32.9-11 (364, Kellis) [1a]; 33.6-9 (369, Kellis) [2]; P.Köln II 89.7 (III, ArsN) [2]; III 145.5-6 (IA, OxN); 149.1-9 (after 212, OxN) [1]; 150.1-9 (226/242, OxN) [1]; VIII 345.5-11 (230/29A, Thead) [oath: μεμισθῶσθαι]; 373.1-8 (VI, HermN) [3]; XIV 579a.4-8 (III, Ox); P.Kramer 15.1-8 (629?, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; P.Kron. 10.4-17 (116, Teb) [3act; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 19.4-21 (145/6, Teb) [3act; pur1, spor.; geitones]; 19a.2-12 (145, Teb) [3; pur1: spor. gene, pyr.]; 26.5-12 (122, Teb) [3: ed. μετ]α̣μι̣σ̣[θ]ῶ̣σαι;]; 34.3-15 (135, Teb) [2; pur1: spor., chort.; katabr.: prob.; koitasm.]; 38.4-12 (137, Teb) [2]; 41.4-22 (140, Teb) [2; allel.]; 46.7-13 (153, Teb) [2]; P.Laur. II 29.1-3 (VI, Herm) [pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 30.8-13 (IIe, Thead) [2]; III 72.2-10 (118-138, PtolEu) [3]; IV 164.5-12 (IV/V, Ox) [2epid]; 165.4-6 (305, Ox) [2epid]; P.Leid.Inst. 60.5-7 (309, Ox) [2epid]; P.Lips. I 16.4-10 (138, Teb) [2]; 17.12-16 (377, Herm) [2; pur2: chresis, enoikesis]; 18.4-10 (308, Herm) [3: συγγεωργήσειν]; 19.12-16 (320, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 20.7-11 (381, Herm) [2]; 21.8-15 (382, Herm) [2]; 22.6-12 (388, Herm) [3]; 23.10-17 (374, Herm) [2; spor.: arak.]; 118.1-9 (160/1, Ox) [1]; II 129.5-11 (8, Kerkeesis) [1]; 148.3-6 (192, Teb) [2]; P.Lond. I 113.3.1-3 (VI, ArsN); 113.4.9-11 (595, ArsPol) [3: ἅσπερ ἔχεις ἐπὶ πάκτῳ; allel.]; 113.5a.13-14 (498, ArsPol) [3]; 113.5b.11-15 (543/558, ArsPol) [3; allel.]; 113.6a.10-19 (612 or 627, ArsPol) [3]; 113.6b.15-29 (633, ArsPol) [3]; II 163.5-13 (c. 88, Kar?) [2; allel.; karp.]; 168.4-9 (162, Psenharpsenesis) [2]; 216.6-14 (94, SokN) [2: sublease]; 286.9-19 (88/9, SokN) [2]; 314.5-12 (149, SokN) [2: sublease]; 335.7-14 (166/7, SokN) [2]; 350.5-11 (212, SokN) [προσαγγέλλω καὶ μηνύω; geitones]; 438.7-15 (134/5, Kar) [2; allel.]; 483.12-38 (615/6, ApolHept) [3act: ἐκδεδωκέναι καὶ παρακεχωρηκέναι]; III 858a.2-8 (153/4, HermN) [2; pur4]; 871.10-23 (603, ArsPol) [3]; 906.5-10 (128, Euh) [2: ἐπιχωρηθῆναι, χρυσοχοικὴ ἐργασία]; 954.7-14 (260, Herm) [2; pur2: chresis]; 979.7-12 (346, Herm) [2; pur1: katath.: linokal.]; 948r (236, Thead) [1: ἐναύλωσεν]; 994.7-15 (517, HermN) [3; allel.]; 1003.3-9 (562, HermN) [3]; 1006.6-13 (555, Nagogis) [3]; 1007.7-23 (558, Tarrhouthis) [3]; 1012.18-34 (633, Herm) [2]; 1023.3-24 (V, Herm) [3]; 1050.2 (VIl/V, Herm) [pur1: spor., katath.: karp.]; 1164h.5-11 (212, Antin) [3act]; 1168.2-5 (44, Herm) [1]; 1171vb.1-8 (41/2, Herm) [2]; 1223.4-12 (121, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 1225.5-9 (70/1, HermN) [2]; 1227.3-7 (152, Herm) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 1307.5-9 (509, Herm) [4]; V 1688.6-10 (523, Aphr) [3]; 1689.7-14 (527, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1690.6-11 (527, Aphr) [3]; 1691.7-16 (532, Aphr) [3]; 1692a.8-15 (555, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1692b.5-14 (556, Aphr) [3]; 1693.1-8 (523/4, Aphr) [pur5]; 1694.5-10 (516/7 or 531/2, Aphr) [3: sublease; allel.; pur5]; 1695.1-9 (530/1?, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1696.a.8-16 (VI, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1696.b.1-10 (VIe, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1697.2-10 (VIe, Aphr) [3; pur5]; 1714.22-36 (579, Antin) [3; pur5]; 1715.3-10 (VI, Antin) [3]; 1765.5-10 (554, Herm) [3]; 1767.7-11 (561/2, HermN) [3]; 1768.1-12 (VI, Herm) [pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 1769.1-10 passim (VI, HermN); 1770.1-10 (547/562, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 1841.8-12 (536, Aphr) [1a act]; 1872.7-13 (584, HermN) [3]; 1875.6-7 (615/6 or 630/1, Herm) [3]; P.Louvre II 113.a.5-9 (159, ArsN) [2]; P.Lund IV 10.3-8 (I/II, Bac); P.Mert. I 10.3-8 (21, Phil) [1; pur4]; 17.2-11 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [pur4]; 49.1-2 (VII, UP) [3; πρὸς τῷ]; II 68.4-19 (136, Kerkeosiris) [2; allel.]; 76.1-14 (181, Ox) [1]; III 124.7-9 (520, Ox) [2epid]; P.Messeri 30.5-10 (212, SokN) [2]; 42.6-8 (IVl/Ve, Oxyrhynchos) [2epid]; P.Mich. III 184.3-9 (121, Bac) [2]; 185.5-10 (122, Bac) [2]; V 310.3-9 (26/7, ArsN) [1]; 311.4-19 (34, Talei) [1: sublease; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 312.5-15 (34, Talei) [1; allel.]; 313.2-16 (37, Teb) [1]; 314.1-4 (I, ArsN) [1a]; 315.1-11 (39-41 or 43-45, ArsN) [1; pur1: all.]; 316.1-5 (34, ArsN) (hyp.) [1a]; IX 560.4-15 (46, Kar) [1; pur1: spor.: lachanosper.]; 561.4-14 (102, Kar) [2; karp.]; 562.4-10 (119, Kar) [3act]; 563.10-17 (128/9, Kar) [3act; pur1: spor.: all]; 564.4-12 (150, Kar) [2: sublease]; 565.3-11 (215/6, Kar) [2]; X 586.1-6 (c. 30, Teb) [allel.]; XI 609.3-11 (244, Teb) [1a; pur1: spor., lachanosper.]; 610.1-22 (282, Ox) [1; ὥστε]; 611.6-11 (412, Ox) [epid; pur3]; 612.8-13 (514, Ox) [2epid]; XII 630.4-12 (38, Teb) [2; karp., sublease]; 631.1-8 (185, ArsN) [2; karp.]; 632.3-15 (26, Teb) [1,3; pur1: spor.: χορτάρακος]; 633.1-9 (c. 30, Teb) [pur1: spor.: chort., arak.]; 634.2-16 (25/6, Teb) [3act]; XIII 666.4-13 (615/631/646, Aphr) [3; pur5]; XIV 678.1-6 (98, UP); XV 731.5-6 (499, Ox) [2epid]; XVIII 788.1-13 (173, Ox) [1]; 791.3-12 (212/3, Phil) [2]; XXI 849.5-6 (Iend/IIb, Kar) [2]; P.Michael. 13.3-6 (159/60, HermN) [1a]; 14.2-10 (164/5, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.]; 19.2-6 (III, OxN) [2]; 22.6-11 (291, Teb) [2: cows]; 23a.6-7 (296, OxN/HermN) [2]; 24.5-12 (297, Teb) [2]; 34.1-5 (VI, UP) [pur1: spor.: all.]; 42b.8-17 (c. 566, Aphr) [3; pur3: mortgage]; 43.4-6 (526, Aphr) [1a act: pur5]; 46.6-11 (559, Aphr) [3: pur5]; 47.11-14 (570, Aphr) [3]; 48.12-21 (572, Aphr) [3: pur5]; 60.1-8 (VI, Aphr) [3: pur5]; P.Mil. I 55.4-11 (307, Ox) [1]; P.Mil.Vogl. II 53.6-13 (152/3, Teb) [2]; 63.8-26 (170, Teb) [pur1: spor.: chort.; katabr.: probat.]; 65.1-7 (160-180, Teb) [pur1: spor., chort.]; 67.2-3 (165, Teb); 78.3-14 (138/9, Teb) [3act]; 79.4-16 (143, Teb) [3act; pur1: spora, epispora]; 104.5-17 (127, Teb) [2]; 105.3-23 (132/3, Teb) [3act; pur1: katan.]; 106.3-10 (before 134, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 107.1-6 (153/4, Teb); III 130.5-31 (165, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 132.7-28 (165, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 133.7-31 (165, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 134.6-18 (165/6, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 135.6-18 (165/6, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: kop., xeras.]; 136.7-17 (165/6?, Teb) [2; pur1: spor. (σπόρος)];137.7-28 (165/6, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: krith., chort.]; 138.7-15 (169, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 139.7-17 (169, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 140.5-13 (176, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr., chort.]; 141.7-8 (II, Teb) [2]; 143.6-12 (170/1, Teb) [2]; 144.3-13 (166, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: krith., chort.]; 145.3-8 (142, Teb) [2]; 187.1-6 (II, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr. chort.]; IV 220.4-12 (132/3, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 238.5-22 (143/4, Teb) [2; allel.; pur1: spor.: pyr., krith.; spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 239.3-9 (156, Teb) [2; pur1; spor.: pyr.]; 240.3-18 (118-138, Teb) [2; pur1; spor.: chort., krith.]; 241.1-8 (II, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort.]; 242.1-7 (165/6, UP) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; VI 267.1-11 (125/6, Teb); 268.4-12 (114, Teb) [3act]; 269.5-15 (124, Teb) [2: sublease; allel.]; 273.6-12 (168, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: all, chort.]; 274.4-16 (144-165, Teb) [2: sublease; pur1: spor.: all, chort.]; 284.4-18 (162, Teb) [2; sublease; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 286.4-15 (139, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 288.3-17 (155, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 289.1-13 (II, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., pyr.]; 290.3-23 (II, Teb) [2; allel; pur1: spor.: pyr., krith.]; 291.3-17 (II, Teb) [2; pur1., spor.: all except]; 292.1-4 (II, Tebt); 293.7-14 (II, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 294.4-13 (II, Teb) [2]; 295.3-10 (II, Teb) [2; pur1: spor., pyr.: chort.]; P.Monts.Roca IV 77.4-7, 27-29 (148A, Hephaistias) [1]; P.Münch. III 87.5-12 (II, SokN) [2]; 88.4-8 (II, UP); 89.7-13 (339, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: linokal., chort. λώτινος]; 91.1-12 (V, HermN) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; P.Narm.2006 13.7-9 (342, Narmouthis) [2]; P.Nekr. 5.2-8 (241, Kysis) [3: geitones]; P.Oslo II 32.1-15 (1, Thead) [3a act: ἐπικεχωρηκέναι: sublease (public land); pur2: chortosp., katan.]; 33.1-14 (29, Kar) [1a; pur1; arakia, katabr., koitasm., episporein]; 34.2-6 (188/9, Phil) [2; pur2: sperm.: pyr.]; 35.8-14 (426, Ox) [2epid]; III 135.1-8 (286-293, Ox) [3a act]; 138.2-9 (323, Ox) [1]; 139.5-9 (after 175, PtolEu) [2]; P.Oxf. 12.11-14 (153/4, ArsN) [συνεθέμην προσελθεῖν τῇ μισθώσει]; 13.5-15 (154/5, Argeias/SokN) [2]; 16.1-7 (VI/VII, HermN) [2; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; P.Oxy. I 101.1-21 (142, Ox) [1; renewal; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 102.6-12 (306, Ox) [2epid; pur1: xylam(n)]; 103.5-9 (316, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: linokal.]; II 277.1-8 (19a, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.]; 278.2-11 (17, Ox) [1]; 279.12-16 (44/5, Ox) [2epid]; 280.1-17 (88/9, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.: xylam.]; III 483.1-6 (108, Ox) [2]; 499.1-20 (121, Senepta/Ox) [1; pur3: xylam.; pur1: kop., epinom., geitones]; 500.5-18 (130, Athribites); 501.1-27 (186, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 502.21-24 (164, Ox) [1]; IV 730.1-16 (130, Senepta/Ox) [1; pur3: xylam.; pur1: kop., epinom.]; VI 910.1-22 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [1; pur3: speir, xylam.]; 911 passim (233/265, Ox) [1; sublease]; 912.1-13 (235, Ox) [1; sublease]; 913.6-12 (443, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; VII 1035.1-14 (143, Ox) [1]; 1036.1-19 (272, Ox) [1]; 1037.7-13 (444, Ox) [2epid]; 1038.16-26 (568, Ox) [2epid?]; VIII 1124.1-3 (26, Ox); 1126.1-10 (V, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all; geitones]; 1127.1-9 (183, Ox) [1]; 1128.1-15 (173, Ox) [1]; 1129.6-11 (449, Ox) [2epid]; IX 1207.1-6 (175/6?, Ox) [εἰς ὀρνιθῶνα]; X 1279.5-22 (139, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 1502v.1-7 (after 260, OxN) [pur3: xylam.]; XIV 1628.5-14 (73A, Ox) [1; pur3: pyrospor.]; 1629.4-13 (44A, Ox) [1; pur3: pyrospor., xylam]; 1631.5-8 (280, Ox) [2epid: ampelourg.erg.]; 1632.7-12 (353, Ox) [2epid; pur4]; 1685.1-23 (158, OxN) [2epid; pur3: xylam.]; 1686.1-16 (165/6, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.; pur1: bros., kop., epinom.]; 1687.1-26 passim (184/5, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 1688.1-16 (III, Ox) [1]; 1689.1-16 (266, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 1691.1-10 (291/2, Ox) [1; pur3: xylam.]; 1692.1-10 (188, Ox) [1; ampelourg.cheirik.erg.]; 1693.1-9 (before 279 or 273, Ox) [1]; 1695.10-20 (360, Ox) [2epid]; XVI 1889.10-18 (496, Ox) [2epid; allel.; sublease]; 1890.4-9 (508, Ox) [3; allel.]; 1957.6-13 (430, Ox) [2epid]; 1958.7-13 (476, Ox) [2epid]; 1959.7-13 (499, Ox) [2epid]; 1961.10-17 (487, Ox) [2epid]; 1965.9-19 (553, Ox) [2epid]; 1966.6-15 (505, Ox) [2epid]; 1967.5-6 (427, Ox) [2epid]; 1968.4-6 (VI, Ox); 1994.7-8 (505, Ox) [2epid]; 1995.9 (542, Ox) [2epid]; XVII 2109.27-34 (261, Ox) [2epid; pur2: ἄνοιξις καπηλείου]; 2136.2-6 (291, PtolEu) [3a act: μεμισθοπεπρακέναι]; 2137.12-23 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [2epid]; XVIII 2189.1-14 (219, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.]; XX 2284.a (258, Ox) [1: pur3: speir., xylam.]; XXII 2351.1-16 (112, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; XXXI 2584.6-13 (211, Ox) [3a act; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 2585.6-11 (315, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: nilokal.]; XXXIII 2676.4-22 (151, Ox) [2epid: georg.(v); pur3: speir., xylam.]; XXXVI 2776.1-15 (118/9, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 2795.1-10 (250, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.]; XXXVIII 2874.1-20 (108, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; XLI 2973.7-14 (103, Ox) [2a: συγχωρεῖ μεμισθῶσθαι]; 2974.1-19 (162, Ox) [1: sublease; pur3: xylam.: chort.; kop.: epimon.]; XLIII 3122.6-13 (322, Posompes) [3act: ὁμολογοῦμεν ὀμνύντες τὴν γεωργίαν ποιήσασθαι]; XLIV 3200.1-12 (II/III, Ox) [1]; 3203.8-17 (400, Ox) [2epid]; XLV 3250.1-9 (c. 63, Ox) [1: ἐναύλωσεν] 3256.5-9 (317/8, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: linokal.]; 3257.5-9 (318, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: nilokal.]; 3258.6-7 (319, Ox) [2epid]; 3259.4-10 (319, Ox) [1]; 3260.2-10 (323, Ox) [1; pur1: spor.: linokal.]; XLVI 3267.1-6 (37-41, Ox); 3268.6-11 (II, Ox) [2epid; ἄγρα]; 3269.1-9 (III, Ox); 3270.9-11 (309, Ox) [2epid: ἄγρα ἰχθύων ὑδάτων]; XLVII 3354.4-7, 30-32 (c. 257 Nomou Epoikion, Senepta) [2epid: cheirik.ampelourg.erg.]; 3363.5-10 (198/9 or 199/200, Ox) [2epid; εἰς μίσθωσιν ὠνήν]; XLVIII 3384.3-12 (331, Ox) [1]; 3386.9-16 (338, Ox) [2epid]; XLIX 3484.1-3 (27-33, Ox); 3488.1-23 (70/1, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 3489.1-20 (72/3, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; L 3558.4-11 (133 Psenyris) [2]; 3582.1-23 (442, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; 3589.1-20 (II, OxN) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 3591.1-13 (219, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 3592.1-10 (218-261 ?, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 3595.4-9 (243, Senepta) [2epid]; 3596.5-9 (c. 240-255, Ox) [2epid]; 3597.2-7 (260, Ox) [2epid]; 3600.9-16 (502, Ox) [2epid]; LI 3639.6-14 (412, Ox) [2: epid]; LV 3800.1-11 (219, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 3802.8-12 (296, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir.]; 3803.4-10 (411, Ox) [2epid]; LVII 3911.6-18 (199, Pimpasi) [3; τῷ ξυλαμῆσαι; pur3: spor.: pyr.]; 3934.13-14 (588, OxN) [2epid]; 3955.7-14 (611, Ox) [2epid]; LX 4092.8-13 (355, Iseion Panga) [2epid; pur1: xylam.(n.), chort.]; LXI 4121.6-11 (289/90, Ox) [2epid]; LXIII 4379.7-12 (369, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 4383.8-10 (384, Ox) [2epid]; 4384.8-11 (385, Ox) [3]; 4388.6-11 (423, Ox) [3: παρειληφέναι]; 4390.6-16 (469, Ox) [2epid]; LXVI 4534.3-9 (335, Ox) [1]; LXVII 4594.1-8 (228, Senao/Ox?) [1; pur3: speir.]; 4595.1-14 (261, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; LXVIII 4615.8-13 (505, Ox) [3]; 4677.7-11 (408, Ox) [2epid]; 4681.8-14 (419, Ox) [2epid]; 4682.7-9 (421, Ox) [2epid]; 4686.4-7 (440, Ox) [2epid]; 4687.6-11 (441, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all]; 4689.7-12 (442, Ox) [2epid]; 4692.5-8 (453, Ox) [2epid]; 4693.7-13 (466, Ox) [2epid]; 4694.6-11 (466, Ox) [2epid]; LXIX 4739.1-7 (127, Ox) [1; pur1; pur3: speir., xylam.: bros.]; 4745.1-10 (202, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 4747.3-9 (296, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 4753.7-13 (341, Ox) [2epid; pur3]; LXXI 4827.1-11 (173/4, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.: pyr., xylam.: chlor.]; 4830.9-13 (426, Ox) [2epid]; 4832.7-14 (436, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; LXXII 4900.3-7 (393, OxN ?) [1*]; 4906.8-10 (420, Ox) [2epid]; 4911.7 (449, Ox) [2epid]; 4915.7-9 (467?, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; 4917.8-10 (473, Ox); LXXXII 5320.3-10 (227/8, Ox) [2epid]; 5324.6-8 (437?, Ox) [2epid]; 5325.6-11 (437, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all]; 5326.5-10 (437/8, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all]; 5329.7-11 (466, Ox) [2epid; allel.]; 5330.5-10 (467, Ox) [2epid]; 5331.5-10 (474, Ox) [2epid; allel.; pur2: spor.: all]; 5332.8-13 (480, Ox) [2epid]; 5337.8-14 (493, Ox) [3: pur1: spor.: all]; LXXXIII 5380.9-16 (580, Ox) [2epid]; 5383.12-21 (583, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all]; P.Oxy.Hels. 37.2-4 (176, Herak) [3: νεναυλῶσθαι]; 41.1-15 (223/4, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.: all except]; P.Palau Rib. 7.1-15 (137/8 or 158/9 CE or 181/2, OxN) [1; pur3: speir.: pyr.]; 8.1-6 (156/7 or 179/80, Phil); 22.3-12 (VI, Aphr) [3]; 25.1-5 (VI/VII, Herm) [pur2: chresis, oikesis]; P.Panop. 1.3-7 (298/9, PanopN); 2.3-6 (308, PanopN) [1a; pur1: katath.: all]; 3.2-6 (310, PanopN) [1a]; 4.1-4 (314, PanopN) [2]; 5.3-5 (334, PanopN) [2; pur1: katath.: all]; 6.4-8 (336, PanopN) [pur1: katath.: krith.]; 7.2-4 (c. 338/9, PanopN) [1a]; 8.3-5 (338, PanopN) [1a]; 9.2-4 (339, PanopN) [1a; pur5]; 11.3-6 (320, Panop) [1a]; 12.3-5 (339, Panop) [1a]; 13.3-5 (339, Panop) [1a]; P.Paramone 18.8-20 (620, Herm) [3; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; P.Phil. 12.4-11 (150/1 or 173/4 , Phil) [2: elaik.poinik.karp.]; 13.4-15 (155 , Phil) [2; sublease: karp.]; 14.3-19 (155 , Phil) [2]; 15.5-11 (153/4, Phil) [2; allel.]; P.Prag. I 36.2-7 (88, Poteu) [1a]; 37.7-11 (465, ArsPol) [3]; 38.3-12 (before 96, Herakleia) [2]; II 132.5-10 (122/3, PtolEu) [2]; 158.1-4 (V/VI, Herm) [pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 159.2-6 (V, Epoikion Aninou) [3]; 161.1-5 (Vl/VIe, ArsN?); 162.1-9 (VI/VII, ArsN) [geitones]; III 219.3-8 (VIl/VIIe, Alexandrou Nesos) [3]; 245.4-14 (141/2, Aphrodite Berenike) [2]; P.Princ. II 39.1-4 (III, UP) [pur1: katath.: cucumbers, melons]; III 150.1-15 (III?, ArsN); 151.5-11 (after 341, Ibion) [2]; P.Rain.Cent. 60.6-9 (164, ArsN) [2]; 82.8-16 (304/5, HerakN) [1a: pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 101.6-16 (457, Koba) [1a act]; 103.4-6 (463/4, Herm); 114.1-2 (526?, ArsPol) [3]; P.Rein. I 43.4-10 (102, Ibion Tatkelmeos) [1a act]; II 99 passim (30A-14, OxN) [ὀμνύω μισθώσασθαι]; 100.3-5 (212/3?, AphrN) [1a act]; 108.1-6 (VI, Ox); P.Ross.Georg. II 3.5-10 (226/5A, UP) [1]; 19.1-8 (141, Ox) [1]; III 32.4-7 (504, ArsPol) [3]; 36.8-16 (537, Aphr) [3]; 39.6-9 (584, ArsPol); 40.5-13 (588, Sesiy) [3; geitones; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 51.11-19 (630, ArsPol) [3; πρὸς τό]; 56.5-11 (707, Herak) [2; pur1: chresis, katoikesis]; V 14.4-18 (II, ArsN) [2]; 32.8-16 (569/70, Antin) [3]: 42.5-11 (602, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 43.1-13 passim (VII, ArsPol); P.Ryl. II 95.2-6 (71/2, Ox?) [3: ἐξειληφέναι τὴν ὠνήν]; 98a.6-11 (154/5, Thead) [2: ἐπιχωρηθῆναι θηρεύειν καὶ ἀγριεύειν]; 99.1-9 (III, HermN) [2: ousiac land]; 100.3-9 (238, MagdMir) [2; pur1: katan.; pur2: bros.: koite, nome]; 166.3-12 (26, Euh) [2]; 167.3-14 (39, Euh) [2]; 168.2-10 (120, HermN) [1a; sublease; pur1: spor.]; 169.4-11 (197, HermN) [2;2 pur2: pur1: spor.: all]; 170.3-14 (202/3, HermN) [2; pur1: spor.: lachnosper.]; 171.5-14 (55/6, Herakleia) [2; geitones; ἐφʼ ὧι]; 172.6-9 (208, ArsN) [2]; 321.4-7 (II, ArsN) [2]; 322br.4-8 (II, Thead?) [2]; IV 583v.4-7, 46-50 (170a , Phil) [1]; 600.4-9 (8A, ArsN) [2: karp.]; 601.3-7 (26A, PtolEu) [1]; 683.1-15 (244, Ox) [2; pur3: speir.: xylam.]; P.Sakaon 67.2-6 (321, Thead) [2]; 68.6-10? (325, Thead) [2]; 69.7-13 (331, Thead) [2]; 70.2-6 (338, Boubastos) [2; pur2.: ed.: πρὸς] ἀνακ̣α̣ταμ̣ην;]; 71.5-12 (306, Thead) [2]; 73.4-7 (328, Thead) [2]; P.Sarap. 2.10-16 (126, Herm) [ὅπως ἀντιλάβηται τῆς γ̣εωργίας]; 22.2-8 (102/3 or 114/5, HermN) [1a act; sublease]; 22a.3-10 (102/3, HermN) [1a act; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 24.2-9 (123, HermN) [1a act; pur1: xylam., kop.: chort., τῆλις]; 25.2-7 (124, HermN) [1a act: sublease; pur1: xylam.: arak.; koit.: probat.]; 26.4-10 (125, MagdMir) [1a act; pur1: xylam.:arak.; chlorophag., koit.: probat.]; 27.3-18 (125, HermN) [1a act; pur1: xylam.: chort., arak.; spor.: pyr.]; 28.2-14 (125, MagdMir) [1a act; pur1: xylam.: arak.; bros., koit.: probat.]; 28ter.4-10 (132, MagdMir) [2; pur3: speir: pyr.]; 43.3-15 (118, MagdMir) [2: sublease]; 44.4-10 (123, Akoris) [2]; 45.2-13 (127, Sinkere) [2: ousiac land; pur1: spor.: pyr., phak.]; 46.4-21 (128, Mnachis) [2; sublease]; 47.3-8 (128, HermN) [2; pur1: spor.]; 48b.3-9 (124, MagdMir); 48bis.1-9 (124, MagdMir); 48c.4-8 (123, MagdMir) [2]; 49.3-9 (123, Sinkere) [1a act: ed.: μεμισθώκαμεν (sic!) παρὰ σοῦ;]; 50.3 (124, HermN); 51.3-6 (125, Herm) [2: sublease]; P.Scholl 8.6-16 (515, Herm) [3]; P.Select. 16.4-9 (V/VI, Herm) [3: vineyard]; 17.8-15 (IIIe, HerakN) [1a act; pur1: spor.]; P.Sijp. 21a.9-17 (186, Euergetis, Kynopolites) [2epid: ὑπέχομαι μισθώσασθαι]; P.Sorb. I 15.1-5 (c. 266A, HerakN) [unique]; P.Soter. 1.4-9 (69, Thead) [1]; 2.3-9 (71, Thead) [1]; 3.3-16 (89/90, Thead) [2]; 4.3-13 (87, Thead) [2]; 5.7-22 (94, Thead) [3act: ἐπικεχωρηκέναι; pur2: kop.: chort.; public land]; 26.3-12 (83-96, Thead) [2]; P.Stras. I 2.4-7 (217, Herm) [2; pur1: katath.: chorasmat.]; 4.6-15 (551, Herm) [3; ἐφʼ ὅσον διακατέχω χ̣ρόνον; pur2: chresis, oikesis] ; 10.6-11 (268, Herm) [1; pur2: spor.: chort.; katath.: chortasmat.]; 30.4-9 (276, Thead) [2: θηλείας τελείας ἀθανάτους]; II 92.3-7 (244/3A, OxN) [1; geitones]; III 137.5-8 (325, Nagogis) [2; pur2: katath.: chortasmat., katath.: olyr.]; 148.6-11 (472, Herm) [2]; IV 185r.8-20 (c. 55, ArsN) [2]; 186.1-2 (V/VI, HermN); 190.10-15 (592, Herm) [3]; 218.1-10 (150, ArsN); 229.8-16 (502, PanopN) [3]; 236.8-17 (144, UP) [2]; 244.1-16 passim (107-116, Ox) [1]; 247.6-15 (550/1/2, Herm) [3]; 258.1-49 (II, ArsN); 267.5-15 (126-128, SokN) [2]; 269.5-10 (after 180, SokN) [2]; 282.2-4 (161-169, ArsN); 291.1-7 (124, HermN) [2; pur2: spor.]; 297.4-7 ? (IVe, ArsN) [2]; 298.4-16 (65, Phil) [1]; V 318.11-14 (596, Herak) [3]; 319.10-18 (VI/VII, HermN) [3]; 321.3-8 (93/4?, ArsN) [2]; 336a.10-17 (212/3, ArsN) [2]; 336b.10-16 (212/3, ArsN) [2]; 338.6-16 (550, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 358.1-2 ? (IV, UP) ; 362.4-10 (149/50, Euh) [2: κοινωνῆσαι: sublease]; 398.5-13 (553, Herm) [3; ed.: ἐφʼ ὅσον] χρ[όνο]ν διακατέχεις τὴν ὑποθήκην; pur1.: spor., katath.: all]; 465.6-11 (230, Polydeukia) [2; allel]; 470.5-8 (497e, Herm) [3]; 471.6-14 (500, Herm) [3: pur2: oikosis, chresis]; 472.9-18 (533/4, Herm) [3; allel.; geitones; pur1: spor., katath.: all ]; 472.7-12 (537, Herm) [3]; 474.5-11 (553, Herm) [3: pur1: spor.]; 475.3-9 (507/8 or 522/3, Herm) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 476.1-6 (VIe, Herm) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 477.1-8 (VIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 482.4-11 (542, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.]; 483.6-17 (512, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 485.4-6 (549, HermN) [3]; 486.1-3 (504/5, HermN) [pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 490.1-5 (VI, HermN); 491.4-10 (VI, HermN) [3]; 492.3-6 (VI, HermN) [3]; VI 507.1-2 (138, HermN); 534.1-9 (before 161, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.]; 535.1-10 (II, ArsN); 557.4-10 (291, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.; katath.: chortasm.]; 568.6-10 (138-161, ArsN) [2; allel.]; 571.3-10 (175, Phil) [2]; 579.9-20 (521, Tarrhouthis) [3; allel.; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 580.6-18 (553, Herm) [3; pur3: chresis, oikesis]; 584.7-11 (141, PtolEu) [2; allel.]; 597.7-10 (541, HermN) [3]; 598.4-13 (526 or 541, HermN) [2; allel.; pur1: spor., katath.: karp.]; 600.8-22 (609/624/654, Herm) [3; ed.: ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόν[ο]ν δ̣ια̣κατέχω;]; VII 615.1-5 (III, UP) [1a act]; 655.6-14 (Vs, Herm) [3; pur2: oikesis, chresis]; 656.6-11 (506, HermN) [3; allel.]; VIII 704.4-11 (82/3, Hephaistias) [2]; 712.2-6 (IVl, HermN) [3]; 718.1-4 (V, HermN) [pur2: spor., katath.: karp.]; 723.1-5 (I/II, UP); 726.1-7 (II, SokN); 750.1-7 (VI, HermN) [pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 751.1-15 (VIIe, HermN) [geitones; spor., katath.: all]; 752.6-11 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 753.6-13 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 754.6-14 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 755.7-15 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all; geitones]; 756.5-11 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; 757.5-13 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all; geitones]; 758.3-14 (VIIe, HermN) [3; pur2: spor., katath.: all]; IX 812.1-8 ll. 1-6 (II, ArsN); 812.15-20 ll. 15-18 (II, ArsN) [3a act: phoinik.karp.]; 812.21-28 ll. 21-24 (100, ArsN); 812.29-33 (100, ArsN); IX 826 b+c, ll. 2-5 (Il, ArsN); P.Tebt. I 105.10-18 (103A, Kerkeosiris) [3; geitones; sublease]; 106.6-18 (101a , PtolEu) [1; geitones]; 107.1-6 (112A, ArsN) [3act]; 108v.2.1-4 (93A/60A, ArsN) [1a act]; II 311.6-18 (134, Theog) [1]; 325.5-15 (145/6 ?, Teb) [2: γεωργεῖν?]; 373.2-6 (110/1, Teb) [1]; 374.5-16 (131, Teb) [2; geitones]; 375.4-23 (140 , PtolEu) [2; pur1: spor., epispora: all except]; 376.4-19 (162, Teb) [2]; 377.6-17 (210, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: chort., krith.]; 378.5-9 (265, Teb) [2]; III.1 815.1r.2.1-10, ll. 1-7 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.1r.2.35-46, ll. 36-43 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2r.2.1-6, ll. 1-5 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2r.2.31-36, ll. 31-33 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2r.3.52-60, ll. 52-54 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2r.3.63-72, ll. 63-66 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.3v.1l.25-31, ll. 25-27 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.3v.1.36-40, ll. 36-38 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.3v.1.42 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.4r.1.30-36, ll. 30-34 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.4r.1.38-45, ll. 38-40 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.4r.1.46-54, ll. 46-48 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.5r.2-5, ll. 3-4 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.5r.10-27, ll. 10-19 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.6r.2.6-11, ll. 6-9 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.6r.2.13-31, ll. 13-18 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.6r.2.32-34 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.7r.1-7, ll. 1-3 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.7r.28-32, ll. 28-30 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.7r.34-39, ll. 34-36 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.7r.41-45, ll. 41-43 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.8r.2.1-13, ll. 1-8 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.9.2.26-35, ll. 26-32 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.9.2.37-40, ll. 37-39 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 819.4-7, 24-31 (171A, Oxyrhyncha) [1; pur3: speir.: skord.]; P.Thomas 30.11-25 (603, Herm); P.Turner 37.4-11 (270 , PtolEu) [2]; P.Trier I 12.8-14 (179A, Herak) [1]; 25.1-14 (161, Ox) [1]; P.Vat.Aphrod. 1.7-17, 21-23 (optional lease), 28-32 (optional lease) (598?, Aphr) [3 + ἔτι δὲ μισθοῦμαι σοι; pur1: georg., katath.]; 3 passim (VI, Aphr) [3]; P.Vet.Aelii I 15.3-12 (223, Ankyron) [2]; P.Vind.Sal. 8.3-7 (323, HermN) [3: ἐξειληφέναι; pur2: vineyard]; 9.4-8 (509, Herm) [3; pur2: hydropar.(n)]; P.Vind.Sijp. 8.2-16 (127, HermN) [1a act; pur1: xylam.: arak.; koit.: brot.]; 9.6-11 (V, Marmarike) [1a]; 10.1-4 (V/VI, ArsN) [pur5]; 11.13-16 (453, Herm) [3; pur4]; P.Vind.Tand. 28.6-15 (576/7, Herm) [3; pur2: vineyard]; P.Vindob. G 13263 + 13376 + 14694.6-10 (498, Herm) [3]; 26588.4-20 (VI/VII, HermN); P.Warr. 11.3-10 (98, Kar) [3act: sublease; pur1: spor.: all]; P.Wash.Univ. I 17.10-12 (514, OxN) [3act: μεμσθῶσθαι, παρειληφέναι]; P.Wisc. I 5.1-8 (185, Ox); [1; pur2: πρὸς ἐργασίαν τῆς γερδιακῆς τέχνης̣]; 7.1-13 (259/60, Ox) [1: continued lease; pur3: xylam.: chlor., speir.: pyr.]; II 52.2-9 (32, Kar) [1]; P.Worp 20.3-10 (155, Antin) [1]; 33.5-10 (501, ArsN/AphrN) [3]; 35.13-17 (596, Herak) [3]; P.Würzb. 11.3-14 (99, ArsN) [2; pur2: katan.: probat.; sublease]; P.Yale I 51.5-9 (184A, KerkArs) [1]; 67.3-12 (31, Teb) [3act; pur1: spor.: chort.; katabr.: probat.]; 71.6-11 (456, Ox) [2epid]; 72.1-3 (V, Ox); PSI I 30.2-3 (82, HermN) [1a act]; 31.4-9 (163/4, ArsN) [2]; 32.4-9 (208, HerakN) [1a act; pur4: ἐπὶ τῷ σε τοῦτο κατεργάσασθαι]; 33.5-12 (150/1 or 173/4, Phil) [2: elaik.phoinik.karp.] 34.6-13 (397, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.: all]; 73.1-14 (III, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 75.6-13 (VI?, Ox) [2epid]; 77.8-22 (551, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: all]; 90.6-7 (364, Ox) [2epid]; III 175.7-15 (462, Ox) [2epid]; 178.1 ? (291, Ox); 187.5-14 (274/5 or 280/1 or 289/90, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir., xylam.: all]; 188.4-8 (540, HermN) [3; allel; pur1: spor., katath.]; IV 283.9-14 (550, Aphr) [1a act: ἐξεμισθώσαμέν σοι; pur5: καταθεῖναι: all]; 296.5-10 (520, Herm) [3]; 315.1-13 (136/7, Ox) [1; pur3: sylam.: chlor.; speir.: pyr.]; 316.3-8 (328, Ox) [2epid; pur3: ὥστε καθαρίσαι, θρυκοπῆσαι, δαμάσαι, σπεῖραι: all]; 385.3-7 (246A/5A, Phil) [1]; V 466.7-15 (518, Ox) [2epid]; 467.5-10 (360, Ox) [2epid]; 468.1-9 (200, Ox) [1; pur4: ἐπὶ τῷ πληρῶσαι]; 469.6-11 (334, Ox) [2epid; pur1: spor.: linokal.]; VI 706.5-8 (335, Ox) [1]; 707.3-12 (351, Ox) [1: chresis as object]; 708.5-10 (436, Ox) [2epid]; 709.10-19 (566, Ox) [2epid]; VII 739.1-11 (163, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.: pyr.]; 772.1-11 passim (98-117, Ox) [1; pur3: ξυλαμῆσαι]; 787.3-6 (176/7, ArsN?) [2]; 788.1-8 (125, HermN) [pur2: spor.: pyr.?; xylem.: arak., chort.]; VIII 879.5-11 (99, Kar) [1]; 880.1-15 (254/5, Ox) [1; additional lease]; 931.9-19 (524, Aphr) [1a; pur5]; 934.1-6 (VI, Aphr) [pur5]; IX 1020.3-11 (110A, PathN) [1]; 1029.no. 4.1-20 (52/3, OxN) [1; pur3: speir.: pyr.]; 1030.1-9 (109, Ox) [1]; 1036.1-7 (192, OxN) [pur3: speir., xylam.: all except]; 1056.1-9 (VII, ArsN); 1058.1-10 (V/VI, ArsPol) [2; renewed lease]; 1069.1-14 (246, Ox) [1; pur3: xylam.: chlor.]; 1070.5-15 (260/1 or 261/2, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir., xylam.: all except]; 1071.3-11 (296, Ox) [1; pur3: xylam.: chort.]; 1072.1-16 (IIIm, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.: chlor.]; 1078.7-12 (356, Lenonos) [2epid]; X 1097.2-5 (54/3A, Ox) [3a act]; 1098.6-10 (51A, Teb) [1; geitones]; 1124.5-13 (150, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.: krith., chort.; kop., xeras.]; 1129.1-8 (24/3A, Teb) [1a act]; 1134.4-19 (91, Teb) [3act; public land]; 1135.4-12 (97, Teb) [3act; public land]; 1143.3-15 (164, Teb) [1; sublease; geitones]; XII 1233.5, 7-20 (323/4, PanopN) [2; pur5]; XIII 1330.6-11 (after 3.272, Ox) [2epid; pur3: speir., xylam.: all except]; 1338.4-7 (299, Ox) [2epid; τὰ ἔργα πάντα]; 1365.6-8 (419, Ox) [2epid]; XIV 1431.1-7 passim (Ie, UP) [1]; XV 1518.3-9 (34/5/6, Bac) [1]; XVII 1698.3-5 (161-168, Ox?) [1a]; XVII 1699.1-12 (173/4, Ox) [1]; PSI Congr. XX 7.4-14 (104, Kar) [2]; SB I 4482.2-7 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [3]; 4491.1-7 (VI/VII, ArsN); 4492.1-9 (VI, ArsN); 4493.1-4 (VI/VII, ArsN); 4494.1-5 (IV-VII, ArsN); 4697.3-15 (IV-VII, ArsPol) [3]; 4727.1-5 (IV-VII, ArsN); 4733.1-6 (VII, ArsN) [3]; 4753.3-9 (523, ArsPol) [3]; 4759a.1-5 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [3]; 4767.6-14 (VII, ArsPol) [3]; 4786.1-8? (VI, ArsN); 4810.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN); 4813.6-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3]; 4814.6-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3act]; 4857.2-3 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3act]; 4861.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN); 4869.2-5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3; πρὸς τῷ με ἐργάσασθαι]; 4870.5 (VII, ArsN) [3]; 4878.1-5 passim (IV-VII, ArsN); 5139.2-4 (VI, ArsN) [3]; 5252.4-16 (65 Nilopolis) [1]; 5256.5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3]; 5286.11-27 (607, Panop) [3]; 5670.4-11 (167-192, ArsN) [2]; III 7188.4-7 (154A, ArsN) [1; geitones]; IV 7369.6-11 (512, Herm) [3; allel.; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 7441.3-6 (230?, UP) [2]; 7442.1-11 passim (c. 269-272, Ox) [1]; 7443.1-10 (285, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.: all]; 7444.3-7 (327, Ox) [2epid]; 7474.3-5 (c. 254/5, ArsN) [2; allel.; ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ; pur4]; 7480.7-12 (VI/VII, Thebes) [3]; V 7665.5-9 (225, ArsN) [2; allel.]; 7666.4-6 (330, PanopN) [1a]; 7814.1-13 (256, Ox) [1; pur3: ὥστε τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιήσασθαι]; 8086.4-12 (268, Sentrempaei) [2; pur5: ἐφʼ ᾧ πᾶσαν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιήσομαι]; VI 8976.5-14 (after 105, SokN) [2; geitones]; 9085 inv. 16048, ll. 5-13 (565, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.]; 9085 inv. 16050, ll. .7-14 (579, Herm) [3]; 9085 inv. 16055, ll. 9-21 (589, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 9110.3-12 (26, Teb) [1 (sic!): μεμισθωκέναι; allel; pur1: spor.: pyr., krith.]; 9154.3-16 (VII/VIII Herak) [3]; 9205.5-6 (II, Thead) [2]; 9226.12-15 (II-III, SokN) [2]; 9269.5-10 (304 , PtolEu) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 9293.9-14 (573, ArsPol) [3; pur 5: ἐφʼ ᾧ με ἀπεργάσασθαι]; 9294.5-14 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3]; 9461.9-17 (632 Boubastos) [3]; 9462.1-19 (c. 657 Herak) [3]; 9561.16-21 (590, Ox) [2epid]; 9562.5-8 (214 , Phil) [2; allel]; 9587.1-10 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3]; 9591.15-22 (VII, Herm) [3]; 9592.11-15 (581, ArsPol) [3]; 9596.10-11 (579 Eleusis) [3; allel.]; 9612.1-7 (88/7A?, Theog) [1a]; VIII 9776.7-10 (496, Herm) [3]; 9777.10-15 (597/8, ArsPol) [3]; 9778.1-6 (VI, ArsN) [3]; 9830.2-25 (84-96, ArsN) [3act ἐπικεχωρηκέναι*; pur1: spor.: chort., arak.]; 9876.8-12 (534 Herak) [1a act; pur1: spor.: chort.]; 9907.9-17 (388, Herm) [2; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 9918.1-13 (179/80, OxN) [pur3: xylam.: χορτάρακι, pur1: kop., epimon.]; 9921.4-13 (III, Ox) [3]; 9922.2-9 (159, Theog) [2; sublease; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 9931.7-14 (405, Herm) [2; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 9932.5-10 (544-599, Herm) [3; pur2: chresis]; X 10216.1-10 (III/IV, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.,: chort.]; 10263.1-10 (204, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.; all except]; 10289.7-8 (IIIe, Herm) [2]; 10531.4-15 (36, Teb) [1: μεμισθωκέναι (sic!); sublease]; 10532.1-16 (87/8, Ox) [1; pur3: speir.: ῥαφάνῳ]; 10533.3-10 (171, UP) [2; sublease]; 10573.1-8 (10A, ArsN/OxN) [1; pur5]; XII 10780.1-21 (172/3, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.: all except]; 10942.1-11 (4A, OxN); 10982.4-9 (288, Phil) [2epid]; 11024.4-9? (328, ArsN) [1]; 11047.8-24 (194/5?, Teb) [2; allel.; pur1: spor.: pyr.; spor.: chort.; katabr.: probat.]; 11061.5-9 (218A, Tholt) [1]; 11154.7-9 (321, Ox) [2epid]; 11162.7 (542-566, Ox) [2epid]; 11234.2-9 (210/1, Ox) [2epid]; XIV 11279.5-23 (44, Thead) [1]; 11280.3-9 (108/9, Ox) [2epid]; 11281.1-14 (172, Ox) [pur3: speir., xylam.: all]; 11282.4-14 (II, ArsN) [2; pur1: spor.: chort.]; 11373.4-10 (513, Herm) [2; ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον διακατέχεις τὴν γενομένην σοι ὑποθήκην; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 11403a.8-12 (232/3, Psobthis) [2epid]; 11403b.6-12 (232/3, OxN) [2epid; pur3: speir.: pyr.]; 11431.1-6 (95/6?, Kerkeesis) [pur2: spor.]; 11487.4-17 (91/2, Teb) [3act; public land; pur1: spor., kop., xeras.: chort.]; 11595.4-19 (158/9 or 181/2 Teb) [2; pur1.: spor.: krith.; allel.]; 11603.5-9 (157-159 , PtolEu) [2]; 11604.1-13 (III, OxN) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 11711.5-9 (332, Herm) [3: ἐξειληφέναι πρὸς μίσθωσιν]; 11718.4-13 (141, Teb) [2]; 11720.3-20 (170, Teb) [2; pur1: spor.]; 11843.4-17 (95, Teb) [3: ἐπικεχωρηκέναι; geitones]; 11855.8-19 (547?, Aphr) [1a act; pur5]; 11911.7-20 (224, ArsN) [2; pur.3: ὥστε σπεῖραι σπόρῳ ᾧ ἐὰν αἱρῶμαι]; 11933.4-32 (27A, PtolEu) [1; pur1: spor.: pyr., krith.]; 12025.4-15 (IIIl, Tholt) [2epid]; 12049.2-13 (VI/VII, Herm) [3]; 12050.5-10 (498, Herm) [3; allel.; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 12051.6-16 (541, Herm) [3]; 12052.4-8 (545 or 560, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 12118.5-11 (IV, Herm) [2; pur1: katath.: all]; 12131.4-12 (553, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: karp.]; 12132.1-8 (VI, Herm) [pur1: spor., katath. : karp.]; 12186.9-14 (366, Herm) [2]; XVI 12268.1-14 (IIIs, Ox) [1]; 12373.5-12 (158A, ArsN) [1]; 12378.9-16 (504, HermN) [3; karp.]; 12469.4-8 (26A, SokN) [3]; 12481.11-18 (668, ArsPol) [3]; 12518.4-13 (104/5, Thead) [2; sublease]; 12539.3-16 (26, Teb) [1; pur1; spor.: pyr.]; 12569.1-6 (66a-58A /55A-51A, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1; geitones]; 12583.9-16 (500, Ox) [2epid]; 12693.1-8 (140/1, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 12836.9-17 (225 , Ankyron Polis) [1a; pur1: spor.: all]; 12865.10-12 (576, Herm) [3]; 12866.9-14 (583, Herm) [3]; 12867.7-12 (584, Herm) [3]; 12948.6-13 (448, HermN) [3]; 12983.4-9 (161-169, ArsN) [2]; 13004.4-7 (314 Thmouis) [1a act]; 13005.5-14 (144, ArsN) [2]; 13006.8-16 (144, ArsN) [2]; 13009 [2: βουλόμεθα κοινωνήσειν; καρποί]; 13008.7-18 (144, ArsN) [sublease; 2: βουλόμεθα κοινωνήσειν: karp.]; 13010.5-13 (144, ArsN) [2]; 13011.3-11 (144, ArsN) [2]; 13012.6-12 (42, ArsN) [2: elain.karp.]; 13017.3-12 (24A, SokN) [3]; XVIII 13100.1-7 (20/19A, ArsN) [1a]; 13150.6-12 (II, Ox) [2epid]; 13161.8-28, ll. 10-17 (after 138, ArsN or HermN) [2; pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 13161.29-48, ll. 32-36 (after 138, ArsN/HermN) [2; pur1: spor.; anapauma]; 13161.49-60, ll. 49-54 (after 138, ArsN or HermN) [2; pur1: spor., τῆλις]; 13170.6-9 (VII, Herm) [3]; 13582.4-8 (184, UP) [2]; 13583.6-11 (547, Herm) [3]; 13584.3-16 (VIm, Herm) [3: δεσποτείαν καὶ πᾶσαν νόμιμον νομήν; pur1: spor., katath.; karp.]; 13586.1-8 (VI/VII, Herm) [geitones; pur1: spor., katath.]; 13587.5-10 (555/6, Herm) [3; pur1: spor., katath.: all]; 13620.5-10 (473, Herm) [2; pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 13850.4-16 (141?, ArsN) [2]; 13885.5-11 (547 or 562, ArsPol) [3]; 13903.6-13 (I, Kar) [2; pur1: εἰς χόρτον κοπῆς καὶ ξηρασίας]; 13998.1-3 (VI/VII, Alexandrou Nesos); 14000.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3; pur4]; 14001.5-13 (486, ArsN) [3]; XX 14110.1-10 (VI, Ox) [2epid]; 14116.5-11 (212/3?, Kerkeuris?) [2]; 14290.1-12 (III, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.]; 14291.1-7 (III, Ox) [1]; 14314.6-10 (26, Teb) [1a]; 14315.1-20 (32/3, Teb) [pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 14337.1-13 (103, Ox) [1]; 14399r passim (IIl/IIIe, Ox) [1]; 14416.1-7 (VI, HermN/AntinN/AphrN); 14464.1-15 (II, Ox) [1; pur3: speir., xylam.: all]; 14642.1-7? (III/IV, Ox) [pur1: spor.: pyr.]; 14983.1-7 (220-260, OxN) [pur3: speir., xylam.]; 14984.1-3 (140-210, OxN); 15008.8-21 (578, Herak) [3]; 15027.2-5 (475, OxN) [1a: ἐμισθώσατο; pur1: spor.: all]; 15035.8-12 (369, HermN) [2]; 15136.8-16 (558/9, HermN) [3]; 15173.2-6 (VI, HermN); XXII 15266.4-5 (V/VI, Kussites) [3]; 15346.5-11 (88/9, Kar) [2: elaik.karp.]; 15485.8-14 (IIl, Thead) [2]; 15493.5-8 (435, Sesiy) [2; pur2: vineyard, detailed]; 15524.6-10 (VIm, HermN) [3]; 15525.5-10 (VI, HermN/Aphr) [3]; 15613.3-13 (111, Teb) [1]; 15620.7-11 (424, Alabastrine) [2]; 15630.1-6 (152, OxN) [2]; 15724.1-4 (II, Ox) [1]; 15729.12-17 (639, ArsPol) [3act: ἐκμεμισθωκέναι; allel.; πρὸς τό]; 15769.5-8 (311, Ox) [2epid: hydroparoch.erg.]; XXIV 15923.1-5 (VIl/VIIe, HermN?); 15925.1-7 (early VIe, Ox); 16127.1-7 (501/2, OxN); XXVI 16473.3-4 (VII/VIII, ArsPol) [3]; 16569.3-10 (62?, Euh) [1]; 16796.6-13 (518, Ox) [2epid]; 16819.11-17 (332, Hermopolis) [2; pur1: katath.: pyr., chortasm.]; XXVIII 16864.9-15 (566, ArsN) [3]; 16865.2 (VII, ArsN); 16909.6-11 (420, Ox) [2epid]; 16969.4-11 (498/8 or 513/4, OxN) [2epid]; 17003.2-4 (471/2, Ox) [2epid]; 17154.6-11 (587, ArsPol) [3]; 17196.8-14 (426, Ox) [2epid]; 17201.1-6 (VI/VII, Herm) [pur2: chresis, oikesis]; 17208.3-6 (IVend/Vb, Herak) [1a; pur1: spor.: sitos]; 17233.7-15 (614/5, Herm) [3]; XXX 17338.5-8 (621, ArsPol) [3]; 17339.8-14 (630, ArsPol) [2];  SPP II p. 33 ll. 4-7 (328, Herm) [2; κατάθεσιν]; III 239.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [3]; 422.2-5 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3; πρὸς τό με ἐργάσασθαι]; 443v.1-6 (VI/VII, ArsN); IV p. 116 below ll. 1-6 passim (43/4, Ox) [1]; V 71.7-8 (IIIl, Herm) [2]; 119r.2.3-9 (before 266, Herm) [2; continued lease; politikos logos; pur1: spor.: pyr. chort.]; 119r.3.10-18 (266, Herm) [2; politikos logos; pur1: oikesis]; 119r.5.7-13 (after 266, Herm) [2; continued lease, politikos logos; pur1: spor.: pyr., chort.]; 119r.7.7-12 (266, Herm) [2; politikos logos; pur1: spor., pyr., ἀναπαυματικὰ γένη]; 119r.7.3-5 (266, Herm) [2; pur1: spor.]; XX 21.4-12 (215, ArsN) [2]; 22.1-8 (216/7 HerakN) [1a; pur1: spor.: pyr.] ; 53.6-12 (246, Herak) [1]; 55.3-6 (250 HerakN) [1a; spor.: pyr.]; 57.6-12 (263, Dionysias) [2]; 70.5-16 (261, ArsN) [2]; 126.7-9 (515, HermN) [3; pur1: katath.: all]; 131.5-8 (518, ArsN) [3]; 142.6-14 (543, ArsPol) [3]; 218.9-22 (624?, HermN) [3; pur2: vineyard]; 220.13-26 (618, ArsPol) [3]; XXII 173.3-13 (40, SokN) [1; allel.]; 177.4-15 (136/7, SokN) [2]; T.Varie 14.6-13 (VI, Taamorou) [3]; ZPE 200 (2016) 336-346 A1-B6 (163, Ophis (Ox)) [1; pur3: speir.: pyr.].

2. Duration Clause

Category: Creation

Link to Synallagma

As a rule, the duration of the lease is reported in the creation clause and is introduced by the preposition ἐπί, εἰς, or πρός. However, there is a particular Ptolemaic tradition, also attested outside Egypt (e.g., Pernin (2014): no. 27.26-27), of recording the duration independently. See, in particular, P.Frank. 4.12-13 (216/5A, Tholthis): ἄρξε̣[ι] δὲ ὁ σπόρος [τῆς μισθώσεως] | 13 [ἐν τῶι ὀγδόωι ἔτει οὗ οἱ κα]ρ̣π̣ο̣ὶ̣ ἐς τὸ ἔνα̣τ̣[ο]ν ἔ̣τ̣ο̣ς̣ (‘The sowing of the lease will begin in the eighth year, whose yields will result in the ninth’). In the Roman period, while the practice is generally abandoned, there are some Arsinoite exceptions. In two early Roman documents, P.Tebt. II 311.18-22 (134, Theogonis) and PSI X 1143.15-18 (164, Tebtynis), it is the conclusion of the new lease, in addition to other ongoing leases, that induces the scribe to state the duration of the new contract explicitly. Cf., in particular, P.Tebt. II 311.18-22 (134, Theogonis): ἡ μίσθωσις ἥδη (l. ἥδε) εἰς | 19 ἄλλα ἔτη δεκαέννεα μετὰ τὸν χρόνο(ν) | 20 ὧν {α} προ[πεπο]ί̣ηται ὁ Ὀννῶφρις εἰς τὴν | 21 Ταορσεῦ̣[ν ἑ]τέρ̣ω̣ν μισθώσεων ἃς καὶ με|22ν{ε}ῖν κυρί[α]ς (‘This lease is for 19 years more after the period of the other leases previously granted to Taorseus by Onnophris, which shall remain effective…’).

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1955): 357, n. 6.

BGU III 916.15-16 (69-79, Herakleidou Meris); XIV 2389.23-24 (scr.ext.) (72A, HerakN); 2390.5-6, 16-18 (160/59A, HerakN); P.Frank. 4.12-13 (216/5A, Tholt); P.Freib. III 22.7-8 (178A, Phil); P.Univ.Giss. 12.7-10 (87/8, Thead) [2]; P.Lond. III 1168.5-6 (44, Herm); P.Mich. V 312.15-17 (34, Talei); X 586.6-7 (c. 30, Teb); P.Sarap. 51.14-15 (125, Herm); P.Soter. 1.9-12 (69, Thead); P.Tebt. I 105.16-18 (103A, Kerkeosiris); 106.14-15 (101A, PtolEu); II 311.18-22 (134, Theog); 373.7-10 (110/1, Teb); III.1 819.7, 29-31 (171A, Oxyrhyncha); P.Yale I 51.7-8 (184A, Kerkesoucha); PSI X 1098.10-12 (51A, Teb); 1143.15-18 (164, Teb); SB III 7188.7-8 (154A, ArsN); XIV 11279.12-14 (44, Thead); XVI 12373.10 (158A, ArsN); 12569.8-25 ll. 19-20 (58A/51A, Kerkesoucha Orous); XXII 15613.13-16 (111A?, Teb); XXVI 16569.10-12 (62?, Euh).

3. Act of Sale Clause

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The act of sale is attested in 1,365 documents from Egypt. The clause pertaining to it appears in documents that record the sale of immovables (houses and land), animals, and slaves but does not appear as a rule in contracts that record the sale of genus chattels (oil, wine, and grain) (see: ‘act of sale: fungibles‘). The clause mostly records the sale of an object and not its purchase (The main exception to this rule is its application for the sale of state property: βούλομαι ὠνήσασθαι, e.g., P.Amh. II 97.5: 181 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): a verb denoting the sale, with the vendor as the subject, is thus indispensable. As far as the identity of the verb is concerned, a drastic change occurred at the beginning of the Roman period: Ptolemaic sales, generally recorded in the form of katagraphe and drafted at an agoranomeion, use the medial-aorist form of ἀποδίδωμι in the framework of the protocol style: ἀπέδοτo τίς τι. The verb remains in use in the Roman period outside Egypt: P.Dura 25.4-9 (180 CE, Dura-Europos); P.Euphrates 6.7 (249 CE, Markopolis); 8.8 (251 CE, Beth Phouraia); 9.8 (252 CE, Beth-Phouraia); 10.1 (250 CE, Karrhai); P.Oxy. L 3593.7 (238-244 CE, Rhodos. From Egypt, only CPR I 191.2 (after 212 CE, Arsinoites) and P.Stras. I 79.1 (16/5 BCE, Syene) are attested.

In Roman Egypt, however, the general rule is to introduce the act of sale by the verb ὁμολογέω; the verbs, always the perfect infinitive, are new (see however: hypographe). In chronological order of introduction, πεπρακέναι is attested throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods and is the most frequently attested verb, used for every type of sale; παρακεχωρηκέναι originally appears in the context of the conveyance of catoicic land. With the extensive proliferation of this category in the Roman period, it becomes common elsewhere as well. Καταγεγραφηκέναι / καταγεγραφέναι becomes common in the third century CE but only in the context of land sales; παραδεδωκέναι gains acceptance in the fourth century and is used in animal sales. The two last-mentioned verbs are used not independently but alongside πεπρακέναι. In the pleonastic style of the Byzantine period, scribes are inclined to use all verbs regardless of the nature of the object sold (cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67169.36-37 (567 CE, Antinoopolis): πεπρακέναι σοι τῷ πρ̣[ο]ειρη̣μ̣έ(νῳ) λαμπροτάτῳ Βίκτορι καὶ κατα̣γεγρ̣α̣φ̣[ηκέν(αι)] | 37 καὶ παρακεχωρηκέναι κ̣[α]ὶ̣ [ἐκκ]εχωρη̣κένα̣[ι κ]α̣ὶ π̣α̣ρ̣αδεδω̣κέναι σοι κτλ. (‘(I acknowledge that) I have sold to you, the aforesaid glorious Victor, and have conveyed and ceded and have given up to you…).

The clause aims to identify the object of the sale unequivocally, recording its nature in plain terminology in the accusative (most frequently ἄρουραι … qualified by an adjective or a genitivus qualitatis, as well as οἰκία, ψίλος τόπος, rarely: γῆ). The object is most commonly said to belong to the vendor (primarily: ὑπάρχον μοι) and the way he came to own it is specified. Thus, the object may be defined as ‘paternal’ ‘maternal’ etc. or may be said to have fallen into the vendor’s hands by inheritance (Montevecchi (1941): 105). In these cases, the description of the acquisition is commonly introduced through ἐπιβάλλον, -έλθον ἀπὸ κληρονομίας; scribes also use the dative of manner (κληρονομικῷ δικαίῳ) in this context. The adverb πρότερον with genitive may be used for the indication of the previous owner. Acquisition by purchase is mostly attested in the case of slaves [e.g., BGU XI 2111.10 (IIe CE, Arsinoites)]. Frequently the object of sale is the vendor’s share in a larger asset owned conjointly with others (κοινῶς καὶ ἀδιαιρέτως) (cf. Litinas – Triantafyllou (2019): 33, 182-183). For this reason, the object of the sale is his share (μέρος). The total appears in the genitive (partitive), sometimes introduced by the preposition ἀπό.

The clause also specifies the location of the object by describing its surroundings. Landed property is usually identified through the formulations περὶ κώμην, and later περὶ πρακτορίαν. Property within a village or a city may be recorded by the proposition ἐν + the name of the village in the dative. In a city, where administrative territorial division is present, it also applies in the act of sale as an amphodon (ἐπ᾽ ἀμφόδου), laura [see further in connection with the act of leasing] (Montevecchi (1941): 111-113). Unique terminology is used to denote urban property in sale documents from late second- and early first-century BCE Pathyris: ἐντὸς περιστάσει or ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ (vel sim.) πεδίῳ Παθύρεως, or ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ ἀπηλιώτου μέρει (Cf., e.g, P.Alder 8.7: 104 BCE, Pathyris).

Description of the abutters is the ultimate and most regular form of identification of landed property. This account appears at the end of the clause that records the act of sale and is introduced through the word γείτονες. Neighbors are described by cardinal points; each cardinal point appears in the genitive. The names of the object appears in the nominative to record the object itself or in the genitive to state the owner: (‘the property of…’).. The order is, commonly, south-north, and then either east-west or west-east [Husson (1983): 167, 172]. The scribe could also add the origin of the information on the abutters: e.g., καθὼς ἐκ συμφώνου ὑπηγόρευσαν (‘as declared by mutual agreement’).

Another recurring element is the ‘generality formula’, aiming at dealing with the event that the list turns out to be inexhaustive or inaccurate: ἢ οἳ ἂν ὦσι γείτονες πάντῃ πάντοθεν (‘or whatsoever be the neighbours on every side’). Alternatively, the scribe may dispense with a detailed account of the abutters, referencing a supplemental instrument instead (e.g., γειτνία, χρηματισμός). This, however, rarely occurs. Dimensions seem to be regular in the case of psilos topos, but not elsewhere. (Cf., Montevecchi (1941): 106–107; Husson (1983): 295). Reference to the act of measurement is also occasionally made (see the codewords πηχισμός and σχοινίον) [Husson, op. cit., p. 165].

In sales of land, its administrative status is sometimes noted. Thus, temple land is recorded in some documents from first-century Tebtynis (e.g., P.Kron. 48: 35 CE, Tebtynis). In the Roman period, however, the administrative category of land, if mentioned at all, is usually kleros katoikikos. Alternatively, if the land is part of a kleros, the original owner of the kleros is reported in the genitive. A scribe may also mention the crops grown on the land, especially through the adjective sitikos or sitophoros [the latter is particularly Pathyrite]. This, however, is hardly indispensable. Some documentary genres may also mention the level of productivity of the land (hypologos, embrochos, abrochos, etc.). In sale contracts, this rarely occurs; such an account is regularly made only in applications for the purchase of state land of the hypologos (or similar) categories.

In the Roman and Byzantine periods, the clause stresses the immediacy and permanence of the conveyance, commonly expressed through ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν εἰς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον vel sim. Also common, originally in the case of allotment land, are the phrases ὥστε αὐτῶι καὶ ἐκγόνοις αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῖς παρʼ αὐτοῦ εἰς μετεπιγραφήν (‘to him and to his heirs and assigns, for transference’), extending the validity and, in this case, the right to perform the metepigraphe to the purchaser’s heirs and representatives.

Expressions denoting complete and permanent title multiply in the Byzantine period. See, for example, the already cited P.Cair.Masp. II 67169.36-40 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): πεπρακέναι σοι τῷ πρ̣[ο]ειρη̣μ̣έ(νῳ) λαμπροτάτῳ Βίκτορι καὶ κατα̣γεγρ̣α̣φ̣[ηκέν(αι)] | 37 καὶ παρακεχωρηκέναι κ̣[α]ὶ̣ [ἐκκ]εχωρη̣κένα̣[ι κ]α̣ὶ π̣α̣ρ̣αδεδω̣κέναι σοι, | 38 ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν [ἀ]εὶ ἑξ̣ῆς ἅ̣π̣α̣ν̣τ̣α κα̣[ὶ] π̣ρ̣[ο]ε̣λ̣αύ̣[νοντα χρόνον] | 39 διὰ παντὸς εἰς [τὸ] π̣[α]ντελὲ[ς], π̣λη̣[ρ]εσ̣[τ]ά̣[τῳ παντὶ δεσποτείας] | 40 δικαί[ῳ] κ̣[αὶ] καλ̣ῇ̣ π̣[ί]στει κ[αὶ πάσῃ ἐξουσίᾳ καὶ κατοχῇ καὶ κυριότητι] (‘(I acknowledge that) I have sold to you, the aforementioned glorious Victor, and have transferred, ceded, relinquished and surrendered to you, from this day to all eternity in its entirety, with full proprietary title, in good faith and with every capacity, possession and title…’) [cf. Wolff (1956a): 17]. This is also one of the documents that best illustrate the pleonastic use, in Byzantine documentation, of terms of different origins that had gradually evolved from earlier times.

The intensity of the description varies by objects. In the case of animals (the best recorded are sales of camels and donkeys), the account of the object is quite short, routinely noting gender (ἄρρενα/ θήλειαν/ θηλυκόν); color (e.g., λευκόν), and age, measured by teeth shedding (ἄβολος, πρωτοβόλος, δευτεροβόλος, then τέλειος, γραῖος) (cf. Montevecchi (1939): 41). For camels, brands are routinely added. Cf., e.g., BGU I 100.2-6 (159 CE, Arsinoites): ὁμολογῶ πε|3πρακέν\ε/ (l. πεπρακέναι) σοι κάμηλον θήλειαν δ|4ευτερόβολον φυρα (l. πυρρὰν) κεχαραγμένο[ν] | 5 δεξιῷ, συαγόνι (l. σιαγόνι) ταύτην τυαύτην (l. τοιαύτην) | 6 ἀναπόριφον (‘I acknowledge that I have sold to you a female camel with its second change of teeth, reddish, branded on its right jaw, on the spot, just as it is, unreturnable’) (cf. Montevecchi (1939): 48).

For slaves (cf. Montevecchi (1939): 25–28; Straus (2004): 132–135), commonly reported are the slave’s name, age, and physical marks (bodily defects and distinctions). Also documented is the form of acquisition (οἰκογενὲς δὲουλικὸν ἔγγονον; δορατόκτητος; κατηντηκὼς εἰς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ κληρονομίας) and, sometimes, ethnic stock, reported through the construction γένει + adjective of ethnic affiliation (γένει Κρητικήν; γένει Ἀράβισσαν; γένει Ποντικήν). Some contracts also add the ‘reliability formula’, affirming that the slave is trustworthy, not liable to abscond, and free of epilepsy (ἱερὰ νόσος) and seizure (ἐπαφή). As in the case of animals, the clause states that the slave cannot be returned by the purchaser on account of defects already apparent at the time of sale (τοῦτον τοιοῦτον ἀναπόρριφον). Grounds for exception would be epilepsy and seizure (cf. Montevecchi (1939): 17; Kränzlein (1989): 327; Jakab (1997): 202–203, n. 36). Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 281.1-4 (I CE, Arsinoites): Ἡρώδης ὃς καὶ Ἡρακλείδης Λυσιμάχου ὁμολογῶ{ι} παρακεχωρηκέναι Εὐδεμονίτι (l. Εὐδαιμονίδι) Ἡρώδου κατὰ δὲ τὴν | 2 ὁμολογίαν ταύτην ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνεστώσης ἡμέρας ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον τὴν ὑπάρχουσά‹ν› μοι μητρικὴν | 3 παιδισκης (l. παιδίσκην) δούλην ᾗ ὄνομα Θαεισάριον, ὡς ἐτῶν τριάκοντα δύο, μεσης (l. μέσην) μελιχρους (l. μελίχροῦν) μακροπροσοπος (l. μακροπρόσωπον) | εὐθυρίνην, οὐλὴ προσώπου (l. προσώπῳ), ταύτην τοιαύτην ἀναποριππτον (l. ἀναπόρριφον) πλὴν ἐπαφῆς καὶ εἱερᾶς (l. ἱερᾶς) νόσου (‘I, Herodes, also called Herakleides, son of Lysimachos, acknowledge that I have ceded to Eudaimonis, daughter of Herodes, in accordance with this agreement, from the present day forever, the she-slave who belongs to me by inheritance from my mother’s side, her name being Thaeisarion, about thirty-two years old, of medium height, with honey-colored skin, a long face, a straight nose, and a scar on her face; and I cede her just as she is, non-refundable except due to seizure and epilepsy’).

Descriptions of houses, buildings, and factories are much more detailed. In the first case, adjectives report the origin and condition of the house (e.g., μητρικός, πατρικός; παλαιός, νέος, συμπεπτωκώς; μονόστεγος, ἀθύρωτος) [Husson (1983): 97, 197, 199-200, 259-260]. Second, the scribe records the sale not of a single item but of recurring sequences, most commonly ‘house, yard, and appurtenances’ (οἰκία καὶ αὐλὴ καὶ συγκύροντα). Third, in the dative following the preposition ἐπί, all elements that are automatically conveyed due to the conveyance of the house are listed. Some are physical components of the house (foundations, walls, windows, entrances, and exits), while others are accrued rights (Montevecchi (1941): 107–111). Cf., e.g., SB X 10571.5-9 (194 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): πεπρακένα̣ι τῷ ἀ[φή]λ̣ικ̣ι̣ ἑαυτῆς | [υἱ]ῷ Πα̣[κύσ]ι τὴν ὁμ̣[ο]λογοῦσαν Τααρπαγάθην κατὰ τήνδε τὴν ὁμολογίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρ̣[όν(ον)] τα (l. τὰς) ὑ̣π̣α̣ρ̣|7[χ]ο̣ν̣τα̣ (l. ὑπαρχούσας) [αὐ]τ̣ῇ̣ ἐν τῇ [π]ρ̣[ο]γ̣εγραμ̣μ̣[έ]νῃ κώμῃ Σ̣οκνοπαί[ο]υ Νήσου̣ (l. Νήσῳ) ο̣ἰκίαν καὶ αὐλὴν μ̣ητρικὴν καὶ τὰ σ̣[υ]ν̣κ̣[ύ]ρ̣ο̣ν̣τ̣[α] π̣ά̣ν̣[τα] | [ἐ]π̣ὶ τ̣[οῖς ο]ὖ̣σι τῶν̣ ὅ̣λων μέτ̣ροις καὶ πη̣χισμοῖς καὶ θεμελείοις καὶ τ̣ε̣ί̣χεσι καὶ φωσφ̣[ο]ρ̣είαις καὶ̣ ἰσόδοις̣ (l. εἰσόδοις) κ̣α̣ὶ̣ ἐξόδοις | [κ]α̣ὶ ταῖ̣ς ἄ̣λ̣λ̣αις χρ̣ή̣σεσι καὶ δικαίοις πᾶσι κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν συνήθειαν (‘The acknowledging party has sold to her own son Pakysis in accordance with the present agreement from the present time henceforth for ever the house and yard inherited from her mother and belonging to her in the aforesaid village of Soknopaiou Nesos together with all appurtenances, with all existing measurements, dimensions, foundations, walls, windows, entrances and exits of the whole, and all the other usages and rights, according to the custom from the beginning until the present time…’) (transl.: Coles (1967): 125).

A detailed inventory of objects and their topographic interrelations is less common. Not very surprisingly, the evidence is Byzantine. Cf., in particular, P.Lond. V 1724.20-34 (578-582 CE, Syene), which records the sale of a real share in a house. Here the scribe lists the parts of the house that are subject to the conveyance: πεπρακέναι ὑμῖν σήμερον καὶ καταγεγραφηκέναι νόμῳ | 21 πράσεως καὶ αἰωνίᾳ κατοχῇ καὶ παντὶ πληρεστάτῳ | 22 δεσποτείας δικαίῳ τὸ ὑπάρχον ἡμῖν μέρος οἰκίας ἀπὸ τῆς | 23 οἰκίας λεγομένης Πατεχνουμίου τοῦ προπάππου ἡμῶν | 24 ἐν̣ ᾧ τῷ αὐτῷ μέρει οἰκίας ἐν μὲν πρώτῃ στέγῃ κελλίον | 25 ἓν ἐν τῷ πυλονι (l. πυλῶνι) νεῦον ἐπὶ βορρᾶ καὶ τὸ ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ | 26 συμπόσιον νεῦον ἐπὶ βορρᾶ εἰς τὴν παραδρομίδα τοῦ | 27 πεσσοῦ, ἐν δευτέρᾳ στέγῃ καὶ τὸ μικρὸν δῶμα ἐπάνω | 28 τοῦ αἰθρίου νεῦον ἐπʼ ἀπηλιώτην εἰς τὴν μικρὰν αἴθραν | 29 καὶ τὸ τρίτον μέρος ἡμῶν ἀπὸ τ[ο]ῦ̣ ἄ̣λ̣λ̣ου μικροῦ δώματος | 30 ἐπάνωθεν τοῦ ἀκκουβίτου Ἰακώβου Πασαράϊτος, σοῦ δὴ πατρὸς | 31 Κακὼ καὶ σοῦ δὴ Παθερμουθίου πενθεροῦ, καὶ τὸ τρίτον μέρος | 32 ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν συγκυρούντων χρηστηρίων τοῦ τε προθύρου | 33 καὶ πυλονος (l. πυλῶνος) καὶ πεσσοῦ κ(αὶ) ἡμικλιβάνου πρὸς τὴν μέχρι νῦν | 34 κρατήσασαν νομήν τε καὶ δεσποτείαν. ‘… that we have sold to you today and transferred in accordance with the law of sale and for eternal possession and every most complete right of ownership the house-share belonging to us of the house called (the house of) Patechnoumis, our great-grandfather. In this same share of the house there are: on the first floor, one room facing north at the gateway; and the living room above it, facing north toward the gallery of the stair on the second floor; and the little terrace above the courtyard facing east toward the little courtyard; and our one-third share in the other little terrace above the bedroom of Iakobos son of Pasaraei, your father, Kako, and your father-in-law, Patermuthios; and the one-third share of all related appurtenances, (consisting) of the vestibule, and gateway, and stair, and semi-oven, in accordance with the retention and ownership that have hitherto held it’) (transl.: Porten (1996): 481–482).

Bibl.: Schwarz (1920): 153-156, 168-180; (1961) 21-22; Préaux (1939): 325-330 [katagraphe]; (1961); Montevecchi (1939): 25-28, 41, 48; (1941): 104-121, 129-139, (1943): 29-38, 46-54, 250-251; Wolff (1948) 21-23 [katagraphe]; (1978): 190-194 [katagraphe]; Pringsheim (1950): 102-111; Taubenschlag (1955): 325-329; Draht (1970): 14-17, 20-29, 38-41; Kränzlein (1990): 75-82; Straus (2004): 135-139.

First criterion: Object: A: Animal; AL: arable land; H: house; HG: hiera ge; KK: kleros katoikikos; L: land; PT: psilos topos; S: slave; VY: vineyard. Second criterion: formulation: 1: katagraphe style; 2: homologia; 2a: synchoresis; 3: diagraphe; 4: private protocol; 5: oath; 6: price receipt; 7: application to purchase. Third criterion: verb: ekkech.: ἐκκεχωρηκέναι; ekd.: ἐκδεδωκέναι; epikech.: ἐπικεχωρηκέναι; katag.: καταγεγραφηκέναι; parach.: παρακεχωρηκέναι; parad.: παραδεδωκέναι; peprak.: πεπρακέναι

BGU I 13.4-6 (289, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 71.5-14 (189, Kar) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 87.5-13 (144, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 88.4-8 (146, SokN) [A; 3: peprak.]; 94.3-9 (289, PtolEu) [KK; 2]; 100.2-6 (159, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 153.5-17 (152, Dionysias) [A; 2: peprak.]; 177.1-9 (47, ArsN) [VY; 2: peprak.]; 193.3-13 (136, PtolEu) [S; 2: peprak.]; 228.1-5 (II, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 233.1-7 (161-169, ArsN) [KK; 2]; 240.8-20 (167-169?, SokN) [L]; 282.5-29 (175-180, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 316.5-14 (359, Askalon) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 319.8-17 (630, Alexandrou Nesos) [VY; 2: peprak.]; 350.2-7 (103-115, Nilopolis) [H; 2: peprak.]; II 373.1-8 (298, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 402.6-10 (591-602, ArsN) [L; 2: peprak.]; 413.4-8 (219, Kerk) [A; 4: peprak.]; 416.2-4 (150, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 427.5-15 (159, SokN) [A; 3: peprak.]; 453.4-8 (154, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 455.12-24? (133, UP) [chortotheke; 2: peprak.]; 468.4-10 (150 Dionysias) [A; 6]; 469.3-7 (156-160, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 527.6-14 (197, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; 541.3-7 (177-180, ArsN) [A; 6]; 542.1-8 (165, Athenas Kome) [L; 2]; 543.2-11 (27A, Haueris) [K; 5: παραχωρήσειν]; 584.2-4 (44, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 666.1-15 (177, ArsN) [KK]; 667.2-10 (222, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; III 709.2-11 (138-161, Kar) [KK; 2]; 758.3-9 (198 ?, ArsN) [A; 4: peprak.]; 805.1-5 (138, SokN?) [S; 2]; 806.1-4 (1, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 859.1-9 (161-163, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; 883.2-6 (II, Kar) [KK; 2]; 887.2-4 (151, Side) [S; 4: ἐπρίατο ἐν ἀγορᾷ]; 906.12-17 (in hypographe) (34/5, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach]; 910.1.1-8 (70, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 913.6-8 (206, Myra) [S]; 917.2-11 (348, PtolEu) [AL; 2: peprak., katag.]; 937.3-10 (250, Herak) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 986.6-13 (117-138, ArsN) [A; 6]; 987.2-5 (19/45, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; 994.2.10-3.4 (113A, Path) [PT; 1]; 996.2.9-3.7 (112A, Path) [H; 1]; 997.2.4-9 (103A, Path) [H; 1]; 998.1.3-7 (101A, Path) [H; 1]; 999.1.4-8 (99A, Path) [H; 1]; 1000.1.3-7 (98A, Path) [AL; 1]; 1002.3-12 (55A, Herm): [H; πέπεικάς με τῆι τιμῆι]; IV 1048.2-9 (100/1 or 111/1, ArsN) [L; 2: parach.]; 1049.1-10 (342, PtolEu) [VY; 2: peprak.]; 1059.6-8 (30A-14, Alex) [S; 2: parach.]; 1066.3-7 (98, UP) [A; 4: peprak.]; 1127.5-13 (18A, Alex) [H; 6 (remainder of the price)]; 1128.4-10 (14A, Alex) [S; 6]; 1129 [KK; 6 (remainder of the price)]; 1130.4-13 (4A, Alex) [L; 2a: parach.]; 1170.50-60, ll. 51-54 (10A, Alex) [asphaleia; 2a: parach.]; VI 1259.3-9 (100A, Path) [AL; 1]; VII 1641.5-13 (127, Akanthon Polis) [2: peprak.]; 1642.3-8 (II, Phil) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1643.2-10 (II, Phil) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1687.12-13 (II, Phil) [H]; VIII 1731.4-7 (68/7A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1732.2-6 (80A-30A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1734.1-8 (80A-30A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1735.11-14 (98A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1736.11-14 (78A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1739.10-13 (72A, Herak) [KK; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; 1740.8-10 (80A-30A, Herak) [paradeison; 2: εὐδοκεῖν]; XI 2049.3-12 (II, Herakleia) [A; 2: peprak.]; 2050.3-15 (106, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 2051.1-8 (126-8/147-9, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 2052.2-7 (II, Herakleia?) [KK; 2: parach.]; 2053 passim (IIe, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 2054.2-10 (184-192, PtolEu) [KK; 2: peprak., parach.]; 2055.2-13 (II, Nilopolis) [KK; 2: parach.]; 2095.2-20 (83, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 2112.1-3 (Im, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 2113.2-7 (178/9, Herm) [AL; 2]; 2114.2-4,6-9 (II, Herm) [AL; 2: peprak.]; 2115 passim (178/9, Herm) [κατεγράφην]; 2335.3-7 (42/3, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; XIII 2336.5-9 (208, Alexandrou Nesos) [A; 4?: peprak.]; XV 2479.2-5 (103-117, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 2480.7-16 (120?, Kar/Kerkesoucha) [A; 2: peprak.]; 2481.5-13 (138-161, Themistos Meris); 2483.1-11 (205, ArsN) [olive crops; 7]; 2478.2-7 (90-96, Karanis) [H; 2: peprak.]; 2486.5-12 (93, Dionysias) [A]; XIX 2830.1-8 (309/10, Herm) [L]; 2832.7-8 (VIm, Herm) [2: peprak., katag.]; 2833.1-5 (249, Herm) [S; 2: peprak.]; CPR I 4.3-13 (52, Herakleia) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 48.4 (198-210, HerakN) [2]; 51.3-5 (198-211, HerakN); 52.6-7 (198-211, HerakN) [2]; 53.5-9 (198-211, HerakN) [2]; 54.a.5-b (II/III, HerakN) [2]; 55.5-7 (198-211, ArsN) [2]; 57.4-22 (212-217, HerakN) [H; 2]; 58.6-15? (216/7, PtolEu) [2]; 60.4-9 (220, HerakN) [2]; 61.5-16? (221, HerakN) [L; 2]; 62.3-15 (218-222, HerakN) [2]; 64.5-18 (227, Peenamis) [KK; 2: parach.]; 66.4-19 (211-217 or 222-235, HerakN) [H; 2]; 67.4 (222-235, HerakN); 68.5-9 (222-235?, HerakN) [2]; 69.6-9 (222-235?, HerakN) [2]; 70.5-8 (III, HerakN) [2]; 71.4-5 (IIIe, Herak) [2]; 73.8-20 (222-235?, HerakN) [H; 2]; 75.b-d (222-235?, HerakN) [H; 2]; 76.6-12 (222-235?, HerakN); 77.4-9 (III?, HerakN); 78.5-14 (221/2 or 225/6, HerakN); 82.a+b (IIIe?, HerakN); 83.3-7 (IIIe?, HerakN) [L]; 84.4-10 (235, HerakN) [2]; 85.3-4 (244-249, HerakN) [2]; 86.4-10 (III?, HerakN) [2: peprak.]; 88.1-10 + 132 (IIIe, ArsN); 91.3-11 (213/4, HerakN); 92.6-15 (IIIf, HerakN) [2]; 94.2-13 (IIIf, HerakN) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 95.3-18 (IIIf, HerakN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 96.3-8 (IIIf, HerakN) [2]; 97.5-10 (IIIf, HerakN); 98.4-7 (IIIf, HerakN); 99.5-6 (IIIf, HerakN) [2]; 100.5-9 (IIIf, HerakN) [2]; 102 passim (IIIf, HerakN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 103.1-16 (III, HerakN); 104.1-12 (c. 190-192, ArsN) [H; 2]; 105.1-7 (II, ArsN) [H; 2]; 108.1-5 (IIIf, HerakN) [2: parach.]; 109.1-4 (III, ArsN) [S; 2]; 111.1-12 (II, Herak) [L]; 115.1-11 + 145 (II, ArsN); 116.1-9 (II, ArsN) [KK]; 117 passim (II, ArsN); 118.1-5 passim (II, ArsN); 120.1-3 (III, ArsN) [H]; 121.a (II, ArsN/HerakN) [H]; 126.1-3 (250-270, ArsN); 128.1-7 (IIIf, ArsN); 131.2-9 (IIIf, HerakN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 134.3-9 (IIIf, ArsN) [L]; 137.2-4 (hyp.) (c. 200, HerakN) [KK]; 141.1-3 (IIIf, Herak) [KK]; 145.1-6 (II, ArsN) [PT; 2]; 147.1-10 (IIIf, ArsN); 149.1-9 (IIIf, ArsN); 156.1-4 (IIIf, ArsN) [KK]; 157.1-6 (IIIe, HerakN/ArsN) [2: peprak.]; 159.1-10 (IIIf, ArsN) [H; 2]; 160.1-11 passim (IIIf, ArsN); 161.1-10 passim (IIIf, ArsN); 162.1-10 (IIIf, ArsN); 163.1-5 (IIIf, HerakN); 164.1-13 passim (161-180, ArsN?); 166.3-6 (IIIf?, HerakN?); 167.1-6 passim (IIIf, ArsN) [2: peprak.]; 168.1-7 (IIIf, ArsN); 169.1-7 (IIIf, ArsN); 170.2-12 (103-117, ArsN) [KK; 2]; 171.2-10 (98-117, ArsN) [H; 2] ; 172.3-10 (118?, ArsN); 176.5-21 (257, PtolEu) [KK; H; peprak.] 178.2-15 (120, ArsN); 179.2-10 (I/II, PtolEu?) [H; 2]; 180.1-9 (III?, ArsN); 187.1-6 (145, PtolEu) [H; 2]; 188.1-10 (106/7, ArsN); 189.1-9 (II, ArsN) [H; 2]; 191.1-6 (after 212, ArsN); 192.3-5 (II, ArsN) [chresteria; 2: peprak.]; 195.2-8 ? (145, PtolEu); 197.1-10 (II, PtolEu) [H]; 198.1-5 (138, ArsN) [L]; 200.1-9 passim (II, ArsN) [L]; 202.6-14 (219, HerakN); 204.1-4 (II, ArsN) [L]; 206a.2-9 (138-161, PtolEu) [quarry; 2: parach.]; 206b.2-9 (138-161, ArsN) [quarry; 2: parach.]; 207.3-20? (II, ArsN); 209.2? (117-138, ArsN) [2]; 210.1-3 (II, ArsN); 211.6-11 (II, ArsN) [PT; 2]; 212.2-4 (II, ArsN/HerakN) [2: peprak.]; 215.2-9 (138-161, PtolEu?) [2: parach.]; 218.2-8 (II, SokN) [KK; 2]; 219.4-11 (II, SokN); 223.2-17 (117-137, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 224.2-15 (6, SokN) [KK; 6: parach.]; 227.2-10 (III, PtolEu?) [H; 2]; VI 2.8-20 (144, Kerkesoucha) [A; 2: peprak.]; 73.5-21 (222-235, HerakN) [KK; 2: peprak., parach.]; VII 14.10-11 (305, Herm) [AL; 2: peprak.]; 30.4-8 (138-161, Nilopolis) [KK; 2]; 36.5-7 (331, Herm) [A; 2: peprak.]; 46.1-15 (VI, Herm) [L]; 47.1-5 (c. 645, HerakN); 48.1-6 (V, HerakN); IX 31.9-16 (581, Sinelais?); 40 Br 5 (451, HermN) [2]; XV 2.2-4 (11, SokN) [H; πέπεικάς με ἀργυρίωι]; 18.1?-7? (212/1A?, UP) [L]; 47.1-4; XVIIa 17a.2-3 (321?, Herm) [K; 2: peprak.]; 27.1-3 (302, Herm) [S; 2: peprak.]; XVIIb 6.1-7 (184/5, Panop) [L]; 18.1-14, ll. 1-7 (217/8, Panop) [AL]; XVIII 4.68-77 (231A/206A, Theog) [VY; 2: parach.]; XIX 50.10-13 (VIIs?, ArsN): [H?; 2: ἐκκεχωρηκέναι]; XXIV 21.5-7 (VIf, ArsPol); O.Berenike II 125.3 (61, Berenike) [A; 6]; O.Kellis 145.5-7 (294, Kellis) [A; 2: ἀγοράσαντες; ἐάσαντες]; P.Aberd. 55.3-6 (117-138, SokN?) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Abinn. 60.1-9 (346, Dionysias) [A; 2: peprak.]; 64.10-15 (337-350, Alex/Phil) [hypographe; S; 2: peprak.]; P.Adler 1.1.7-2.6 (134A, KrokPat) [PT; 1]; 3.2.10-16 (112A, Path) [PT; 1]; 5.2.5-9 (108A, KrokPat) [AL; 1]; 7.5-12 (104A, Path) [VY; 1]; 8.4-10 (104A, Path) [VY; 1]; 9.2.4-9 (104A, Path) [H; 1]; 11.2.3-11 (98A, Path) [dovecote; 1]; 12.3-9 (101A, Path) [AL; 1]; 13.2.4-3.2 (100A, KrokPat) [AL; 1]; 16.4-11 (99A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17.4-9 (99A, KrokPat) [AL; 1]; 18.4-7 (99A, Path) [L; 1]; 20.4-13 (98A, Poinkoris); 21.3.3-9 (98A, Path?) [AL; 1]; P.Amh. II 51.2.22-27 (88A, Path); 95.1-5 (109, Herm) [KK; H: peprak.]; 96.1-4 (213, Herm) [H; 3: peprak.]; 97.5-13 (181, SokN); 98.6-11 ll. 8-10 (179/211, Herm) [AL, H; 2: peprak.]; 102.6-14 (180, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Ammon II 48.a.1-4 (after 9.12.348, Alex?) [S; 2: peprak.]; P.Amst. I 46.2-4 (218-228 Oasis Parva) [S; 2]; P.Ant. II 101.a (231-235, Herm) [2: peprak.]; P.Athen. 25.4-9 (61, Kar) [mill; 2: peprak.]; 26.3-14 (41-68, PtolEu) [L; 2: peprak.]; 27.6-15 (150, Kar) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Bad. II 4.2-5 (109A-98A, Path); 19a.3-5 (110, HermN); P.Bagnall 47.1-19 (Il/IIe, Ieme) [kleros; 4: παρακεχώρημαι]; P.Bas. 5.1-3 (III, UP) [L]; P.Bastianini 25.3-11 (V/VI, Narmouthis) [2: peprak.]; P.Batav. 6.2.16-3.24 (110A, Latopolis, Path) [L: 1]; P.Berl.Cohen 8.8-15 (190, KerkArs); 9.4-8 (193, PtolEu) [A; 4: peprak.]; P.Berl.Leihg. I 21.4-7 (309, KynopN) [A; 2: peprak., parad.]; P.Berl.Möller 6.6-11 (IIIs, Ox) [L; 2: peprak., parach.]; P.Berl.Zill. 6.10-34 (527-565, Antin) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; P.Bingen 60.2-8 (46, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach.]; 61.2-7 (56, Teb) [A; 2: peprak.]; 75.1-3 (IIIb, Ox?); P.Bodl. I 44.1-3 (310, UP) [S; 2: peprak.]; 45.1-14 (c. 610, Apol) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; 121.6-10 (II, ArsN) [A]; P.Brook. 7.5-12 (152, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 6.2.3-6 (129A, KrokPat) [L; ἀφεστηκότα]; 13.3-7 (341, Herm) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; P.Cair.Isid. 83.4-6 (IIIs, UP) [A; 4: peprak.]; 84.3-9 (267, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; 85.1-6 (275, Kar) [A; 2: peprak.]; 86.1-4 (309, Kar) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097r.1-12 (571/2?, Aphr) [L]; 67098.2-17 (540-565, Aphr?) [L]; 67099.1-9 (VI, Aphr) [L]; II 67169.22-53 (569, Antin) [AL; 2: peprak., katag., parach., ekkech., parad.]; P.Cair.Preis. 37.2-9 (IIIA, UP) [A; ἐ̣π̣ρ̣ίατο̣]; P.Cair.Zen. I 59003.3-6,14-17 (259A, Birta?) [S; 1]; P.Col. VII 181.2-9 (342, Kar) [L; 2: peprak.]; VIII 222.44-53 (160/1, Ox) [S; 2: peprak.]; X 263.1-7 (178, Memphites) [A; 2: peprak.]; 264.2-8 (178, Pitos) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Coll.Youtie I 19.2-14 (44, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach.]; II 71.8-23 (281, Panop) [H; 2: peprak.]; 75.3-4 (III, Herm) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Corn. 12.12-22 (283, Antin) [H; 2: peprak.]; 13.8-12 (311, Ox) [A; 2: peprak., parad.]; P.Daris 24.1-6 (10A, UP) [L]; 27.5-10 (363, OxN) [L; 2: peprak.]; P.Dime III 8GH.1-5 (23, SokN) [house and yard; 2: peprak.]; 13GH.1-5 (29, SokN) [house and yard; 2: peprak.]; 14GH.1-5 (29, SokN) [house and yard; 2: peprak.]; 16GH.1-4, 7-10 (34?, SokN) [house and yard; 2: peprak.]; 21GH.1-4 (45, SokN) [house and yard; 2: peprak.]; 24GH.1-4 (41–54, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 27GH.1-7 (54, Nilopolis/SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 28GH.1-7 (55, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 35GH.1-2 (41, SokN) [loom; 2: peprak.]; P.Diog. 24.3-11 (138-161, Phil) [H; 2: peprak.]; 28.4-5 (223, Phil ?) [A; 2: peprak.]; 31.3-9 (II/III, Phil) [KK; 2: parach.]; P.Dubl. 3.3-21 (14/5, Ox ?) [KK; 2: parach]; 32.2-7 (512, ArsPol) [monasterion; 2: peprak., katag.]; 33.2-7 (513, ArsPol) [monasterion; 2: peprak., katag.]; P.Dura 15.1-2 (IIA, Dura Europos) [L]; 25.4-9 (180, Dura Europos) [S; 1]; 26.6-12 (227, Sachare) [L; 1]; P.Erl. 76.8-20 (IV, Ox) [H; 2]; P.Euphrates 6.7-13 (249, Markopolis) [S; 1]; 8.8-19 (251, Beth Phuraia) [S; 1]; 9.8-16 (252, Beth Phuraia) [S; 1]; 10.9-12 (250, Karrhai) [A; 1]; 11.12-16 (232, Beth Phuraia) [boat; 4: peprak.]; P.Fam.Tebt. 3.3-16 (92, PtolEu) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 8.7-23 (103-114, ArsN) [VY; certificate of payment]; 23.1-12 (123, Teb) [L; 2: parach.]; P.Fay. 92.5-13 (126, Thead) [A; 2: peprak.]; 301 descriptum (165, Euh); P.Flor. I 22.9-18 (177, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; 40.7-16, ll. 7-10 (162/3?, HermN) [L; 2: peprak.]; 51 ll. 10-14, ll. 10-12 (138-161, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 66.3-4 (398, ArsPol) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; III 310.4-9 (425-450, HermN) [L]; 324.1-7 (I/II, HermN) [PT]; 380.2-4,8-12 (203/4, Herm) [KK; 3]; P.Fouad I 39.1-3 (244-249, Ox) [H]; P.Freib. II 8.8-14 (144, UP) [S; 2: peprak.]; P.FuadUniv. 19.3-4 (145/6, UP) [K; 2]; 21.1-14 (253-260, UP) [KK?; 2: peprak.]; P.Gen. I 23.2-6 (70, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 29.6-11 (137, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 30.5-11 (142, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 35.5-7 (161, ArsN ?) [A; 4: peprak.]; II 116.3-39 (247, Ox) [H; 2: peprak., parach.]; IV 185.3-13 (326?, PtolEu or Phil) [L; 2: peprak.]; P.Giss. I 28.1-4 (142/3, Herm) [AL; 2: peprak.]; 100.5-10 (after 3.272, OxN) [AL; 2: peprak., parach.]; P.Graux II 17.10-14 (307, Phil) [H]; P.Grenf. I 25.2.10-12 (114A, Path) [PT; 1]; 27.2.6-3.2 (109A, KrokPat) [AL; 2: parach.]; 33r.1-5, ll. 1-3 (103A, Thebes) [L; 1]; 33r.6-29, ll. 6-23 (103A, Thebes) [L; 1?]; 33v.30-47 (after 103A, Thebes) [AL; 1]; 34.3-8 (102/1A, Path) [L; 1]; 36.2.3-6 (106A, Path) [L/H; 1]; 60.11-29 (582?, Apol) [H; 2, 5: peprak., katag.]; II 15.1.12-2.6 (139A, Latopolis) [L (γῆς νησιωτίδος); 1]; 16.2-5 (136A, Path) [sykaminos; 2: peprak.]; 20.2.11-12 (114A, Path) [1]; 23a.2.3-10 (107A, KrokPat) [AL; 1]; 25.2-16 (103A, Path) [AL: 2: συνκεχωρηκέναι]; 32.4-8 (101A, Path) [AL; 1]; 33.1-6 (100A, Path) [AL; 2: parach.: lease]; 35.4-9 (98A, Path) [pastophorion; 1]; 46.7-14 (137, Kerk) [A; 2: peprak.]; 74.6-7 (302, Kysis) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Hamb. I 15.2-9 (209, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 38.23-25 [182, LatopN] [hypogr.]; 63.8-9 (125/6, Thebes ?) [S; 1 (ἐπρίατο)]; 97.3-5 (104/5, Phil) [L; 4: peprak.]; 98.5-14 (265, PtolEu) [2: peprak.]; III 217.5-8 (If, Ox?) [H, L; 2: peprak.]; 218.1-4 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [H]; IV 279.a.11-19 (III, Herak) [H; 2: ekkech.]; P.Harr. I 138.1.1-11 passim (92, Ox) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 138.1.11-18, ll. 12-18 (92, Senepta) [KK; 2: parach.]; 138.1.19-27 ? (92, Pakerke) [HG; 2]; 138.3.1-11, ll. 2-11 (92, Peenno) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 138.3.11-29, ll. 11-18 (92, Senepta) [KK; 2]; P.Harrauer 32.1-5 (8A, SokN) [H+PT; 2: peprak.]; P.Heid. X 447.3-16 (98-117, Ankyron) [H, PT; 2: peprak.]; P.Herm. 25.1-11 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [H]; 28.4-8 (503, Ta Memnoneia) [H; 2: katageg.]; P.Iand. III 35.4-6 (181 or 213, Phil) [A; 2: peprak.]; IV 54.2-6 (II, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak., parach.]; P.Ifao I 11.5-12 (123, Bac) [A; 2: peprak.]; 33.1-14 (163/4, ArsN) [L; 2: ekkech.]; P.Jena II 1.3-6 (298/9, PtolEu) [S]; P.Kell. I 4.4-11 (331, Kellis) [H; 2: parach.]; 8.3-5 (362, Kellis) [S; 2: peprak., parach.]; 34.3-6 (315, Kellis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 34 App. 3-4 (IV, Kellis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 35.4-7 (IV, Kellis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 37.4-11 (320, Kellis) [H; 2: peprak.]; 39.4-8 (IV, Kellis) [garden; 2: peprak.]; P.Köln I 50.2.19-27 (99A, Path) [L; 1]; 51.3-7 (99A, Path) [H; 1]; 54.9-14 (4A, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; III 141.3-12 (57/8, OxN) [L; 2: peprak.]; IV 187.10-25 (146A, Herak) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; V 232.1-8 (330/338, Terenythis) [S; 2: peprak., katag.]; VII 323.3-15 (VII, Papa Megale) [H; 2: peprak., parach., katag.]; XIV 592 (631/2, Aphr) [L; 2: katag.]; 622.7-9 (III, Ox) [πέπρακά σοι]; P.Kron. 48.3-10 (35, Teb) [HG; 2: peprak.]; P.Laur. III 74.5-11 (IIIl, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Leid.Inst. 54.4-8 (272, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Leipz. 31r.a (III, Memphis) [2: peprak.]; P.Lips. I 1.3-8 (104A, Path) [VY; 1]; 2.4-8 (99A, Path) [AL: 1]; 3.2-4, 7-11 172 (256, Herm); 4.5-18 (293, Herm) [S; 2: peprak.]; 6.2.3-5 (306, Herm) [VY; 2: peprak.]; P.Lond. II 140.2-11 (69-79, ArsN) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 141.3-7? (88, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach]; 154.3-10 (68, Kar) [H; 2: peprak.]; 229.1-4 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [S; 4 (latin)]; 262.3-5 (11, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 282.4-13 (69, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 303.7-17 (142, Herakleia) [A; 2: peprak.]; 313.10-18 (148, Kerk) [A; 2: peprak.]; 320.5-14 (157/8, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 333.6-24 (166, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 339.3-7 (179, UP) [A; 4: peprak.]; 466.9-17 (143, KerkArs) [A; 2: peprak.]; 473.3-6 (193, PtolEu) [A; 2: peprak.]; III 676.4-7 (100A, Path) [A; 4: peprak.]; 678.5-9 (99/8A, KrokPat); 879.3.17-20 (123A, Path) [L; 1]; 881.2.18-25 (108A, Path) [AL; 1]; 882.2.10-16 (101A, Diospolis Parva) [L; 1]; 883.2.19-24 (88A, Path) [AL; 1]; 909a.4-7 (136, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 977.11-25 (330, Antin) [S; 2: peprak., katag.]; 991.4-10 (481, UP) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; 1132b.3-6 (142, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 1158.1-3 (226, Herm) [H; 3]; 1164c.1-17 (212, Antin) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1164e.4-13 (212, Antin) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1164f.4-14 (212, Antin) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1204.2.15-22 (113A, Path) [H; 1]; 1206.2.16-22 (99A, Path) [AL; 1]; 1207.2.17-22 (99A, Path) [VY; 1]; 1208.2.8-13 (97A, Path) [AL; 1]; 1209.2.11-15 (89A, Path) [AL; 1]; 1298.1-3 (231, Herm) [H; 3: peprak.]; V 1686.9-31 (565, Aphr) [L; 2: peprak., parach.]; 1722.8-30 (530, Sy) [H; 2: katag.]; 1724.9-39 (578, Sy) [H; 2: peprak., katag.] 1733.10-44 (594, Sy) [H; 2: peprak., katag.] 1735.1-9 (VIl, Sy?) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Louvre I 9.30-32 (47/8, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 10.4-11 (Il?, SokN) [hypog.; H; 2: peprak.]; 11.5-15 (26-33, SokN) [water wheel; 2: peprak.]; 12.4-8 (142, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 13.5-11 (29, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 14.5-13 (44, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 15.4-15 (139, Psintanou) [A; 2: peprak.]; II 109.1-3 (123/4 or 136/7, ArsN?); P.Lund. III 9.3-10 (auction) (123 Akoris) [ed.: ἐκυρώ[θη]ν ἐκ [π]ρο̣κ[η]|[ρύξεως;]; P.Mert. I 19.4-7 (173, Ox) [Boat; 4: peprak.]; III 106.7-12 (285, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Meyer 12.7-24 (115, Thead) [L: 2: epikech.]; 13.5-12 (141 Apias) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Mich. V 241 1-14, ll. 2-5 (46, Teb); 249.1-3 (18, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 250.2-5 (18, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 251.4-12 (19, Talithis) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 252.1-5 (25/6, Teb) [PT; 2: parach]; 253.1-8 (30, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 254.1-3 (29/30, Teb) [HG; 2: parach.]; 256.1-4 (29/30, ArsN) [hypog.: HG; 2: parach.]; 257.1-6 (30, ArsN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 258.1-6 (32/3 or 33/4, Teb) [hypog.: VY; 2: parach.]; 259.2-12 (33, Teb) [KK; 2: parach.]; 262.1-8 (34/5 or 35/6, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 263.2-13 (35/6, Teb) [HG; 2: peprak.]; 264.2-10 (37, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; 267.1-6 (41/2, ArsN) [KK; 1: parach.]; 269.1-3 (42, Teb) [H; 2: peprak.]; 272.1-5 (45/6, ArsN) [elaioparadeisos; 1: peprak.]; 273.1-5 (46, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 274.1-8 passim (46/7 or 47/8, Teb) [VY; 2: peprak.]; 276.1-6 (47, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 277.1-4 (48, Teb) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 278.1-4 (c. 30, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; 280.1-5 (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 281.1-4 (I, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; 282.1-6 (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 283.1-7 (I, Teb) [eudokesis]; 285.1-8 (I, ArsN) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 287.3-10 (I, Teb) [H]; 290.1-9 (37?, ArsN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 291.1-5 (I, ArsN) [hypog.: PT; 2: peprak.]; 293.1-5 (Ie, Teb/Theog) [H; 2: peprak.]; 294.1-5 (I, Teb) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 295.1-10 (I, ArsN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 296.1-5 (hyp.) passim (I, ArsN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 297.1-6 passim (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 298.1-10 (hyp.) (I, ArsN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 299.1-6 (hyp.) (I, Teb) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 300.1-7 (hyp.) (I, Teb) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 301.1-6 passim (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 303.1-7 passim (I, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 304.1-7 passim (42 ?, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 305.1-12 passim (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 306.1-11 passim (I, Teb) [Yard; 2: peprak.]; 307.1-7 passim (I, Teb) [H; 2: peprak.]; 308.1-4 hypographe (I, Teb) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 309.1-5 (I, ArsN) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 328.1.1-4 (29/30, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 332.1-9 (47/8, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 335.1.1-7 (c. 56, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; VI 428.1-6 (154, Kar) [H; 2: peprak.]; IX 546.9-14 (207, Pompeiopolis) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 550.5-14 (99, Kar) [Mill; 2: peprak.]; 551.8-19 (103, KerkArs) [A; 2: peprak.]; 552.4-10 (131, Kar) [A; 2: peprak.]; X 583.3-12 (78, Bac) [H; 2: peprak.]; XII 636.4-12 (302, PtolEu) [AL; 2: parach]; XIII 662.6-29 (615, Aphr) [H; 2: peprak., katag., parach., ekkech.]; 664.3-14 (584/5 or 600/1, Aphr) [Share of a Corn-Measure; 2: peprak., katag., parach., ekkech.]; XV 707.2-10 (185, Ox?) [S; 2: peprak.]; 719.6-12 (III, UP) [AR; 2: peprak., katag.]; 730.3-7 (430, Ox) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; P.Michael. 40.1-12 (544 CE or 559, Aphr) [L]; 41.1-18 (539-554, Aphr) [L]; 45.14-37 (540, Aphr) [boskemata; 2: peprak., katag., parach.]; 52.a-d (VI/VII, Aphr) [L; 2: katag., parad., ekded.]; P.Mil. I 2.4-8 (104A, Path) [palm grove; 1]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 26.6-10 (128, Teb) [AL; 2]; II 102.3-10 (II, Teb) [silver statue; 2: peprak.]; III 186.2-8 (99, Teb) [L; 2: parach]; P.Monts.Roca IV 79.7-9 (37-69, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Münch. I 4r.1.7-2.19 (581, Sy) [boat; 2: peprak., katag.]; 9.12-61 (585, Sy) [symposion; 2: katag.]; 11.8-38 (586, Sy) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; 12.6-31 (590/1, Sy) [H; 2: peprak., katag]; 13.9-32 (594, Sy) [yard; 2: peprak.]; 15.1 (493, Sy); 16.2-23 (Vl, Sy) [yard; 2: peprak., parach.]; III 82.3-4 (197, PtolEu) [A; 4: peprak.]; 83.2-11 (IIf, ArsN) [2: peprak.]; 84.1-10 (211, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Narm.2006 6.2-6 (106/7?, Thead?) [hypog.: KK; 2: parach.]; P.Neph. 29.1-11 (III/IV, HerakN) [PT]; 30.4-8 (329, UP) [2: peprak.]; 33.1-9 (c. 330-340, HerakN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 48.5-15 (323, Phathor) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.NYU II 13.1-10 (198, OxN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 15a.1-8 (68, OxN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 16.3-13 (IVsA/If, OxN) [KK; 2: parach.]; P.Oslo II 45.1-3 (135, UP) [L]; III 114.1-13 passim (I/IIe, Ox) [epoikion; 4: parach.]; 134.10-14 (III, Apol, KynopN) [A; 4: peprak.]; P.Oxy. I 99.1-9 (55, Ox) [H; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 100.3-12 (133, Ox) [PT; 5: peprak.]; II 263.4-13 (77, Ox) [S; 5: peprak.]; 264.2-5 (54, Ox) [loom; 2: peprak.]; 271.2-18 (56, OxN) [praxis; 2: parach.]; 272.10-13 (66, OxN); 375.4-14 (79, Ox); 380.4-10 (79, Ox) [S; 1]; III 504.3-17 (IIe, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 505.4-8 (179, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 577.39 (117/8, Ox) [L; 1: [ἐπ]ρίαντο]; IV 719.12-21 (193, Ox) [H; 2: peprak., parach.]; 721.3-12 (13/4, Ox) [hypologos; βουλόμεθα ὠνήσασθαι]; 728.1-10 (142, Thosbis); 809.5-18 (98-117, Ox?) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; VI 909.13-18 (225, Ox) [VY; 2: peprak.]; IX 1200.16-22 (266, Ox) [PT; 2: peprak., parach.]; 1208.8-15 (291, Ox) [L; 2: peprak., parach.]; 1209.6-17 (252, Ox) [S; 1: [ἐπρί]ατο]; X 1270.18-31 (159, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 1276.4-9 (249, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1277.6-10 (257, Ox) [triclinium; 2: peprak.]; XII 1475.13-24 (267, Ox) [AL; 2: peprak., parach.]; XIV 1633.5-18 (275, Ox) [L; 7: ὑπερβαλεῖν]; 1634.5-9 (222, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1635.2-8 (44a-37a, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 1636.5-15 (249, Ox) [kleros; 2: parach.]; 1696.4-9 (197, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1697.6-13 (242, Ox) [yard; 2: peprak.]; 1698.3-11 (269, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1699.3-8 (240-280, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1700.1-5 (IIIl, Ox) [H]; 1701.1-13 (III, Ox?) [H]; 1705.4-7 (298, Ox) [PT]; 1706.6-18 (207, Ox) [loom; 2: peprak.]; 1707.5-7 (204, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 1708.7-10 (311, Ox) [A; 2: peprak., parad.]; 1709.6-8 (224, Ox) [1: ἐπρίατο]; XIX 2236.9-16 (IIIe, Ox) [H; 2a: peprak.]; XXXI 2582.2-6 (51, Euergetis) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; XXXIV 2720.12-20 (41-54, OxN) [H; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 2723.5-13 (III, Ox) [VY; 2: katag.]; XXXVI 2777.7-16 (212, Ox) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; XXXVIII 2846.6-9 (Is, OxN) [A; 2: peprak.]; XLI 2972.3-27 (72, Ox) [H: 2: peprak.]; LXI 2989.4-8 (III, Ox) [L: 2a: parach.]; 2998.6-9 (IIIl, Ox) [A; 4: peprak.]; XLIII 3143.8-10 (305, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 3144.6-8 (313, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 3145.6-8 (IVe, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; XLVII 3334.7-16 (c. 89-94, Ox) [PT; βουλόμεθα ὠνήσασθαι]; XLIX 3482.3-10 (73A, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 3498.5-18 (274, Ox) [AL; 2: peprak., parach.]; L 3593.a-g (238-244, Rhodos) [ed.: [ἐπρί]α̣τ̣ο̣;]; LVIII 3915.3-8 (30, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; LXII 4337.5-13, 15-18 (178?, Ox) [L; 7: ὠνήσασθαι]; LXIII 4359.3-7 (324, Ox) [1: ἐπρίατο καὶ κατεγράφη]; LXVII 4586.7-14 (III, Nesmimis) [PS; 2a: parach.]; LXIX 4746.1 (244-249, Ox) [A]; 4748.7-9 (307, OxN) [A; 2: peprak., parad.]; 4750.7-11 (307, OxN) [A; 2: peprak., parad]; 4751.4-7 (310, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 4752.6-9 (311, OxN) [A; 2: peprak., parad.]; LXXIII 4966.6-11 (371, Ox) [μηχανικὰ ὄργανα; 2: peprak., parach.]; LXXV 5058.4-21 (257/8, Ox) [AL; 2: peprak., parach.]; P.Oxy.Hels. 34.2-9 (101, Ox) [loom; 2: peprak.]; P.Palau Rib. 11.2 (III, Ox?) [H]; 27.4-5 (VI/VII, UP) [VY?]; P.Par. 5.1.5-10, 2.3-26 (113a, Hermonthis) [H; 1]; 17.2-9 (153, Sy?) [H: 1]; 21.14-29 (616, This) [H; 2: peprak., parach.]; 21 bis 7-15 (592, This) [H; 2: peprak., parach.]; 21 ter 16-28 (599, Panop) [H; 2: peprak., parach.]; P.Petaus 17.24-34 ll. 25-28 (184, PtolEu) [VY; 7: ὠνήσασθαι]; 18.21-33 ll. 23-27 (185, ArsN) [VY; 7: ὠνήσασθαι]; 22.26-40 ll. 29-32 (after185, Syron Kome) [hypologos; βούλομαι ὠνήσασθαι]; P.Pintaudi 35.1-10 (III, Ox) [H]; P.Prag. I 40.6-15 (141, Thead) [A; 2: peprak.]; II 155.5-11 (188/9, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 157.5-7 (VI, Boubastos) [chortotheke; 2: peprak.]; III 246.2-7 (II/III, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Princ. II 85.1-4 (V?, UP) ?; III 149.4-6, 7-8 (177/8, Bac) [L; 2: peprak.]; P.Rain.Cent. 62.6-10 (II, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Rein. I 42.2-20 (I/II, Thead) [H; 2: peprak.]; II 98.5-17 (109, Herak); P.Ross.Georg. II 9.1-6 (IIA, UP) [L]; 14.1-8 (81-95, ArsN); 15.3-13 (98-102, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 23.1-3 (156, MemphN) [AL; 2: peprak.]; 32.2-11 (II, PtolEu); III 27.2-8 (234/5, Ox) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο*]; V 17.3-8 (211, PtolEu) [L]; P.Ryl. II 158.6-14 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [A; peprak.]; 159.2-17 (31/2, Ox); 160.1-5, 7-8 (28/9, SokN); 160a.1-4 (15-36, SokN); 160b.1-3 (37, SokN); 160c.1.3-7 (32, SokN); 160d.1.107 hypographe (42, SokN); 161.2-11 (81, SokN) [pastophorion; 2: peprak.]; 162.4-18 (159, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 163.2-6 (140, HermN) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 164.3-5 (171, HermN) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 165.4-17 (266, HermN) [KK; 2: beb]; 252.26 (141/40A, Herm) [A]; 312.2-11 (82-96, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 313.2-11 (82-96, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; IV 581.6-10 (121A, Path) [dovecote; 1]; 709.1-6 (294-296, UP) [S]; P.Sakaon 59.4-9 (305, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 60.3-10 (306, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 61.1-6, 13-14 (299 Thead) [A; 4: peprak.]; 62.1-6 (328 Thead) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Sarap. 8.3-4 (102/3, MagdMir) [A; 2: peprak.]; 9.3-8 (115/6, HermN) [kalamos; 2: peprak.]; 10.2-4 (124, HermN) [A; 4: peprak.]; 11.4-7 (128, Herm) [A; 2: peprak.]; 12.1-5 (131, Temseu Moron); P.Sorb. III 70.7-14 (270A, Ox/Ghoran) [1: ἐπρίατο]; P.Soter. 27.5-20 (126 Thead) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Stras. I 9.1-11 (352, PtolEu) [H; 2]; 14.a4-b10 (211, PtolEu) [symposion; 2: peprak.]; 79.1-4 (16-15a Sy) [S; 1]; II 81.17-27 (115A, Diospolis Magna, Theb) [AL; 1]; 84.16-26 (114A, Path) [AL; 1]; 86.15-20 (111A, Path) [PT; 1]; 87.2.10-15 (107A, KrokPat) [H; 1]; 88.2.16-24 (105A, Path) [AL; 1]; 89.3-10 (99A, Path) [AL; 1]; 90.2.14-20 (99A, Path) [H; 1]; III 139.1-9 (276, Narmouthis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 144.3-7 (245, HermN) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 151.3-11 (100, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; IV 184.2-5 (IIm, Ox) [wood; 2: peprak.]; 201.6-20 (162, Dionysias) [A; 2: peprak.]; 208.9-16 (75, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 215.1-4 (IIs ?, UP) [A]; 251.5-14 (69-79, ArsN) [A; 1: peprak.]; 264.4-11 (279-282, Ox) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; V 331.2-6 (98-117, UP) [L]; 370.15-19 (175-180, ArsN) [H?; 2]; VI 504.6-12 (106, KerkArs) [A; 2: peprak.]; 505.4-16 (107-115, Teb) [S; 2: peprak.]; 543.2-6 (IIf, SokN) [H]; 583.1-7 (115/6, ArsN) [L]; 585.1-7 (153, Herm) [H; 2: peprak.]; VII 602.1-8 (41-54, SokN) [H]; 641.4-6 (226A, Phebichis) [1: ἐπρίατο]; IX 811.1?-8? (IIf, UP) [H]; 831.5-12 (162/3, Teb) [KK]; 861.2-4 (I, UP); 886.6-10 (100, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Tebt. I 164.5-23 (105A, Kerkeosiris) [PT]; II 599.a (138, Teb); III.1 814.10-19, ll. 12-19 (240A, KrokPat;) [ἐπρίατο]; 820.6-9 (201A, Samaria) [stathmos; 2: parach.]; III.2 973.1-10 (IIIA, ArsN?) [PT; 4: ἀγοράζει]; 979.8-9 (174A, KrokPat) [1: ἐπρίατο]; P.Tebt.Wall 10.1-6 (IIe, Teb) [PT]; 11.3-11 (96-117, Teb) [H; 2]; P.Tor. 10.1-6 (IVA-IA, Diospolis Magna, Theb) [H]; P.Turner 22.2-5 (142, Side) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 24.4-10 (148-154, Ox) [KK; 7: ὠνήσασθαι*]; 40.5-9 (215, UP) [S]; P.Vind.Bosw. 6.1-4 (250, Herm) [KK; 2: peprak.]; 7.4-21 (221, Koites) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; P.Vind.Tand. 24.1-3 (45, SokN) [H]; 25.1-7 (51, SokN) [PS; 2]; 25a.1-24 (II, SokN) [PT; 2]; 26.2-9 (143, SokN) [KK; 2: peprak.]; P.Vind.Worp 9.3-7 (158, SokN?) [A; 2: peprak.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 15.1-7 (Vl, UP) [H]; P.Wisc. I 9.5-15 (183, Ox) [L; 2: parach]; II 58.3-10 (298, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 59.4-10 (298, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; P.Worp 21.6-22 (198/9?, SokN or, PtolEu) [S; 2]; PSI I 38.4-6 (101, Herm) [A; 2: peprak.]; 39.3-8 (148, Herm) [A; 2: peprak.]; 66.1-9 (V?, HermN); 79.6-10 (216/7, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; III 182.6-19 (234, Ox) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; IV 300.11-14 (324, Ox) [κεραμεῖον; 2: peprak., parach]; 320 + P.Mich. XVIII 784.a.3-14 (18, Ox) [KK; 2: parach]; VI 704.13-22 (II, ArsN?) [L; 1]; 705.5-10 (IIIl, Ox) [stable; 2: peprak.]; 729.a.1-3 (77?, UP) [Latin]; VII 770.4-22 (187, Nikiou Polis) [L; 2: peprak.]; 771.5-7 (321, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; VIII 875.7-20 (I/II, PtolEu) [KK; 2a: parach.]; 882.1 (337, OxN?) [A]; 897.1.3-15 (93 ?, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 897.2.62-70 (93, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 908.1.1-7 (42/3, Teb) [H: 2: peprak.]; 909.1-5 (44, Teb) [H: 2: peprak.]; 915.1-7 (I, Teb) [H; 2: peprak.]; 918.1-5 (38/9, Teb) [VY; 2: peprak.]; 946.13-22 (III, Ox) [H, PT]; IX 1016.24-34 (129A, Diospolis Magna) [γέρας ἡμερῶν ἁγνευτικῶν; 1]; 1018.10-12 (107A, PathN) [γέρας ἡμερῶν ἁγνευτικῶν; 1]; 1022.14-17 (106A, PathN) [γέρας ἡμερῶν ἁγνευτικῶν; 1]; 1024.3-5 (104A, Hermonthis) [γέρας ἡμερῶν ἁγνευτικῶν; 1]; 1025.14-17 (104A, Hermonthis) [AL; 1]; 1031.5-19 (134, Thead) [A; 2: peprak.]; X 1118.1-13 (25/6, Ox) [KK; 2: parach.]; 1119.3-25 (156, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 1130.4-12 (26, Teb) [A; 2: peprak.]; 1153 (112/3, PtolEu) [VY; 2]; XII 1228.4-12 (188, OxN?) [S; 2: peprak.]; 1239.6-11 (430, Antin) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; XIII 1319.1.3-15 (76, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 1320.2-9 (82-88, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; XIV 1402.8-22 (125/4A, Herak) [S]; 1405.4-11 (133, ArsN) [S; 2: peprak.]; XV 1533.1-24 (IIIe?, OxN) [KK]; 1546.1-27, ll. 10-14 (222, HerakN) [L]; 1546.28-39, ll. 31-39 (after 217?, HerakN); 1550.5-12 (IIIf, Ox) [L; 2: peprak.]; XVI 1622.2-11 (c. 70?, Herm) [KK]; 1635.6-15 (c. 258-260, Ox) [S; 1]; XVII 1697.4-8 (after 117, UP); 1715.11-14 (37, Teb) [H; 1: peprak.]; PSI Congr. XX 6.6 (41, Teb) [2]; 15.1-4 (III/IV, Ox) [S]; 16.1-14 (330-340 ?, Ox?) [H]; SB I 428.4-9 (99A, KrokPat) [AL; 1]; 4661.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsN) [L; 2]; 4669.7-31 (614, Penne) [VY; 2: peprak., katag, parach]; 4670.1-2 (VI, ArsN); 4844.1-4 (IV-VII, ArsN) [2: peprak.]; 4852.8-9 (636-641, ArsN) [2: parach]; 5112.13-38 (618, Apol) [H; 2: katag]; 5113.1-14 (VII, Apol) [kella; 2: katag.]; 5114.1-18 (630-640, Apol) [H; 2: katag.]; 5117.1-4 (55/6, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 5166.10-14 (II/III?, UP); 5247.15-21 (hyp.) (47, SokN) [hypog.: H; 2: peprak.]; 5318.5-11 (630-641, ArsN) [L]; 5320.1-12 (VI/VII, ArsN) [L]; 5673.4-11 (147, HermN) [hypologos; βούλομαι ὠνήσασθαι]; 5679.4-7 (307, Oasis Magna) [A; 2: peprak.]; 5692.11-15 (III, Isieion Tryphonos) [H; 2: peprak.]; III 6001.4-6 (179, PtolEu) [A; 4: peprak.]; 6016.13-28 (154, Alex) [S; 4: πωλεῖ]; 6304.3-9 (151, Ravenna) [S; Latin]; 6612.7-16 (365, OxN) [L; 2: ἐωνῆσθαι]; 6645.4-8 (105A, Path) [VY; 1]; V 7555.5-13 (154, UP) [S; 1: ἠγόρασε̣]; 8007.2-4 (IVf, Herm) [S; 2: peprak.]; VI 8971.8-9 (284/5, Ox) [L; 2: peprak., parach.]; 8987.8-18 (644/5, Ox); 9093.5-17 (138, Thead) [symposion; 2: peprak., katag., parach.]; 9109.11-13 (31, Teb) [hypog.: L]; 9145.7-13 (184-192, ArsN) [S; 2a: peprak.]; 9193.1-16 (525-565, HermN) [L; 2: ekpeprak., ekkech, antid.]; 9214.10-13 (311, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 9216.7-17 (285, Herm) [hypog.: S]; 9219.11-15 (319, Herm) [L; 2: peprak.]; 9464.9-13 (VII, Alex?) [2: peprak.]; 9575.1-5 (II, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 9586.8-23 (600, Herm) [H; 2: peprak.]; 9618.3-11 (192, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach]; 9663 passim (323-642, ArsN) [2: peprak.]; VIII 9829.7-10 (after 272, Ox) [A; 2: peprak.]; 9831.1-8 (Il, ArsN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 9873.3-7 (244, Oasis Magna) [burial charged; 2: parach.]; 9906.4-14 (193/4, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach.]; X 10571.2-11 (194, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 10728.3-11 (318, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 10752.8 (Is, UP); XII 10784.3-8 (330-340, Oasis Magna?) [H; 2: peprak.]; 11015.8-10 (III, Ox?) [A; 2: peprak.]; 11063.3-5 (19, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 11152.5-9 (225, Thead?) [A; 4: peprak.]; 11229.2-6 (161-168 or 177-179, Ox) [L]; XIV 11277.3-11 (225, Nilopolis) [S; 2: peprak.]; 11278.1-2 (316, Ox); 11432.3-5 (271/2, Ox) [A; 4: peprak.]; 11533.1.3-16 (102, Ars) [ed.: ἐκ[κεχωρηκέναι];]; 11533.3.3-8 (104, Ars) [L; ekkech.]; 11877.8-12 (348, Phil) [palm grove; 2: peprak., katag.]; 11895.1-3 (45, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 12001.1-11 (129A, KrokPat) [L; 1]; 12021.3-13 (377, Ox) [H, unique]; 12056.5-7 (III, UP) [L]; XVI 12277.1-14 (If, Ox) passim [ed.: παρακεχωρηκ̣έ̣[ναι];]; 12333.7-11 (189-193, Ox?) [VY; 2: peprak., parach.]; 12553.3-9 (II/III, Ox) [VY]; 12559.9-18 (155, Kerk) [A; 2: peprak.]; 12612.1-7 (203, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 12752.6-11 (14, Talithis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 12758.3-11 (88, PtolEu) [L]; 12864.6-7 (506, Herm) [VY; 2]; 12946.1-7 (474, Antin) [PT; 2: peprak., katag.]; 12957.2-8 (103-114, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 13071.7-14? (223-5, PtolEu) [4: peprak.]; 13072.2-16 (155, SokN) [kellion; 2: parach.]; 13073.7-16 (51, Nilopolis) [A; 2: peprak.]; XVIII 13173.8-34 (629/44, Herm) [S; peprak., katag]; 13238.2-6 (101, Haueris) [extract; L; 4: peprak.]; 13320.9-51 (613-641, Aphr) [H; 2, 5: peprak., katag., parad.]; 13579.1-3 (23, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 13764.3-14 (148-161, ArsN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 13866.6-14 (138-161, SokN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 13897.8-15 (111, Teb) [A; 2: peprak.]; XX 14199.4-8, 10-13 (179, Ox) [H; 2: peprak.]; 14293 (383, Kellis) [A; 2: peprak.]; 14336.10-13 (91/2 or 107/8, Ox) [L; 4: parach.]; 14393.8-11 (100A, Path) [L; 1]; 14461.2-4 (148?, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 14680.5-15 (225, Phil) [A; 2: peprak.]; 14974.6-14 (190, OxN) [PT; H; 7]; 14997.1-4? (70A/41A, Ox ?); 15027.8-9 (475, OxN) [2: peprak., katag.]; 15096.5-10 (363, OxN) [L; 2: peprak.]; XXII 15326.2-9 (222-235, Kar) [KK; 2: parach.]; 15328.1-5 (275-296, Kar) [A; 2: peprak.]; 15472.2-11 (134, PtolEu) [H; 2: peprak.]; 15606.1-10 (VIe/VIIb, HermN) [L]; 15618.3-8 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [L: peprak., katag.]; 15637.1-4 (130, Thead) [akanthos]; 15702.5-14 (63, PtolEu) [S; 1: ἐπρίατο]; 15703.4-12 (65, PtolEu) [L]; XXIV 15964.3-14 (180, Kar) [H; 2: peprak.]; 15965.1-8 (III/IV, Kar) [KK; 2: parach.]; 15966.5-9 (IIIend/IVf, Kar) [L]; 15967.1-7 (VI/V, Kar) [2]; 15969.1-14 (491-518, Herm) [S; 2: peprak., katag.]; 16002.4-10 (186-190, PtolEu) [S; 2: peprak.]; 16054.5-6 (145A, Teb) [H; 2: peprak.]; 16174.6-15 (155, Ibion Argaiou) [A; 2: peprak.]; 16225.6-7 ? (107-30A, Sebennytos); 16314.5-12 (81-95, Polydeukia) [A; 2: peprak.]; 16315.1.5-9, 2.8-11 (98A, Path) [AL; 1]; XXVIII 16904.2-10 (90, SokN) [H; 2: peprak.]; 17001.1-8 passim (II, Teb) [H]; 17080.2-11 (69-79, ArsN) [PT; 2: peprak.]; 17265.a.2.3-9, ll. 3-7 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.a.2.10-16, ll. 10-14 (111/10A, Path) [PT; 1]; 17265.a.2.17-23, ll. 17-21 (111/10A, Path) [PT; 1]; 17265.a.2.24-25 + 3.1-3 passim (111/10A, Path) [L; 1]; 17265.a.3.10-16, 10-14 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.b.1.5-10, ll. 5-8 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.b.1.11-15 passim (111/10A, Path) [PT; 1]; 17265.b.1.16-20, ll. 16-19 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.b.1.21-26, ll. 21-25 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.b.2.1-6, ll. 1-5 (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.b.2 7-13, ll. 7-11 (111/10A, Path) [1]; 17265.b.2.14-24 passim (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; 17265.c.1.3-9, ll. 3-8 (111/10A, Path) [L; 1]; 17265.c.1.10-14, ll. 10-13 (111/10A, Path) [PT; 1]; 17265.c.1.15-19, ll. 15-18 (111/10A, Path) [L; 1]; 17265.c.1.20-23 passim (111/10A, Path) [AL; 1]; XXX 17364.1-5 (113/2A, PathN); 17367.1-7 (IIA, PathN) [H; 1];  SPP I pp. 7-8 ll. 5-12 (454, Antin) [H; 2: peprak., katag.]; X 101.1-6 (IV/V, HermN) [L]; XX 1.2-10 (83/4, PtolEu) [KK; 2: parach]; 10.1-2 (168, ArsN); 25.5-15 (218, Herak) [KK; 2: ekkh]; 28.6-14 (227, HerakN) [2]; 29.7-29 (227, HerakN) [L; ekkech. (substitute for a dowry)]; 47.4-12 (238, HerakN) [KK; 2: parach.]; 50.2-14 (168/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [L; 2: peprak., parach.]; 71.2-8 (269/70, Herm) [S; 2: peprak.]; 74.2-4 (after 276?, Herm) [L; 2]; 110.1-12 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [garden; 5: peprak., katag.]; 117.4-7 (411, Koba) [L; 2: ἐωνῆσθαι καὶ παρακεχωρῆσθαι]; 121.6-17 (439, Herm) [L; 2: peprak., katag.]; XXII 16.2-4 (217, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 17.7-9 (I/II, ArsN) [A; 2: peprak.]; 20.1-5 (3?, UP) [A; 2: peprak.]; 22.6-13 (142, Philopator alias Theogenous) [A; 2: peprak.]; 27.10-18 (155, Kerk) [A; 2: peprak.]; 30.4-9 (158, ArsN) [A; 4: peprak.]; 48.6-22 (152, Dionysias) [A; 2: peprak.]; 101.1-11 passim (II, PtolEu) [A; 4: peprak.]; 170.9-18 (145, Kerk) [A; 2: peprak.]; T.Varie 2.1-4 (VII, UP) [VY?]; 15.13-30 (VI Kynopolites) [H].

4. Cession of Property

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Following the Egyptian formulaic tradition (cf., Zauzich (1968) Klausel I,4: tỉ=y wꜣy.k), in the cession clause, the declaring party acknowledges that he or she ‘keeps far from’ (ἀφίσταται ἀπό) an asset, which in the three Ptolemaic and Roman cases is a house. The clause features a detailed description of the house using the same terminology as in contemporaneous acts of sale, including a description of the abutters; unlike sales, here the specification of the price is introduced by πρός + acc. The clause may also record the deed of sale by which the asset has now been ceded. Cf., e.g., BGU III 998.2.2-7 (101 BCE, Pathyris): ὁμολογεῖ Ψενμεγχῆς Πανεχάτου Πέρσης τῆς ἐπιγονῆς ἀφίστασθαι ἀπὸ | τῆς πεπραμένης οἰκίας ᾠκοδομημένης καὶ τεθυρω(μένης) καὶ τῆς προσούσης | 4 αὐλῆς τὴν οὐσαν (l. τῆς οὔσης) ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ μέρει Παθύρεως ἧς γείτονες· νότου οἰκία | 5 Νεχούτου τοῦ Πανεχάτου βορρᾶ οἰκία Κεφάλωνος ἀπηλιώ(του) ῥύμη λιβὸς οἰκία | Πόρτιτος τοῦ Πετεσούχου ἧς ἀνὰ μέσον ῥύμη ἢ οἳ ἂν ὦσι γείτονες, ἣν ἔθετο | ὠνὴν Πετεήσι ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀρχείου πρὸς χαλκοῦ (τάλαντα) δ. (‘Psenmenches son of Panechates, Persian of the epigone, acknowledges that he keeps far from the sold house, completely built and furnished with doors and the attached yard in the northern section of Pathyris, the neighbours of which are: to the south a house of Nechoutes son of Panechates, to the north a house of Kephalon, to the east a street, (and) to the west a house of Portis son of Petesouchos, separated by a street or whoever the neighbours may be, an act of sale which he composed for Peteesis at the same archive for four bronze drachms’). The Byzantine text is differently formulated (ll. 11–13): ὁμολογῶ ἀποτάττεσθαί σοι κ(αὶ) ἀποτε|12τάχθαι σοι τὸ τρίτον μέρος μου ἀπὸ τῶ[ν] γραμματείων τῶν καὶ χρεωσ|13τουμένων ἡμῖν ἐν τοῖς κάτω̣ μ̣[έ]ρεσ{σε}ι παρὰ τῶν Μαχβάρ (‘I acknowledge that I renounce and have renounced for you the third share that is owed to me of the contracts and the debts owed to me by Machbar and his representatives in the lower section’).

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1955): 319; Depauw (1997): 143; Lippert (2008): 153-154; Vierros (2012b): 47.

BGU III 998.2.2-7 (101A, Path); VI 1260.3-10 (101A, PathN); CPR XV 1.3-9 (3A, SokN); P.Batav. 10.4-16 (136, Bac); P.Cair.Isid. 104.16-19 (297, Kar); P.Grenf. II 28.2-14 (103A, Path) [cession of duty]; P.Münch. I 10.11-15 (586, Sy) [cession of praxis]; P.Stras. II 83.12-20 (114A, Path); IV 265.4-18 (41-54, SokN); P.Tebt. II 380.6-24 (67, Teb); PSI IX 1019.2-9 (110A, PathN); X 1144.2-7 (99?, Teb); SB I 4414.4-14 (143, Kar) [lease]; 5246.3-10 (3/2A, SokN).

5. Record of Payment of Conveyance Tax

Category: Taxation

Link to Synallagma

In Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, a conveyance tax (enkyklion) is charged on the alienation of landed property. The payment of the tax may be recorded independently, on papyrus or ostracon (14 attestations) or appended to the document that records the act of conveyance, which is either Demotic (26 attestations) or Greek (30). Most of these texts stem from Upper Egypt, dating from 186 through 98 BCE. The best-documented locations are Pathyris (18), Hermonthis (16), Thebes (10), and the Pathyrite Crocodilopolis (7). Notably, the tax invoice is appended to Greek documents primarily in the evidence from Pathyris (13) and Hermonthis (3). In Thebes (8) and Hermonthis (10), it is attached mostly to Demotic texts. The evidence from other regions and times is very sparse, comprising only seven documents.

Upper Egyptian documentation from the Ptolemaic period (29 texts) exhibits two main formulations. The first, recorded in six documents (BGU VI 1259.13-17; P.Bingen 41; P.Grenf. I 36; P.Grenf. II 34; P.Lond. III 882.3.21-26; PSI IX 1014), opens with an abbreviated date clause followed by τέτακται + εἰς and the tax category (here only the δεκάτη ἐγκυκλίου) in the accusative. Payment is said to be executed by the tax collector; the bank is not mentioned. In the case of BGU VI 1259.13-17 (100 BCE, Pathyris), the clause records the purchaser’s name in the nominative and the object of sale in the genitive. To describe the abutters, the scribe refers back to the document of sale and then reports, in a relative clause, the act by which the property changed hands, the consideration, and then the amount of the tax. The text ends with a subscription by the tax collector. ἔτους ιε Μεχεὶρ ιβ τέ(τακται) εἰς τὴν (δεκάτην) ἐγκυ(κλίου) διὰ Πανίσκου τελών(ου) | 13 Πακοῖβις Πατοῦτος γῆς ἠπ(είρου) σιτοφόρου ἐν τῆι ταινίᾳ Παθύ(ρεως) | 14 λεγομένης Τέλωνος (ἀρούρης) α ἧς αἱ γειτνία(ι) δεδή(λωνται) δι(ὰ) ‹τῆς› προ(κειμένης) συγγρα(φῆς) | 15 ὁν (l. ἣν) ἠγόρα(σεν) παρὰ Πατοῦτος Ὥρου χαλκοῦ (ταλάντων) δύο (γίνεται) (τάλαντα) β | 16 τέλ(ος) (δραχμὰς) Ασ | 17 Πανίσκος τελ(ώνης) (δραχμὰς) Ατξ (‘Year 15, Mecheir 12th, Pakoibis son of Patous has paid on account the tithe of the conveyance tax through Paniskos the tax farmer, for one aroura of grain-bearing land above the inundation level on the sandbank of Path, called ‘of Telon’, whose neighbors are recorded in the above document. Land that he has purchased from Patous son of Horos for two bronze talents, making 2 bronze talents. The tax amounting to 1,200 drachms. Paniskos the tax farmer: 1,360 drachms’).

The second formulation is used at the bank. It is easily distinguishable from the former by the wording: τέτακται ἐπὶ τὴν ἐν (place name) and τράπεζαν ἐφ᾽ ἧς (head of the bank). Within this formulation, we are apprised of the location of the bank, its head, and the type of tax collected, in the genitive. The document then commonly records the diagraphe, with the name of the tax collector who issued it (κατὰ τὴν παρὰ τοῦ τελώνου διαγραφήν, or κατὰ τὴν παρὰ τοῦ πρὸς τῆι ὠνῆι διαγραφήν) and the name of the antigrapheus who affixed his subscription to it (ὑφ᾽ ἣν ὑπογράφει (name) ὁ ἀντιγραφεύς). The taxpayer—the purchaser in sales contracts—then stands in the nominative, the tax (τέλος) in the accusative as the direct object of τέτακται, and finally the causa (ὠνή, δόσις) and the object of the sale, both in the genitive. The tax name and the causa are frequently omitted. In reference to the object, its location and size are recorded. For the abutters, one is referred back to the document of sale (ὧν αἱ γειτνίαι δεδήλωνται διὰ τῆς προκειμένης συγγραφῆς). The clause then records the identity of the vendor, the date of the sale, and the price, all in a relative clause anteceded by the object of sale (ἃς ἠγόρασεν παρά). The amount of the tax is recorded last, sometimes followed by an account of the agio (allage), if any. Cf., e.g., SB I 5115.1-7 (145 CE, Pathyris): ἔτους λϛ, Παῦνι κα τέτακται ἐπὶ τὴν ἐν Ἑρμώνθει τράπεζαν, | 2 ἐφʼ ἧς Ἑρμίας, εἰκοστῆς ἐγκυκλίου κατὰ τὴν π̣[α]ρὰ Σαραπίω[νος] κ̣[αὶ τῶν] μετόχων | 3 τῶν πρὸς τῆι ὠνῆι διαγραφήν, ὑφʼ ἣν ὑπογράφει Ἀμμώνιος ὁ ἀντιγραφεύς, | 4 Τοτοῆς Πελαίου ὠνῆς ψιλοῦ τόπου ὡσεὶ π(ήχεως) α ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ νότου μέρει Παθύρεως, | 5 ὧν αἱ γειτνίαι πρόκεινται διὰ τῆς προκειμένης συγγραφῆς, ὃν ἐώνητο | 6 παρὰ Πελαίου τοῦ Φίβιος χαλκοῦ (δραχμῶν) Α, τέλος οὗ ἀλ(λαγὴ) πεντήκοντα, γ(ίνονται) ν. | 7 Ἑρμίας τρα(πεζίτης) (‘In the 34th year, Pauni 21. Totoes son of Pelaios paid into the bank at Hermonthis, in charge of Hermias, the tax of the 5 per cent on conveyance, with the report of Sarapion and his associates, the tax farmers, to which Ammonios the antigrapheus subscribes, on account of the deed of sale of a vacant lot about one cubit in size, in the southern part of Pathyris, the abutters of which are reported in the above document, which he bought from Pelaios son of Phibis for 1,000 drachms, a tax on which there is an agio of fifty (drachms), totaling 50’).

Two of the three Ptolemaic Arsinoite documents—P.Leid.Inst. 24.8-9 (209/8-205 BCE, Oxyrhyncha) and SB XXVI 16799.6-12 (210/9 BCE, Philadelphia?)—seem to follow the Upper Egyptian scheme but do not record the tax farmer and the antigrapheus. The third, P.Tebt. III.1 814.29-35 (239 BCE, Tebtynis), is phrased as an acknowledgement by the taxpayer of the payment of the conveyance tax: [ἀντί]γραφον μέρ[ο]υς καταβολῆς· | 30 [(ἔτους)] η Μεσορὴ κε. ὁμολογεῖ Σωκράτης διαγε|31[γρα]φέναι ἐπὶ τῆς Πύθωνος τραπέζης τῆς | 32 [ἐν Κ]ροκοδίλων πόλει βασιλεῖ Θερωυς (l. Θερῶυν) Νεκτα|33[θύ]μιος Ἀρσινοῗτις (l. Ἀρσινοῗτιν) μετὰ κυρίου Ἡρακλείδου | 34 [το]ῦ Ἀπολλωνίου Πέρσου τῶν ἐπέργων τέλος | 35 [οἰκί]ας κα\ὶ πυ/λῶνος καὶ λουτρῶνος (‘… copy of part of the record of payment: 8th year, Mesore 25. Sokrates acknowledges that Theroys daughter of Nektathymis, Arsinoite, with her guardian Herakleides son of Apollonios, Persian under employ, has paid to the Crown at the bank of Python at Crocodilopolis the tax on a house and gatehouse and bath-house’). (trans.: editio princeps, p. 276).

The Roman period yields just 4 texts. Two of them, the Oxyrhynchite P.Oxy. I 99 and P.Oxy. XXXIV 2720, both dating to the first century, exhibit the Ptolemaic scheme, with the exception that the tax collector and the antigrapheus are no longer recorded. P.Lond. III 1158 (226 CE, Hermopolis) records a short note by the tax collector. P.Par. 17.22–25 (153 CE, Syene?) is couched in the form of a receipt issued by the tax collector to the payer: Ἑρμογένης Καικιλίου μισθωτὴς εἴδους ἐγκυκλίου καὶ ὑποκειμένων βασιλικῇ γραμματείᾳ | 23 [κα]ὶ Ἀμμώνιος Σωκράτους κληρονόμος τοῦ μετηλλαχότος αὐτοῦ πατρὸς, κοινωνοῦ μου γεναμένου, | 24 [Θ]ινσεμπῶτι Σεραπίωνος χ[αίρειν]. ἔσχαμεν παρὰ σοῦ τὸ γεινόμενον τέλος τῆς προκειμένης ὠνῆς. (ἔτους) ιζ | 25 [Αὐ]τοκράτορος Καίσαρος Τίτου Αἰλίου Ἁδριανοῦ Ἀντωνίνου Σεβαστοῦ Εὐσεβοῦς, Θὼτ ιϛ (‘Hermogenes son of Caecilius, tax-farmer of payments in kind, sales, and things subject to the Royal Secretariat, and Ammonios son of Sokrates, heir of his deceased father, who became my partner, to Thinsempos daughter of Serapion, greetings. We have gotten from you the tax due on the aforementioned purchase. Year 17 of Emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrian Antoninus Augustus Pius, Thoth 16’) (Transl.: Porten (1996): D14). Finally, in P.Lond. III 1158.18 from 226 CE Hermopolis, the clause takes the form of a short confirmation by the tax collector of the payment of the conveyance tax: Αὐρήλ(ιος) Ἄρειος ὁ κ(αὶ) Ἀφροδείσιος ἐγκυκ(λίου) σεση(μείωμαι) τέλ(ος) ἀ̣γο(ρασμοῦ) τοῦ πρ[οκ(ειμένου) (τρίτου) μέρους] τ̣ι̣μ̣(ῆς) ̣ρ̣[ -ca.?- ]  ̣  ̣ δραχ(μῶν) τριακ[οσίων] Τῦβι πε̣ντ[εκα]ι̣δεκάτ[ηι] (‘I, Aurelios Areios alias Aphrodisios, in charge of the conveyance tax, have signed (confirming payment) of the sale tax of the aforementioned third share, in the amount of . . . three hundred drachms on Tybi fifteenth’).

Bibl.: Wilcken (1899): 182-185; Preisigke (1910): 248-251; Woeß (1924): 137-153; Wallace (1938): 227-231, 448-449; Préaux (1939): 331-334; Wolff (1948): 23-24, 60; (1978): 220; Drewes (1974): 7, 10-12; Pestman (1985): 37-39.

GD: Attached to a Greek Document;         DD: Attached to a Demotic Document;       In: Independent

BGU III 992 (162A, Hermonthis) [In]; 993 col. 4 (127A, Hermonthis) [GD]; 994.3.10-15 (113A, Path) [GD]; 999, col. 2 passim (99A, Path) [GD]; 1000, col. 2 (98A, Path) [GD]; VI 1259.13-17 (100A, Path) [GD]; O.Bodl. I 66 (148A, Diospolis Magna) [In]; 92 (104A, Diospolis Magna) [In]; O.Heid. 9 (91A, Diospolis Magna) [In]; P.Adler 3.3.5-11 (112A, Path) [GD]; 9.3.1-8 (104A, Path) [GD]; 13.3.8-14 (100A, KrokPath) [GD]; P.Amh. 52 (150A, Thebes) [In]; 53 (114A, Thebes) [In]; 54.1-5 (112A, Thebes) [In]; P.Bad. II 7 (IIA, Latopolis) [In]; 8 (IIeA, Latopolis) [In]; P.Batav. 5.11-14 (118A, Path) [GD]; 6.4.29-35 (110A, Path) [GD]; P.Bingen 41 (100A, KrokPath) [In]; P.Coll.Youtie I 13 (170A, Diospolis Magna) [In]; P.Grenf. I 27.3.10-11 (109A, KrokPath) [GD]; 36.2.10-14 (106A, Path) [GD]; II 15 col. 3 (139A, Latopolis) [GD]; 32.12-16 (101A, Path) [GD]; 34 (99/8A, Path) [In]; 35.13-17 (98A, Path) [GD]; P.Lond. III 882.3.21-26 (101A, Diospolis Parva) [GD]; 1158.18 (226, Herm) [GD]; 1201 (161, Hermonthis) [DD]; 1204.2.26-30 (113A, Path) [GD]; VII 2191.8-12 (161A, Hermonthis) [GD]; P.Oxy. I 99.13-19 (55, Ox) [GD]; II 242.31-34 (77, Ox) [GD]; 243.44-49 (79, Ox) [GD]; P.Par. 17.22-25 (153, Sy?) [GD]; P.Ryl. II 248 (162A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 249 (118A, KrokPath) [DD]; 250 (117A, KrokPath) [DD]; 251 (113A, KrokPath) [DD]; P.Stras. II 82 (115A, Diospolis Magna) [In: relating to P.Stras. II 81]; 84.31-35 (114A, Path) [GD]; 86.26-28 (111A, Path) [GD]; 87.3.18-21 (107A, KrokPath) [GD]; P.Tebt. III.1 814.29-35 (239A, Teb) [GD]; P.Tor.Choach. 2 (118A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 10.15-19 (126A, Thebes) [DD]; P.Turner 19.12-21 (101, Ox) [GD]; P.Vleeming 24.8-9 (209/8-205A, Oxyrhyncha) [DD]; PSI IX 1014 (171A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 1015.12-17 (142A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 1017.8-13, 15 (115A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 1025.20-26 (104A, Hermonthis) [GD]; SB I 4010 (137A, KrokPath) [DD]; 4281 (159A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 4512.1.1-12, 26-34 (186A, Diospolis Magna) [In]; 5115 (145A, Path) [DD]; 5116 (111A, Path) [DD]; XXVI 16799.6-12 (210/9A, Phil?) [GD]; XXVIII 16852.26-29 (132A, Antai); XXX 17623.18-19 (293, Herm); UPZ II 165 (153A, Thebes) [DD]; 166a + b (152A, Thebes) [DD]; 168.2-5 (121A, Thebes) [DD]; 169.2-5 (120A, Thebes) [DD]; 174 (150A, Thebes) [DD]; 175.37-44 and other fragments (145A, Thebes) [DD]; 176 (140A, Thebes) [DD]; 179 (118A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 180a col. 50 (113A, Hermonthis) [GD]; 180b.35-40 (113A, Hermonthis) [GD]; 181.3.1-9 (105A, Hermonthis) [GD]; 182 (103A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 183 (103A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 184 (102A, Hermonthis) [DD]; 188 (123A, Hermonthis) [DD].

6. Disclosure of Material Defects

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

In three slave sale documents, composed in the mid-second century CE outside Egypt, the vendor professes, in the context of a stipulatio, that the slave is in good health, in accordance with the edict of the curule aedils. Cf. P.Lond. II 229.6-7 (166 CE, Seleukia Pieria): eum pue|7rum sanum esse ex edicto (‘that slave is healthy in accordance with the edict’), and P.Turner 22.4-5, 19-21 (142 CE, Side): [βεβαιοῦντος καὶ τῇ ἰδίᾳ] π[ί]στει κελεύοντος Μάρκου Αἰλίου Γαουιανοῦ ὑγιῆ ἐκ διατά|20[γματος – ca.10 – ἀ]νέπαφον πρὸς πάντων καὶ μήτε ῥέμβον μήτε δρα|[πετικὸν ἱερᾶς τε ν]όσου ἐκτός (‘Marcus Aelius Gabianus affirms and orders with his own good faith that (the slave) is in good health in accordance with the edict [ – – ] not liable to seizure by anyone, nor roving, or likely to run away and without epilepsy’). In BGU I 316, composed in Ascalon in 316 CE, the vendor undertakes the bebaiosis for the slave’s freedom of epilepsy, long-existing mischief, or hidden condition for a period of six months of the date of the sale, and for twelve months for flight (ll. 27-31): ἱερὰν δὲ νόσον καὶ σίνος |28 παλεὸν (l. παλαιόν) καὶ κρυπτὸν πάθος μέχρις μηνῶν ἓξ καὶ | 29 δρασμὸν μέχρις μηνῶν δέκα δύο ὁμοίως ὁ | 30 πεπρακὼς καὶ διάδοχοι αὐτοῦ βεβαιώσουσιν τῷ | 31 πριαμένῳ καὶ διαδόχοις αὐτοῦ.

Bibl.: Wolff (1974): 81; Jakab (1997): 177-184.

BGU I 316.27-31 (359, Askalon); III 887.4-5 (151, Side); P.Lond. II 229.6-7 (166, Seleukia Pieria); P.Turner 22.4-5, 19-21 (142, Side).

7. Consequences of Disclosure of Material Defects

Category: Warranty, Penalty

Link to Synallagma

Documents from the Roman period jointly discuss the vendor’s duty to defend the purchaser against a third-person challenge, and to compensate him if the slave turns ‘unhealthy’. See in particular P.Turner 22.5-8, 21-25 (142 CE, Side) where the question is regulated through a stipulatio: ἐὰν δέ τι τούτων ᾖ ἢ μὴ ᾖ ὑγ̣ιὴ‹ς› ἐπαφὴ αὐ̣τ̣[οῦ] | 22 [ἢ ἐκ μέρους γένη]τ̣α̣ι̣ καὶ ἐκνεικηθῇ, τότε διπλῆ̣ν τὴ̣ν̣ τ̣ε̣[ι]μὴ̣[ν] χω̣ρ̣ὶ̣[ς] π̣α̣|23[ραγγελίας καλῶς δο]θ̣ῆναι πίστει ἐπερώτη̣[σεν] Π̣ά̣μ̣φιλ̣ο̣[ς ὁ] κ̣α̣[ὶ] Κ̣ά̣ν̣ω̣[π]ο̣ς̣ | 24 [Αἰγύπτου, πίστει δοῦ]ν̣αι ὡμολόγησεν Ἀ[ρ]τε̣[μίδωρ]ο̣ς̣ Ἀριστο[κ]λ̣έ̣ους καὶ τὴ̣ν̣ | 25 [τιμὴν κεκομίσ]θ̣α̣ι̣ (‘Pamphilos alias Kanopos (the purchaser) has faithfully interrogated if given that anything of that happen—either that the slave is not healthy, or that it is vindicated, wholly or partially (by a third party), and the vindication is successful—double the amount of the consideration shall be orderly given without notice, Artemidoros son of Aristokles (the vendor) faithfully promised that it shall, and that he has received the price.’ The same clause is also recorded in BGU III 887.5-7 (151 CE, Side). In both second-century cases, the vendor is liable for duplum. A clause dealing with material defect only is attested in P.Euphrates 6.23-26 = 7.17-20 (249 CE, Markopolis), where the slave is described in the clause that records the act of sale as ὑγιής and ἀνέπαφος, it is stated: ἐὰν δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ ἱερᾶς νόσου | 24 ἐνοχληθῇ ὁ αὐτὸς δοῦλος ἐντὸς τῆς ἔνγιστα (l. ἔγγιστα) ἑξαμήνου, | 25 ἀναδοῦσαν τὴν ἀποδομένην ἣν εἴληφεν τειμήν, | 26 παραλήμψηται αὐτόν (‘If said slave is afflicted within the next six months by a holy disease, the vendor shall return the price that she has received, and take back the slave’), as well as in P.Euphrates 9.25-27 (252 CE, Beth Phuraia). In the texts from Mesopotamia, the vendor shall return the consideration and recover the slave, but he is not otherwise penalized. Finally, in BGU I 316.31-33 (359 CE, Askalon), also dealing with material defect exclusively, the vendor is required to return the payment, and also pay compensation for damages, but no recovery is anticipated.

Bibl.: e.g., Jakab (1997): 184-186; Urbanik (2010): 242-244.

8. Institutio Heredis

Category: Creation, Testamentary

Link to Synallagma

In the Latin testamentum per aes et libram, the indispensable opening clause, the institutio heredis (Cf., in particular, G. 2.116), runs as follows (e.g., P.Oxy. LII 3692.2-5, II CE, Oxyrhynchos): C(aius)·Iulius Ṛomanus eṭ·C(aius) Ịuḷịụs Diọgenẹ[s et C(aius) Iulius] | 3 Ptoḷemaeuṣ fili me[i] et Clạụḍịa Tẹch[o]ṣiṣ [ -11-12- is]|4siṃa fem[i]ṇa mateṛ ḷ[i]bẹṛ[o]rum meoru[m ex asse omnium] | 5 bonoruṃ meorum ạẹq̣uịṣ partibus mị[hi heredes sunto] (‘C. Julius Romanus, C. Julius Diogenes and C. Julius Ptolemaeus, my sons, and Claudia Techosis (my wife?) most … lady, mother of my children, shall be my only heirs to all my property in equal shares’). For the closest Greek rendering, see PSI XIII 1325.9–24, ll. 9–10 (172–175 CE, Alexandria?): Μάρκος Ἀντωνίνος Ἡλιόδωρος καὶ Μάρκος Ἀντωνίνος Ἄπερ υἱοί μου] | 10 [μέ]χρι ἀσσ̣αρίου ἐξ ἴσου μέρους κληρονόμοι μου ἔστωσ̣α̣ν (‘Let Markos Antoninos Heliodoros and Markos Antoninos Aper, my sons, be my heirs down to the last penny in equal shares’). The clause may also predicate the inheritance upon the heir’s acceptance of their share. See P.Oxy. VI 907.3-4 (276 CE, Oxyrhynchos): Αὐρήλιοι Ἑρμεῖνος καὶ Ὡρείων καὶ Ἡρακλείδης καὶ Πτολεμαὶς καὶ Διδύμ[η, οἱ πέ]ντε τέκνα μου γλυκύτατα [ἐ]κ̣ [τῆς συνούσης μοι – ca.18 – γυναι]|4κὸς Αὐρηλίας Ἰσιδώρας τῆς καὶ Πρείσκας ματρώνας στολάτας, αἱρέσει τῇ ὑποτεταγμένῃ ἐφʼ οἷς ἕκαστος προσδ[έξεται κληρονόμοι μου ἔστωσαν (‘Aurelius Herminus, Aurelius Horion, Aurelius Heracleides, Aurelia Ptolemais, and Aurelia Didyme, my five dearest children by my wedded … wife, Aurelia Isidora, also called Prisca, a matron wearing the stola, shall be my heirs according to the disposition below written, provided each formally accepts the inheritance’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 251, with some modifications). The inheritance may be conveyed to still-unborn children: P.Hamb. I 72.1-4 (II/III CE, Unknown Provenance): [quicunque mihi ex ea, quae uxor mea est, tempore] | 1 mortis ṃeae natus natave erit, mihi hereṣ [ -ca.?- ] | 2 esto suntove. quọḍ ṣi unus unave ex his, quicunquẹ [ -ca.?- ] | 3 natus natave erit eruntve, moriatur, eṛọgaṭ[io -ca.?- ] | 4 hereditatis [p]ro p̣ortione maior esto (‘Whoever will have been born to me by her, who is my wife, male or female, by the time of my death, will become my heir, and if one, male or female, of those that are to be born to me dies, the share of the estate of each surviving heir will be proportionally larger’).

In the third century, perhaps by assimilation into the bequeathal clause in the Greek diatheke, heirs begin to be recorded in the accusative, the testator being the subject and the act of appointment serving as predicate: PSI IX 1040.6-11 (III CE, Oxyrhynchos): κληρονόμον ποιοῦ[μαι] | 7 τὸν υἱὸν Αὐρήλιον | 8 Θεόδωρον ἐκ τῆς γενο(μένης) | 9 καὶ μετηλλαχυίης (l. μετηλλαχυίας) γυναι|10κὸς Διογενίδος ἀπὸ | 11 τῆς α(ὐτῆς) πόλ(εως) (‘I appoint heir my son Aurelius Theodorus, born from my former and deceased wife Diogenis from the same city’). The same construction is used in the Byzantine period. SB VI 9402.5-11 (VI/VII CE, Kerkesis): τεθνηκυίας τῆς ἐμῆς] θυγατρὸς Τσέει Τα̣ήτου | 6 [καὶ οὐκ ὄντων ἔξω σοῦ ὑ]πὸ τῶν σπλαγχανων (l. σπλάγχνων) μου | 7 [ἐληλυθότων νομίνων κλ]ηρονόμων σὲ καταστήσω | 8 [κληρονόμον καὶ διάδοχον π]άντων τῶν καταλ{ε}ιμπανομένων | 9 παρʼ ἐμ[οῦ π]ρα̣γ̣μ̣[άτων ε]ἰ[ς] τ̣ὴ̣[ν] ὑπάρχουσαν τοῦ μακαρίου μου | 10 ἀνδρὸς Γεροντίου ‹οἰκίαν› εἰς Ἐ[ ̣ ̣]ε[ ̣] τ̣ὴν κώμην καὶ τοῦ αἰγιαλοῦ | 11 ἄχρι ἀ[σ]σαρί̣ο̣υ̣ ἑ̣ν̣ό̣ς̣ (‘Since my daughter Tseei daughter of Taetes has died and there have come from my womb no lawful heirs except for you, I appoint you heir and successor down to the penny to all the property that I will have left behind connected to the house of my late husband Gerontios near the village and of the seashore’).

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 380-381; Amelotti (1966): 117-123; Nowak (2010): 170-184; (2014): 128-146; Strobel (2014): 39-40.

BGU I 326.1.6-7 (169, Phil) [κληρονόμοι; ἔστωσαν]; VII 1696.a.1-3, b.11-12 (II, Phil) [heredes sunto]; P.Cair.Masp. III 67312.35-49 (567, Antin): [ed.: κληρονόμους̣ ἐ[νίσ]τ̣[η]μ̣ι καὶ κλ̣η̣[ρον]όμους μου | εἶναι βούλομαι καὶ κελεύω;] (ll. 34-35); P.Diog. 9.2-7 (186-210?, Phil?) [κληρονόμοι; ἔστωσαν]; 10.2-3 (211, PtolEu) [heres; esto]; P.Hamb. I 72.1-4 (II/III, UP) [heres; esto]; P.Mich. VII 437.1-2 (II, UP) [heres; esto]; P.Oxy. VI 907.3-4 (276, Ox) [ed.: ἐφʼ οἷς ἕκαστος προσδ[έξεται] | [κληρονόμοι μου ἔστωσαν;]; XXXVIII 2857.3-4, 10-11 (134, Ox) [κληρονόμος; ἔστω]; LII 3692.2-5 (II, Ox) [heredes; sunto]; P.Princ. II 38.3-4 (c. 264, PtolEu) [κληρονόμος; ἔστω]; P.Select. 14.3-5 (II, ArsN) [κληρονόμοι; ἔστωσαν]; P.Stras. IV 277.4-7 (IIIs, ArsN) [κληρονόμος; ἔστω*]; VI 696.1-4 (III, Ox) [κληρονόμοι; ἔστωσαν]; PSI VI 696.1-4 (III, ArsN?) [κληρονόμοι; ἔστωσαν]; IX 1040.6-14 (III, Ox) [κληρονόμον ποιοῦμαι]; XIII 1325.9-25, ll. 10, 16-17? (172-175, Alex?); SB V 8265.3 (335/6?, ArsN) [ed.: [κληρο]ν̣ό̣μ̣οι μ̣ο̣υ̣ ἔστωσαν αἱρέσει τῇ ὑποκ‹ε›ιμένῃ καθὼς ἑξῆς ἑ̣κ̣[ασ]τ̣ο̣[ς προσδέξεται];]; VI 9402.4-11 (VI/VII, Kerkesis) [κληρονόμον; καταστήσω]; XII 10888.1-7 (119?, Teb) [συνκεχ̣ωρηκέναι; κληρονόμον; εἶναι].

9. Bequeathal Clause

Category: Creation Clause, Testamentary

Link to Synallagma

The clause introduces the body of the text in hereditary dispositions by naming the prospective beneficiaries and indicating their share or the specific objects they are to inherit. Among the 143 texts of this group, we distinguish between two main types: [Type1], the protocol style, introduced by a verb denoting bequeathal, used in the Greek diatheke, and those [Type2] in which the verb of bequeathal is introduced by ὁμολογέω, used in the format of the meriteia. Within the first group, two key formulations appear: [Type1a]. In its earliest formulation—which is the only one attested in the Ptolemaic period and occasionally recurs in the Roman period—a protasis, anticipating the event of death, is followed in the apodosis by the verb καταλείπω, introducing a description of the object in the accusative and the beneficiary in the dative. Cf., e.g., Petr.2 1 16.104-105: ἐὰν δ[έ τ]ι ἀνθρώπινον ‹πάθω›, κατα̣λ̣ε̣ί̣πω τὰ ὑ̣πάρχ̣[οντά] | 105 [μοι π]άντα τῶι ἐμαυτοῦ υἱῶι Μαρσύαι (‘If I suffer any mortal fate, I leave all my properties to my son Marsyas’). [Type1b]: Used in the early Roman period, the verb καταλείπω (or other verbs of appointment) may be followed by noun κληρονόμος and the name of the beneficiary in the accusative. The estate stands in the genitive. See P.Ryl. II 153.15-18 (169 CE, Hermopolis): κλ[η]ρονόμον δὲ̣ [τ]ῶ̣ν ἐμῶν πά\ν/των ὧν τε νῦν ἔχω καὶ ὧν ἐὰν ἐπικτήσωμαι ἢ προσγένηταί | 16 μοι καθʼ ὁνδ[ηπο]τοῦν τρόπον καὶ πρὸς πᾶν εἶδος καὶ ἧς ἐὰν ἀπολίπω (l. ἀπολείπω) ἐνδομενίας πάσης καὶ ἀποθέτων κ[αὶ] ἄλλων | 17 καὶ τῶν ὀ̣φ̣‹ε›ι̣λ̣ο̣[μέν]ων μοι ἢ κα[ὶ] ὀφ‹ε›ιληθησομένων ἀποδίγνυμι (l. ἀποδείκνυμι) τὸν ἀφήλικά μου υἱὸν Ἑλλάνικον ἐκ μητρὸς τῆς προγεγραμ|18μένης Κλαυδ[ίας Λ]εοντίδος ὃ̣ν̣ κατέλιψα ἐν Ζμύρνῃ τῆς Ἀσίας παρὰ τροφῷ θηλάζοντα (‘… And I designate as heir to all the property that I now possess or may acquire or may accrue to me in any way whatsoever and in whatsoever form, to all the furniture that I leave and my stores and other property, and to the sums that are or shall be owed to me, my son Hellanikos by my aforesaid wife Claudia Leontis, who is a minor and whom I have left at Smyrna in Asia being yet a foster child’) (transl.: editio princeps, pp. 155-156). Finally, [Type1c] records the acquisition of the estate (κληρονομεῖν, ἔχειν etc.), by the heirs.

In both Petr.2 1 16.104–105 and P.Ryl. II 153, the estate is bequeathed to a single beneficiary; for this reason, the testator does not name individual items. The key difference is that while in the former (Ptolemaic) text the testator mentions ‘my belongings’ in a general way, in the latter he aims at creating an exhaustive list of all viable assets, both present and future. To accomplish this, he invokes the vocabulary that recurs in other types of documents that aspire to such comprehensiveness: the apostasion, hypallagma, and the hypotheca generalis. However, one may also assign specific assets; under these circumstances, one aims at precisely defining the shape, the legal and administrative status, and the location of the object bequeathed. The terminology is akin to that used in contemporary acts of sales and diaireseis. A mixture of exhaustive coverage and the record of specific assets is already found in the late Ptolemaic SB XVIII 13168.3-19 (123 BCE, Pathyris): ἐὰν δέ τ[ι ἀ]νθρώπινον πάθω, καταλείπω καὶ δίδωμι τὰ ὑπάρχοντά μοι ἔγγαιά τε | 4 καὶ ἔπ[ιπλ]α καὶ κτήνη κ[α]ὶ ὅσα ἂν προσε[π]ικτήσωμαι Ταθώτηι Ἁρυώτου Περσίνῃ | 5 ᾗ σύ[νειμι] γυναικὶ κατὰ νόμους, πλὴν στρώματος ἑνὸς καὶ κλείνης τορυνευτῆς α | 6 Πατ[ ̣ ̣ ̣]ει καὶ Πετεσοράθηι τῶν Παχνούβιος τοῖς ἐμοῖς υἱοῖς τοῖς ἐξ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἄλλης | 7 γυνα[ικός], τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ πάντα ὧν τὸ καθʼ [ἓ]ν σήμερον ὑπόκειται τῶν τε ἐγγαίων | 8 καὶ κτη[ν]ῶν τῆι προκειμένῃ Ταθώτει, πρόβατα μὲν ὀκτὼ βόες δύο καὶ τὰ | 9 ἐπεσόμ[εν]α τούτοις καὶ οἰκ[ί]αν ὠικοδομημένην (l. ᾠκοδομημένην) καὶ | 10 ἐστεγασμένην καὶ τεθυρω|11μένην [τὴ]ν οὖσαν ἐν Ταύ[μει] τοῦ Λατο[πολί]του, γείτονες νότου οἰκία Ψεννήσιος τοῦ | 12 Παοῦτο[ς, β]ορρᾶ ῥύμη βασιλ[ικὴ, ἀπ]ηλ[ιώτ]ου οἰκία Θαήσιος τῆς Παοῦτος, λιβὸς | 13 οἰκία Πατ̣κ̣όρμιος, καὶ γῆς ἠ[πείρ]ου σιτ[οφόρο]υ (ἀρούρας) δεκαδύο τῆς ἐν τῶι ἀπὸ λιβὸς μέρει | 14 κώμη[ς Ταύ]μεως, ἐν ἧι λ̣α̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]μ̣η̣ συμφ[ ̣ ̣ ̣]ε̣ι̣ φρέαρ καὶ ἀνωτερείου ἐξ ὀπτῆς | 15 πλί[νθου,] γείτονες τῆς ὅλ[ης γῆς νό]του [οἶκος] Ψεμμίνιος τοῦ Καλλίου βορρᾶ ὁ αὐτὸς | 16 ἀπη[λιώτο]υ βουνοὶ τῆς κώ[μης λιβὸς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ κ]αλουμένη Ἄμμωνος, καὶ ἀπʼ ἄλλης | 17 σφρ[αγῖδος] Καλεβελλέους τοῦ̣ [- ca.12 -]ι̣ τρίτον μέρος, γείτονες τῆς ὅλης | 18 [νότου Ἁρ]ε̣ν̣δώτου βορρᾶ [- ca.12 – ἀ]πηλιώτου ὁδὸς λι(βὸς) ὄρος ἢ οἳ ἂν ὦσι γείτονες | 19 [πάντοθεν (‘But if I suffer anything mortal, I leave and give my property, real and movables and animals and whatever else I may acquire in addition, to Tathotes daughter of Haryotes, Persian, the wife with whom I live in accordance with the laws, except for one coverlet and one bed turned on a lathe to Pat [… ]es and Petesorathes sons of Pachnoubis, my own sons born to me and another wife, but all the rest of the goods enumerated below today, in real property and animals, to the aforesaid Tathotes, eight sheep, two cattle, and their offspring, and a built and roofed house equipped with doors which is in Taumis of the Latopolite nome, its neighbours being on the south a house of Psennesis son of Paous, on the north a royal street, on the east house of Thaesis daughter of Paous, on the west a house of Patkormis; and twelve arouras of grain-bearing high land located in the west part of the village of Taunis, in which there are a […] and cistern and upper construction of well-baked brick, the neighbours of the entire parcel of land being on the south the household of Psemminis son of Kallias, on the north the same, on the east the village mounds, on the west […] called ‘of Ammon’, and from another parcel of Kalebelles son of […], a third share, the neighbours of the entire parcel being on the south (land?) of Harendotes, on the north …, on the east a road, on the west desert land, or whatever the boundaries may be on all sides’) (transl. Bagnall – Derow (2004): 243).

[Type2] In the late Ptolemaic BGU III 993 (127 BCE, Hermonthis), a different verb is used to record the bequeathal: μερίζω. The event of death is addressed not in a protasis but by the phrase μετὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τελευτήν immediately following the verb of bequeathal. Like the contemporary [Type1a], the object of bequeathal (in this case a detailed list of assets) stands in the accusative and the beneficiary in the dative [Type2a]. The verb of bequeathal stands in the perfect infinitive and is introduced by συνεγράψατο. In the Roman period, the verbs used in this context are μερίζω, καταγράφω (once), and, most commonly, συγχωρέω. With μερίζω and καταγράφω, the verb appears in the perfect infinitive, introduced by ὁμολογέω. Συγχωρέω, in contrast, may be used as both an infinitive and a finite verb. Μερίζω and καταγράφω follow the pattern of use in BGU III 993: object in the accusative and beneficiary in the dative [Type2a], as does συγχωρέω in most cases. The object of bequeathal is mostly specific. Cf., e.g., SB V 7559.2-11 (118 CE, Tebtynis): ὁμολογεῖ Θαισᾶς ἀπελευθέρα Εὐτύχου τ[οῦ Ἡρακλείδου] | ἀπὸ κώμης Τεβτύνεως ὡς ἐτῶν ἑξήκοντα οὐλὴ πήχ‹ε›ι δεξιῶι μετὰ κυρίου τοῦ τοῦ ἀπελ[ευ]|4θερώσαντος αὐτὴν Εὐτύχου υἱοῦ Εὐτύχου τοῦ καὶ Λο̣[γγίνου] ὡς ἐτ[ῶν τ]ριάκοντα ο̣[ὐ]λὴ ὀφρύ̣[ι] | 5 ἀριστερᾷ συνκεχορηκέναι (l. συνκεχωρηκέναι) τὴν ὁμολογοῦσ̣αν Θαισᾶν μετὰ τὴν ἑαυ̣[τ]ῆς [τελε]υ̣τ(ὴν) | τ̣οῖς̣ ἐξ αὐτῆς γεγονόσι Πριμιγένῃ ἀπελευθέρῳ Πτολλαρίωνος τοῦ Εὐτύχ[ου] | 7 κ̣α̣ὶ Ἀφροδίτηι ἀπελευθέραι τοῦ προγεγραμμένου Εὐτύχου τοῦ καὶ Λογγίνου | 8 τοῖς δυσὶ κυνο͂ς (l. κοινῶς) ἐξ ἴσου τὸ λυπὸν (l. λοιπὸν) τὸ ὑπάρχον αὐτῇ Θαισᾷ ἥμισυ μέρ[ος] ἀκ̣[λ]η̣ρο|9νομήτου αὐτῆς πρότερον τοῦ ἀπελευθερώσαντος αὐτὴ‹ν› Εὐτύχου ἡμ[ίσ]ους | 10 μέρους, ὅ ἐστιν τέταρτον μέρος οἰκίας διστέγου καὶ τῶν σ̣υ̣ν̣κυρόν[τ]ων πά[ντ]ων | 11 λεγομένης πρότερον Ναρκίσσου ἐν τῇ προκε̣ι̣μ̣ένῃ κώμῃ Τεβτύνει (‘Thaisas, freedwoman of Eutyches, son of Herakleides, from the village of Tebtynis, whose age is approximately sixty, with a scar on her right forearm, with her former manumitter Eutyches son of Eutyches alias Longinus, whose age is approximately thirty and who has a scar on his left eyebrow, as her kyrios, acknowledges that she, Thaisas, has granted after her death to the children born to her, Primigenes, freedman of Ptollarion son of Eutyches and Aphrodite, freedwoman of the aforementioned Eutyches alias Longinus, to both of them in common, half a share of half a share, since she is heirless, formerly belonging to her manumitter, which is the fourth share of a two-story house and all appurtenances, which is said to have formerly belonged to Narkissos in the aforesaid village of Tebtynis’). In another formulation [Type2b], the verb συγχωρέω introduces the bequeathal in the infinitive: ‘I concede/grant that…’. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. I 104.9-14 (96 CE, Oxyrhynchos): μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐσομένην | 10 μου τελευτὴν συνχωρῶ ε[ἶ]ναι τοῦ υ[ἱ]οῦ μου Ἀρεώτου χρηματίζοντος | 11 μητρὸς ἐμα̣υ̣τῆς τῆς Σοήριος, ἐὰν ζῇ, εἰ δὲ μή, τῆς τούτου γενεᾶς, τὴν ὑπάρ|12χουσάν μοι ἐπὶ τοῦ πρὸς Ὀξυρύγχων πόλει Σαραπείου ἐπʼ ἀμφόδου | 13 πρότερον Ἱππέω[ν] παρεμβολῆς οἰκίαν καὶ αὐλὴν σὺν εἰσόδοις | 14 καὶ ἐξόδοις καὶ τοῖς συνκυροῦσι (‘And after my future death I allow that the house and yard, with entrances and exits and appurtenances, belonging to me at the Sarapeion in the city of Oxyrhynchos in the quarter that was formerly of the cavalry camp, shall belong to my son Hareotes, administratively designated by his mother, myself, Soeris, if he is still alive, and if not then to his offspring’).

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 64-80; Rabel (1907): 149-154; Kreller (1919): 344-348; Montevecchi (1935): 92-99; Draht (1970): 38-40, 57-58; Yiftach (2002): 150-151; Nowak (2010): 170-184.

BGU I 86.3-14 (155, SokN) [2a]; 183-10-26, ll. 12-25 (85, SokN) [2a]; 251.8-20 (81 SokN) [2a]; II 483.1-6 (II, ArsN) [2a]; III 895.9-39 (138-161, Syria?); 896.1-6 (161-169, ArsN); 993.2.10-3.12 (127A, Hermonthis) [2a]; VI 1285.4-22 (110A, Herak) [1a]; VII 1654.5-23 (98-117, PtolEu) [1a]; CPR I 28.8-28 passim (110, PtolEu) [2b]; 208.1-8 (II, ArsN?); VI 1.5-8 (125, PtolEu) [1b]; 72.4-16 (I, HermN) [1a]; X 109.3-7 (392-406, Herak); P.Athen. I 31.1-5 (V/VI, ArsN?); P.Bagnall 34.1-15 (I/II, Memphis?); P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.73-149 (570, Antin) [1b]; III 67312.52-90 (567, Antin) [1c: ἔχε̣ιν̣]; P.Cair.Preis. 42.1-6 (III, Herm) [2a]; P.Col. VII 188.6-21 (320, Kar) [1c: κληρονομεῖν]; X 267.4-14 (180-192, Ox) [manumission]; P.Coll.Youtie II 83.9-13 (353, Ox) [2a: ed.: ὁμολογῶ κα̣[τα]γεγραφέναι]; P.Colt.Ness. III 115.1-5 (VI, Nessana); 116 passim (VI, Nessana); P.Diog. 11.7-11 (213, PtolEu) [1a?: δ̣ι̣έτ̣αξα̣;]; P.Dryton 1.13-16 (164, Diospolis Mikra) [1a]; 2.16-21 (150A, Latopolis) [1a]; 3.1.3-33 (126A, Path) [1a]; 4.2-14 (126A, Path) [1a]; 46 ? (150A, Path); P.Dura III 16.b..7-13 (Il, Dura Europos) [1a]: P.Eleph. 2.3-10 (284a, Elephantine) [1a]; P.Flor. III 341.3-7 (II, Ox?); P.Giss. 35 passim, fragmentary (c. 285/6, Ox); P.Gron. 10.1-4 (VI?, UP) [ed.: ὑποστέλλ̣[ειν σοί;]; P.Hamb. IV 264.5-11 (331, Herm/ Ox) [1a]; P.Köln II 100.5-15 (133, Pim[ ]) [5-12: 1b], [12-15: 1a]; X 421.1-40 (VI, Aphr); XII 487.3-8 (117-138, Ox) [1a]; P.Lips. I 28.19-22 (381, Herm) [sui generis]; 29.5-8 (295, Herm) [sui generis]; II 149.7-16 (199, Ox) [1b]; P.Lond. I 77.15-34 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [1c]; II 219vb BV 5-10, AV 1-4 (IIA, Itos) [1a]; 288.2-24 ? (90, SokN) [2a]; 294.33-60, ll. 33-46 (109, PtolEu) [2a]; V 1727.40-47 (583/4, Sy) [σταλῆναι εἰς τὰ κοινὰ ἡμῶν τέκνα]; VII 2015.9ff (242A, Memphis) [1a]; P.Louvre I 7.4-15 (41-54, SokN) [1a?]; P.Lund VI 6.3-12 (190/1, PtolEu) [1b]; P.Mert. III 105.1-9, ll. 4-9 (164, Teb) [2b]; P.Mich. V 317.2-24 (14-37, Teb); 321.2-6 (42, Teb) [2a]; VIII 439.1-3 (147, Ox) [1a]; IX 549.2-6 (117/8, PtolEu?) [1a]; XVIII 785a+b, ll. 2-11 (47/61, PtolEu) [2b]; P.Münch. I 8.15-20 (c. 540, Sy); 80.3-20 (103-114, SokN) [2b]; P.Oxy. I 104.9-14 (96, Ox) [2b]; 105.3-7 (118-138, Ox) [1b]; II 368.3-9 (43/4, Ox) [1a]; III 489.5-11 (117, Ox) [2]; 490.4-7 (124, Ox) [1a]; 491.4-7 (126, Ox) [1b]; 492.5-9 (130, Ox) [1b]; 493.1-2 (99, Ox); 494.7-13 (156, Ox) [1b]; 495.3-14 (182-189, Ox) [1b]; 634.4-5 (126, Ox) [1b]; 646.4-10 (117-126?, Ox); 647.3-6 (IIf, Ox) [1b?]; 649.3-6, 9 (Is/II, Ox) [1a]; 652.5-7 (Is/IIe, Oxyrhynchos) [1b]; VI 907.7a-18 (276, Ox) [1a]; VII 1034r passim (II, Ox?) [1b]; XVI 1901.26-42 (VI, Ox) [1c]; XXVII 2474.1-20 (III, Ox) [1b]; LXVI 4533.3-7 (Il/IIe, Ox) [1b]; P.Petr.2 1.1-31, ll. 9-13 (238/7A, Krok?) [1a]; 1.33-68, ll.39-61 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 1.68-86, ll. 68-70 (238/7A, ArsN) [1a]; 1.87-99, ll. 95-99 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 2.31-44, ll. 38-40 (238/7A, ArsN) [1a]; 3.8-37, ll. 16-19 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 3.64-95, ll. 70-82 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 4.5-12 (238/7A, Krok?) [1a]; 6.1-26, ll. 3-15 (238/7A, ArsN) [1a]; 6.27-47, ll. 34-37 (238/7A, Meris of Polemon) [1a]; 7.5-7 (238/7A, Krok?); 9.8-19, ll. 15-17 (238/7A, Krok); 11.10-13 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 13.5-24 (238/7A, ArsN) [1a]; 14.9-16 (238/7A, Krok) [1a]; 15.1-4 (238/7A, ArsN) [1a]; 16.12-40, ll. 20-23 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 16.41-66, ll. 49-53 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 16.67-94, ll. 75-79 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 16.95-122, ll. 103-105 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 17.15-40, ll. 22-25 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 17.41-49, ll. 47-49 (236/5A, Krok) [1a]; 19.3-8 (236/5A, ArsN) [1a]; 20 passim (236/5A, ArsN) [1a]; 22.1-14, ll. 9-14 (235/4A, Krok?) [1a]; 22.15-32, ll. 21-29 [235/4A, ArsN) [1a]; 23.1-2 (235/4A, ArsN) [1a]; 24.15-38, ll. 24-26 (226/5A, Krok) [1a]; 24.39-57, ll. 45-49 (226/5A, Krok?) [1a?]; 25.8-38, ll. 15-25, 27-33 (226/5A, Krok) [1a]; 27.1 (226/5A, ArsN) [1a]; 28.1-2 (226/5A, ArsN) [1a]; 30.1-18 (IIIsA,, ArsN) [1a]; 31 passim (IIIsA?, ArsN); P.Ryl. II 153.15-18 (169, Herm) [1b]; P.Scholl 5.5-12 (I/II, Tholt) [1b]; P.Sijp. 43.3-8 (119/20, OxN) [1a]; 44.1-2 (c. 130, Kar) [1a]; P.Stras. II 122.2-10 (161-169, Euh) [2b]; IV 277.20-26 (IIIs, ArsN) [2a?]; 284.3-17 (176-180, PtolEu) [1b?]; VII 603.2-27 (103-116, Teb) [2a]; 684.2-20 (117-138, UP) [2a]; P.Tebt. II 381.2-14 (123, Teb) [2b]; 465.8-23 (190, Teb) [1a?]; P.Ups.Frid. 1.2-16 (48, Dionysias) [2a]; P.Vind.Tand. 27.1-22 (I SokN) [2a]; P.Wisc. I 13.4-8 (IIe, Ox) [1b]; P.Yadin 19.11-15 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza) [1b]; PSI III 240.1-14 (II, Ox) [1a?]; XII 1263.1-6 (166/7, Ox); PSI Congr. XI 5.1-6 (Il/IIe, Teb) [2a]; SB I 4322.2-16 (84-96, UP) [2a]; V 7559.2-13 (118, Teb) [2a]; 8265.5-14 (335/6 ?, ArsN); VI 9373.2-10 (II, Teb) [2a]; 9377.2-10 (138, Teb) [2a] ; 9402.4-11 (VI/VII, Kerkesis) [1b]; VIII 9642.1.1-11 (c. 112, Teb) [2b]; 9642.2.2-5 (123, Teb) [2a]; 9642.3.5-12 (125, Teb) [2a]; 9642.4.2-8 (117-37, Teb) [2a]; 9642.5.2-18 (139-161, Teb) [2b]; 9642.6.10 (c. 133, Teb) [2a]; X 10572.2-27 (126, Teb) [2]; XII 10859.6-9 (220A, Ghoran) [1a]; 10888.1-7 (119, Teb?) [2b]; XIV 11642.8-13? (178/9, PtolEu); XVI 12331.1-8 (II/III, Ox) [1a]; 12334.6-22 ll. 8-22 (IIl, Phil) [1a, 2b]; XVIII 13168.3-19 (123A, Path) [1a]; 13232.7 (I, Haueris); 13308.6-44 (81-96, PtolEu?) [1a]; XX 14379.7-25 (320, Kar); XXIV 15921.3-6 (176-193, Ox); 16001.7-13 (168, Karanis) [2b]; XXX 17458.2-14 (122/3, Kar) [2a];  SPP I p. 6f. ll. 9-21 (c. 460, Antin); XX 35.7-11 (235, HerakN) [1b].

10. Donations and Dispositions inter vivos

Category: Testamentary

Link to Synallagma

Gratuitous conveyance of property with immediate effect is recorded in only five Greek documents from Egypt. In the earliest two, BGU IV 1013.5-12 (41-68 CE, Arsinoites) and P.Mich. V 322a.1-21 (46 CE, Tebtynis), it takes the format of the meriteia, deviating from the routine formulation by the immediate effect of the assignment (ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν), not after the conveyor’s death. The clause is then followed by the capacity clause and clauses that protect the recipient’s possession: the bebaiosis clause and the injunction against lawsuit. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 322a.1–2 (46 CE, Tebtynis): ὁμολογεῖ Ψῦφις ὃς καὶ Ἁρποχρατίων Σεραπίωνος τοῦ καὶ Μαρεπκέμιος, ὡς ἐτῶ(ν) | ἑξήκοντα ἐννέα οὐλὴ ἀντικνημίωι, μεμερικέναι ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν τοῖς γεγονόσι αὐτῷ ἐξ ἧς σύνεστιν ἀγράφους (l. ἀγράφως) γυναικὸς κτλ. (‘Psyphis, also called Harpochration, son of Serapion also called Marepkemis, about sixty-nine years old, with a scar on his shin, acknowledges that he has made a distribution at the present time among the children borne to him by the wife with whom he lives without written contract’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 273). In BGU IV 1013, the instrument is termed diairesis, a word that recurs in P.Ness. III 21.6-19 (562 CE, Nessana): διείλατο Φλ(άουιος) Σέργιος Ἠλίου τοῦ Θεμοοβδ̣[ου] | [στρατ(ιώτης) τοῦ] ἐ̣νθάδε κάστρου μεταξὺ Ἠλίου καὶ Αλολκαιου καὶ Ζα̣[χαρίου] |[καὶ Στ]ε̣φ̣ά̣νου τῶν αὐτοῦ παίδων (‘Flavius Sergius son of Elias, grandson of Taim Obodas, soldier of the camp located here, has made a distribution among his sons Elias, al-‘Alqa, Zacharias, and Stephan, the offspring of his well-born second wife Mulaika daughter of Abraham’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 68). A functionally identical but terminologically distinct formulation records the bestowal of a gift, first attested in P.Monts.Roca IV 80.6-14 (161–168, UP): ὁμολογῶ χαρίζεσθ[αί σοι] | [χάριτι ἀναφαιρέτῳ καὶ] ἀ̣μετανοήτῳ ἀ[πὸ τοῦ] | [νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντ]α̣ χρόνον (‘I agree to give you by gift, inalienable and irrevocable from now until forever…’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 251).

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1955): 399-401; Meerson (2007): 720-721; Lippert (2008): 156-157.

BGU IV 1013.5-12 (41-68, ArsN) [μεμερικέναι]; P.Kell. 38a.4-11 (333, Kellis) [κεχαρίσθαι; building area]; P.Mich. V 322a.1-21 (46, Teb) [μεμερικέναι]; P.Monts.Roca IV 80.6-14 (161-168, UP) [χαρίζεσθαί; land]; P.Münch. I 8.8-15 (c. 540, Sy) [ed.: δεδ[ωκέναι];]; P.Nekr. 10.1.11-2.6 (244, Hibis) [χαρίζεσθαι]; 11.3-8 (274, Kysis) [χαρίζεσθαι]; 12.3-7 (245-247, Kysis) [χαρίζεσθαι]; P.Oxy. II 273.4-19 (95, Ox) [συνκεχωρηκέναι τῇ θυγατρὶ κατὰ χάριν ἀναφαίρετον]; P.Yadin 19.15-20 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza); SB XIV 11578.1-6 (V?, UP).

11. Apportionment of Estate (diairesis)

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The clause that records the apportionment of a family estate by its joint owners is best documented, in the early Roman period, in the Arsinoite nome. In the earliest documentation, from the village of Soknopaiou Nesos, the Greek text functions as the hypographe of an act of division in the Demotic script. By the middle of the first century, the Greek diairesis becomes an independent document. The first- and second-century evidence is predominantly Arsinoite, a picture that changes as we approach Late Antiquity, with abundant evidence from the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite nomes as well as, in the Byzantine period, from Nessana and Petra. The clause is always introduced by the verb ὁμολογέω. Unlike most types of homologiai, however, the declaring parties are multiple. For this reason, the verb is frequently followed by the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλους. The verb commonly used in this context is διαιρέω, which appears in the perfect infinitive form (διῃρῆσθαι). In later times, the periphrastic διαίρεσιν ποιεῖσθαι is also attested. The verb is followed by the preposition πρός and the reflexive pronoun ἑαυτός in the accusative, along with the immediacy (ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνεστώσης ἡμέρας, ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος), and eternity formulas (ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον) and adverbs denoting title (e.g., κυριευτικῶς) (cf., very briefly, Litinas – Triantafyllou (2019): 185). The object, usually a building or a piece of land, appears in the accusative. The description, covering the administrative status of the asset, the type of agricultural usage, and the abutters (or a reference to the geitoneiai, where the account of the neighbours has been recorded), follows that used in the clause that records the act of sale. The expression ἐξ εὐδοκούντων is unique to this type of clause. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. III 503.2-8 (118 CE, Oxyrhynchos): [ὁμολογοῦ]σιν ἀλλήλοις Ἐπίμαχος Ἁρσιήσιος τοῦ Ἐπιμάχου μητρὸς Δημῆτος καὶ οἱ ἀνεψιοὶ Ἐπίμαχ[ος] | 3 καὶ Πετοσεῖρις ἀμφ[ότ]εροι Διονυσίου τοῦ Ἐπιμάχ[ο]υ μητρὸς Θατρῆτος καὶ ἡ πάντων αὐτῶν πρὸς πατρὸς τη[θὶς Σε]|4ψάριον Ἐ[π]ιμάχου τοῦ Διονυσίου μητρὸς Θατρῆτος πάντες ἀπʼ Ὀξυρύγχων πόλεως, ἡ δὲ Σεψάριον μετὰ κυρίου [ ] | 5 Ἑρμᾶτος Θέωνος ἐν ἀγυιᾷ διῃρῆσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς ἐξ εὐδοκούντων ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν αὐτοῖ[ς] | 6 ἐν κώμῃ Κερκεθύρει οἰκίαν καὶ αὐλὴν ἐν ᾗ φοίνικες τέσσαρες, ὧν πάντων μέτεστι τῷ μ̣[ὲν Ἐπιμάχῳ Ἁρσιήσιος μέ]|7ρη δύο ἀπὸ μερῶν πέντε, τῷ δὲ Ἐπιμάχῳ καὶ Πετοσείρι ἀμφοτέροις Διονυσίου ἐξ ἴσου μέρη δύο, [τῇ δὲ Σεψαρίῳ] | 8 [Ἐπιμάχου μ]έρ[ο]ς ἕν (‘Epimachos son of Harsiesis, grandson of Epimachos, whose mother is Demes, and his cousins Epimachos and Petosiris, both sons of Dionysios, grandsons of Epimachos, whose mother is Thatres, and the paternal aunt of them all, Sepsarion daughter of Epimachos, granddaughter of Dionysios, whose mother is Thatres, all residents of the city of Oxyrhynchos, Sepsarion with [   ] son of Hermas grandson of Theon on the street, mutually acknowledge that they have divided among themselves by mutual consent at the present time the house and court, in which there are four palm trees belonging to them in the village of Kerkethyris, of which two parts out of five belong to Epimachos son of Harsiesis, two shares jointly and equally belong to Epimachos and Petosiris, both children of Dionysios, and one share belongs to Sepsarion’.)

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 87-88; Draht (1970): 13-14, 41-43; Lippert (2008): 155-156; Lippert – Schentuleit (2010): 59-65; Jördens (2013): 293-295.

BGU I 234.4-17 (142, Kar); 241.7-17 (177, Kar); II 444.3-21 (98-117, Kar); IV 1037.3-19 (48, Kar); CPR I 11.3-11 (108, PtolEu); 174.3-18 (190, PtolEu); 177.1-8 (II, ArsN); 222.1-15 (142/3 or 152/3, ArsN); VII 44.1-23 (V/VI, UP); XVIIb 1.1-50, ll. 3-20 (184/5, Panop); O.Did. 132 passim (before 110-115?, Didymoi); P.Aberd. 53.2-9 ? (10/1, UP); P.Amh. II 99a.5-10 (179, Herm); P.Bad. II 11.2-11 (150A?, Phil); P.Bingen 130.1-4 (526-548, Aphr); P.Dime III 36GH.1-5 (20A, SokN); 37GH.1-7 (20/1, SokN); 38GH.2-6 (42, SokN); P.Flor. I 51.14-28?, ll. 14-22 (138-161, ArsN); P.Gen. IV 186.3-7 (473-490, Herm); 187.a? (VI, HermN); P.Herm. 62.1-6 (V, UP); P.Iand. IV 52.4-11 (96, Thead) [misthosis]; P.Kell. I 13.3-8 (335, Kellis); P.Köln XI 459.8-11 (436?, OxN); [mechane] P.Lips. I 26.5-9 (IVb, Herm?); P.Lond. II 293.3-11 (114, Dionysias); III 951r.1-2 (249, UP); 978.4-6 (331, Herm); 1313r.12-16 (507, Herm); P.Mert. III 122.1-6 (II, Teb); P.Mich. III 186.3-11 (72, Bac); 187.2-18 (75, Bac); V 323.3-9 (47, Teb); 326.1-12 (48, Teb); 327.5-18 (Ie, Teb); IX 554.2-11 (before 93, PtolEu); 555.3-12 (107, Kar); 557.3-9 (116, Kar); 558.2-7 (103-111, Kar); 559.6-21 (IIe, Kar) [hypog.]; X 584.12-24 (84, Bac); P.Mil. I 54.2-14 (138-161, ArsN); P.Mil.Vogl. I 23.1-17 (108, Teb); II 99.2-6 (119, Teb?); IV 209 passim (108, Teb); P.Monts.Roca IV 82.1-11 (I/II, Ox); P.Oslo II 31.2-18 (138-161?, UP); P.Oxy. III 503.2-8 (118, Kerkethyris, OxN); X 1278.1-14 (214, Ox) [karpeia]; XIV 1637.1-12 (256-261, Ox); XXXI 2583.1-7 (II, Ox); XLIX 3482 (73A, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels. 44.4-19 (324, Ox); P.Par. 20.7-15 (600, Panop); P.Prag. I 42.1-16 passim (before 533, Herm); III 216.2-17 (IIIf, PtolEu); P.Princ. II 79.2-10 (dialysis) (326, Ox); P.Ryl. II 156.1-12 (I, Ox); P.Stras. VI 513 passim (If, UP); 555.4-8 (289, Herm); P.Tarich. 14.1-15 passim (IIIl/IIe, Tanis); P.Tebt. II 319.10-18 (248, Teb): [ed.: ἔδοξεν δὲ νῦν αὐτοῖς;]; 382v.2ctr.2-9 (after 31A, PtolEu); 383.3-35 (46, Tebt); P.Tebt.Wall 12.1-18 (101, Tebt); P.Wisc. I 14.2-10 (131, Sy); PSI VI 697.2-6 (II, Thead); 698.2-12 (392, Ox); VII 774.3-6 (V, UP); SB V 8946.1-8 (50/1 ?, UP); XIV 11337.1-12 (IIs, Ox); XVIII 13793.1-16 (101, Tebt); 13848.3-20 (128A Thebes); 13995.10-26 (140/1 Thead) [georgia]; XX 14285.3-14 (59, Ox).

12. Allotment in Diairesis

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Following the account of the apportionment of the estate, the present clause records the assignment of specific items to each partner. The clause is sometimes introduced by the formulation ἐξ ἧς πεποίηνται πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς ἐξ εὐδοκούντων ἐκ κλήρου διαιρέσεως (‘in accordance with this apportionment by lot which they made among themselves by common consent’). In all cases, the act of assignment is expressed through the perfect infinitive, i.e., a fait accompli, occasionally emphasized by an adverb (e.g., αὐτόθεν). In all cases, the clause records that the item was assigned on account of the assignee’s share in the estate: εἰς τὸ ἐπιβάλλον αὐτῷ μέρος, πρὸς τῷ ἐπιβάλλοντι αὐτῷ μέρει or ὑπὲρ τοῦ κατʼ αὐτὸν μέρους. The object is recorded in minute detail, including all attributes commonly attested in clauses that record its lease and (in particular) sale. In most cases, the assignee acts as the subject, taking as the verb the perfect infinitive of λαγχάνω (‘λελογχέναι’), κληρόω (‘κεκληρῶσθαι’), or ἐπαναιρέω (‘ἐπανῃρῆσθαι’), more commonly ‘ἐπανειρῆσθαι’). Highly detailed and richly populated with verbs is CPR I 11.10-23 (108 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): [ἐ]ξ εὐδοκούντων ἐκ κλήρου διαιρέσεως ἐπανειρῆσθαι τὸν μὲν Στοτο[ῆτιν] | 11 [π]ρὸς τῷ ἐπιβάλλοντι αὐτῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τῆς ἀπὸ ἀπηλιώτου οἰκίας ἐ[ν ᾗ] | 12 ἐλαιουργῖον καὶ αὐλὴ καὶ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον τῷ Ὡρίωνι τούτων τέταρτον μέ[ρο]ς | 13 ὥστʼ εἶναι αὐτοῦ Στοτοήτιος ἥμισυ μέρος τῆς οἰκίας καὶ ἐλαιουργίου καὶ αὐλῆς | 14 καὶ χρηστηρίων· γείτονες δὲ ὅλων καθὼς ἐκ συμφώνου ὑπηγόρευον νότου | 15 Τεσενούφιος οἰκία, βορρᾶ εἴσοδος καὶ ἔξοδος, λιβὸς ῥύμη βασιλική, ἀπηλιώτου | 16 Πισάιτος οἰκία · τὸν δὲ Ὡρίωνα καὶ αὐτὸν κεκληρῶσθαι πρὸς τῷ ἐπιβάλ|17[λο]ντι αὐτῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τῆς ἀπὸ λιβὸς οἰκίας καὶ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον τῷ Στοτοήτι | 18 [τ]έταρτον μέρος ὥστʼ εἶναι αὐτοῦ Ὡρίωνος ἥμισυ μέρος τῆς ἀπὸ λιβὸς οἰκίας · | 19 [γ]είτονες δὲ ὅλης νότου Ἀπύγχειος οἰκία, βορρᾶ ῥύμη βασιλική{ι}, λιβὸς εἴσοδος | 20 [κ]αὶ ἔξοδος, ἀπηλιώτου Στοτοήτιος τοῦ Πανεφρόμμεως οἰκία (‘And in accordance with the division by lot which they have made by agreement between themselves let Sotoetis obtain in addition to the fourth share that has been assigned to him of the eastern house in which there is an oil-press and a court-yard also the share of them that has been assigned to Horion, so that said Stotoetis will own half a share of the house, oil-press, court-yard and appurtenances. The neighbours of the entire property, as the parties dictated in mutual agreement, are to the south the house of Tesenouphis, to the north the entrance and exit, to the west a royal road, to the east the house of Pisais. And let Horion him too obtain by lot in addition to the fourth share assigned to him of the western house also the fourth share assigned to Stotoetis so that he will own the half a share of the western house. The abutters of the entire house are to the south the house Apynchis, to the north a public road, to the west entrance and exit, to the east the house of Stotoetis son of Panephromis’).

BGU II 241.17-20 (177, Kar) [ἐπιβεβληκέναι?; ὧν γείτονες]; IV 1037.20-33 (48, Kar) [λελογχέναι]; CPR I 11.10-23 (108, PtolEu) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι πρὸς τῷ ἐπιβάλλοντι αὐτῷ μέρει τῆς κτλ.; ὥστʼ εἶναι; γείτονες; κεκληρῶσθαι πρὸς τῷ ἐπιβάλλοντι αὐτῷ μέρει ὥστʼ εἶναι γείτονες; αὐτόθεν ἀπεσχηκέναι]; VII 44.1-23 (V/VI, UP) [ἐκληρώθη δὲ καὶ ἐλέλαχεν τὸ ἐπιβάλλον μέρος]; P.Aberd. 53.b.2-9 ? (10/1, UP) [λελογχέναι εἰς τὸ ἐπιβάλλον]; P.Amh. II 99a.11-15 (179, Herm) [λελονχέναι ὑπὲρ τοῦ κατʼ αὐτὸν τρίτου μέρους]; P.Bingen 130.4-8 (526-548, Aphr) [κοινῶς λελάχαμεν τὸ μέρος]; P.Flor. I 51.14-28?, ll. 18-22 (138-161, ArsN) [ἐπανῃρῆσθαι]; P.Gen. IV 186.7-24 (473-490, Herm) [κεκληρῶσθαι καὶ λελογχέναι εἰς]; P.Iand. IV 52.11-25 (96, Thead) [λελογχέναι εἰς]; P.Lond. II 293.3-11 (114, Dionysias) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι*]; III 978.6-14 (331, Herm) [λελογχέναι ὑπέρ]; P.Mich. III 186.11-19 (72, Bac) [λελογχέναι εἰς]; V 318.2-7 (40, Teb) [διῄρημαι καὶ λέλογχα εἰς]; 323.9-14 (47, Teb) [λελογχέναι εἰς]; 326.12-50 (48, Teb) [λελογχέναι εἰς, κεκληρῶσθαι εἰς]; 327.19-41 (Ie, Teb) [λελογχέναι, ὥστε εἶναι, γείτονες]; IX 554.12-30 (before 93, PtolEu) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι εἰς τὸ ἐπιβάλλον αὐτῷ μέρος]; 555.12-16 (107, Kar) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι εἰς τὸ ἐπιβάλλον αὐτῷ μέρος]; 557.9-20 (116, Kar) [λελογχέναι καὶ ἐπανειρῆσθαι εἰς]; 558.7-19 (103-111, Kar) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι εἰς]; X 584.12-24 (84, Bac) [κεκληρῶσθαι εἰς]; P.Mil.Vogl. II 99.6-16 (119, Teb?) [ὥστε εἶναι (party, in the genitive) (object, in the accusative); κεκληρῶσθαι]; P.Oxy. III 503.8-15 (118, Kerkethyris, OxN) [κεκληρῶσθαι]; X 1278.14-18 (214, Ox) [κεκληρῶσθαι]; XIV 1637.13-36 (256-261, Ox) [λελογχέναι ἐκ συμφώ(νου); ὡς εἶναι]; 1638.6-12, 18-20 (282, Ox) [ἔδοξεν* ἀρκεσθῆναι καὶ λαβεῖν εἰς τὸ μέρος τῆς κληρονομίας]; XXXI 2583.7-10 (II, Ox) [ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν παρειληφέναι αὐτόθι εἰς ἴδιον ἃ καὶ κλήρωται]; XLIV 3197.5-16 (111, Ox) [ἐπιβεβληκέναι]; P.Prag. III 216.17-22 (IIIf, PtolEu) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι* εἰς]; P.Princ. III 176.1-7 passim (III, UP); P.Ryl. II 325.1-2 passim (III, UP) [ἐπί τι μέρος κεκλήρωται]; P.Stras. VI 555.8-14 (289, Herm) [λελογχέναι κυριευτικῶς τὸ μέρος; γίτονες]; P.Tebt. II 382v2.ctr 10-12 (after 31A, PtolEu) [λελονχέναι]; P.Tebt.Wall 12.22-26 (101, Teb) [λέλογχεν]; PSI VI 697.6-13 (II, Thead) [λελονχέναι]; 698.13-17 (392, Ox); VII 774.6-15 (V, UP); SB I 4662.6-9 (632, ArsPol); 4755.1-30 (IV-VII, ArsPol); III 6268.9-15 (VI, UP) [ἀποκληρωθῆναι]; XII 11225.2-4 ? (425-450, UP) [ed.: κε]κ̣λ̣ήρωται;]; XIV 11337.12-22 (IIs, Ox) ; XVI 12230.1-5 (VI, UP); XVIII 13793.16-17 (101, Teb); 13995.10-26 (140/1, Thead) [ἐπανειρῆσθαι εἰς τὸ μέρος]; XX 14285.14-27 (59, Ox) [αὐτόθεν λελογχέναι ἀντὶ τοῦ μέρους].

13. Antikatallage

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

A clause recording the exchange of property first emerges in the early third century CE. The act of exchange is denoted through the verb ἀντικαταλλάσσω, which almost always appears in the active infinitive of the perfect tense and is introduced by the verb ὁμολογέω. The description of the object follows the pattern evident in documents of sale. In cases of landed property, the account centers on the manner of acquisition, the location, and the identity of the abutters. The earliest document, P.Flor. I 47a.4-12 (217 CE, Hermopolis), already features the elements that appear in later documents: ὁμολογοῦμεν ἀντικατηλλάχε|ν̣αι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐ̣[ντεῦθ]εν κυρ̣ίως κ̣αὶ ἀναφαιρέτως καὶ ἀμετανοήτως ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον | 5{ὥσ̣τε} τὸν μὲν̣ Αὐρή̣[λιον Ἑρ]μ̣οδίδυμον τὴν συνχωρηθεῖσαν αὐτῷ κατʼ ἔγγραπτον ἀσφάλειαν | 6 οἴκησιν καὶ χρῆσιν τό[που κ]αλουμένου Χε̣ιμερινῶνος ἐν πυλῶνι καὶ τοῦ ἐντὸς ταμιείου οἰκίας | 7 πατρικῆ̣ς τοῦ Τιθοητί[ω]νος ἐν Ἑρμοῦ πόλει ἐπὶ Πόλ(εως) ἀπηλ(ιώτου) ἐν ῥύμῃ καλουμένῃ Καλαθοπλόκων | 8 ἧ[ς] ὅλης ἡ κυρεία καὶ ἡ ο̣[ἴ]κησις ὑποστέλλει τῷ αὐτῷ Τιθοητίωνι· τὸν δὲ Τιθοητίωνα τὸν καὶ Σα|9ρ[α]πά̣μ̣μ̣ω̣να τὸ ὑπάρ[χον α]ὐτῷ ἕκτον μέρος οἰκίας καὶ συνκυρόντων καὶ χρηστηρίων καὶ ἀν|10ηκόντων̣ πάντων [καὶ εἰσ]όδων καὶ ἐξόδων ἐπὶ το[ῦ α(ὐτοῦ)] ἀμφόδου καταντικρὺ κ[ατ]ηντηκὸς εἰς αὐ|11τὸν Τιθοητίωνα ἀπὸ κληρονομίας τῆς κοινῆς μητρὸς κατὰ μετοχὴν ἄλλου ἕκτου μέρους | 12 τοῦ Ἑρμο̣δ̣ιδύμου (‘We acknowledge that we have exchanged with each other herewith, lawfully, irrevocably, and unchangeably for all time, Aurelios Hermodidymos the right of cohabitation and use of a portion of a house known as of Cheimerinon in the gate-house and the inner storeroom,  in the paternal house of Tithoetion in Hermopolis, in the east-end quarter, in an alley called ‘of the Basket‑Weavers’, that was ceded to him by means of a written deed of security, the ownership and right of domicile of the entire property remain with the same Tithoetion. And I, Tithoetion, also known as Sarapammon, (have given in exchange) the one-sixth share of a house, together with its appurtenances, all associated items, and all entrances and exits, located in the same quarter. This share fell to Tithoetion by inheritance from their common mother, along with a shared one‑sixth portion of Hermodidymos’.)

Bibl.: Jördens (2013): 190.

CPR XIV 13.1-20 passim (VI/VII, ArsN) [ὁμολογοῦμεν δεδωκέναι καὶ ἀντικαταλλαχέναι: rooms]; XVIIb 3.1-16, ll. 1-11 (184/5, Panop); P.Coles 27.2-12 (IVb, UP) [ἀντικατηλλαχέναι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς κυριευτικῶς: house]; P.Flor. I 47a.4-12 (217, Herm) [ἀντικατηλλάχεναι πρὸς ἀλλήλους: oikesis/house]; 47b.24-33 (217, Herm) [ἀντικατηλλαχέναι* πρὸς ἀλλήλους: oikesis/house]; P.Kell. I 30.8-17 (363, Kellis) [ἀντικατηλλάχθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους: homestead]; P.Sijp. 11a.25-30 (390, Kellis) [hypographe; ἤλλαξα*: donkey]; P.Stras. VI 556.5-11 (289, Herm) [ἀντικατηλλαχέναι: landed property]; P.Thomas 28.1-11 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [kella]; P.Wisc. I 15.5-8 (236, Ox) [ἀντικαταλλάξαι: donkeys]; PSI XIII 1341.4-12 (Vb, Antin) [ἀντικατηλλάχθαι ἀλλήλοις: landed property]. SB VI 9590.1-9 (VII, Herak).

Section II. Change of Personal Status

14. Manumission

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Acts of manumission are commonly recorded in the context of wills and are discussed as such elsewhere in this catalogue. There are also cases, however, in which the manumission is recorded independently. By and large, it takes immediate effect. In all cases but one, the manumission is performed before the agoranomos, who is also in charge of the composition of the document. The act of manumission is reported objectively (i.e., in ‘protocol style’, see Introduction), in the Ptolemaic SB XXVIII 16852.8-15 (132 BCE, Antaiopolis) with the form ἀπηλευθέρωσαν. In Roman Oxyrhynchos, which yields most of the evidence, the manumission is expressed through the phrasing ἀφεῖκαν ἐλευθέραν ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον. The most fundamental difference between this type of manumission and that anticipated in wills is the payment of the ransom (λύτρα), which is recorded in the genitive case at the end of the clause. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2843.5-19 (86 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἀφεινκε̣ν (l. ἀφεῖκεν) ἐ̣λευ̣[θ]έ̣ραν ὑπὸ̣ Δ̣ία Γ̣ῆν Ἥλιον Ἀλίνη Κόμωνος̣ | 6 τοῦ Διονυσίου μ̣ητρὸς Κλεωπά̣τ̣ρας τῆς Διονυσίου τῶν | 7 ἀπʼ Ὀξυρύγχων πόλεως ὡς (ἐτῶν) [ ̣] ̣ μέση μελίχρ̣ως μακρο|8πρόσωπος οὐλ̣ὴ [ vac. ? ] μ[ε]τὰ κυρίου τοῦ ἑαυτῆς̣ | 9 υἱοῦ Κόμωνος τ[οῦ] Μ̣νησιθέο̣υ̣ [το]ῦ̣ Π̣[ε]τ̣οσούχου τῶν ἀ[πὸ] | 10 τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως ὡς [(ἐτῶν) ̣ ̣] μ̣έσου μελίχρω μακρο|11προσώπου οὐλὴ ὠφρυ̣ί̣ ἀρ[ισ]τ̣ε̣[ρ]ᾷ ἐν ἀγυιᾷ τὴν ὑπάρ̣|12χουσαν αὐτῇ δούλην Εὐφρο̣[σ]ύ̣ν̣ην̣ ὡς (ἐτῶν) λε μέση\ν/ με|13λίχρω μακροπρόσωπον̣ [ο]ὐλ̣ὴ̣ [ vac. ? ] | 14 οἰκογενῆ ἐγ δούλης Δη̣[μ]ητ̣[ρο]ῦτ̣ος ἀργυρίου ἐπισ[ή]|15μου δραχμῶν δέκα καὶ ὧν τ̣[έ]τ̣ακτε (l. τ[έ]τακται) ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τῇ | 16 προγεγραμμένῃ αὐτῆς̣ δ̣εσποδιτι (l. δεσπότιδι) Ἀλινην (l. Ἀλίνῃ) Θέων Διο|17νυσίου τοῦ Λέοντος μητρὸς Ἰσιώνης τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς | 18 πόλεως ὡς (ἐτῶν) μγ μέσος μ̣ε̣λ̣ίχρως μ̣ακρ̣ο̣πρόσωπος̣ | 19 οὐλὴ γαστροκνημί̣ᾳ δεξ̣ι̣ᾷ λύτρων ἀργυρίου σεβα̣[σ]|20τοῦ νομίσματο̣ς̣ δραχμῶν ὀκτακοσίων ἐκ χαλ̣|21κοῦ τ̣α̣λ̣άντ[ο]υ̣ δέκα τ‹ρ›ισ̣χι̣[λ]ί̣αις̣ (‘Aline the daughter of Komon, son of Dionysios and of Cleopatra daughter of Dionysius, of the city of the Oxyrhynchi, age about [. . .], medium height, honey-coloured complexion, long face, scar vac., accompanied by her guardian who is her own son, Komon the son of Mnesitheus son of Petesouchus, of the aforesaid city, age about [   ] years, medium height, honey-coloured complexion, long face, scar on his left eyebrow, acting in the public street, has set free, under the sanction of Zeus, Earth and Sun, the she-slave Euphrosyne, who is her property, age about 35 years, medium height, honey-coloured complexion, long face, scar vac., home-bred, from the she-slave Demetrous, on payment of ten drachmae of coined silver, and the ransom money that Theon the son of Dionysios, son of Leon and of Isione, of the aforesaid city, age about 43 years, medium height, honey-coloured complexion, long face, scar on the right calf, has agreed to surrender for her to the aforesaid owner Aline, i.e., 800 drachmae of imperial silver coin, in bronze ten talents 3,000 drachmae’) (transl., editio princeps, p. 49).

Bibl.: Bieżuńska-Małowist (1966): 435-436; Messeri Savorelli (1978): 271-277; Scholl (1990): 160-170; Istasse (2000): 338-340; Quenouille (2002): 76-78; Straus (2009): 234 with further literature in n. 5; Colella (2021): 121-128.

M.Chr. 361.6-10 (355, Eleph) [ἀφικέναι ὑμᾶς ἐλευθέρους ὑπὸ Γῆν καὶ Οὐρανόν]; 362.1-11 (221, Herm) [inter amicos manumisit liberamque esse iussit]; P.Freib. II 10.3-6 (196, PtolEu) [ὁμολογεῖ*, πεποῆσθαι τὴν ἐλευθέρωσιν*]; P.Kell. I 48.3-13 (355, Kellis) [ὁμολογῶ ἀπελευθερωκέναι]; P.Köln III 157.7-15 (589, ApolHept) [κατέστησά σε ἐλεύθερον]; P.Mil.Vogl. IV 235.3-10 (37-69 or 81-98, Ox) [ἀφεῖκε ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον]; P.Oslo III 129.1-8 (III. Antin) [ed.: ὑπ]ὸ Δία ἥλιον ἐπὶ γῆς;]; P.Oxy. IV 722.5-24,35-39 (91/107, Ox) [ἀφεῖκαν ἐλευθέραν ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον]; 723.2-4 (138-161, Ox); IX 1205.2-9 (291, Ox) [ed.: μεταξὺ φίλων ἠλευθε|[ρώσαμεν καὶ ἀπελύσαμεν – ca.17 – ἀπὸ] παντὸς τοῦ πατρωνικοῦ δικαίου καὶ ἐξουσίας πάσης;]; XXXVIII 2843.5-19 (86, Ox) [ἀφεῖκεν ἐλευθέραν ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον]; P.Stras. IV 238.5-11 (177/8, PtolEu) [ὁμολογεῖ; ἡμέρᾳ ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον]; P.Turner 19.3-7 (101, Ox) [ἀφεῖκεν ἐλευθέραν ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον]; 26.4-8 (195-198, PtolEu) [ὁμολογεῖ*; πεποιῆσθαι τὴν ἐλευθέρωσιν*]; SB I 5616.3-7 (I, Ox) [πρὸς ἐλευθέρωσιν; ὑπὸ Διὰ Γῆν Ἥλιον]; XIV 11998.4-7 (116A-100A, PtolEu) [ἀφῆκεν ἐλευθέραν]; XXVIII 16852.8-15 (132A, Antai) [ἀπηλευθέρωσαν].

15. Adoption

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The act of adoption is recorded in three documents, dating to the fourth and sixth centuries CE. In P.Lips. I 28.8-19 = M.Chr. 363 (381 CE, Hermopolis) the text comprises [1] an account of the ‘background’, explaining why the adoption is necessary [ll. 8-10: ἐπειδὴ ὁ μειζότερος | [υ]ἱ̣[ὸ]ς ἐμοῦ τῆς προκειμένης Τεεῦτος τελευτῶν Παπνούθιο̣ς̣ τ̣ὸ̣ ὄ̣νο̣μ̣α̣ | 10 κ̣[α]τέλειψε[ν υ]ἱὸν Παῆσιν τὴν προσηγορίαν ὡς (ἐτῶν) ι πλείω ἔλατ[το]ν̣ (‘Since the elder son of mine, the aforementioned Teeus, Papnouthios by name, has passed away and left a son, Paesis by name, approximately 10 years of age’) [compare also P.Oxy. XVI 1895.5-9 (554 CE, Oxyrhynchos)]; [2] the ‘decision’ [ll. 10-12: ἔδοξεν δὲ | [ὥσ]τ̣ʼ ἐμὲ τὸν [ἀ]δελ[φ]ὸν αὐτοῦ Σιλβανὸν κατʼ εὐσεβίαν τοῦτον τὸν παῖ̣[δ]α ἔ̣χειν | [καθʼ] υ̣ἱ̣οθεσίαν πρὸς τὸ δύνανσθαι ἀνατρέφεσθαι εὐγενῶς καὶ γνησίως (‘It was decided that I, his brother Silvanus, shall take this child by adoption out of reverence, so that he may be brought up nobly and as a legitimate child’; [3] acknowledgment of delivery (cf. also ‘ekdosis’) [ll. 12-16: κατ̣[ὰ] τ[ο]ῦτο | 13 [ὁμο]λο̣[γοῦ]με[ν ἐ]γ̣ὼ μὲν ἡ Τεεὺς π̣[αρ]α̣δεδωκέναι σοὶ [τ]ῷ Σιλβανῷ τὸν μνημονευθέν|14τα παῖδ[α] π̣ρ[ὸς υἱ]οθεσίαν μετ[ὰ] τῆ[ς π]ατρῴας αὐτοῦ [κ]λ̣η̣[ρον]ομίας καὶ μη[τ]ρ̣ῴ̣[ας] ἔν τε γηδί|15οις καὶ οἰκοπ̣έ̣[δο]ις καὶ ἐνδομενικοῖ[ς] διαφόροις εἴδεσι πρ[ὸ]ς τὸ εἶναι σοῦ υἱ[ὸ]ν γηνσιον καὶ πρω|16τότοκον ὡς ἐξ ἰδίου αἵματος γεννηθέντα σοι (‘and in the same manner we acknowledge that I, Teeus, have delivered to you, Silvanus, the aforementioned child for the purpose of adoption together with his paternal and maternal estate, consisting of land, buildings, and chattels of every kind so that he will be your legitimate and eldest son as if he were born to you of your own flesh and blood.’ [Compare also P.Oxy. IX 1206.6-10 (335, Oxyrhynchos); XVI 1895.9-11 (554 CE, Oxyrhynchos)]; [4] acknowledgment of acceptance of the child by his adoptive father (cf. also ‘paralempsis’): ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ Σιλβανὸς παρειληφέναι παρὰ | 10 σοῦ τῆς μητρός μου Τεεῦτος τὸν προκείμενον υἱὸν Παπνουθίου πρὸς υἱοθεσίαν ὅνπερ | 11 θρέψω καὶ ἱματιζῶ (l. ἱματιῶ) εὐγενῶς καὶ γνησίως ὡς υἱὸν γνήσιον καὶ φυσικὸν ὡς | 12 ἐξ ἐ[μ]οῦ γενόμενον (‘And I, the aforementioned Silvanus, acknowledge that I have received from you, my mother Teeus, by adoption, the aforesaid son of Papnouthios, whom I will raise and clothe nobly and legally as if he were my own lawful and natural son.’) compare also P.Oxy. XVI 1895.8-9 (554 CE, Oxyrhynchos)]

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1955): 133-136; Wolff (1974): 93-99; Rupprecht (1983): 63-64; Tirla (2022): 968-976.

16. Act of Marriage (Miscellaneous)

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The taking of one partner by the other (e.g., a wife by a husband) is commonly portrayed as an act of marriage. The verb generally used to denote this act is ἐκδίδωμι (cf., ekdosis). There are cases, however, in which entering a family household is described differently. In the ostracon BGU VI 1463.7 (246 BCE, Elephantine), the wife is said to have been ‘led into’ her husband’s house: εἰσπορεύσεται δὲ Φ[ιλωτέρα] πρὸς Ἀκέσανδρον α Τῦβι. In CPR I 30 frag. 2.14-16 (VI/VII CE, Herakleopolites) and the groom is reported to have the virgin bride as his lawfully wedded wife: ὁμολογεῖ ὁ μὲν προρηθεὶς | 15 λαμπρό(τατος) Μέγας ἔχειν τὴν αὐτὴν θυγατέρα πάρθενον | 16 τῆς αὐτῆς Καλῆς ἰδίαν καὶ νομίμην γυναῖκα κ[αὶ -ca.?- ] (‘The aforesaid magnificent Megas acknowledges that he has received the same virgin daughter of the same Kale as his own wedded wife’). A different, ‘egalitarian’ formulation appears in marriage synchoreseis from Augustan Alexandria: the partners declare that they have ‘approached each other (to form) a community of marriage’. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1052.5-7 (13 BCE, Alexandria): συνχωροῦσιν Θέρμιον | 6 καὶ Ἀπολλώνιος Πτολεμαίου συνεληλυ|7θέναι ἀλλήλοις πρὸς βίου κοινωνίαν (‘Thermion and Apollonios son of Ptolemaios concede that they have joined each other to share a common life’). This unique formulation is also evident three and a half centuries later in P.Ross.Georg. III 28.6-11 (343/358 CE, Arsinoites). The document reports the joining in marriage, which is then followed by the acceptance of the husband by his future father-in-law, the latter promising to provide his daughter with clothing on account of doryphion: ἐπὶ τῷ [τ]ὸν Αὐρήλιον Ἀσ̣ὴ̣π̣ συνέρχεσθαι τῇ τοῦ | 7 Ἄρωνος θυγατρὶ Ἀπίᾳ πρὸς γάμου κοινωνίαν. ἀλ‹λ›ʼ ὁ Ἄρω(ν) | 8 π‹ε›ισμοσύνῃ ὑποδέξατο (l. ὑπεδέξατο) τὸν Ἀσὴπ γυμνι‹τ›εύοντα | 9 ἀπὸ τῆς οὔσης πρώτης ἰνδικτίονος καὶ παρέσχετο | 10 ὁ Ἄρων τῇ ἑαυτοῦ θυγατρὶ εἰς λόγον δωρυφίου δελμα|11τικομαφ̣ό̣ρια [τ]ρία καὶ παλλ[ί]ον ἕν (‘On the condition that said Aurelios Asep shall join Apia, daughter of Aron in community of marriage, and on his part Aron, has welcomed with obedience Asep, in a state of destitute from the present first indiction and said Aron has provided his own daughter on account of dorhyphion three dalmatic coats and one cloak’).

Bibl.: Wolff (1939): 20-21, 38-39; Beaucamp (1992): 105-108; Yiftach (2003): 41-54.

BGU IV 1050.5-7 (12/1A, Alex); 1051.7-9 (30a-14, Alex); 1052.5-7 (13A, Alex); 1098.6-10 (19A-15A, Alex); 1099.5-7 (30a-14, Alex); 1101.4-6 (13A, Alex); VI 1463.7 (246A, Eleph); CPR I 30.b.14-16 (VI/VII, HerakN); P.Ross.Georg. III 28.6-11 (343/358, ArsN); SB VI 8986.7-17 (641, Apol); XVIII 13886.7-11 (488/9, OxN).

17. Dowry

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

A dowry—a set of items of value assigned by the wife’s family, or the wife herself, to the husband on the occasion of the marriage—is recorded in all Greek marriage documents from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. The routine term for the dowry, pherne, is already attested in the third century BCE. Marriage documents from the Ptolemaic period and the first century record the value of the pherne but not of individual items. The delivery of the pherne may be recorded in the ekdosis clause, where it is stated that the wife, having been ‘given out’ in marriage, has brought along her dowry (see ekdosis). However, the delivery of the pherne may also be recorded independently. In P.Tebt. I 104.1-4 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris), which may be considered a paradigm at least for the Ptolemaic period, the formulation used for the acknowledgment of receipt — ὁμολογεῖ ἔχειν παρά, followed by the assignor of the dowry in the genitive — is no different from that used in any other type of acknowledgment of receipt.  The object of the delivery, however, is titled a pherne and is said to be given ‘for the benefit’ (here: ὑπέρ + gen., elsewhere also ἐπί + dat.) of the bride: ὁμολογεῖ | 9 Φιλίσκος Ἀπολλωνίο[υ] Π[έρσ]ης τῆς ἐπιγονῆς Ἀπολλωνίαι τῆι | 10 καὶ Κελλαύθει̣ Ἡρακλε[ίδου] Περσίνηι μετὰ κ[υρί]ου τοῦ ἑαυτῆς | 11 δαλφοῦ (l. ‹ἀ›δελφοῦ) Ἀπολλωνίου ἔ[χει]ν παρʼ [α]ὐτῆς εἰς χαλκοῦ νομίσ|12ματος λόγον τάλαντα δύο καὶ δραχμὰς τετρακισχιλία[ς] τὴν διω|μολογημένην αὐτῶι φερνὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς Ἀπολλωνίας (‘Philiskos son of Apollonios, a Persian of the epigone, acknowledges to Apollonia, also known as Kellauthis, daughter of Herakleides, a Persian, with Apollonios her brother acting as her kyrios, that he has received from her in bronze money two talents and four thousand drachmae, the dowry for Apollonia upon which he has agreed’).

Two additional categories, first recorded after the Roman conquest, are parapherna and prosphora. The former consists of chattels destined for the wife’s use in the course of the marriage; the latter comprises landed property and slaves, first assigned to the husband for usufruct in the course of the marriage. In both cases, the dowry category is marked ‘ἄνευ διατιμήσεως’ (‘without valuation’). In the case of the prosphora, the scribe records the object by invoking the terminology used in other documents pertaining to its conveyance, particularly sales. Cf., especially, P.Ryl. II 154.10-18 (66 CE, Bacchias): ἄνευ δι̣[ατ]ι̣μή̣σ̣[ε]ως εἰς καρπίαν κ[α]ὶ ἐν̣ πρ̣[οσφ]ορᾷ ἀπ[ὸ] τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ιγ (ἔτους) [Ν]έρων[ος Κλ]α[υδίου] | 11 [Καί]σαρος Σεβασ[το]ῦ Γερμανικοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος τὸν ὑπάρχοντα αὐτῶι Σισ[όι]τι περὶ Βακχιάδα κ[λῆρ]ον | 12 [κατ]οικικὸν ἀρο[υ]ρῶν δέκα ἡμίσους τετάρτου ἐν δυσὶ σφραγ{ε}ῖσι ἀ̣φʼ ὧν ἐν τῶι λεγομέν[ωι] Σ̣αδήι [κλ]ήρ[ο]υ | 13 [ἄρο]υραι ἑπτὰ ἥμισ[υ τ]έτ[α]ρτον, ὧν γείτονες το̣ύτ̣[ω]ν̣ νότου πρότε[ρ]ον Ἡρα[κλεί]δου τοῦ Ζωί̣[λο]υ κλῆρ[ος βορρᾶ] | 14 [Ἀπολ]λωνίου τοῦ Στράτωνος κλῆρος λιβὸς διῶρυξ λεγομένη{ι} Ἀρχείου διʼ οὗ ἀποχειεται (l. ἀποχεῖται) ὁ κλῆρ[ο]ς ἀπ[η]|15[λιώ]του Πεθεῦτο[ς] τοῦ Πτόλλιδος κλῆρος, ἀνὰ μέσον ὄντος κοινοῦ ὑδραγωγοῦ διʼ οὑ (l. ἧς) ποτίζεται [ὁ] κλῆ[ρος,] | 16 [τῆ]ς δὲ δευτέρας σφ[ρ]αγ{ε}ῖδος τῶν λοιπῶν ἀρουρῶν τριῶν ἐν τῶι λεγομένωι Πιενηούιος, γε[ί]τονε[ς] | 17 [δὲ] καὶ τούτων νό[του] Βακχί̣[ο]νος τοῦ Ἀμμω[νίου] κλῆρος β[ορρ]ᾶ Πα[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]εῦτος τ[οῦ ̣ ̣] ̣ι̣ν̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] | 18 [κλ]ῆ̣ρ̣ο̣ς λιβὸς διῶρυξ εἰς ὁν (l. ἣν) εἰσχεῖτα[ι] ὁ κλῆρ[ος] ἀπηλιωτος (l. ἀπηλιώτου) Π̣[ι]σ̣ιστρά[το]υ κλήρου (l. κλῆρος) (‘… and without valuation in usufruct as a gift from the present 13th year of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Imperator the catoecic holding of 10 3/4 arouras, the property of Sisois, in the area of Bacchias in two plots, consisting of 7 3/4 arouras of a holding in the place called Sade, the boundaries of which are, on the south, the holding formerly belonging to Herakleides son of Zoilos; on the north, the holding of Apollonios son of Straton; on the west, the dyke known as that of Archias by which the holding is drained; on the east, the holding of Petheus son of Ptollis, separated by a common water channel by which the holding is irrigated, and the second plot containing the remaining 3 arouras situated in the place called after Pieneouis, the boundaries of which are, on the south, the holding of Bacchion son of Ammonios; on the north, the holding of Pa[. . .]eus son of  [   ]; on the west, the dyke into which the holding drains; (and) on the east, the holding of Pisistratus’). (transl.: Select Papyri I, p. 15).

In the case of the parapherna, the inclusion of a detailed account of the wife’s chattels entailed the creation (at least in the Greek context) of a new terminology reporting the nature of the object, its material composition (in the case of jewelry: the metal), its weight, and, in the case of clothes, its delivery condition. Cf, e.g., P.Mich. V 343.2-6 (54 CE, Tebtynis): καὶ παράφερνα ἄνευ διατιμήσεως ἅλυσιν χρυσῆν | 3 [ -20-25- ]ν τετάρτων τεσσάρων ἄμφω τ[ο]ῦ χρυσίου δοκιμήου (l. δοκιμείου) Ἀλεξανδρίου καὶ ἐντοπίου χρυσίου ἐνωτιου (l. ἐνώτιον) χρυσοῦν τετάρτων τεσσάρων καὶ μηνισκην (l. μηνίσκον) χρυσοῦν τετάρτων τριῶν καὶ εἰσκεφα|4[ -20-25- ] ἓξ καὶ ψ{σ}ελίων ἀργυρ{ι}ῶν ζεῦκος (l. ζεῦγος) [ὁλ]κῆς ἀσήμου δραχμῶν ‹ε›ἴκοσι καὶ κλάλιων (l. κλάλιον) ἀργυροῦν ὁλκῆς ἀσήμου δραχμῶν ο{ὐ}κτὼ καὶ μύστρον ἀργυροῦν ὁλκῆς δραχμο͂ν (l. δραχμῶν) τεσσάρον (l. τεσσάρων) καὶ χαλκώμα|5[τα -18-23- ] ̣ι ̣δον καὶ ζμημοδοκιτον (l. σμηματοδοκίδα) καὶ κά[τ]οπτρον δίπτυκον (l. δίπτυχον) καὶ ὑδρίσκος (l. ὑδρίσκας) ἓξ πάντα χαλκᾶ καὶ γυνεκῆα (l. γυναικεῖα) σκεουει (l. σκεύη) κασσιδεριον (l. κασσιτέρινα) ὁλκῆς μνῶν δέκα δυω (l. δύο) καὶ κυβοτὸν (l. κιβωτὸν) κυπαρίσσινον | 6 [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ καὶ στολὰς γ]υνεκίας (l. [γ]υναικείας) τρ‹ε›ῖς μία‹ν› μὲν λευκὴν τὴν δὲ δευτέραν κισσίνιν (l. κισσίνην) τὴν δὲ τρίτην κοκ‹κ›ίνην καὶ πάλλια δέκα συνμικτον (l. σύμμικτα) τοῖς χρόμασι (l. χρώμασι)· ‘[….] and as parapherna without valuation a gold necklace [   ] of four quarters, both of Alexandrian current gold coin, and a gold earring of native current gold coin of four quarters, and a gold lunette of three quarters, and a [    ] and a pair of silver armlets of a weight of twenty drachmas of uncoined metal, and a silver bracelet of a weight of eight drachmas of uncoined metal, and a silver spoon of a weight of four drachms, and bronze utensils [    ] and a box of ointment and a folding mirror and six water jars all of bronze, and women’s utensils of tin of a weight of twelve minas, and a cypress chest, and three women’s dresses, one white, the second ivy-colored, and the third scarlet, and ten cloaks of various colors’ (transl.: editio princeps, p. 337).

From the early second century, the prosphora, having previously been assigned to the husband by a member of the wife’s family, is now assigned to the wife as her permanent title. Since other dowry categories are still assigned to the husband, this shift entails the use of a separate clause to record the act of donation. In the new clause, the same taxonomy is used to describe the object. In the case of PSI X 1117.17-30 (126 CE, Tebtynis), recording the donation of a house, the manner of acquisition by the donor and the earlier owners are described. The verb, the perfect infinitive of προσφέρω, is new, as is the ‘eternity formulation’ (ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐ̣π̣ʼ ἀ̣ε̣ί̣): ἡ δὲ μήτηρ Ῥοδίνη | 18 αὐτόθ̣ε̣ν̣ [ὁ]μολογεῖ προσενηνοχέ̣ν̣α̣ι̣ | 19 τῇ θυγατρὶ Θεναπ̣ύγχει ‹ἐν› προσφ̣ο̣[ρᾷ(?)] | 20 κα̣[τὰ τήν]δε τὴ(ν) ὁ(μολογίαν) ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐ̣π̣ʼ ἀ̣ε̣ὶ̣ | 21 τὴν τε ὑπάρχουσαν αὐτῇ ἐν | 22 Τεπ(τύνει) ἀγο(ρασθεῖσαν) τῷ ι (ἔτει) θεοῦ Ἁδριανοῦ ἐπαγο(μένων) ε | 23 διὰ γρα(φείου) Τε̣π̣τ̣ύ̣ν̣ε̣ω̣ς π(ρότερον(?)) Πρωτᾶ τοῦ Ἑ̣ργέως | 24 οἰκ[ί]α̣ν̣ καὶ αἴθριον καὶ χρηστήρια | 25 καὶ \[ὁ]μοί(ως)/ τὸ ὑπάρχο(ν) αὐτῇ πρότερον τοῦ | 26 ἑαυτῆς πάτρωνος Ζεύδιος τοῦ προγεγρα(μμένου) | 27 α̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]της πεποιη(μένης) τῷ ζ (ἔτει) θεοῦ Ἁ̣δ̣ρ̣ι̣α̣ν̣ο̣ῦ̣ | 28 μη(νὸς) Τῦβ(ι) κϛ διʼ ἀγορα(νομείου) Τεπ(τύνεως) διαθήκης | 29 ἐν τῇ α(υτῇ) Τεπ(τύνει) (ἥμισυ) (τέταρτον) μέρο(ς) οἰκί(ας) καὶ αὐλ(ῆς) | 30 καὶ τῶν συνκυρό(ντων) πάντων (‘And Rhodine, the mother (of the bride), acknowledges that she has conveyed to her daughter Thenapynchis under the title of prosphora, in accordance with the present act of acknowledgement, from now and unto all time the house, court, and furniture that belong to her in Tebtynis, which she has purchased on the 5th of the epigomenai of the 10th year of divine Hadrian through the grapheion of Tebtynis, which formerly belonged to Protas son of Hergeus, and in the same manner the three-quarters share of a house and a yard and all appurtenances belonging to her in the same Tebtynis that were formerly of her own patron, the aforementioned Zeudis [    ] by means of a will composed in the 7th year of the divine Hadrian, on Tybi 26th, through the agoranomeion of Tebtynis’).

From the early second century onward, the pherne is used for the introduction into the marriage of specifically recorded items that had previously been recorded under the title of parapherna. In this stage, the pherne is marked as ἐν συντιμήσει (‘with an evaluation’) and the value indicated for the entire clause seems to be the total summing of the individual items. A description of the assessment procedure is made in documents composed outside Egypt. See, in particular, P.Dura 30.12-23 (232 CE, Quatna, near Dura Europos), where an introductory clause (ll. 10-14) sets forth the key dowry categories and then the process of its valuation: (τὴν Μαρκελλεῖναν)] π̣[α]ρ̣α̣φερο̣μ̣έ̣ν̣[ην ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣12 ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων | 13 αὐτῆς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ἐ̣σ̣θῆσι καὶ εἴδεσι διατ̣[ιμηθέ]ν̣τ̣α, ἀνδρῶν ἱκανῶν μεσιτῶ[ν], | 14 γένη τ̣ὰ ὑπογ̣ε̣γ̣ρ̣[αμ]μ̣ένα ‘( (Marcellina) bringing [   ] from her possessions [    ] in clothing and goods, having been valued with suitable men as mediators, the items written below…) (transl.: Evans-Grubbs (2002): 134). The clause is followed by a detailed inventory of the items with an indication of their individual value.

P.Yadin 18.7–14, 39–47 (128 CE, Maoza) gives a different picture: the core dowry, termed in Egypt the pherne, is called here prosphora. The document also records the category of proix, denoting in this particular context a stated amount of money that the husband pledges to deliver to his wife in the course of the marriage. A record of the husband’s contribution is first documented in Egypt in P.Stras. III 131.2-12 (363 CE, Arsinoites), where an account of the pherne (l. 6: reading uncertain), perhaps also termed the proix (l. 10), is followed by that of the hednon or doryphion, which the husband provides. ὁμολογεῖ Αὐρήλιος Λεόντιος Εὐβούλου ἀπὸ τῆς | 3 [ -ca.?- κώμης -ca.?- Φλαουίῳ Τι]αμβου (l. Τι]άμβῳ) οὐετρανῷ τῶν ἐντίμως ἀπο̣λελυμένων ἀπὸ οὐιξιλ|4[λαρίων -ca.?- ]έχοντι ἐν τῷ Ἀρσινοίτῃ ἔχειν παρʼ αὐτοῦ τὸν ὁμολογοῦντα Λεόντιον | 5 [ -ca.?- ἐπὶ τῇ θυγατρὶ Μαμουκίᾳ τ]ῇ συνερχωμενω (l. συνερχομένῃ) αὐτη (l. αὐτῷ) πρὸς γάμω (l. γάμου) κοινωνίαν φ[ε]ρ[νὴ]ν | 6 [ -ca.?- ]λευκοάμμινον ἡμιτριβὴν κλι̣μωτὸν ἀπὸ ῥιζ{ε}ίνης πορφύρας | 7 [ -ca.?- δελματίκιον -ca.?- ] ἀπὸ νικαεινῆς πορφύρας οὐγκιῶν τρειο͂ν (l. τριῶν), ἕτερων (l. ἕτερον) δελματίκιο̣ν̣ | 8 [ -ca.?- ]α μαφόριον λευκὸν ἡμιτριβήν, δίδωρον ἀπὸ ῥιζ{ε{ίνης πορφύρας | 9 [ -ca.?- ] ̣ον ἕν, προσκεφάλεον (l. προσκεφάλαιον) ἡμιτριβὴν τρίμειτον (l. τρίμιτον) ἕν, κάδιον χαλκοῦν̣ | 10 [ -ca.?- ] τῇ προικὶ καὶ παρέχι (l. παρέχει) εἰς λόγον ἕδνου ἤτοι δωρυφίου θρε [ -ca.?- ] | 11 [ -ca.?- ]αμβω ἅπερ πάντα καὶ προκίμενα τῆς φερνῆς [ -ca.?- ] | 12 [ὁμολογεῖ ἀποδεδέχθαι παρὰ Φλαουίου Τι(?)]αμβου καὶ ἔχειν παρὰ αὐτῶ (l. αὐτοῦ?). (‘Aurelios Leontios son of Euboulos from the village of [  ] acknowledges to Flavios Tiambos, a veteran of those honorably discharged from among the vexillarii [- – residing (?)] in the Arsinoite nome, that Leontios, the acknowledging party, has received from him for the benefit of his daughter Mamoukia, who has joined Leontios in the community of marriage, as a dowry (pherne), [ – – ] a half-worn-out sand-white sandal made from a root purple dye, [a plaid] made of Nicaean purple dye of three onces, and another plaid [ – – ], and a half-worn-out headscarf, a veil (?) made of root-purple dye, one [   ] one half-worn-out three-threaded cushion, one bronze vessel [ – – in?/to?] the dowry (proix), and adds on account of a wedding gift (hednon) or a doryphion [ – – ] all these items, and whatever has been recorded earlier under the heading of the pherne [ – – ] he acknowledges that he has received from Flavius Tiambus and obtained from him (?))’.

In the Byzantine period, at least six of 11 marriage documents record the husband’s acknowledgment of the debt of a dotal category, which he will pay his wife upon her future request. See, e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.3-8 (566-573 CE, Antinoopolis): ὅθεν εἰς ταύτην̣ | 4 ἥκω τὴν ἔγγραφον ἀσφαλείαν, καθʼ ἣν ὁμολογῶ ὀφείλειν καὶ χρεωστεῖν ὑπὲρ | 5 τ̣ῶ̣ν σῶν γαμικῶν ἕδν̣ων \ἤτοι πρὸ γάμο(υ) δωρ\ε/ῶν/ τῶν συμπ̣εφω̣[ν]η̣μ̣έν[ω]ν̣ κ[αὶ] συναρε̣σάντων μεταξ[ὺ] \[ἐ]μοῦ/ | 6 καὶ σοῦ, χρ(υσοῦ) νο(μίσματα) δεσπ(οτικὰ) δοκ(ίμου) ϛ π̣(αρὰ) λ̣ϛ, ζ(υγῷ) (καὶ(?)) σταθμ(ῷ) Ἀν̣τι(νόου). καὶ ταῦτα ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν τῇ σ̣ῇ̣ | 7 εὐγενείᾳ ὁ̣π̣ό̣τα̣ν̣ βουληθῇς, δ̣ίχα πάσης ἁγνωμοσύνης καὶ ὑ̣περθέσεως, κι̣ν̣[δύνῳ] | 8 κα̣ὶ̣ πόρῳ καὶ τιμήματι τῆς ἐμῆ̣ς̣ ὑποστάσε[ω]ς γενικῶς καὶ ἰδικῶς (‘Hence I have come to compose this written act of security, by which I acknowledge that I owe you and am indebted on account of wedding gifts and donations in anticipation of marriage that has been agreed and approved by me and you, six imperial coins of approved gold reduced by 36 karats, by measure and standard of Antinoopolis, and I am prepared to give them to your nobility whenever you wish, with neither arrogance nor delay, at my own risk and mortgaging all my property, generally and severally’).

Bibl.: Montevecchi (1936): 38-52; Häge (1968): 62-74, 141-160, 221-230, 257-267; Yiftach (2003): 175-182.

BGU I 183.3-6 (85, SokN) [pherne]; 232.2-6 (108, Metrodorou Epoikion); 251.2-4 (81, SokN); 252.3-6 (98, PtolEu) [pherne]; II 609.6-7 (441/2, UP); III 717.3-15 (149, ArsN) [parapherna]; IV 1045.1.5-16 (154, Alabanthis?) [pherne, parapherna]; 1050.7-11 (12/1A, Alex) [pherne]; 1051.9-14 (30A-14, Alex) [pherne]; 1052.7-11 (13A, Alex) [phernarion]; 1098.10-16 (19A-15A, Alex) [pherne]; 1099.7-10 (30A–14, Alex) [pherne]; 1101.6-9 (13A, Alex) [pherne]; VI 1283.7-20 (216/5A, OxN) [pherne]; XIII 2328.1-6, 10-12 (Vm, ArsN); CPR I 21.2.3-20 (230, PtolEu) [pherne]; 22.2-8, 9-20 (158, ArsN) [pherne, parapherna, prosphora]; 24.4-8, 8-20 (136, PtolEu) [pherne, prosphora]; 27.3-11 (189, PtolEu) [pherne, parapherna]; 28.2-4 (110, PtolEu) [pherne, parapherna?]; 30.b.1-12 (VI/VII, Herak?) [arrhabon, doryphion]; 234.3-11 (II, ArsN); 236.2-4 (81-96, SokN) [prosphora]; 238.a.3-10 (II, ArsN) [pherne]; VII 33.1-20? (II, UP) [prosphora?]; XVIII 6.108-111 (231A/206A, Theog) [pherne]; 8.152-157 (231A/206A, Samaria) [pherne]; 12.237-243 (231A/206A, Oxyrhyncha) [pherne]; 13.259-263 (231A/206A, Oxyrhyncha) [pherne]; 17.348-353 (231a/206a, Kalliphanous) [pherne]; 20.409-414 (231/206A, Dikaiou Nesos) [pherne]; 28.97-101 (232A/206A, ArsN) [pherne]; P.Amst. I 40.1.1-13 (I, UP) [pherne]; P.Athen. 30r.1-4 (178/9, ArsN) [pherne, parapherna]; P.Bodl. I 61d.1-6 (II, ArsN) [parapherna?]; 93.1-13 (II/III, UP) [pherne]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67006v.18-98 (566-570, Antin?); III 67340v.6-9 (VI, Antin); P.Col. VIII 227.1-8 (late IIl/IIIe, UP); P.Dime III 39GH.8-12 (11/10A, SokN); 40GH.1-5 (28?, SokN); 40GH.6-7 (28?, SokN) [pherne]; P.Dura 30.12-28 (232 Qatna, Near Dura Europos) [undesignated]; P.Eleph. 1.12-23 (310A, Eleph) [undesignated]; P.Flor. I 24.4-7, ll. 4-5 (III, ArsN) [pherne]; P.Freib. III 17.6-11 (179/8A, Phil) [pherne?]; 26.6-9 (178A, Phil) [pherne]; 29.5-7 (178A, Phil) [pherne]; 30.3-6 (179/8A, Phil) [pherne]; 31.5-10 (178, Phil) [pherne]; P.Giss. 2.11-15 (173A, Krok) [pherne]; P.Hamb. III 220.2-7 (223/4, PtolEu?) [pherne]; 223.1-11 (113, UP) [pherne?]; P.Hever 65.3-5 (131, Maoza) [M] ?; P.Hib. II 208.1-9? (265A/250A, Hibeh) [pherne]; P.Ifao I 30.4-20 (138-160, ArsN) [pherne, parapherna]; III 5.1-6 (II, Ox) [pherne]; P.Laur. I 8.4-6 (II, ArsN); 8.7-10 (II, ArsN) [pherne]; P.Lond. II 294.3-9, 9-10 (160, PtolEu) [pherne]; V 1711.18-26 [with P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.3-6] (566-573, AntinN) [donatio propter nuptias]; P.Lund VI 3.6-10 (139, UP); P.Mert. II 72.4-21 (162, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; III 105.10-16 (164/5, Teb) [pherne]; P.Mich. II 121r.2.2.7-10 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.3.1.2-3 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.3.7.3 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.3.12.2-3 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.4.1.1-4 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.4.3.1 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.4.4.1-2 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna]; 121r.4.7.1-4 (42, Teb) [pherne, parapherna, prosphora]; V 339.1-3 (46, Teb); 340.1-16 (45/6, Teb) [prosdosis, pherne]; 341.2-3 (47, Teb) [pherne, prosphora]; 343.1-8 (54, Teb) [pherne, parapherna, prosphora]; 347.11-12 (21, Teb) [Egyptian]; XV 700.4-9 (143/153, Kar) [pherne]; P.Mich.Inv. 92.5-12 (73/4, Ox); P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.2-8 (172-175, Teb) [pherne]; P.Münch. I 3.10-16 (580, Sy) [donatio propter nuptias]; P.Oxy. II 265.2-4 (81-96, Ox) [parapherna?, prosphora]; III 496.2-4, 4-8 (127, Ox) [pherne, prosphora]; 606.1-6 (IIe, Ox) [pherne, parapherna?]; VI 905.5-8 (170, OxN) [pherne, parapherna]; X 1273.5-22 (260, OxN) [pherne]; XII 1473.1-8 (201, OxN) [proix]; XVI 1978.1-10 passim (VI, Ox) [‘parapherna’]; XLIX 3491.5-6, 6-9, 9-17 (157/8, Ox) [pherne, parapherna]; P.Ross.Georg. III 28.7-11 (343/358, ArsN) [doryphion]; P.Ryl. II 154.2-18 (66, Bac) [pherne, parapherna, prosphora]; P.Stras. III 131.2-12 (363, ArsN) [pherne, donatio propter nuptias, doryphion, proix]; IV 225.1-9, ll. 1-5 (IIs, UP) [pherne]; 225.10-24, ll. 10-19 (IIs, UP) [pherne]; 237.4-19 (142, PtolEu) [pherne, parapherna?]; VI 533.1-9 (II, UP) [pherne?, parapherna?]; IX 807.1-7 (98-117, Thead?) [pherne, prosphora]; P.Tebt. I 104.1-4, 8-13 (92A, Kerkeosiris) [pherne]; II 405.1-5 passim (III, Teb) [pherne]; III.1 815.dr.1.1-10, ll. 2-5 (223/2A, Teb) [pherne]; P.Ups.Frid 2.2-4 (59/60, Teb) [pherne]; P.Yadin 18.7-14, 39-47 (128, Maoza) [prosphora, proix]; PSI I 36a.1.4-2.14 (12/13 Thead?); 64.6-11 (IIA/IA, Ox); X 1115.3-16 (152, Teb) [pherne, prosphora]; 1117.1-17, 17-30 (138, Teb) [pherne, parapherna, prosphora]; PSI Cong. XX 10r 14-28, ll. 17-23 (173/4, OxN) [pherne?]; SB V 7535.5-16 (198/9, PtolEu) [paratheke]; VI 8986.17-19 (641, Apol) [donatio propter nuptias]; 9000.5-10 (161-180, Ox); 9372.3-19, 19-28 (II, Ox) [pherne, parapherna]; XII 10924.3-10 (114 Thead) [pherne, parapherna]; 11053.1.2-5 (267A?, Tholt?); 11075 passim (Vf, Ox) [‘parapherna’, ‘prosphora’]; XXIV 16072.8-9 (12A, Alex) [pherne]; XXVI 16502.16-19 (304, Herm) [pherne, prosphora]; XXVIII 16944.4 (97, UP); 17049.1 (II, Teb) [parapherna];17050.1-5 (II, Teb) [pherne?, parapherna?, prosphora]; SPP XX 41 passim (II, HermN?) [pherne, parapherna].

Section III. Conveyance of Fungibles

18. Act of Loan

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The ‘act of lending’ clause records the delivery of fungibles in anticipation of the return of fungibles of equal quantity and quality in the future. Although loan contracts also anticipate the payment of interest, not a few loans in documents from the Ptolemaic period and in Augustan Alexandria are said to be ἄτοκος, while others simply do not record interest (Cf. Pestman, 1971; Vandorpe (2019): 118). In the creation clause, cash is the object of 731 documents, grain in 171, and liquids in 12. In the earliest formulation, already attested in documents from the third century BCE [Type1], the scribe records the act of lending in the protocol style (ἐδαίνεσεν), sometimes with reference to its being attended by witnesses (e.g., BGU X 1963 frag. c, 11: 212/1 BCE, Oxyrhynchites) or to its delivery upon the sealing of the document (e.g., BGU VI 1274.7-8: 218/7 BCE, Takona). Here, akin to contemporary leases, the lender appears in the nominative, the borrower in the dative, and the remuneration reported in the genitive absolute. The terminology, of course, is different: the verb signifying the act of lending is δανείζω, the principal is termed δάνειον, and the interest τόκος or τόκοι. The interest, proportional to the value of the loan (per mna) and the duration of the loan (per month), appears in the genitive; the routine formulations are τόκου ὡς δραχμῆς μιᾶς or τόκου δραχμιαίου (rarely -ωβολειου) + τῆς μνᾶς or τῇ μνᾷ + κατὰ μῆνα, μῆνα ἕκαστον or μηνὸς ἑκάστου. The same formulation remains in use throughout Egypt in the first two centuries CE (cf., e.g., P.Fouad 47.4-12: 47 CE, Arsinoites). The key change is the addition of the qualifying genitive κεφαλαίου, occasionally extended in the Oxyrhynchite nome by the phrasing αἷς οὐδὲν τῶι καθόλου προσῆκται (‘as principal, to which nothing has been added at all’) (e.g., P.Oxy. III 506.12: 143 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The protocol style is also used to record the lending of grain. Here the word τόκος is invoked in documents from the middle and late Ptolemaic period; yet unlike the case of cash loans, in which the interest rate is proportional to the duration of the debt, where grain is lent, the rate is fixed at 50% [cf., Markiewicz (2006); Vandorpe (2019)]. This is the only case in which the ἡμιολία does not constitute a penalty. Cf., e.g, P.Berl.Möller 4.5-11 (3 CE, Philadelphia): ἐδάν‹ε›ισεν | 6 Ἡρακλῆς Ἡρακλε̣ί̣ους Σαμβαθίωνι Διο|7νυσίου Πέρσῃ τ[ῆς] ἐπιγονῆς τὰς τῆς κρι|8θῆς πρὸς τὸ Ἑρμ̣οφάντου δ‹ε›ῖγμα ἀρτάβας ἓξ | 9 σὺν τῇ προση̣γ̣μ̣ένῃ ἡμιολίᾳ, ἃς καὶ εἴληφε|10ν παρʼ αὐτοῦ παραχρ[ῆ]μα ἅμα τῇ συγγραφῇ | 11 ταύτῃ τιθεμένῃ κυρίᾳ (‘Herakles son of Herakles lent to Sambathion son of Dionysios, Persian of the Epigone, six artabai of barley of the brand of Hermophantos, including the added half, which he (i.e., the borrower) received from him (i.e., the lender) as soon as this contract was completed’) (transl.: CPJ II, p. 180).

In the Roman period, scribes routinely record not delivery by the lender but receipt by the borrower. Accordingly, the borrower stands as the subject of the clause, in the nominative. In the Alexandrian evidence, primarily from the time of Augustus, the introductory verb is συγχωρέω while everywhere else one uses ὁμολογέω. In both cases, the finite verb takes the infinitive ἔχειν [Type2], which in the fourth century gives way to ἐσχηκέναι [Type3]. Eἰληφέναι [Type4] is also used, primarily in documents from Alexandria, but not very commonly. The creditor appears in the genitive preceded by the preposition παρά. In the early Principate, the loan category appears in the accusative, as does the commodity itself. In later times, the category is commonly recorded in the dative, introduced by the preposition ἐν (ἐν χρήσει, ἐν παραθέσει).

The object is still occasionally labelled δάνειον [2a,3a,4a] but only in Alexandrian synchoreseis or hypographai from the Arsinoite nome, where the addition of the anaphoric article τό before δάνειον indicates that it refers to the creation clause in the body of the text, which still follows the Ptolemaic paradigm (cf., e.g., BGU XI 2044.a.34-35, b.2: 46 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos). Another category of delivery, used only in cases of cash loans, is the paratheke [Type2d, 3d, 4d]. Here no mention is made of interest and no other loan-related vocabulary is used. As is not the case with loans, the clause invokes the phrase ἀκίνδυνον παντὸς κινδύνου καὶ ἀνυπόλογον παντὸς ὑπολόγου (‘warranted against all risk and subject to no deductions for loss’), which thus becomes one of the paratheke’s most distinctive features [cf. Wollentin (1961): 54-61; Simon (1965): 62-64]. Further down in the document, it is stipulated that the borrower should return the money immediately upon the lender’s request.

In the Roman period, a ‘regular’ loan is either labelled a chresis [Type2b, 3b, 4b], or is not labelled at all [Type2c, 3c, 4c]. In the context of the chresis, three elements stand out: [1] Αs long as the chresis is recorded as a direct, object it is commonly qualified as ἔντοκος ‘interest-bearing’. [2] In 59 of the 71 cases recorded below, the clause does not record the interest rate. [3] In the genitive, the substantive κεφάλαιον is intertwined into the account of the amount of the loan. See, e.g., P.Lond. II 308.4-14 (145 CE, Herakleia): ὁμολογεῖ | 5 Ἀπολλώνιος Κάστορος [τ]ο̣ῦ Σαμβᾶ ἀπὸ ἀμφόδου | 6 Βιθυνῶν ἄλλων τόπων Πέρσης τῆς ἐπιγονῆς | 7 ὡς (ἐτῶν) λβ οὐλὴ δακτύλῳ πρότῳ (l. πρώτῳ) χειρὸς ἀριστερᾶς | 8 Στοτοῆτι Ὥρου τοῦ Πανεφρέμμεως ἱερεῖ ὡς (ἐτῶν) λα | 9 οὐλὴ δακτύλῳ δευτέρῳ χειρὸς δεξιᾶς ἔχειν | 10 παρʼ αὐτοῦ τὸν ὁμολογοῦντα παραχρῆμα διὰ χει|11ρὸς χρῆσιν ἔντοκον ἀργυρίου κεφαλαίου δρα|12χμὰς διακοσίας καὶ πυροῦ ἐν γένει νεοῦ καθα|13ροῦ ἀδόλου ἀρτάβας δεκαπέντε μέτρῳ δρό|14μῳ τετραχοινίκῳ (‘Apollonios, son of Kastor, grandson of Sambas, from the quarter of the Bithynians and Neighborhood, a Persian of the epigone, approximately 42 years of age and bearing a scar on the first finger of his left hand, acknowledges to Stotoetis, son of Horos, grandson of Panephremmis, a priest, approximately 31 years old and with a scar on the second finger of his right hand, that he has received from him (the lender), forthwith and in cash, an interest-bearing loan consisting of a principal sum of two hundred silver drachmas, and in kind, fifteen artabae of new, clean, unadulterated wheat measured by the four-choinix standard’).

As for the group of unlabeled loans, a distinction should be made between two subgroups: [1] Cases in which the scribe mentions the principal or the interest or both. Cf., e.g., P.Genov. II 62.4-9 (98 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ὁμολογ(ῶ) | 5 ἔχειν π[α]ρὰ σοῦ δ[ι]ὰ χειρὸς ἐξ οἴκου ἀργυρίου σεβ(αστοῦ) νομίσμα(τος) | 6 δραχμὰς τριακοσίας πεντήκοντα ἓξ (γίνονται) ἀργ(υρίου) (δραχμαὶ) τνϛ | 7 κεφαλαίου, αἷς οὐδὲν τῷ καθόλου προσῆκται, τόκου δραχμιαίου | 8 ἑκάστης μνᾶς κατὰ μῆνα ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος μηνὸς | 9 Νέου Σεβαστοῦ (‘I acknowledge that I have received from you, from hand to hand out of your house, three-hundred fifty-six drachmas of imperial silver coinage, total 356 drachmas, as principal, to which nothing at all has been added, at an interest rate of one drachma per mna each month, from the present month of Neos Sebastos’). [2] Cases in which the document stipulates the borrower’s duty to repay the loan but eschews the use of ‘typical loan terminology’ in the creation clause and elsewhere in the document. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XLIX 3494.3-7 (175 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ὁμο[ολογῶ ἔχειν παρὰ σοῦ και παρα]|4μεμετρῆσθαι πυροῦ γενήματος τοῦ διελθόντος τεσσσαρεσκαιδε|5κάτου ἔτους δημοσίῳ ἡμιαρταβίῳ ἀρτάβας διακοσίας | 6 πεντήκοντα \ἑπτὰ/ ἥμισυ, γείνονται ἀρτάβαι διακόσιαι πεντήκον|7τα ἑπτὰ ἥμισυ (‘I acknowledge that I have received from you and have had measured out to me by the public half-artaba measure two hundred fifty-seven and a half artabae of wheat from the produce of the past fourteenth year, total two-hundred and fifty-seven and a half artabae…’) (transl.: editio princeps, pp. 205–206).

The clause changes drastically in the Byzantine era: [1] Instead of the present infinitive ἔχειν, the perfect infinitive ἐσχηκέναι is used, a form already attested in that context in the second century CE (P.Flor. I 72.2: 128/9 CE, Hermopolites). The verb is commonly paired with other infinitives that denote receipt: ἐσχηκέναι καὶ μεμετρῆσθαι, ἐσχηκέναι καὶ ἠριθμῆσθαι, and, in particular ἐσχηκέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι, recorded in 31 documents from the Hermopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes as well as from Antinoopolis and Panopolis. [2] The Early Roman categories degenerate and finally disappear. In their stead is introduced the expression εἰς ἰδίαν μου καὶ ἀναγκαίαν χρείαν (‘for my personal and pressing need’), which in the Byzantine period becomes one of the most distinctive features of the clause. The newly worded clause already reaches its final form in Kellis, in the middle of the fourth century CE. Cf. P.Kell. I 42.9-14 (364 CE): ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι | 10 παρὰ σοῦ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς ἰδίαν μου καὶ | 11 ἀναγκαίαν χρ[εί]αν καὶ ἠριθμῆσθαι διὰ | 12 χειρὸς ἀργυρίο[υ Σ]εβαστῶν νομίσματος | 13 τάλαντα πεν[τ]ακισχείλια, γί(νεται) ἀργ(υρίου) (τάλαντα) Ε | 14 κεφαλα[ίου (‘I acknowledge that I have received and borrowed from you henceforth for my private and immediate use and that I have been paid in cash five thousand silver talents of money of the emperors, total 5,000 silver talents, as a principal sum’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 126).

Equally common in the Byzantine period is the acknowledgement of debt, now distinctively couched. The clause does not record interest, invoke the kephalaion, or use the formulation εἰς ἰδίαν μου καὶ ἀναγκαίαν χρείαν. The verbs that report the debt are ὀφείλειν or χρεωστεῖν or, most frequently, a combination of both. The clause relates to the origin of the debt, mostly introduced through the prepositions ὑπέρ or ἀπό. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. II 67127.9-13 (544 CE, Aphrodite): ὁμολογῶ | 10 ὀφείλειν καὶ χρεωστεῖν τῇ σῇ τιμιότητι, | 11 ὑ̣π̣ὲ̣[ρ] τιμῆς ἐραίας (l. ἐρέας) πραθεντος (l. πραθείσης) μοι παρʼ αὐτῆς, | 12 χρ[υ]σ[οῦ νο]μ̣ι̣[σ]μ̣ατ̣[ί]ο(υ) τρίτον πρὸς τὴν | 13 συναλλαγὴν τῆς αὐ[τ]ῆς κώμ(ης) · γί(νεται) χρ(υσοῦ) νο(μισμάτιον) γ´ (‘I acknowledge that I owe and am in debt to your honour, on account of wool that I have purchased from you, a third part of a gold solidus in accordance with the standard of the same village, total one-third gold solidus’), where the format of the loan contract is used to record sale on credit (cf. Prignsheim (1916): 163-168; Jördens (1993): 273-274).

Bibl.: Lewis (1945): 126-127; Taubenschlag (1955): 331-334; Kastner (1962): 12-14, 34-36; Kühnert (1965): 15-31, 91-96, 122-125, 141-158; Rupprecht (1967): 26-39; Pestman (1971): 10-12, 14-18; Herrmann (1975): 325-327; Tenger (1993): 9-12, 43-46, 47-48; Jördens (1993); Markiewicz (2006): 125-136.

Type 1: the verb δανείζω      Type 2: the verb ὁμολογῶ ἔχειν 2a: with δάνειον 2b: with χρῆσιν; 2c: without designation of category 2d: ἐν παραθήκῃ        Type 3: ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι; 3a: ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι 3b: ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι χρῆσιν 3c: ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι without designation of category 3d: ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι ἐν παραθέσει       Type 3: ὁμολογῶ εἰληφέναι 4a: ὁμολογῶ εἰληφέναι ἐν δάνει, ὁμολογῶ εἰληφέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι 4b: ὁμολογῶ μεμετρῆσθαι χρῆσιν 4c: ὁμολογῶ εἰληφέναι without designation of category 4d: εἰληφέναι παραθήκην         Type 5c: ἔχω without designation of category

apech.: ἀπέχειν;        chreo.: χρεωστεῖν;         ech.: ἔχειν;       eileph.: εἰληφέναι;        eschek.: ἐσχηκέναι;       id.chr.: εἰς ἰδίαν χρείαν;       kephal.: λόγου κεφαλαίου, κεφαλαίου;        oph.: ὀφείλειν;        pepler.: πεπληρῶσθαι;      pler.: πλήρης

BGU I 69.4-7 (120, ArsN) [2b: entok.]; 70.6-18 (131, Dionysias) [2b: kephal.]; 101.2-5 (115, ArsN) [2c: tok.]; 189.3-9 (7, ArsN) [2a: kephal., tok.]; 190.1.1-5 (81-96, ArsN) [2c]; 272.3-7 (138/9, ArsN) [2c: tok.]; 290.5-14 (150, Herakleia) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 301.5-13 (157, ArsN) [1: tok.]; 314.11-16 (630, Herak) [3b*]; 339.5-12 (128, Kar) [2c: cash, grain]; II 363.1-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3c: id.chr.]; 365.15-19 (603, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr.]; 395.16-21 (600, ArsPol) [2]; 465.1.1-10, 2.1-11 (137, UP) [2b*: kephal.]; 472 col. II passim (139, Kar) [2c: nov.]; 520.3-6 (172, Kar) [2d]; 578.11-16, ll. 11-13 (189, ArsN) [4a: tok.]; 645.1-12, ll. 4-7 (139/40, ArsN) [2b: entok.]; 664.2-4 (I, ArsN) [5c]; III 702 + P.Bodl. I 61a.a.5-21 (151, ArsN) [2d] ; 713.5-25 (42, SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 725.15-20 (618, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr.]; 726.1-4 (IV-VII, ArsN); 729.8-14 (144, Alex) [4d: synch.]; 736.6-11 (544 or 559, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 741.8-15 (143, Alex?) [4a: synch., tok.]; 751.1-3 (IV/V, ArsN) [ἔχειν σοι καὶ ὀφείλειν]; 782.3-8 (182/3, ArsN) [1: ed.: ἐπ‹ε›ιδὴ ἐδαν‹ε›ισάμην, tok.]; 795.1-2 (VI, Path) [5c]; 796.1-2 (VI, Path) [5c]; 797.1-3 (VI, Path) [5c]; 800.3-7 (158, ArsN) [2c: cash and grain]; 856.4-14 (106, Psenyris) [2d]; 857.3-10 (113, UP) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 865.2-3 (II, ArsN) [2c]; 910.2.5-20 (70, SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 911.4-14 (18, SokN) [1: 2c: kephal., tok.]; 943.7-9 (389, Herak) [3c: id.chr.]; 989.6-13 (226, Herak) [3a: ὁμολογῶ δεδανεῖσθαι, kephal., tok.]; 1005.1-3 (IIImA, ArsN ) [1: grain]; IV 1014.5-32 (138, Teb) [2a: entok., kephal.]; 1052.35-48 ll. 40-46 (14/3A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1053.1.12-19 (13A, Alex) [2c: synch., atok.]; 1054.3-6 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1055.6-10 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1056.6-10 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1057.1-17 ll. 6-8 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1115.4-7 (c. 13A, Alex) [σ̣υ̣ν̣χωρεῖ δανεῖσαι, tok.]; 1126.5-6 (9A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1142.1-2 (25/4A, Alex); 1145.1-25, ll. 4-9 (5A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1145.26-45 ll. 31-34 (5A, Alex) [2a: tok.]; 1147.4-9 (14/3A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1149.5-24, ll. 5-16 (13A, Alex) [4a: tok.]; 1151.2.28-30 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1156.6-11 (16/5A, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1156v.8-11 (14/3A, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1161.6-11 (24/3A, Alex) [2a*: synch., tok.]; 1162.1-2 (17/6A, Alex) [2a?: atok.]; 1166.4-7 (13A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1167.37-74 ll. 39-41 (13/2A, Alex) [2c: atok.]; 1170.1-23, ll. 4-6 (10a, Alex) [2a: synch., atok.]; 1172.4-7 (9A, Alex) [2a: atok.]; 1175.4-6 (5A, Alex) [2a: synch., tok.]; VI 1272.5-7 (173A, Hephaistias) [1: grain]; 1274.5-8 (218/7A, Takona) [1]; 1275.8-10 (215/4A, Sephtha) [1: grain]; 1276.4-9 (215/4A, OxN) [1: atok.]; 1277.2-6 (215/4A, Tholt) [1: grain]; 1278.4-6 (scr.int.), 19-22 (scr.ext.) (215/4A, Tholt) [1: grain]; 1281.1-3 (IIA, Path?) [1?: grain]; VII 1649.4-11 (264, Phil) [4c: lentils]; 1650.2-9 (218, Phil) [2b?: kephal., tok.]; 1652.1-14 (212, Phil); 1653.1.-12-19 (212, Phil) [2d]; X 1960.6-8 (214/3A, Tholt) [1]; 1961.3-6 (213/2A, Tholt) [1: tok.]; 1963.7-12 (212/1A, OxN) [1: tok.]; 1965.4-6 (212/1A, Tholt?) [1]; 1967.4-5 (193/2A, OxN?) [2c?]; 1968.2-6 (184A, Ptolemais?) [1: atok.]; 1969.3-4 (215/4A, Tholt) [1: grain]; 1970.5-7 (213/2A, Tholt) [1: grain]; 1972.5-6 (ImA, HerakN?) [2c: grain]; 1981.2-4 (245/4A, OxN?) [1]; XI 2042.5-12 (105, SokN) [2d: kephal.]; 2043.4-12 (150, SokN) [2b*: entok., kephal., tok.]; 2044.a.4-17 (46, SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 2045.6-12 (215, Thead) [3b*: entok.]; 2046.5-7 (II, Herakleia) [5c: hypographe]; 2116.1-2 (25/26, ArsN?) [nc]; 2117.3-6 (II, ArsN?) [2c: tok.]; 2118.5-9 (223, Ox) [2b: en chresei*, kephal., tok.]; XII 2140.6-8 (432, Herm) [2c: ech., chreo.(v), kephal.]; 2180.11-19 (two fragments) (504, Herm) [3a: ed.: [καὶ δεδαν]εῖσθαι, kephal.]; 2185.4-6 (512?, Herm) [oph., chreo.(v), kephal.]; 2188.7-12 (526, Herm) [3a: κατεσχηκέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι; id.chr., kephal.]; 2197.8-10 (537, Herm) [2c: ech., memetr., kephal., grain]; 2201.5-6 (565, Herm) [chreo., kephal.]; 2206.10-13 (591-602, Herm) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 2337.6-17 (45, Nilopolis/SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 2339.8-12 (378, Ox) [3b: eschek., memetr., en chresei, kephal., grain]; 2342.5-13 (129, ArsN) [2b: entok., kephal.]; XIV 2393.7-10 (215/4A, Tholt) [1: grain]; 2395.5-9 (221A, Takona) [1: tok.]; 2396.5-7 (213/2A, Tholt) [1: atok.]; XIX 2835.11-15 (c.344, Herm) [eschek., memetr., grain., εἰς κατασποράν]; 2836.7-9 (Ve?, Herm) [3a: dedan.*, id.chr., kephal.]; 2837.5-7 (582, Herm) [esch., dedech.]; 2838.3-4 (V/VI, Herm) [chreo.]; CPR I 15.6-14 (149, SokN) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 16.8-20 (163, SokN) [2b: entok., kephal., tok.]; 29.6-16 (184, PtolEu) [2d: akind.]; VII 40.7-12 (492, HermN) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 41.1 (513, HermN) [5c: hypographe]; VIII 47.1-2 (IV/V, ArsN) [grain]; X 110.5-7 (407, ArsPol) [grain]; XIV 7.8-17 (VI, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr.]; XVIIb 4.9-15, ll. 10-11 (184/5 Panop) [5c: ἔχεις ἐπʼ ἐμοί]; 11.47-53, ll. 48-50 (217/8, Panop) [ed.: διαδ[οῦναι;]; 11. 29-35, ll. 31-33 (217/8, Panop); 11.36-46, ll. 37-42 (217/8?, Panop) [ἔσχηκα, id.chr.]; 13.7-15, ll. 9-10 (217/8, Panop) [erith., id.chr.]; 13.16-21, ll. 16-18 (217/8, Panop) [tok.]; 13.22-26, ll. 23-24 (217/8, Panop) [erith.]; 13.27-34, ll. 29-30 (217/8?, Panop); 14.1-8, ll. 2-4 (217/8, Panop); 14.9-13, ll. 12-13 (217/8, Panop); 15.10-15, ll. 14-15 (217, Panop) [id.chr.]; 17.1-9, ll. 3-5 (217, Panop); 17.10-15, ll. 11-14 (217, Panop) [id.chr.]; 17.16-20, ll. 17-20 (217/8, Panop) [id.chr.]; 17.21-29, ll. 22-25 (217/8, Panop); 17.30-39, ll. 31-36? (217/8 Panop); 17.40-41 (217, Panop) [erith.]; 20.3-4 (217/8, Panop); 23.3-9, ll. 5-6 (217, Panop); 25.1-4, ll. 1-2 (217/8, Panop) [erith.]; 25.5-13, ll. 5-9 (217/8, Panop) [erith.]; 26.8-17, l. 11 (217/8, Panop); 27.1-8, ll. 4-5 (217/8, Panop) [erith.]; 27.9-14, l. 11 (217/8, Panop) [id.chr.]; 38.3-8 (217/8, Panop); 42.4-6 (217/8, Panop); XVIII 14.279-282 (231A/206A, Theog) [1: entok.]; 16.327-332 (231A/206A, Theog) [1: atok.]; 18.368-371 (231A/206A, Theog) [1: atok.]; 24.28-31 (232A/206A, Theog) [1]; XIX 4.9 (after 416, 419 or 423, UP) [chreo., oph.v.]; 5.5-7 (452, HermN) [3a: eschek., dedan,*]; 10.8-14 (522, HermN) [oph., chreo.]; 37.6 (610-619?, ArsPol) [3]; 38.2-6 (560 or 575, ArsN) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 39.7-10 (542/577, ArsN) [3c: id.chr.]; O.Bankes 1.2-4 (123, Eleph) [1]; O.Bodl. II 1974.2-4 (c. 10A, Thebes) [δεδωκέναι]; 1978.2-3 (25/26, Thebes) [2c: grain, hemiolia]; 2139.2-8 (V/VI, Thebes) [5: ἐδέδωκας]; 2140.1-3 (IV-VII, Thebes) [chreo.]; O.Brux. 13.2-4 (136/7 or 157/8 or 180/1, Upper Egypt?) [2b: oph.]; O.Claud. III 432.2-4 (137, Mons Claudianus) [3b: dedan.: chresis]; 536.4-5 (c. 147, Mons Claudianus) [4c]; 541.4-5 (141, Mons Claudianus) [3b: kechre.]; O.Did. 135.4-6 (before ca. 220-250, Didymoi) [2d]; O.Eleph.Wagner 371.4-6 (VI, Eleph) [2c: ech.,chreo.]; P.Aberd. 56.5-13 (176, PtolEu) [2b]; 180.3-6 (IVe, UP) [2d: ἐν παραθήκῃ, akind.]; P.Adler 4.3-9 (109A, Ptolemais) [2c]; 6.4-9 (106A, Path) [1: grain]; 10.3-10 (101A  Path) [1: atok.]; 15.2-7 (100A, Path?) [1: grain, atok.]; 19.4-8 (98A, Path) [oph., atok.]; P.Alex. 7.3-12 (113, Dionysias) [1: kephal., tok.]; 8.3-8 (89, Boubastos) [2c: tok.]; 10.4-8 (69-79, Kar) [6d]; P.Alex.Inv. 159.10-12 (I-IV, Phil) [?b, en chresei]; 518.9-11 (118 ?, UP) [c?]; 585.6-13 (56, Herakleia); P.Amh. II 43.6-7 (173A, SokN) [1: grain]; 44.6-7, 23-25 (136A, Philopator alias Theogenous) [1*: grain]; 46.2-3 (113A, Path) [1: grain, atok.]; 47.2-5 (113A, Path?) [1*: grain, atok.]; 48.3-5 (106A, Path) [1: wine, atok.]; 50.4-11 (106A, Path) [1: atok.]; 98.12-13 (211, Herm) [kephal.]; 148.4-6 (487, ArsN) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 151.9-15 (610-619/629-641, Herm) [oph.v., chreo.]; P.Amst. I 45a.9-12 (V/VI, ArsN) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; P.Ant. II 102.5-7 (445, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 103.13-18? (580, Ox?) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 104.4-5 (VI, Antin) [oph.v., chreo.v.]; P.Athen. 21.3-11 (131, Kar) [2b: en chresei, tok.]; 22.7-15 (103/122, ArsN) [2b: tok.]; 28.5-15 (86, Thead) [2d: akind.]; P.Athen.Xyla. 4.8-16 (541, Micholis) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 5.10-14 (539, HermN) [3a: eschek., dedan.]; 10.9-14 (543, HermN) [3a]; 17.1-3 (548/9, HermN?) [kephal.]; 18.2-4 (487/8, HermN) [5e: oph.v, ech., kephal.]; P.Bad. II 2.8-12, 23-28 (130A, Hermonthis) [1: tok.]; 27.1-2 (316, HermN?); 28.3-5 (331, Herm) [5c]; P.Bas. 7.2-7 (117-138, ArsN) [2c: kephal., tok.]; P.Berl.Möller 4.5-11 (3, Phil) [1: grain, hemiolia]; P.Bingen 39.2-6 (111A, Path) [1: grain, atok.]; 73.4-11 (138-150, Teb) [2b: kephal.]; P.Bodl. I 42.4-14 (212-216, PtolEu) [3b*: tok.]; 73.5 (610-641, HerakN) [nc]; P.Bon. 25.7-16 (185, Phys) [2a: kephal., tok.]; P.Brem. 67.2-5 (44?, Herm) [2: chreo.n., entok.]; 68.1-5 (99, Herm?) [1: kephal.]; 69.2-4 (98, Herm) [diagraphe]; P.Brook. 9.6-8 (IV, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [3c: grain]; 10.1-5 (VI, Thebes) [2c: ech., chreo.v., akind.]; 73.1-3 (IV, Upper Egypt) [5c]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 8.1.2-5 (111A, Path) [1]; 8 comm ad l. 1, l. 1 (110A, Path) [1]; P.Cair.Isid. 80.7-10 (296, ArsN) [3c: apeschek.: ξίφος]; 93.6-18 (282, PtolEu) [2b: tok.]; 95.1-8 (310, Kar) [2a: grain]; 96.1-8 (310, Kar) [2b: grain, hemiolion]; 97.9-10 (308, Kar) [2c: beans]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67125.6-9 (525, Aphr) [3a: eschek., kechre., id.chr.]; 67126.9-16 (541, Constantinople) [4a: ech., chreo.v.: en danei.; 67127.9-14 (544, Aphr); [oph., chreo.v., hyper]; 67128.11-18 (547, Aphr) [oph., chreo.v., ὑπέρ]; 67129.7-19 (549, Aphr) [oph., chreo.v., hyper]; 67130.8-10 (557, Aphr) [oph. chreo.v.]; 67162.10-12 (568, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 67163.12-17 (569, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 67164.3-5 (569, Antin) [5c: ech., oph.]; 67165.9-11 (566-573, Antin) [oph., chreo.v.]; 67251.2-3 (549, Aphr) [ech., oph., ὑπέρ]; 67309.10-16 (569, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; P.Cair.Zen. I 59001.4-9, 29-35 (274/3A, Pitos) [1: tok.]; II 59173.3-8, 27-33 (255A, Phil) [1]; 59182.3-7, 15-19 (255A, Phil) [5c]; P.Charite 33.4-6 (331/2 or 346/7, Herm) [3b: eschek., memetr.*, entok.]; 34.3-7 (318 or 348, Herm) [3b: eschek., memetr., entok., kephal.]; P.Col. VII 176.1-7 (325, Kar) [2c: ech., memtr.]; 178.1-7 (327 Kar,) [2c: ech., memtr.]; 178a.1-7 (336, Kar); VIII 245.2-5 (VI, Ox) [3c]; X 259.5-11 (146, PtolEu) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 283.7-10? (306, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; 287.6-9, 24-27 (326, Ox) [3a; ἐσχηκέναι καὶ παραμεμετρῆσθαι*, kephal., grain]; P.Col.Inv. 46.5-8 (340-410, Phil?); 131r (58, Thead); 185.6-10 (345, Ox) [3b: en chersei, syn diaphorô?]; P.Coles 29.1-4 (V/VI, Ox?) [id.chr.]; P.Coll.Youtie I 25.6-22 (147, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 50.1-2 (IIe, Ox) [tok.]; II 92.26-28 (569, Antin) [4a: ἀνειληφέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι]; P.Corn. 2.5-9 (250/49A, Phil) [2c]; 6.3-11 (17, Oxyrhyncha) [1; kephal., tok.]; 7.3-7 (126, Kar) [2b: entok., tok.]; P.Daris 30.6-7 (397, Ox) [ὀφείλειν]; P.David 4.3-5 (167A,/114A, UP) [2c: wine, hemiolia]; 10.2-6 (522/3, Ox) [oph., chreo., wine]; P.Dime III 11GD.4-14 (29, SokN) [1]; 27GD.5-19 (54, Nilopolis/SokN) [1: kephal.]; P.Diog. 25.4-7 (132, Phil?) [3c: tok.]; 27.4-9 (213, Phil) [4c: cash and grain, αἷς οὐδὲν προσεγράφη]; 30.4-11 (222-235, Phil?) [4b: memetr., grain]; P.Dion. 13.12-16 (112A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem. (=τόκων ἡμιολίων)]; 14.15-18 (110A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 15.13-17 (109A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem.; 16.15-21 (109A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.]; 17.16-20 (108A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 18.6-11 (107A, Akoris) [1: grain]; 19.10-14 (105A, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 20.11-16 (105a, Akoris) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 21.13-16 (113a, Akoris) [1: grain]; 22.12-15 (111A, Akoris) [1: grain, atok.]; 23.2-9 (108A, Herm) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 24.3-11 (106A, Herm) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 25.2-16 (104A, Herm) [1: grain, tok.hem.]; 26.3-6 (116A, Herm) [1: grain]; 27.2-10 (113/2A, Herm) [1: grain, atok.]; 32.2-8 (107A, HermN) [2c: grain]; 33.2-10 (IIA, HermN) [2c: grain]; P.Dubl. 25.3-5 (VI/VII, HerakN) [2c: kephal.]; 28.9-11 (611/2?, HerakN) [3a: eschek., chreo.]; P.Dura 17d.40-42 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [1]; 20.4-6 (121, Paliga) [1]; 22.3-6 (133/4, Dura Europos) [1]; 23.2-6 (133, Ossa (in the vicinity of Dura-Europos)) [2a: en danei]; P.Edfou I 3.8-10 (618, Apol) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 4.7-9 (627, Apol) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; P.Eirene III 9.4-13 (I/II, ArsN) [2: grain]; P.Erasm. I 12.7-14 (152A, Kaine) [2c: grain, en prochresei]; 13.9-12 (152A?, Kaine) [2c: grain]; 15.1-7 (152A?, ArsN) [2c: ed.: ἀπὸ τ̣[ῶν γενημάτων];]; P.Erl. 61.1-8 (II, ArsN); 67.9-14 (591, HerakN) [4c: id.chr., kephal.]; 68.1-2 (VII, Herak) [3: id.chr.]; P.Fam.Tebt. 2.3-12 (92, Teb) [2d]; 4.4-12 (94, Teb) [2b: entok., grain]; 6.4-14 (98/99, Teb) [2b: kephal.]; 11.1.2-3 (108, Teb) [1: δεδανίσμεθα]; 11.2.3-6 (112, Teb) [2d]; 16.4-12 (116, ArsN) [2c: entok.]; 22.3-11 (122, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; P.Fay. 90.5-12 (234, PtolEu) [2b: vegetable seeds]; 91.5-15 (99, Euh) [2c: arrhabon]; 155.4-10 (136, Bac) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 205.2-8 (138-161, Bac) [2b: grain]; 240.1-4 (73A, Euh) [1: grain]; P.Flor. I 1.1-4 (153, Herm) [diagraphe, tok., kephal.]; 24.10-11 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2b]; 24.14-15 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2]; 24.16-17 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2]; 24.18-19 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2]; 24.29-30 (IIIm, PtolEu) [2]; 25.4-6 (IIIm?, PtolEu) [2b]; 25.16-17 (IIIm?, PtolEu) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 28.3-4 (177/8/9?, Herm) [diagraphe, kephal., tok.]; 30.1-13 (362, Pisais) [2c: grain]; 42.6-15 (183, PtolEu) [2b]; 44.6-16 (158, PtolEu) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 46.1-13 (183, Herm) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 51.7-10 ll. 7-9 (138-161, ArsN) [2c?]; 70 (VII, Herm); 72.2-7 (128/9, HermN) [3b: entok., kephal.]; 81.2-9 (103, Herm) [1: προσεδάνεισεν, kephal., tok.] ; 82.2-4 (82/3, HermN) [3b: entok., grain]; 94.6-10 (491, Herm) [oph., chreo.:, grain]; III 280.8-14 (514, Aphr) [chreo., oph., hyper]; 300.7-10 (597, Herm) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 316.5-15 (II, Phil) [1: kephal., tok., cash and grain]; 343.2-5 (V, Herm) [ἔχω καὶ ὀφείλω ὑπέρ]; P.Fouad I 44.7-10 (44, Ox) [2a: synch., tok.]; 45.3-5 (153, Alex) [ed.: f̣ateor ṃe accepiṣṣẹ et debere;]; 47.4-12 (47, ArsN) [1: kephal.]; 49.3-8 (100, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 50.2-8 (Iend, Teb) [2b: kephal.]; 51.5-15 (126, Teb) [2b: entok.]; 52.9-10 (after 272, Ox) [3c: εἰς συνωνήν]; P.Freer 5.1-5 (VIl/VIIe, UP); 6.6 (VIl/VIIe, UP); P.Freib. III 12b.1-3 (172A-162A, UP) [1: tok.]; 36.10-13 (179/8A?, Phil); P.Gen. I 8 bis ll. 1-8 (140/1, Dionysias) [2c]; 9.1.3-10, 2.3-10 (252, Phebichis) [4a: εἰληφέναι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι, daneion, entok., cash: tok., grain: diaphoron]; 12.10-14 (384, Phil) [4c: id.chr.]; 24.4-16 (96, Apias) [2c: kephal. and payment for vegetable seeds]; 43.3-10 (227, PtolEu) [2c: kephal.; 2b: memetr.: en genei]; II 106.4-7 (153/4, UP) [2b: entok.]; IV 192.10-15 (532, HerakN): [ech., chreo.]; 194.10-16 (556, ArsPol) [eschek., id.chr.]; P.Gen. inv. 442.6-8 (IIA, HerakN) [ed.: ὁμολ]ογῶ [ἀπέχειν;]; P.Genov. I 36.2-4 (VI/VII, UP) [NC]; II 62.4-9 (98, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; P.Grenf. I 10.8-13 (174A, Diospolis Magna) [1: grain]; 18.2-13 (131A, Path) [1: grain, atok.]; 20.2-9 (127A, Path) [1: atok.]; 23.3-6 (117A, Path) [1: grain]; 29.3-6 (105A, Path) [1: atok.]; 31.1-2 (101/0A, Path) [1]; 59.1-4 (V/VI, AntaiN) [id.chr., λόγῳ προχρείας]; II 17.2-4 (136A, Thebes) [2d: ἐν ὑποθήκῃ]; 18.2-10 (127A, Path) [1: atok.]; 21.3-9 (113A, Path) [1]; 24.4-9 (105A, Krok) [1: wine, atok.]; 27.3-8 (103A, Path) [1: atok., kephal.]; 29.4-10 (102A, Path) [1: grain, atok.]; 72.6-7 (308, Kysis) [ἠριθμῆσθαι, id.chr.]; 88.14-15 (602, ArsPol) [3b]; 89.2-4 (510 or 525, Apol) [oph., chreo., tok.]; 90.4-9 (VI, Apol) [oph., chreo., id.chr.]; P.Hamb. I 2.4-11 (59, Babylon, Heliopolites) [2d]; 28.2-7 (IIa, ArsN) [1: tok.]; 30.3-10 (89, Phil) [2c: kephal., tok.]; 32.6-8 (120, Kerkeuris) [2c: residual debt for sale]; 55.5-13 (241, PtolEu) [2b: ed.: [χρῆσι]ν ἐν γένει, grain]; 58.1-4 (83A, UP) [hypog.: 3a: dedan., grain, hemiolia]; II 183.3-5 (251A, Takona) [2c: chaff]; III 233.8-12 (531, Aphr) [3a: eschek., dedan., kephal.]; IV 266.10 (507, HermN) [hypog.: 5c: oph., chreo., hyper]; P.Harr. I 84.1-6 (I/II, UP) [tok.]; 85.6-12 (117, Ox) [2c: kephal., tok.]; 86.1-4 (444, OxN) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 87.5 (440, Hiera/Sepho) [2c: ech., oph.]; 88.9-23 (V, UP) [chreo., hyper]; P.Harrauer 54.10-14 (579, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; P.Haun. III 56.2-5 (IV/V, UP) [3c]; P.Heid. III 239.2.3-7 (163, PtolEu) [2b: ἀπέχειν, kephal., tok.]; X 448.6-10 (125/6, Ankyron) [2b: en chresei]; P.Heid. Inv. G 1651.7-9 (VIl/VIIe, Ox) [oph., chreo.]; P.Herm. 64.1-3 (VII/VIII, UP) [5c]; 65.8-12 (553/4, HermN) [oph., chreo., hyper]; P.Hever 66.3-5? (99/109, Philadelphia, Arabia) ?; P.Hib. I 86.1, 15-17 (248A, UP) [5c: grain]; 88.5-9 (263A, HerakN?) [1: tok.]; 261.5 (240A, Ox) [1]; 262.3-4 (240A, Ox) [1]; P.Horak 23.12-14 (148/9?, ArsN) [tok.]; 27.10-13 (603/4, Herak) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 80.3-9 (154, SokN) [2b*: ed.: χρῆσιν [ἄτοκον] (atok.)]; P.Iand. III 44.1-3 (VI/VII, UP); P.Ifao I 14.4-7 (140, Ox) [2c: prosekt.]; 25.4-9 (98-102, Teb) [2b*]; 28.2-6 (II, UP) [hypog.: 2b: tok.]; III 1.1-6 (c. 100, ArsN) [2d: ἐν παραθήκῃ]; 30.2-5 (I, Ox) [2c]; P.Jena II 17.8-14 (515?, Herm) [oph., chreo., kephal.]; P.Kell. I 18.5-8 (c. 350, Kellis) [2c*: eschek., dedan.*, id.chr.]; 40.2-7 (306/7, Kellis) [3a: id.chr.]; 42.9-14 (364, Kellis) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.; ἠριθμῆσθαι διὰ χειρός]; 43.4-6 (374/387, Kellis) [3a: eschek., dedan.*, id.chr.]; 44.5-12 (382, Kellis) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 45.6-10 (386, Kellis) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 47.4-8 (IVs, Kellis) [3c: id.chr.]; 49.5-7 (304, Kellis) [3c: id.chr., oil]; P.Köln II 103.7-9 (438, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; III 153.4-6 (after 524, Antin) [oph., chreo., hyper]; 154.3-6 (VI, HermN) [2c: ech., chreo., keph]; 158.15-21 (599, Herak) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; V 218.6-10 (215/4A, UP) [1: tok., kephal.]; 220.4-17 (208a/191A, ArsN) [3c: wine]; VII 322.5-6 (VII, Herak) [oph.]; VIII 350.15-29 (143A, Krok) [1: grain, hemiolia]; XIV 583.6-9 (Vf, OxN) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal., grain]; XV 611.1-3 (before 8, UP) [tok., prosekt.]; 614.4-16 (138-160, Stratonos) [2d: akind.]; 630.8-11 (Vs?, Antin) [2c: ἔσχον καὶ ὀφείλω, id.chr.]; XVI 642.4-9 (256A, HerakN?) [1: tok.]; 652.5-10 (183/185, Ox) [3c]; P.Kramer 13.1-5 (c. 546, ArsPol ?) [5c: kephal.]; P.Kron. 7.7-12 (106, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 8.3-14 (109, Teb) [2b*: kephal.]; 9.4-13 (111, Teb) [2b: grain]; 12 (135, Teb); 17.3-16 (140, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 20.2-7 (146, Teb) [2b: kephal.]; 22.2-8 (II, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; P.Laur. II 28.2-5 (138-160, HermN) [tok.]; III 75.15-19 (574, Ox) [3a: eschek., dedan.*, id.chr., kephal.]; P.Leid.Inst. 17 side II a ll. 4-10 (IVm, UP) [εἰληφέναι καὶ ἠριθμῆσθαι, tok.]; 26.4-7 (I, UP) [2b]; 66.5-8 (427, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; P.Lips. I 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.8-9 (178, Herm) [3b: kephal.]; 11.1-3 (247, Herm?) [3b: entok., kephal. tok.]; 12.13-16 (III/IV, Herm) [3b: eschek., dedan., kephal.]; 13.6-10 (364, Herm) [3b: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; II 128.6-11 (19A, Talithis) [1: grain]; 130.5-16 (16, Teb) [2c: kephal.]; 135.4-7 (98/99, Herm) [3b: entok.]; 143.3-7 (169-176 or 180-192, Ox) [2d: en parathesei*]; P.Lond. I 113.6c.11-27 (620/635, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr.]; II 218.2-4 (111A, Path) [1: tok., grain]; 225.1-6 (118A, UP) [tok., grain]; 277.4-10 (23, SokN) [2a: kephal., tok.]; 298.4-14 (124, PtolEu) [2d: akind.]; 308.4-14 (145, Herakleia) [2b: entok., kephal., en genei, cash and grain]; 310.5-13 (146, Pelousion) [2d: akind.]; 311.2-8 (149, Herakleia) [2b: entok., kephal., tok.]; 336.6-18 (167, PtolEu) [2b: kephal., tok.]; III 870.4-5 (IV, Panop) [3b: entok.*]; 939.6-10 (225, Herm) [3b: entok., kephal.]; 943.5-7 (227, Herm) [2d: en parahesei, akind.]; 975.6-11 (314, UP) [2b: μεμετρῆσθαι, entok., kephal., tok.]; 1203.2-4 (113A, Path) [2: ὀφείλειν, atok.]; 1205.3-5 (99A, Path) [1: grain]; 1243.6-11 (281, Herm) [3b: entok., kephal.]; 1273.1-5 (28/29, UP) [2c: tok.]; 1319.7-11 (544, Herm) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; V 1661.10-14 (553, Aphr); 1687.8-11 (523, Aphr) [ὀφείλειν καὶ χρεωστεῖν, [ἀπὸ] λ̣οι̣πάδος ἐκφορίων]; 1699.6-15 (520, Aphr) [oph., chreo.]; 1719.7-12 (556/6, Thebes) [2c: ech., chreo.]; 1721.1-6 (542/3 or 557/8, Thebes) [2c: ech., chreo., hyper]; 1723.7-10 (577, Sy) [3a: eschek., dedan.*, id.chr.]; 1736.8-12 (611, Sy) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 1737.6-9 (613, Sy) [3a: eschek., id.chr.]; 1766.6-10 (559?, HermN) [oph., chreo., hyper]; 1772.7-15 (VI, HermN) [oph., chreo., hyper, grain]; 1844.22 (VIe, Aphr) [oph., chreo.]; VII 1986.4-7 (252A, Alex) [1*]; P.Louvre I 16.2-4 (41-54, SokN) [2d: en paratheke]; 17.2-12 (II, SokN) [2d: akind.]; 18.4-13 (141, SokN) [2: χρέος, kephal. tok.]; 19.6-13 (216, PtolEu) [2c: kephal., cash and vegetable seeds]; II 110.6-11 (139-160, HermN) [2d: parakatatheke, akind.]; P.Mert. I 6.8-17 (77A, Nestou Epoikion) [1: grain]; 25.4-8 (214, OxN) [oph., ech., en chresei, grain]; 36.7-10 (360, Ox) [oph., chreo., hyper, grain]; 37.3-8 (373, PtolEu) [μεμετρῆσθαι, chresis, hemiolia, grain]; II 67.14 (130, PtolEu) [2d]; 78.1-10 (131 Herak) [2a: kephal.]; 105.17-34, ll. 17-21 (164/5, Teb) [2b: tok.]; III 110r.6-17 (154, Teb); P.Mich.Ιnv. 931 + P.Col. X 249, ll. 3-7 (10, Philagris) [2c: kephal.]; 1354.9-16 (289, PtolEu) [2b: en chresei, hemiolia, grain]; 4299.2-6 (20/19A, Thead?) [2c: tok.]; P.Mich. II 121r.4.8 (42, Teb) [2c: tok.]; III 188.3-7 (120, Bac) [2c: tok.]; 189.3-9 (123, Bac) [2c: kephal.]; 191.3-22 [with 192] (60, Ox) [2c: 3c: kephal. ἕνεκα τοῦ τὸ λοιπὸν τῆς τιμῆς, atok.]; V 241.15-23, ll. 15-21 (46, Teb) [1: kephal., tok.]; 241.24-38, ll. 24-31 (46, Teb) [2c]; 241.39-45, ll. 39-42 (46, Teb) [1: kephal., tok.]; 328.2.8-13 (29/30, Teb) [2a: kephal., tok.]; 329.12-22, ll. 12-19 (40/1, ArsN) [hypog.: 2c: kephal., tok.]; 331.1 (41, ArsN); 332.19-25 (47/8, Teb) [hypog.: 2a: kephal., tok.]; 333.4-13 (52, Teb) [1: kephal., tok.]; 335.2.11-14 (c. 56, ArsN) [hypog.: 2a: kephal., tok.]; 336.2-4 (27, ArsN) [2a: tok.]; IX 567.4-16 (78, Kar) [2b: kephal., with payment for sale]; 570.3-7 (105/6, Kar) [2c: kephal., tok.]; 571.6-9 (96, Kar) [2d: en paratheke]; 573.9-10 (316, Kar) [2b: en chresei, grain]; X 585.3-7 (87 Bac) [2c: tok.]; 587.2-7 (24/5, Teb) [2c: tok.]; XI 605.1-5 (117, Bac) [2c: kephal. tok.]; 606.1-8 (224, Thead) [2b: kephal.]; 607.6-11 (569, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 614.15-33, ll. 17-19 (c. 258/9, Ox) [3a: eschek., paramemetr., grain, epi diaphorou]; XII 635.2-8 (71, Bac) [2c: kephal., tok.]; XIII 669.6-9 (529/544, Aphr) [ἔχομεν καὶ χρεωστοῦμεν]; 671.4-10 (VIm, Aphr) [d]; XV 728 (IV/V, UP) [kephal., akind.]; XVIII 771.11-13 (195A, Oxyrhyncha) [5c]; P.Michael. 9.a.4-9 (c. 92, OxN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 35.a 6-7, b.1-4 (652?, Ox) [id.chr.]; 42a.2-7 (566, Aphr) [oph., chreo., hyper]; 44.9-11 (527, Aphr) [3a: eschek., memetr., kephal.]; P.Mil. I 49.6-8, ll. 6-7 (I, ArsN?) [2c]; 49.9-10 (I, ArsN?) [2c: grain]; 56.7-9 (V, OxN) [2: kephal.]; 57.4-10 (74, Thead) [2b: entok.]; 58.1-6 (IIend/IIIb); P.Mil.Vogl. II 68.5-15 (154, Teb) [2b: tok., kephal.]; 108.4-6 (103, Teb) [2b]; IV 243.3-7 (263, UP) [3b: en chresei]; P.Monts.Roca IV 78.3-8 (49-54, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; 83.1-3 (III/IV, Ox); 86.1-3 (VIII, Herak) [5d: id.chr.]; P.Münch. III 90.2-4 (363, UP) [2; μεμετρῆσθαι ἐν γένει]; 94.3-7 (98-102, PtolEu) [1; kephal., tok.]; 95.3-6 (103-115, ArsN) [tok.]; 96.6-20 (158, PtolEu) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 97.2-14 (161-180, SokN) [2c*: kephal., tok.]; 98.16-22 (593/4, Ox) [3c: eschek.]; P.NagHamm. 64.7-10 (346 Diospolis Parva) [3b: eschek., erith., id.chr.]; P.Naqlun II 21.9-15 (585, Naqlun/Alexandrou Nesos) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 22.11-14 (623, Eleusine/Naqlun) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; P.Narm.2006 2.4-15 (40?, Narmouthis) [2c]; P.Neph. 32.7-9 (344, HerakN) [2b: kephal.]; P.NYU I 22.1-9 (329, Kar) [2c: ech., memetr., grain]; 23.6-9 (326/7, Kar) [2c: ἐν γένει*, hemiolia]; 24.1-6 (373, Kar) [2c: grain, hemiolia]; II 23.5-8 (326, Kar) [3b]; 24.7-8 (III, Phil) [1?: tok.]; 25.7-10 (294?, Ox) [oph., chreo.*]; P.Oslo II 37.6-10 (295, Phil) [2b: ech., memetr., en chresei, hemiolia, grain]; 39.6-13 (146, Thead) [2b: entok.]; 40a.4-6 (150, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; 40b.30-33 (150, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; 41.9-12 (331, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; III 114.14-15 (I/IIe, Ox) [1]; 131.6-25 (118, Thead) [2b: entok., with sale]; 132.5-11 (147-156, Thead.?) [2b: entok.]; P.Oxf. 10.4-15 (98-117, Thead) [2c: tok.]; 11.3-8 (149, Hiera Nesos) [2c: kephal. tok;]; P.Oxy. II 267.1-34, ll. 2-10 (37, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosek.]; 269.1.2-5 (57, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt.]; 270.3-28 (94, Ox) [1: kephal. tok.]; III 506.3-13 (143, Ox) [1; kephal., prosekt., tok.]; 507.6-12 (146, Ox) [4c; παρειληφέναι, kephal., prosekt., tok.]; 508.5-26 (102, Ox) [1; kephal.]; IV 836.1-7 (Before 66/5A or 15/4A, Ox) [grain]; VI 914.6-11 (486, Ox) [oph., chreo., ἀπὸ τιμῆς διαφόρων]; 988r.1.2, 2.24-25 (224, Ox); VII 1039.5-8 (210, Ox) [3d: en parathesei]; 1040.6-12 (225, Ox) [3a: eschek., paramemtr., ἐπὶ διαφόρῳ ἡμιολίας]; 1041.11-13 (381, Ox) [2c: ὀφείλειν σοι καὶ ἔχειν παρʼ ἐμαυτῷ]; 1042.21-25 (578, Ox/Justinopolis) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; VIII 1130.6-14 (484, Senokomis) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; X 1281.4-7 (21, Sinary) [hypog.: δεδάνεισμαι, τιμήν, kephal.]; XII 1471.10-17 (81, Ox) [2a: synch., tok.]; 1474.11-22 ll. 13-14 (216, OxN) [3b: oph., grain]; XIV 1711.5-8 (IIIl, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; 1712.5-9 (394, Ox) [3c: id.chr.]; 1713.5-9 (279, Ox) [3d: en parathesei]; 1714.5-8 (285-304?, Ox) [2d: akind.]; XVI 1891.4-7 (495, Ox) [3b: en chresei: id.chr.]; 1892.12-16 (581, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; 1970.16-22 (554, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 1971 passim (Vl/VIe, Ox); XVI 1973.8-12 (420, Ox) [oph., chreo., hyper]; 1974.9-17 (538, Ox) [oph., chreo., hyper]; 1977.2-4 (VI, Ox) [5c: grain]; XVII 2134r.10-14 (170, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; XIX 2237.6-9 (498, Ox) [3a: en chresei, id.chr.]; XXII 2350.1.4-10 (224, Ox) [oph., ἀπὸ λόγ[ου ἐκφορ]ίων]; XXXIII 2677.3-4 (II, OxN?) [2d: en parathesei]; XXXIV 2722.6-13 (154, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; XXXVI 2773.5-9 (82, Ox) [5c: kephal., tok.]; 2774.3-11 (129, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; XLII 3049.a.8-12, b.10-14 (247, Ox) [2d: en parathesei, grain]; XLIII 3146.7-11 (347, Ox) [3c: κατʼ ἐπιθήκην]; XLIV 3198.8-13 (145/6 or 170/1, Ox) [2c: kephal., tok.]; XLV 3266.6-8 (337, Ox) [3c: εἰς λόγον πραγματείας]; XLVII 3351.2-6 (34, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt.]; 3485.3-9 (38, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; XLIX 3493.3-6 (175, Ox) [2c: ech., paramemetr., grain]; 3494.3-7 (175, Ox) [2c: ech., paramemetr., grain]; L 3599.8-11 (460, OxN) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; LXI 4117.4-7 (240, Ox) [3c: grain]; 4124.1.8-12, 2.8-11 (318, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; 4125.17-20 (322, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; LXIII 4394 (494 Alex); 4395.18-27 (499, Ox) [4c: id.chr., akind.]; 4397.16-21 (545, Ox); LXIV 4439.8-10 (258/9, Ox) [ἀπέσχομεν, grain]; LXVI 4532.4-9 (85, Ox) [1: kephal., prosek.]; 4535.16-30 (600, Ox) [oph., chreo.]; LXVIII 4690.3-6 (442, Ox) [oph., chreo.*]; LXX 4786.14-19 (551, Ox); LXXI 4826.4-8 (168/9, Philonikou) [ἐμετρήθην]; 4828.1.6-13, 2.6-12 (195, Ox) [2c: kephal., tok.]; 4831.7-13 (429, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; 4835.12-15 (574, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; LXXII 4895.12-15 (380, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 4896.8-9 (386, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; 4897.7-10 (391, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 4903.7-10 (417, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 4904.6-9 (417, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 4907.7-9 (422, HerakN ?) [kephal.]; 4916.9 (472, Ox) [3]; 4918.8-12 (494/5/6, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; 4921.9-15 (523, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; 4922.10-11 (582, OxN) [3]; 4930.10-16 (614, Ox) [3: chreo.]; LXXV 5070.7-11 (605/6 or 620/1, Ox) [5c: ech., oph.]; LXXVII 5109.9-17 (c. 161/2, Ox) [3: eschek., paramemtr., kephal., grain] ; 5122.8-12 (552, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; 5124.12-17 (579-595, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.];5173.2-6 (25/6, Ox) [2c: kephal.]; LXXIX 5211.1.8-11 (303, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; P.Oxy.Hels. 30.6-9 (77, ArsN) [2d]; 31.3-8 (86, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; 32.3-8 (55-67, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; 36.1-3 (167, Ox) [tok.]; 43.10-14 (III, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; P.Palau Rib. 20.4-10 (VI, UP) [oph., chreo., kephal.]; P.Panop. 21.5-7 (315, Panop) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; P.Petaus 31.3-6 (183/4, Kar) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 32.1-4 (184/5 UP) [2b: tok.]; P.Petr. III 55a.6-10 (235/4A, Krok?) [1: atok.*]; P.Pintaudi 31.8-10 (53, Ox) [1]; 33.9-12 (IVl, Antin) [2b: en parathekei]; P.Prag. I 31.4-12 (148, Herakleia); [2d: kephal.*, εἰς παραθ(ήκην)*, akind.]; 32.5-14 (157, Herakleia) [2b: entok., kephal.]; II 126 Introduction, ll. 5-9 (166-217, ArsN) [ἀπέχειν]; 167.1-9 (580 or 595, ArsN) [id.chr.]; P.Princ. II 32.6-10 (99/100, Ox) [2c: ἔχειν: cash; μεμετρῆσθαι: grain]; 33.3-14 (126 UP) [5c: ἔσχον, en chresei, εἰς ἀρταβίαν]; 87.17-20 (612, Ox) [3c]; III 142.1-8 (I/II, Teb?) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 144.3-8 (219/20 or 239/40, PtolEu) [2b: kephal.]; P.Rain.Cent. 86.7-10 (381 HerakN) [3c: id.chr.]; 100.6-9 (452, ArsPol) [3c: eschek., ech., id.chr., grain]; 110.7-9 (490, Herak) [3c: eschek., ech., id.chr.]; P.Rein. II 106.3-8 (51, Euh) [2b: tok.]; 107.3-4 (573 or 588 or 603, Koptites) [ἔχειν σου καὶ χρεωστεῖν]; P.Ross.Georg. II 18 no. 64, ll. 269-271 (139/40, ArsN) [2b]; 30.1-2 (130/1 or 151/2 or 174/5, Memphis or Delta); 36b.7-11 (c. 130-150, ArsN) [2b: kephal.]; III 53.9-11 (674/5, ArsPol) [ech., oph., chreo., ὀψάρια ὁρμάθ(ια)]; P.Ryl. II 160c2.7-20 (32, SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 160 d2.4-13 (42, SokN) [1. 2a: kephal., tok.]; 173.3-6 (134 UP) [6b]; 173a.4-13 (99, Teb) [2b: entok.]; 175.7-19 (168, Thead) [2b: entok.]; 177.4-5 (246, Herm) [3b: entok.]; IV 586.1-7 (99A, Ox) [1: tok.]; 587.6-15 (87A, Teb) [1]; 602.2-7 (25A, Kar) [1: tok. cash, grain]; 662.9-12 (364, Antin) [2d: en parathesei, akind.]; P.Sakaon 49.6-14 (314, Thead) [παραμεμέτρησθαι, grain]; 64.6-8 (307, Thead) [2b: ἠριθμῆσθαι, ed.: χρῆσιν [εἰς] μ̣ῆνα ἕνα;]; 65.1-11 (328, Thead) [2b: entok.]; 66.1-8 (328, Thead) [2b: kephal., χρῆσις εἰς μῆνας]; 96.3-10 (303, Thraso) [3b: kephal., ed.: χ̣[ρῆσιν εἰς μ]ῆ̣ν̣α̣ ἕ̣ν̣α;]; P.Sarap. 13.6-8 (102, MagdMir) [3b: entok.]; 14.4-7 (103, MagdMir) [3b: entok.]; 16.1-3 (105/6, HermN) [3b: grain, tok.]; 17.2-5 (114, MagdMir) [3b: entok.]; 19.5-7 (118, MagdMir) [3c: entok.]; P.Schøyen II 32.7-12 (532, Seryphis) [oph., chreo.]; P.Select. 1.5-8 (454, Ox) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 3.5-15 (155, ArsN) [2b: eph., tok.]; 7.5-7 (314, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; P.Stras. I 13.4-11 (138-161, Herakleia) [2b: kephal.]; 52.1-4 (151, Herm) [1: kephal., tok.]; 54.4-10 (153/4, Ox) [2d: en parathekei, grain]; III 143.1-15 (211, UP) [2b: kephal. tok.]; 147.3-7 (54-68, HermN?) [3b: entok.]; IV 204.8-21 (161-169, PtolEu) [6b: kephal., tok.]; 209.5-14 (152 Dionysias) [6c]; 225.25-33, ll. 25-30 (II, ArsN) [2b: kephal.*, tok.]; 230.2-15 (143/4, Phil) [1: tok., grain, cash]; 231.4-6 (II, HermN ?) [memetr., entok., grain]; 256.3-6 (132, Selilais) [3b: entok.]; 278.2-9 (316, UP) [2b: χρῆσιν εἰς μῆνα]; 293.1-13 (138-161, Berenikis Aigialou) [1]; V 303.1 (161-169, UP); 344.5-10 (II, ArsN) [hypog.: 2b: entok.]; 374.2-8 (II, UP) [2b: entok., tok., cash, grain]; 382.2-4 (94, HermN) [3b: entok.]; 383.2-10 (147-155, ArsN) [2b: kephal., entok.*]; 391.2-9 (IIIm, ArsN) [tok.]; 437.4-12 (121, Bac) [2c: kephal.]; VI 503.4-12 (69/70, ArsN); 509.4 (138-161, ArsN) [2b: entok.]; 525.3-10 (98-117, Bac) [2b: kephal.]; 588.1 (II, OxN); VII 636.4-5 (III, Herm) [δεδανεῖσθαι, entok.]; 659.1-4 (VI, ArsPol) [5c: id.chr.]; 663.2-3 (57/8, Herm); VIII 732.4-5 (228/9, Herm) [3b: entok.]; 746.11-13 (II, ArsN) [hypog.: 2b]; 748.1 (III, UP) [tok.]; IX 812.1-2 (II, ArsN); 817.6-11 (IV, Herm?) [oph., chreo.*, hyper*]; 826a.2-4 (96-98, SokN) [2b]; 835.2-5 (136/7 or 157/8 or 180/1, ArsN) [2c: kephal.]; 882.1-7 (180A, Phil?); P.Tebt. I 110.3-5 (92A/59A, Teb) [2c: grain, hemiolia]; II 312.4-12 (123/4, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 384.15-18 (10, Teb) [hypog.: 2c: tok.]; 386.14-19 (12A, Hiera Nesos) [2a: pherne]; 387.3-8 (73, Teb) [5d: en paratheke]; 388.6-17 (98, Teb) [2b: cash and grain]; 389.4-12 (141, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 390.7-17 (167, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; III.1 815.2r.2.17-24 ll. 17-21? (223/2A, Teb) [1: tok.]; 815.2v.1.1-14 ll. 1-10 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2v.1.15-22 ll. 15-19 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.2v.2.30-40, ll. 31-36 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 815.4r.1.23-29, ll. 23-27 (223/2A, Teb) [1]; 817.9-10 (182A, Krok) [1: atok.]; 818.10-15 (174A, Trikomia) [1: tok.]; III.2 970.5-10 (IIeA, Krok) [1: atok.*]; P.Tebt.Pad. I 16.5-7 (9A-1A, Teb) [2a: grain]; 20.4-8 (98-117, Teb?) [2v: entok.]; P.Tebt.Tait 49.a.5-11 (89, PtolEu) [1: kephal.]; P.Tebt.Wall 1.4-12 (98-138, Teb) [2b: entok., kephal.*, tok.]; 2.1-3 (83/84, Teb) [2b: kephal., entok.]; 5.7-11 (94, Teb) [2c: ἀπέχειν]; 9.6-14 (33, Teb) [2d: kind.]; P.Thomas 4.3-11 (41-54, Teb); P.Ups.Frid. 3.1-25 ll. 3-6 (122, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; P.Upsala 94.6-8 (408, Ox) [4: eschek. memtr., en chresei]; P.Vars. 10.1.3-11 (155 Ptolemais Drymu) [2b: tok.]; 10.2.6-23 (155, PtolEu) [2b: χρ[ῆσι]ν ε̣[ἰ]ς̣ μῆνας, tok.]; P.Vind.Bosw. 12.5-9 (286/7, Herm) [3b: entok., kephal., tok.]; P.Vind.Sijp. 12.6-17 (184, PtolEu) [2c: tok.]; 13.8-11 (372, Herak) [dedan, memetr., hemiolia, grain]; 15.5-10 (IV, Herm) [ὀφείλειν ἀπό]; P.Vind.Tand. 22.4-12 (64, Nilopolis) [2b: kephal.]; 23.1-3, 24-29 (225 HerakN) [δεδανεῖσθαι, tok.]; P.Vind.Worp 10.1 (143/4, SokN?); P.Warr. 10.10-13 (591/2, Ox) [eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 22.1-5 (280/1?, OxN) [kephal., grain]; P.Wisc. I 10.7-10 (468, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; P.Würz. 17.8-13 (454, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr.] ; P.Yadin 11.2-3 (scr.int.), 13-15 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [2a: ech., oph., en danei]; 17.3-7 (scr.int.), 20-26 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza) [3d: ἔχειν αὐτ̣ὰ καὶ ὀφείλ̣ε̣[ι]ν ἐν παραθήκῃ]; P.Yale I 60.3-6 (6/5A,, Ox) [2c: kephal.]; 64.3-15 (74/5, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; P.Zen.Pestm. 20.1-5 (252A, ArsN) [2a]; PSI I 42 (IV, Theoxenis) [2b: hemiolia, grain]; 63.15-23 (624?, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; III 215.10-11 (339, Ox) [3b: en chresei]; 239.13-17 (601, Ox) [3c]; 246.9-10 (526, Ox) [oph., chreo.]; IV 389.3-4 (243A, Phil) [1]; V 465.11-20 (264-268, Ox) [ὀφείλειν ὑπέρ, δέρματα]; 470.2-4, 5-9 (103, Herm) [4b: entok.] ; VI 699 (III, Ox) [2d: ἐν παραθέσει]; 700.5-9 (III, Ox) [παρειληφέναι* καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι, tok.]; 701.4-21 (III, Aphr) [4a: entok., tok., kephal., prosekt.]; VIII 908.2.14-18 (42/3, Teb) [2a: tok.]; 921.11-12 (143/4, Thead) [2d]; 929.6-12 (111, ArsN) [2b: grain]; 962a.5-11 (131/2, UP) [4a, synch.: tok.]; 964.4-7 (520/521 or 535/536 or 550/551, OxN) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; IX 1028.3-11 (15, Teb) [1: kephal., grain]; 1051.5-15 (26, SokN) [1, 2c: kephal., tok.]; 1068.4-12 (246, Ox) [ed.: παρειληφέν]αι καὶ δεδανεῖσθαι, kephal., prosekt., tok.]; X 1131.2-17 (41, PtolEu) [1: kephal., tok.]; 1142.5-18 (154, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; XII 1253.5-7 (186, Ox) [2c]; XIII 1311.2-4 (scr.int.), 21-24 (scr.ext.) (136A, Berenikis Smophorou) [1: tok.]; 1319.2.41-51 (76, SokN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 1340.6-9 (420 Petne) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; XIV 1427.7-12 (565, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr.]; RMO 1976/4.36.2-5 (VI?, Herm?) [3: eschek., dedan.]; SB I 4370.5-14 (229, HerakN) [1: kephal., tok.]; 4498.6-11 (VI, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 4501.1-6 ( V, ArsN) [3c: id.chr.]; 4652.1-2 (304 Oasis Magna); 4664.11-12 (VIII, ArsPol) [3c*: id.chr.]; 4703.10-16 (VII, ArsN) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 4704.11 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3]; 4722.4-6 (IV-VII, ArsPol); 4745 passim (IV-VII, ArsN); 4757.6-7 (IV-VII, ArsN); 4758.6-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3c]; 4781.6- (566-622, ArsN) [id.chr.]; 4785.1-5 (IV-VII, ArsPol) [id.chr.]; 4788.4-6 (IV-VII, ArsN) [3c]; 4828.1-2 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [5: ech., chreo.]; 4846.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN); 5243.4-8 (7, SokN) [1: tok.]; 5244.4-7 (8A, SokN) [1: tok.]; 5285.10-15 (607, PanopN) [3c: id.chr.]; 5664.2-4 (Date unknown, Thebes?) [2c: grain]; 5690.1-3 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [5c]; III 7169.5 (IIA, UP) [1]; 7169.6-26 ll. 6-13 (IIA, UP) [1]; 7201.6-15 (553, Aphr) [oph., chreo.]; IV 7358.1-5 (277-282, Kar) [2c: kephal.]; 7467.4-9 (221, Phil) [2c: tok.]; V 7532.6-13 (74A, Nilopolis) [1: tok.]; 7758.13-17 (497, MagdBou) [3a: ἐσχηκέναι καὶ δεδέχθαι, id.chr., kephal.]; VI 9155.1-5 (223, ArsN) [3c: grain]; 9190.5-22 (131 Talao) [1]; 9255.5-10 (99A, Ox) [1]; 9270.3-7 (337 UP) [3: eschek., dedan., id.chr.]; 9291.6-13 (93, Thead) [4d: akind.]; 9311.4-9 (374, Kar) [2b: ech., memetr., χρῆσιν ἐν γένει*, hemiolia, grain]; 9366.2-5 (124A, Path) [1: atok., grain]; VIII 9764.3-5 (49A, Bac) [hypog.: 5: hemiolia, grain]; 9769.7-12 (VII, ArsPol) [2c: ech., oph.]; 9771.5-15 (VII/VIII, ArsPol) [3c: id.chr., kephal., tok.]; 9772.1-5 (VI, ArsN ?) [3: eschek., dedech.*, hyper]; X 10222.5-9 (20, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt.]; 10228.2-5 (IIA, Lykopolis) [1]; 10234.3-5 (35, Ox) [hypographe: kephal.]; 10238.3-8 (37, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt.]; 10246.2-7 (55, Ox) [2c: kephal., prosekt.]; 10249.3-7 (58/9, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; 10492r.3-5 (163 UP) [3b: entok., tok.]; 10524.5-8 (531, Antin) [3a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 10538.3-15 (130, Teb) [5c: grain]; 10553.2-3 (VIe, Path) [2c]; XII 10782.3-5 (247/6A, Ankyron Polis) [5c: grain]; 10786.2-10 (133, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 10787.2-9 (133, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 10804.6-23 (47, SokN) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 10810.1-3 (VI, UP) [5: ech., chreo.]; 11019.1-6 (89, Ox) [hypog.: 5: ech., chreos., id.chr.]; 11054.3-4 (c. 272-266A, OxN ?); 11058.5-7 (244A, Ox) [1: atok.]; 11059.4-5 (244A, Ox) [1: atok.]; 11228.3-8 (204, OxN) [3a: eschek., paramemtr., grain, kephal., prosekt.]; XIV 11284.4-7 (102-116, UP) [2b: entok., kephal.]; 11302.6-8 (I, Ox); 11385.4-11 (326, ArsN) [2b: kephal., ἄνευ τόκου]; 11385.4-11 (326, ArsN) [2b: kephal., ἄνευ τόκου]; 11386.5-10 (288, PtolEu) [2c: kephal.]; 11491.3-11 (59, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt.]; 11598.5-8 (III, UP) [3b: entok., tok., kephal.]; 11600.4-17 (91-96, Bac?) [2c: ed.: ἀπὸ τι]μ̣ῆς;]; 11601.6-8 (489, Ox) [2: oph., chreo.*]; 11847.4-6 (91, Ox) [1]; 12017.4-13 (156, Teb) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 12023.1-9 (II, Teb) [2b: grain]; 12088.7-15 (346, Ox) [3b: en chresei, kephal., epikerdia]; 12105.6-15 (129, Thead) [2d: akind.]; 12180.4-6 (186 Herak) [2c]; 12190.3-12 (297 UP) [2c]; 12195.19-20 (608, ArsN) [3c]; XVI 12263.2-5 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [2b: tok.]; 12472.5-7 (525/6, OxN) [3a: eschek.*, dedan., id.chr.]; 12611.5-12 (109/112, PtolEu) [2c]; 12673.6-8 (324/5, Herm) [2d: ἐν παρακαταθήκῃ]; 12690.1-7 (189, HerakN) [kephal., tok.]; 12700A.4-7 (30A-14, Ox) [2c: kephal.]; 12716.3-19 (129A, Path) [1]; 12786.6-9 (502, UP) [2c: ech., chreo.]; 12812.5-6 (255A, Phil); 12954.3-9 (116, SokN) [2c]; 13030.4-6 (205, Alabastrine) [4a: kephal., tok.]; 13042.2-5 (29, Ox) [1: kephal., prosekt., tok.]; XVIII 13228.3-7 (148-161, Haueris) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 13234.3-8 (98/9, Haueris) [1*: kephal., tok.]; 13255.16-19 (231A, Tholt) [1: entok., tok.]; 13298.5-8 (566-570, Antin) [4a: eschek., dedan., id.chr., kephal.]; 13860.9-10 (511, ArsPol) [2c: ech., oph.]; 13974.8-11 (250, ArsN) [2b*: tok.]; XX 14298.5-8 (IV, UP) [kephal.]; 14425.7-10 (443, UP) [3a: eschek., dedan., epoph., id.chr.]; 14605.3-5 (V, UP) [grain]; 14643.2-4 (V, Ox) [2c: ech., epoph., id.chr., akind.]; 14970.6-16 (149, Euh) [2b: entok.]; 15043.2-5 (VI/VII, Herm) [3c: kephal.*]; 15092.11-15 (VII, Leukogion) [3a: eschek., chreo., id.chr.]; 15163.1-5 (II, ArsN) [2c]; XXII 15240.8-11 (156a, Ammonias) [1: grain, hemiolia]; 15285.15-16 (526, Leukiou) [3]; 15325 4-5 (176?, Kar) [2c: kephal., tok.: act of loan]; XXII 15327.1-7 (III/IV, Karanis) [3b: tok.]; 15531.3-8 (IIIa/IIa, Herakleopolites) [1]: XXIV 15962.6-8 (116A-107A, Ox); 16009.4-6 (186?, Ox) [2b: en parathesei]; 16296.3-8 ll. 3-4; 16296.9-13 ll. 9-11; 16296.14-16 ll. 14-15 (182A?, UP) [2b]; XXVI 16423 (210/1, HerakN) [2b: en chresei, kephal., tok.]; 16475.2-5 (V, HermN) [oph., chreos., hyper, kephal., grain]; 16489.5-7 (VI/VII, ArsN) [3c: id.chr.]; XXVI 16566.1-7 (41-68, ArsN) [kephal., tok.]: 16567.1-12 (I/II, SokN) [2b: kephal., tok.]; 16756.1-5 (IV/V UP) [grain, ed.: ὑπὲρ διαφ]όρου;]; XXVIII 16858.a.8-13 (507?, Herm) [oph., chreo., hyper, ἐλαίου ῥαφανίνου]; 16873.5-8 (591/2, ArsN?) [3c: kephal.]; 17164.9-12 (70-132, Murabaat) [ech., oph., en danei ]; 17232.6-12 (484, Ox) [3b: en chresei, id.chr., kephal.]; 17248.3-7 (VI, Near Thebes) [ech., chreo.: wine]; 17265.a.3.3-9, ll. 4-5 (111/10A, Path) [1: atok.]; 17265.d.1.6-10, ll. 6-7 (111/10A, Path) [1: atok.]; XXX 17667.8-11 (603, HerakN) [eschek., chreo., id.chr., kephal.]; SPP IV pp. 55-56, II, ll. 4-8 (c. 136A-97A, Path) [1: grain]; pp. 116 – 117, ll. 4-12 (109/10, Euh) [1: kephal.]; XX 3.1-10 (111, ArsN) [oph., kephal.]; 16.8-19 (193 Herak) [2a: kephal., tok.]; 23.3-6 (III, Herm) [3b: entok.]; 45.4-6 (237, Mochchyris) [4d]; 51.1-6 (238, ArsN) [2b]; 76.7-12 (105, SokN) [6b.: kephal., entok.]; 90.7-10 (415, HerakN) [2c: ech., epoph., id.chr.]; 112.1-3 (VI, ArsN) [5c: hyper misthou]; 114.4-8 (421, Alex) [3c: id.chr.]; 123.11-16 (445, Herak) [3c: id.chr., kephal.]; 139.6-9 (531, ArsPol) [eileph., dedan., λόγῳ δανίου, akind., id.chr., kephal.]; 146.7-10 (V/VI, Constantinople?) [ἔχειν σοι παρʼ ἐμαυτῷ]; 194.1-5 (VI, ArsN ?); 201.1-6 (V/VI, ArsN ?) [5c: residual debt]; 261.5-8 (570, HermN) [grain]; XXII 36.2-6 (145, Nilopolis/SokN) [2c: kephal. tok.]; 41.8-16 (208, PtolEu) [2b: kephal.]; 53.3-7 (149, SokN) [5b: ἀνειλόμεθα, tok.]; 69.4-5 (186/7, SokN) [hypographe: ed.: ἐδ[ανεισάμην;]; 83.4-13 (146-156, SokN) [1*: kephal., tok.]; T.Varie 10.3-6 (VII, Thus Buserapammon) [oph., chreo., id.chr., δεξάμην εἰς τιμήν[; UPZ I 125.8-13 (89A, Memphis) [1: atok.]; II 190.3-7 (98A, Thebes) [1: grain, atok.].

19. Purpose of Loan

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The loan is given for a declared purpose, and mostly constitutes a consumer loan. In O.Bodl. II 1974.6-8 (c. 10 BCE, Thebes), a loan is given for the payment of taxes. In P.Oxy. III 507.22-28 (146 CE, Oxyrhynchos), the borrower reports that he will be using the loan to buy fodder, which he will not dispose of until the debt is settled: τὰς δὲ | 23 προκειμένας δραχμὰς διακοσίας | 24 ἑξήκοντα κατατέθειμαι εἰς συν|25ωνὴν χόρτου ἀποτ[ε]θ̣ησομένου | 26 ἐν ᾧ ἔχω ἐν μισθώσει καμηλ̣ῶ|27νι Σιμίλεως ἐν τῇ Ὀξυρύγχω[ν] πό|28λει (‘The aforesaid two hundred sixty drachms I have employed in the purchase of hay, which shall be stored in the camel-shed of Similis in the city of Oxyrhynchos, which I have on lease’).

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1916): 40-44; Wollentin (1961): 48-49.

20. Act of Sale: Fungibles

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

To record the sale of fungibles, the scribe may apply the contemporaneously common formulation of the sale contract. Accordingly, in 3 Ptolemaic documents—CPR XVIII 5 (231/206 BCE, Theogonis), P.Hib. I 84a (285/4 BCE, Herakleopolites), and P.Tebt. I 109 (93 BCE, Kerkeosiris)—the aorist middle form of the verb ἀποδίδωμι appears, as is commonly the case in regular sales [Cf. Pringsheim (1950): 269-275].  In the same manner, P.Oxy. XLV 3254 (312/3 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and P.Yadin 22 (130 CE, Maoza) exhibits the expression ὁμολογῶ πεπρακέναι, while the latter’s twin document, P.Yadin 21, now describing the act from the purchaser’s viewpoint, invokes ὁμολογῶ ἠγορακέναι. From the Ptolemaic to the Byzantine period, however, this terminology is generally avoided; instead, the clause is introduced by the verb ὁμολογῶ followed by an infinitive that records the receipt or the ‘having’ of the consideration. This is already the case in BGU XIV 1639 (73 or 44 BCE, Oxyrhynchos). The verbs that denote the act of receipt are ἔχειν (later: ἐσχηκέναι), χρεωστεῖν, εἰληφέναι, δεδέχθαι, and, in particular, πεπληρῶσθαι. A study of the stem πληρ- is especially pertinent to our understanding of the evolution of contracts that record sales of fungibles as a distinct type of contract: Contracts from all periods invoke the adjective πλήρης to denote an act relating to sales of fungibles: e.g., P.Hamb. I 21 (315 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι παρά σου ἐντεῦθεν τιμὴν πλήρη λινο|5καλάμης ὠμῆς μαντ̣ακίων (l. μανδακίων) ἕξ) (‘I acknowledge that I have received from you forthwith in full the consideration for six bundles of raw flax’), but do not seem to restrict it to this type of document alone. (Note for example, the price clause [Type4]). The perfect infinitive πεπληρῶσθαι, attested for the first time in this clause in P.Münch. III 86 from fourth-century CE Tebetny in the Arsinoite nome, seems, wherever it is applied, to be a functional surrogate for the adjective πλήρης. The two words do not appear simultaneously in the same document. Unlike this adjective, in the context of the clauses discussed in this book, πεπληρῶσθαι is used exclusively in contracts recording the sale of fungibles, thus becoming one of their most distinctive hallmarks; see, in particular, the formulation ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι καὶ πεπληρῶσθαι.

The object of the receipt (viz., the cash payment) and the term τιμή are usually reported in the accusative, as the direct objects of the verb(s). There are, however, some notable exceptions: 25 documents from the Arsinoite nome use the phrase εἰς τιμήν. Another 48, from the Hermopolite nome and Antinoopolis, use the genitive case for both the cash-payment and τιμή [cf. Kruit (1992b): 169-170]. See, e.g., P.Lond. III 1001.8-12 (539 CE, Hermopolites): ὁμολογῶ ἐσχηκέναι καὶ πεπληρῶσθαι | 9 παρ[ὰ σ]ο(ῦ) τῆ[ς] πρὸς ἀλλήλους συμπεφω|10νημ[έ]νης τελείας τιμῆς σίτο(υ) ἀρτάβης μιᾶς | 11 τ[ρίτο]υ καὶ οἴνο(υ) νέου μούστου κνιδίων | 12 δ̣έκα γί(νονται) σί(του) (ἀρτάβη) α γ´ καὶ οἴν(ου) κνίδ(ια) ι (‘I acknowledge that I received and have been paid in full by you the amount agreed upon between us of one artab and one-third of wheat and of ten knidia of new, young wine, totaling 1 1/3 wheat artaba and 10 knidia of wine’). The amount itself is not reported.

As already indicated, the clause never records the delivery of the object itself. Rather, it records the delivery of cash, an advance payment for an object of which the future delivery is recorded in the following clause. It is thus little wonder that in some cases the clause is assimilated into that recording the creation of a debt. The similarity is especially close wherever the direct object of the verb is an amount of money. In this construction, some scribes also add the genitivus qualitatis κεφαλαίου, a distinct feature of the act of lending [cf. Jördens (1990): 311, primarily Arsinoite]. In these cases, the function of the payment as consideration for the commodity may be expressed through the construction εἰς τιμήν or by placing the word τιμή in apposition to the cash payment, ὄντα / οὔσας τιμήν κτλ., as in, e.g., P.Cair.Isid. 91 ll. 4-8 (309 CE, Karanis): ἔχειν παρʼ αὐτοῦ | 5 ὁ ὁμολογῶν διὰ χειρὸς ἀργυρίου κεφαλαίου τάλαντα | 6 [δ]εκαεπτὰ καὶ δραχμὰς τρισχειλίας οὔσας τιμὴν ἣν συν|7[ε]φώνησαν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς φασήλου ἀρταβῶν ἑκατὸν | 8 πεντήκοντα, γ(ίνονται) (ἀρτάβαι) ρν (‘He, the acknowledging party (i.e., the vendor), has received from him (i.e., the purchaser) from hand to hand a sum of seventeen talents three thousand drachmas in silver as the price which they agreed on between themselves for one hundred fifty artabae of phaselus beans, equal 150 artabae’) (transl.: P.Cair.Isid., p. 336).

In other cases, the creation clause does not unveil the nature of the contract at all. This is particularly the case with documents exhibiting the formulation εἰς ἰδίαν μου καὶ ἀναγκαίαν χρείαν (‘for my personal and pressing need’). Only in the return clause are we informed that the debt should be settled through a payment in kind. [Cf., e.g., PSI X 1122.6-10: VI CE, Oxyrhynchites]. The nature of the contract as a sale document is recorded much more straightforwardly whenever the consideration is reported as the object of the delivery. In this case, the term used is always τιμή; it is defined and qualified by adjectives indicating that the payment is ‘just’ [δίκαιoς (1)], ‘complete’ [τέλειoς (25)] ‘price-worthy’ [ἄξιος (15)], and agreed upon by both parties συμπεφωνημένoς (πρός ἀλλήλους) (13), συμφωνηθείς (πρός ἀλλήλους) (7), συναρέσας (+ dat.) (7). Especially common in the Hermopolite documentation is the combination ἡ πρὸς ἀλλήλους συμπεφωνημένη τελεία καὶ ἀξία τιμή (‘the price, full and jointly approved by us with one another’). [Cf. Jördens (1990): 307–310].

The scribe records, in the genitive, the object and the quantity (x units of y), introducing them with the word τιμή. Wine (οἶνος) is the best-attested commodity, recorded in 40 creation clauses, followed by wheat (πυρός, later σῖτος), recorded in 21 documents, barley in 10, vegetable seeds (λαχανόσπερμον) in 6, fodder in 4, dates, fine flax (λινοκαλάμη), and beans (κύαμος and φάσηλος) in two each, and olives, soap (σμῆμα), bitter vetch, reeds, hemp (σίππια) and χυθρά in 1 document each. Some scribes make do with an indication of the object without further qualification; this is clearly the case in 16 out of 40 wine sales, 15 out of 21 cases involving wheat, 12 of 14 cases in which barley is sold, and 5 of 8 cases of vegetable seeds. In the remaining texts, 19 adjectives and 2 nouns are used to elaborate on the nature of the object. The adjective νέος is the best-attested, recorded in 21 documents, and is also invoked for different types of commodities. The same obtains for εὐάρεστος (13 cases), καθαρός (6), ἄδολος (3), ἐπιτήδειος (3). Other terms, in contrast, are particular to one type of product. Thus, the nouns μοῦστος (8) and γλεῦκος (3) [cf. Mayerson (1999): 125-126], and the adjectives κάλλιστος (2), ἐντόπιος (2), and ληναῖος (1) are all recorded solely for wine, ἐκλεκτός (1) for olives, ἄκριθος (1) for wheat, and κόκκος (1), κωμητικός (1), ξηρός (1) and πρωτόκοπος (1) only for fodder. The best-attested combination by far is οἶνος νέος μούστου, recorded in the creation clause in nine documents. Wheat, barley, vegetable seeds, and fodder are measured in artabae. Consequently, the artaba is the best-attested measurement unit (36). Wine is measured diversely: by the knidion (9), the metron and the sekoma (6 each), the diploun and the keramion (4 each) and the angeion (2). For the diploun, the sekoma and the keramion also reference is made to the specific category: πενταξεστιαῖα in the case of the two former, Ἀρσινοϊτικά, Ὀξυρυγχειτικά in the last-mentioned. In the context of the present creation clause the metron formulation is incorporated into 6 documents only: CPR X 23 (520/1 CE?, Arsinoiton Polis); CPR X 107a (396 CE, Ther); P.Coll.Youtie II 93 (VI CE, Herakleopolis); P.Leid.Inst. 25 (95/6 CE, Arsinoites); P.Meyer 7 (130 CE, Polydeukia); SPP XX 148 (VI CE, Herakleopolites). It occurs with some regularity in documents that record the delivery of vegetable seeds and in one case recording the sale of beans. It is uncommon or entirely unattested in regard to other commodities.

Bibl.: Montevecchi (1944): 133-134, 144-150; Taubenschlag (1955): 336-338; Packman (1975): 290-295; Bagnall (1977): 85-96; Harrauer (1980): 125-126; Rupprecht (1984): 274-280; Jördens (1990): 307-312; Kruit (1992b): 169; Mayerson (1999): 123-128; Jakab (2009): 123-155.

apech.: ἀπέχειν;      chreo.: χρεωστεῖν;      ech.: ἔχειν;      eileph.: εἰληφέναι;      eschek.: ἐσχηκέναι;     id.chr.: εἰς ἰδίαν χρείαν;     kephal.: λόγου κεφαλαίου, κεφαλαίου;     oph.: ὀφείλειν;     pepler.: πεπληρῶσθαι;     pler.: πλήρης

BGU II 370.10-12 (638, ArsPol) [fodder?; eschek., pepler.: timen]?; III 834.2-22 (125, Boubastos); 837.21-36 (609, ArsPol) [kalamos; allel.; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 873.a.5-7 (VIl/VIe, ArsN) [eschek., pepler.]; 873.b.3-5 (Vl/VIe, ArsN); IV 1015.4-7 (221/2, HermN) [vegetable seed; eschek.: chresis, timen]; 1065.5-9 (98, ArsN) [gold; apech.: timen]; XI 2048.1-3 (217, HermN); 2127.6-11 (156, MemphN) [dates; hypomnema: ἐκλαβεῖν]; XII 2198.8-12 (545 or 560, Herm) [fodder; allel.; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2199.4-8 (VI, Herm) [fodder; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2205.8-12 (590, Herm) [casks; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2207.10-13 (606, Herm) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2208.13-17 (614, Herm) [reeds; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2209.12-15 (614, Herm) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2210.12-14 (617, Herm) [reeds; eschek., pepler.: times]; XIII 2330.5-14 (89, SokN) [wheat; ech.: kephal.: timen]; 2331.5-15 (91, SokN) [barley; ech.: times]; 2332.8-13 (374, PtolEu) [wine; eschek.: eis timen]; XVII 2694.13-19 (608, Herm) [casks; eschek., pepler.: times]; 2695.10-13 (608, Herm) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; XIX 2834.8-12 (590, Herm or Antin) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; CPR V 14.9-14 (475, HerakN) [wine; ἔχειν π]α̣ρʼ ἐμαυτῷ καὶ ἐποφίλειν; hyper times; kephal.]; VII 31.1-23, ll. 3-6 (196/7, Herm) [wheat; eschek.: eis timen]; 45.1-13 (507?, HermN) [barley; times]; VIII 59.7-12 (V/VI, HerakN) [eschek., pepler.: timen]; IX 25.5-7 (Vm, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 31.9-16 (581, Sinelais?, HermN) [barley, vegetable seed; eschek., pepler.: times]; X 23.1-6 (520/1?, ArsPol) [crops: eis timen]; 24.1-2 (522/3, ArsPol); 25.6-11 (526/7?, ArsPol) [crops; ech.: chreia]; 38.7-11 (420, HerakN) [beans; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 39.9-14 (443, Herak) [vessels; ech.: timen]; 107a.12-14 (396, Ther) [vegetable seed]; 120.8-14 (523, ArsPol) [barley; eschek., pepler.: timen]; XIV 4.6-10 (VI, Alexandrou Nesos) [wine; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 5.12-16 (531/2, Severou Epoikion) [linokalame; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 6.10-14 (V/VI, Peenamis) [allel.; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 7.8-17 (VI ArsPol) [barley; eschek., id.chr.; kephal., eis timen]; XVIII 5.90-94 (231A/206A, Theog) [wine; ἀπέδοτο; times]; XIX 31.4-8 (Vs, HermN) [wine; pepler.: times]; P.Alex. 38.3-5 (VI/VII, ApolHept?) [hypog.: fodder, chaff, epi times?]; P.Amh. II 150.17-24 (592, Ox) [fodder; eschek.: eis timen, pler.]; P.Amst. I 47.9-13 (537, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 48.6-10 (VI, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Ant. I 42.11-16 (557, Lenaiou) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Athen. 23.4-15 (82, Thead) [wine; allel.; ech.: timen]; P.Athen.Xyla 6.1-2 (VI, HermN); P.Bad. II 25.12-15 (III, PtolEu) [barley; ech.: kephal.: times]; IV 55.11-22 (VI/VII, Hipponon/Sephtha/Sento) [wine; eschek.: timen pler.]; P.Bastianini 26.12-18 (VI, Ox) [new casks; eschek.: eis timen]; P.Berl.Brash. 14.4-6 (304, OxN) [barley meal; ed.: ὁμ̣ο̣λ̣ο̣γ̣ῶ̣ ὀφείλε̣ι̣ν̣ σ̣υ̣ (l. σοι) ὑ̣π̣ὲ̣ρ̣ ὧν ἠγόρασα κα[ὶ] ἐβ[άσταξα];]; P.Cair.Isid. 89.3-5 (308, Kar?) [beans; kephal.: eis timen]; 90.1-5 (309, Kar) [beans; ech., kephal.: eis timen]; 91.1-8 (309, Kar) [beans; ech.: kephal.: timen]; 92.1-7 (314, Kar) [vegetable seed; ech.: kephal., timen]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67163.11-17 (569, Antin) [λωδίκιον: ‘blanket or counterpane’; pepler.: ἐκ πλήρους]; P.Col. VII 182.6-12 (372/3, Kar) [barley; eschek., memetr.: eis timen]; 177.1-10 (325, Kar) [vegetable seeds; ech.: eis timen]; 179.28-30 (300, Kar); 183.4-13 (372, Kar) [wheat; ech.: timen]; 184.8-12 (372, Kar) [barley; ech.: timen]; P.Coll.Youtie II 93.5-9 (VI, Herak) [wine, vegetable seed; eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Dion. 34.3-4 (116A, HermN) [wheat; ech.: timen]; P.Edfou I 2.3-5 (619, Apol) [wine; ech. chreo.]; P.Eirene II 28.13-15 (577, ArsN) [new casks; eschek., pepler.: timen]: 29.14-19 (591-593, ArsPol) [new casks; eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Fay. 89.8-13 (9, Pelousion) [vegetable seed; ech.: timen]; P.Flor. I 65.4-9 (570/1, OxN) [wine; eschek.: timen pler.]; III 314.7-12 (428, Enseu) [new casks; pepler.: times]; P.Gascou 34.1-8 (VI, Ox) [eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Gen. I 8 (141, Dionysias) [vegetable seed; ech.: kephal., eis timen]; 8 bis (140/1, Dionysias) [vegetable seed; ech.: eis timen]; 15.1-2 (VI/VII, ArsN) [grain; pepler.: timen]; II 89.3-7 (5A, Thead) [wheat; ech.: timen]; IV 190.8-11 (522/3, HermN) [wine; eileph., pepler.: times; kephal.]; P.Genov. I 30.7-11 (543, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Grenf. II 51.4-18 (143, SokN) [goat hide; apech.: timen]; P.Hamb. I 21.2.4-5 (315, Ox) [flax; esch.: timen pler.]; 71.5-11 (149, Phil) [fodder; ech.: timen]; II 184.1-3 (IIImA, OxN) [arakos; ἠγορακέναι ἀρούρας]; 185.1-6 (245A, OxN) [arakos; ἠγορακέναι ἀρούρας]; 186.2-5 (IIImA, OxN) [arakos; ἠγορακέναι ἀρούρας]; P.Heid. V 355.2-5 (V/VI, HermN) [barley; eschek., pepler.: times]; 357.8-12 (507, HermN) [barley; pepler.: times]; 358.1-6 (524/5, OxN) [wine; eschek.: timen pler.]; 359.1-7 (VI/VII, OxN) [grain, wine, vegetable seed]; 360.a (VI/VII, OxN) [vegetable seed; timen pler.]; 361.16-23 (613, ArsPol) [meat; eschek., pepler.: timen]; VI 383.5-8 (209A, Oxyrhyncha) [wheat; timen]; P.Hib. I 84a,2-3, 17-18 (285/4A, HerakN?) [wheat; ἀπέδοτο]; II 210.1-8 (c. 250A-240A, OxN) [2e] [olyra; ech.: timen]; P.Köln III 151.8-12 (423, KynopN) [sippia; oph., eschek; id.chr.]; 152.9-14 (477, OxN) [fodder et al.; eschek.: kephal.: eis timen]; IV 192.2-8 (V/VI, Nesmaris?) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Laur. IV 176.5-10 (316, OxN?) [flax]; P.Leid.Inst. 25.5-9 (95/6, ArsN) [vegetable-seed; eschek.: timen]; P.Lond. II 390.1-3 (p. 332) (VI/VII, ArsN) [wine; pepler.: timen]; III 1001.8-12 (539, HermN) [wine, wheat; eschek., pepler.: times]; 1026a.8-14 (482/497/527, HermN?) [hay; eschek., pepler.: times]; 1164i.5-19 (212, Antin) [sitesis; eschek.: timen]; 1229.4-11 (145, UP) [fodder: ed.: ὁμολογοῦμεν ἀποδώ|5[σειν …. ὑπὲρ τιμῆς χορτασμάτων;]; V 1656.2-12 (IV, ArsN?) [vessel; ech., chreo.: timen]; 1700.3-4 (VI, Aphr) [chreo.]; 1774.7-9 (570, Herm) [vegetable seed; eschek., pepler.: times]; 1777.6-9 (434, Ox) [fleece; eschek.: timen]; P.Lund VI 10.6-10 (400, ArsPol/Kastra Skenon Mandron) [sheep; pepler.: timen]; P.Meyer 7.3-12 (130, Polydeukia) [beans; ech.: timen]; P.Mich. IX 608.1-5 (VI, OxN) [grain, barley, wine, seed]; XIII 670.8-10 (527, Tanyaithis) [wheat; eschek., pepler.: timen]; XV 734.13-18 (572, OxN) [wine; eschek: timen, pler.]; P.Mil. I 4.4-9 (2A, Thead) [wheat; ech.: timen]; 5.4-10 (38, Thead) [grain; ech.: timen]; 8.5-14 (48, Thead) [barley; ech.: timen]; 52 (285, Ox) [sippia; eschek.: timen]; P.Monts.Roca IV 84.7-10 (IV/V, OxN) [barley; eschek.: timen]; P.Münch. III 86.4-7 (IV, Tebetny) [barley; eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Neph. 34.1-3 (IV, UP) [wine]; P.Oslo II 43.1-2 (140/1, ProsopN?) [wine; ech.: timen]; P.Oxy. X 1320 (497, Ox) [wine; oph., chreo.; apo times]; XIV 1639.3-6 (73A/44A, Ox) [wheat; ech.: timen]; 1720.3-6 (VI, Ox) [wine; eschek.: time]; XLV 3254.6-10 (312/3, Ox) [καρπὸν λινοκαλάμης; πεπρακέναι]; XLIX 3512.9-13 (492, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen, pler.]; LVIII 3942.11-22 (606, Ox) [new caskets; eschek.: eis timen]; LXI 4132.15-25 (619, Ox) [wine; eschek.: eis timen]; LXII 4349.8-12 (504, Ox) [wheat; δεδέχθαι ὑπὲρ τιμῆς]; LXIII 4392.11-14 (479, Ox) [allel.; eschek.: timen]; LXXI 4837.9-13 (582/3, OxN) [eschek.: id.chr., eis timen]; LXXII 4901.6-9 (408, OxN) [wine; eschek.: apo logou times]; 4913.7-10 (462, Ox) [grain, barley; eschek.: timen, pler.]; LXXV 5069.11-16 (546, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen pler.]; LXXVII 5119.7-10 (403, Ox) [oph., chreo.; ὑπὲρ τιμῆς]; P.Palau Rib. 21.1-4 (VI, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Poethke 29.7-17 (549, Thynis) [chaff, wheat; ὑπὲρ τιμῆς]; P.Prag. I 44.6-11 (466?, ArsN) [vegetable seed; eschek., pepler.: times]; 45.8-13 (521/2, Antin) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 46.6-10 (522, Antin) [caskets; allel.; eschek., pepler.: times]; II 164.10-14 (493, ArsPol) [grain; eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Rain.Cent. 123.10-14 (478, Phebichis) [oil; eschek.: timen]; P.Rein. II 101.3-6 (198-209, OxN) [wine; eschek.: id.chr.: timen]; P.Ross.Georg. V 31.7-12 (503, ArsPol) [grain; eschek.: id.chr.; kephal.; pepler.: timen]; 37.1-6 (503, ArsN) [wine]; 39.1-4 (VI, ArsN) [wine; pepler.: timen]; P.Sakaon 94.1-9 (284, Thraso) [ech.: timen]; 95.1-16 (301, Thraso) [wool; ech.: eis timen]; P.Schøyen II 31.8-11 (500, Ox) [barley; eschek.: timen, pl.]; P.Select. 2.4-8 (VI, HerakN) [wine; allel.; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 15.8-12 (435, Herak) [barley; allel.; eschek., pepler.: timen]; P.Stras. I 1.5-7 (435, Herm) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 53.1-6 (132, UP) [wine; hyper times]; P.Tebt. I 109.10-14 (93A, Kerkeosiris) [wheat; ἀπέδοντο]; P.Ups.Frid 5.5-10 (261, Ox) [grain; eschek.: timen, pl.]; P.Vatic.Aphrod. 9.8-11 (VI, Aphr) [eschek., pepler.: times*]; P.Vindob. G 20657.4-7 (VIIf, HermN) [stalks; eschek., pepler.: times]; P.Wisc. I 11.11-17 (646, Ox) [wine; eschek.: id.chr.]; P.Yadin 21.7-12 (130, Maoza) [dates; ἠγορακέναι]; 22.8-12 (130, Maoza) [dates; ἠγορακέναι]; PSI VII 703.7-10 (480, Herm) [allel.; id.chr.]; X 1099.3-5 (6/5A, Ox) [wheat; ech.: timen]; 1122.6-10 (VI, OxN) [wine; eschek.: id.chr.]; XII 1249.17-24 (265, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen pler.]; 1251.9-12 (252, Ox) [wheat; eschek.: timen pler.]; 1252.6-11 (III, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen]; SB I 4496.11-21 (593, ArsPol) [fodder; eschek.: id.chr.; kephal.: eis timen]; 4497.11-20 (616, ArsPol) [fodder; eschek.: id.chr.; kephal.: eis timen]; 4504.13-17 (613, This) [wine; ἐσχηκέναι παρὰ σοῦ καὶ δεδέχθαι; id., chr.]; 4505.15-19 (606, This) [wine; eschek.: id.chr.]; 4675.1-3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [new casks; eis timen] IV 7466.5-11 (147, Thead) [wheat; ech.: timen]; V 8264.8-13 (524, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen]; VI 9051.5-7 (VI, HermN) [grain; ech., chreo., pepler.: times]; 9129.3-5 (136, HermN) [vegetable seed; eschek.: timen]; 9280.6-15 (VIs, ArsPol) [eschek.: chreia; kephal.: eis timen]; 9282.1-3 (c. 500, HerakN) [barley, vegetable seed; eschek.: eis timen]; 9593.13-18 (VI/VII, Herak) [barley; eschek., pepler.: id.chr,: timen]; VIII 9773.12-15 (540, Herak) [barley; eschek., pepler.: timen]; XIV 11617.11-13 (580, Ox) [wine; eschek.]; 11907.5-13 (239, PtolEu) [vegetable seed; ech.]; 12109.4-9 (377, Kar) [wheat; ech.: timen]; XVI 12486.10-13 (470, HermN) [wine; eileph., pepler.: times]; 12639.12-18 (VI, ArsN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 12488.5-9 (538, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 12489.5-7 (Vm, HermN) [wine; eschek.: pepler.: times]; 12491.1-3 (VI/VII, HermN) [wine; eschek.*, pepler.*: times*]; 12492.12-15 (638, HermN) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; 12585.15-21 (557, OxN?) [castor-oil soap; eschek.: timen pler.]; 12639.12-17 (541, HerakN) [wine; eschek.*, pepler.: timen]; 13037.8-11 (522/3, HermN) [wine; eileph., pepler.: times, kephal.]; XVIII 13947.6-10 (507, OxN) [wheat, barley; eschek.: timen]; XX 14240.3-7 (VI, Aphr) [wool; eschek., pepler.: times]; 14534.6-15 (VI, ArsPol) [vegetable seed; eschek.: id.chr.: kephal.: eis timen]; 14535.7-12 (481/541, ArsPol) [flax; eschek.: kephal.: eis timen]; 14712.5-8 (498, HermN) [casks; eschek., pepler.: times]; XX 15202.8-11 (VIf, Aphr) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; XXII 15595.4-6 (VI/VII, HermN) [wine; ἐδε[ξ]άμην καὶ πε̣[πλήρω]μαι; times]; 15597.4-6 (537, Herm) [wine; eschek., pepler.: times]; XXII 15725.3-9 (VI, Ox) [wine; eschek.: timen pler]; 15728.3-11 (347, Euh) [wheat, vegetable seed; ech., pepler.: timen]; XXIV 16129.1-3 (VI, Herm) [pepler.: times]; 16130.5-6 (VI, HermN) [eschek.*, pepler.]; XXVI 16752.1-4 (494/5, OxN) [new casks]; SB XXX 17328.4-6 (546 or 569, Herak) [wine; eschek., pepler.: timen];  SPP III 25.1-3 (VI/VII, HerakN) [wine; eschek., pepler.]; 85.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsN or HerakN) [grain; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 125.1-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [wine; ech.]; 135.1-7 (VI, Tin) [wine; pepler.*: timen]; 141.1-3 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [wine; pepler.]; 151.1-3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [wine; timen, kephal.: id.chr.]; 163.1-3 (VI, Touroubestis or ArsPol) [wine; ech.]; 175.1-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [pepler.: timen]; 193.1-2 (VI/VII, ArsN) [wine; ech.]; 195.1-3 (VII, ArsN ?) [wine]; 196.1-5 (VI/VII, ArsN?) [wine; pepler.*]; 200.1-3 (VII, HerakN) [wine; pepler.: timen]; 2.1 205 + 363 l.2 (VI/VII, ArsN) [wine; pepler.: timen]; 357.2-3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [eschek.]; 381.3-5 (VI, Kynon or ArsPol) [pepler.: timen]; 396.3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [pepler.*: timen]; 432.3 (VII/VIII, OxN) [wine; timen]; XX 72.3-6 (271/2, Herm) [wheat: ed.: ἐμετρήθ]η̣σ̣αν ἡμεῖν;]; 148.6-12 (VI HerakN) [barley; eschek., pepler.: timen]; 194.1-5 (VI, ArsN ?); T.Varie 8.3-7 (669, Syron Kome/Palosis) [wine; eschek.: id.chr.; eis timen pler.].

Section IV. Conveyance of Persons

21. Creation of Prospective Employer–Employee Relationship

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Documents that record the creation of a contractual bond between a prospective employer and a prospective employee exhibit different forms depending on the type of labour undertaken. A major group of contracts expresses the formation of the relationship through the assignment of the employee to the employer. This assignment, reported from the viewpoint of the employer, the employee, or the assignor, takes various forms—ekdosis, paralempsis, parechomai-clause, auto-misthosis, and the Byzantine auto-synthesis—each discussed here as an independent category. There are also contracts, however, in which the assumption of the duty is manifested not in assignment but in an agreement among future parties. Unlike other documents that record past actions giving rise to contractual obligations, this clause explicitly marks a future obligation. The following constructions illustrate this prospective nature:

[1] The document expresses the parties’ pledge or agreement to perform the anticipated act: βούλομαι, ὑπέχομαι, ὀμνύω and, in particular, the medial form of the aorist indicative of συντίθημι followed by a nomen actionis or by an infinitive denoting the prospective duty. Cf., e.g., BGU I 286.3-10 (306 CE, Ibion Eikosipentarouron): συνέθετο Αὐρίλιος Εὐπορᾶς Αὐλ̣ι̣κ̣( ) μη(τρὸς) Ταή|4σεως ἀπὸ κώμ(ης) Ἰβιῶνος (Εἰκοσιπενταρουρῶν) Αὐριλίῳ Πεηοῦ|5τι Πτολεμαίου ἀπὸ κώμης Καρανίδος σακκοφόρῳ | 6 τὴν ἐργασίαν ἐπὶ τῷ τὸν Εὐπορᾶν παραγενέσ|7θαι ἐν Ἀλεξ(ανδρείᾳ) καὶ τὴν ἀντὶ τοῦ Πεηοῦτος χώραν | 8 ἀποπληρῶσαι τῇ μεταφορᾷ τοῦ δημοσίου | 9 πυροῦ κατὰ κέλευσιν τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐπὶ χρό|10νον μην[ῶν] δύο ἀπὸ τῆς αὔριον ἡμέρας (‘Aurelios Europas son of Aulik( ) whose mother is Taesis, from the village of Ibion Eikosipentarouron, has come to terms with Aurelios Peeous son of Ptolemaios from the village of Karanis, a porter by profession, that Euporas will be present in Alexandria and in stead of Peeous and will undertake the duty of the shipment of the public wheat in pursuance of an order of the governor for a period of two months beginning tomorrow’). (Cf. also Hengstl (1972): 58 n. 38).

[2] An expression of the employee’s availability, particularly the construction ὁμολογέω ἑτοίμως ἔχειν followed by the infinitive. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. LI 3641.7-11 (544 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ὁμολογ]ῶ̣ δ̣ι̣ὰ ταύτης μου τῆς ἐγγρ[ά]φ̣[ο]υ̣ ἀσφαλείας ἑτοίμως ἐχω (l. ἔχειν) ἐ̣ρ̣γ̣άσασθαι | 8 ἀ̣π̣ὸ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ ἐ̣πὶ τὸ̣ν τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ ζ̣ωῆς μ[ο]υ χρόνον εἰ̣ς̣ πάντας τοὺς μυλα̣ί̣ους στροβίλ{λ}ους τε | 9 κ[α]ὶ καλάθους τοὺ̣ς ὄντας ἐν ἑκάσ[τῳ] τόπῳ τῆς ὑμετέρας οὐσίας ἐν τε (l. τῷ) κριβανείῳ τ̣ε | 10 καὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς κτήμασιν καὶ ἐν ἐλαι[ου]ργίοις τῆς ὑμετέρας ὑπερφ|υείας ἀόκνως | 11 καὶ ἀκαταγνώστως (‘I acknowledge herewith my written assurance that I am ready to work from … for the period of my lifetime on all milling strobili and calathi that are in every location of your estate, in the bakery and on all the farmsteads and in the oil factories of your excellency, without reluctance and without reproach’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 115).

[3] Even when none of these modalities is used, the scribe gives expression to the creation of a future liability through the tense of the infinitive, which is not perfect, but future, present or aorist, all meant to record the introduction of a prospective, future duty. Cf., e.g., P.GEN. I 73.3-7 (IIIb CE, Philadelphia): ὁμο̣λ̣ο̣γῶ | 4 λιτ[ο]υ̣ργῆσαί (l. λειτουργῆσαί) σοι̣ σὺν ἄλλοις | 5 π̣αισταῖς τρισ[ὶ] ἐν κώμ̣ῃ | 6 [Φι]λαδελφίᾳ ἀπ[ὸ] Μεχεὶρ κδ | 7 ἀρ̣χαίω[ν] εἰ̣ς̣ ἡ̣μ̣έ̣ρ̣α̣ς̣ ἑ̣πτά (‘I promise that I shall serve you together with three additional dancers in the village of Philadelphia according to the old calendar, from Mecheir 24th for seven days’).

[4] The labour contract exhibits the commonplace ‘perfective’ traits only when the employee acknowledges receipt of resources (e.g., raw material) needed for the performance of the anticipated task. Cf., in particular, BGU I 304.8-17 (641 CE, Herakleopolis): ὁμολογῶ ἐγὼ ὁ προ(κείμενος) | 9 Ἠλίας εἰληφέναι | 10 καὶ δεδέχθαι παρʼ ὑμῶν | 11 λόγῳ τῆς ῥώγας (l. ῥόγας) τοῦ | 12 αὐτ(οῦ) βορρ(ινοῦ) κλήματος (l. κλίματος) | 13 σίτου ἀρτάβας εἴκοσι | 14 γί(νονται) σί(του) (ἀρτάβαι) κ, καὶ ἑτοίμως | 15 ἔχειν με ταύτας ῥωγεῦσαι (l. ῥογεῦσαι) | 16 ὑμῖν ἐν ψωμίοις | 17 ἀνεμποδίστως (‘I, the aforesaid Elias, acknowledge that I have accepted and received from you on account of the roga of the same northern slope twenty artabae of wheat, totaling 20 artabae of wheat, and I am prepared to collect them for you in morsels without impediment’).

Bibl.: Wolff (1946): 78-79; Montevecchi (1950): 8; Hengstl (1972): 53-59; Jördens (1990): 151-156.

BGU I 286.3-10 (306, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [1: συνέθετο τὴν ἐργασίαν]; 304.8-14 (641, Herak) [4: ὁμολογῶ εἰληφέναι καὶ δεδέχθαι λόγῳ τῆς ῥόγας wheat artabae]; 323.7-10 (651, ArsPol) [2: ὁμολογῶ ἑτοίμως ἔχειν];ΙΙΙ 981.4-11 (after 15.4.77, Diospolites) [3: ὁμολογῶ γραμματεύσειν σε]; IV 1122 (13A, Alex) [4: συνχωροῦμεν ἐπὶ τοῖσδε ὥστε ἐπεὶ ἐξειλήφασιν ἀρούρας δύο]; VI 1258.4-6 (154/3A or 143/2A, Herm ?) [περὶ τοῦ ἐργᾶσθαι]; XIX 2827r.11-19 (595, Herm) [2: ὁμολογῶ ἑτοίμως ἔχειν καὶ ἐργάσασθαι]; CPR VIII 23.6-9 (320, Herm) [4: ὁμολογοῦμεν ἐξειληφέναι, apparently land]; O.Ashm.Shelt. 207 passim (II/III, UP) [3: ὁμολογῶ ἐργάζεσθαι]; P.Cair.Isid. 82.1-11 (318, Kar) [1: συνέθεντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀναδέξασθαι καὶ ἀποπληρῶσαι τὴν λιτουργείαν]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67001.15-26 (514, Aphr) [2: ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν ἐκτελέσαι τὴν παραφυλακήν]; 67116.2-3 (548, Aphr) [2: ἑτοίμως ἔχειν σπείρειν]; II 67159.12-21 (568, Antin) [3: ὁμολογοῦμεν συνεργάζεσθαι]; III 67305.6-9 (568, Antin) [2: ὁμολογῶ ἑτοίμως ἔχειν συνδιαιτᾶσθαί σοι]; P.Col. X 255.5-10 (131, Thead) [ὁμολογῶ ἠργολαβηκέναι τὴν κοπρηγίαν καὶ ἀμμηγίαν]; P.Flor. I 101.1-3 (78/91 CE, Herm)?; P.Gascou 30.1-8 (565-579, Aphr) [2: ἑτοίμως ἔχειν ὑπεισελθεῖν εἰς τὴν διοίκησιν]; P.Gen. I 73.3-7 (IIIb, Phil) [3: ὁμολογῶ λειτουργῆσαί σοι]; P.Got. 7.5-8 (IIIm, PanopN) [1: ὑπεχόμεθα ἐργάσεσθαι εἰς λουμενάρια βαλανείων τριῶν]; P.Grenf. II 75.3-5 (308, Oasis Magna) [4: ὁμολογῶ τετροφευκέν[αι];]; P.Hamb. I 24.4-9 (223A, ArsN) [4: ὁμολογεῖ ἐσπαρκέναι]; P.Heid. V 346.2-9 (VI, UP) [4: δέξασθαι: bricks]; P.Herm. 30.4-10 (552, OxN?) [3: ὁμολογῶ ὥστε με ποιήσειν τὰ ἐπιτραπησόμενά μοι]; P.Köln I 52.1.5-14 (263, Antin): [1: βούλομαι ἐγλαβεῖν χρύσωσιν]; P.Lond. II 301.3-11 (138-161, UP) [1: ὀμνύω ἀντιλήμψασθαι τῆς χρείας]; III 1166.2-7 (43, Herm) [1: ὁμολογοῦσι συνπεφωνηκέναι αὐτῶι ὥστε χορηγῆσαι]; P.Mich. V 349.1-4 (30, Tebt) [3: ὁμολογῶ ἐπαναγκα (sic!) φοιτεύσιν (l. φυτεύσειν)]; IX 574.1-5 (IVe, Kar) [1: ed.: συνέθεντο πρ[ὸς ἀλλήλους]; ἐργασία]; XI 603.10-14 (145, ArsN) [1: συνεθέμεθα συνθεῖναι ἀντίγραφα]; P.Mich.Inv. 4436g+4344, ll. 1-7 (12/1A, Thead?) [4: ὁμολογῶ ἔχειν μισθοὺς ἐργατῶν]; P.Oxy. III 498.6-11 (II, Ox) [1: ἐπιδεχόμεθα λαξείαν]; IV 731.1-4 (9/10, Ox) [not clear]; VII 1025.10-18 (IIIl, Euergetis, Kynop) [unique]; XXXVIII 2859.5-11 (301, Ox) [3: ὁμολογοῦμεν ἀντὶ σοῦ κατελθεῖν]; XLIII 3135.4-8 (273/4?, Ox) [3: ὁμολογῶ ἡνιοχεῖν]; XLVIII 3389.8-15 (343, Ox) [1: ἐντέλλομαί σοι καὶ ἐπιτρέπω τὴν ἐντυχίαν ποιήσασθαι]; LI 3641.7-15 (544, Ox) [2: ἑτοίμως ἐχω ἐργάσασθαι]; LXII 4350.9-12 (576, Ox); LXVI 4530.2-11 (288, HerakN) [3: ὁμολογοῦμεν ἀνελθεῖν]; P.Oxy.Elmagh. 11.3-14 (266?, Ox) [1: ὀμνύω τὴν τύχην ἐπιπλεύσειν]; P.Ryl. II 88.3-14 (156, ArsN) [1: ὀμνύω τὴν τύχην ἐπάναγκόν με ὑπηρετήσειν]; P.Sakaon 58.1-11 (299, Thead) [1: συνέθεντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐπὶ τῷ]; P.Scholl 6.16-23 (after 159, ArsN) [1: βούλομαι ὀρύξαι καὶ βαστάξαι]; P.Stras. I 40.23-30 (569, Antin) [3: ὁμολογῶ ἐφʼ ᾧ αὐτὸν παραμεῖναι]; VII 677.2-4 (VI, Herm) [not clear]; VIII 703.1-8 (43/4, UP) [not clear]; P.Tebt. III.1 808.1-6 (151A-140A, Teb) [not clear]; 815.br.2.9-15, ll. 9-13 (223/2A, Teb) [ὁμολογεῖ προσδεδέχθαι τὸ ἔργον]; PSI VI 689b.39-44; VII 789.2-6 (I/II, HermN) [not clear]; VIII 933.7 (538, Aphr) [2: ἑτοίμως ἔχω]; 962 B.26-31 (131/2 Herak) [3: συνχωρεῖ συνεργάσασθαι τὴν μεταλλευτικὴν ἐργασίαν]; SB V 7557.4-8 (IIl, Alabastrine) [1: συνεφώνησα πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὥστε αὐλῆσαί με]; 7612.1-5 (II/III Alex?) [not clear]; XVI 12868.5-14 (592/3, Herm) [3: ὁμολογῶ παραμεῖναί σοι]; 12952.4-21 (68, Ox); XVIII 13960.1-6 (VI-VII, ArsN) [not clear]; 13962.1-4 (630-645, ArsN) [not clear]; XX 14891.1-3 (IV, Oasis Parva) [not clear]; 15134.4-6 (483, Ox).

22. Creation of Partnership

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Contracts of partnership do not follow a fixed form in the papyri, at least insofar as the material at hand allows us to observe. Thus, they exhibit similarities with the formation of a prospective employer–employee relationship. In the documented cases of the creation of such a contract, the infinitive recording the act is introduced by ὁμολογέω but no single term denotes the creation of a partnership. In BGU VI 1282.5-10 (II-I BCE, Arsinoites) (συμμετέχειν) and P.Flor. III 370.2-13 (132 CE, Hermopolites), where the acknowledgement is made by just one of the prospective partners, the expressions used are ὁμολογῶ μετέχειν and ἔσεσθαι κοινωνός, respectively. In P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.20-21 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), where both partners share in the acknowledgement, the expression used is ὁμολογοῦμεν συνεργάζασθαι (sic!) ἀλλήλοις. Cf. e.g., BGU VI 1282.5-10 (II-I BCE, Arsinoites?): ὁμολογοῦμεν συνμετεχομεν (l. συμμετέχειν) ὑμῖν | 6 τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος Παοῦτι Σαββαταίου περὶ | 7 Νείλου πόλιν κεραμεως (l. κεραμείου) ἀπὸ Τῦβι κε | 8 τοῦ ζ (ἔτους) ἕως Μεσορὴ λ τοῦ αὐτοῦ (ἔτους) | 9 κατὰ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον μοι μέρος (τέταρτον) καὶ | 10 τοῦ υἱοῦ μου τὸ (ἥμισυ) (τέταρτον) τοῦ τέταρτου (‘We agree that we shall share with you the pottery workshop in Neilou Polis currently belonging to Paous son of Sabbataios, from Tybi 25, Year 7, until Mesore 30 in the same year, with a one-fourth share to me and three-fourths of that quarter to my son’).

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1932b): 64-70; Steinwenter (1932): 487507; Draht (1970): 74-81; Jördens (2013): 190-191.

BGU VI 1282.5-10 (ΙΙAA, ArsN?) [συμμετέχειν]; P.Bour. 13.1-3 (98, Memphis); P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.20-21 (568, Antin); P.Flor. III 370.2-13 (132, HermN) [ὁμολογῶ ἔσεσθαί σοι κοινωνός]; P.Gen. I 42.4-29 (224, Phil) [συνέθεντο πρὸς ἑαυτούς εἰς τό + inf.]; P.Köln II 101.7-13 (274/280, Ox) [ὁμολογοῦμεν ἐπικοινωνήσειν ἀλλήλοις εἰς ἐργασίαν]; P.Lond. II 394.1-6 (VI/VII, UP); V 1705.5-10 (517/8 or 532/3, Aphr) [ὁμολογοῦμεν συνεργάζεσθαι ἀλλήλοις]; 1794.7-13 (488, Herm) [κοινωνεῖν ἀλλήλοις]; P.Mich. V 348.3-15 (26, Teb); P.Oxy. X 1280.4-10 (IVl, Ox) [ἐπικοινωνεῖν]; XLIII 3092.1-11 (217, Ox); PSI IV 306.2-11 (II/III, Ox).

23. Nursing Clause

Category: Creation, Duties

Link to Synallagma

The nursing clause is one of the rare instances where the act of creating the contract is expressed by the future infinitive, introduced by συγχωρέω in Alexandria or, in the sparse evidence that has come down from the Chora, by ὁμολογέω. In this regard, wet-nurse contracts constitute an exception to the general rule that ὁμολογέω records a past contractual act [Soden (1973): 98-99]. The verbs used to describe the wet nurse’s duties are τροφεύω and θηλάζω, typically followed by ἕξω παρʼ ἑαυτῇ (‘outside, in her own home’). P.Bour. 14 (126 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis) also attests the verb τιθηνέω (LSJ, s.v., ‘take care of’, ‘tend’, ‘nurse’), which in this context appears to denote a later stage of the wet nurse’s service. Wet-nurse contracts set out the time frame by using the preposition ἐπί with the accusative to establish the duration and ἀπό with the genitive to indicate the month of beginning. The text also reports the quality of the milk in the dative and the object (i.e., the infant) in the accusative, as a noun or within a relative clause. Paradigmatic is BGU IV 1107.5-9 (13 BCE, Alexandria): περὶ τῶν διεσταμένων συνχωρεῖ ἡ] | 6 [Διδύ]μη τροφεύσειν καὶ θηλάσειν ἔ̣ξ̣ω̣ [πα]ρʼ ἑ̣α̣[υτῆι κατὰ πόλιν τῶι ἰδίωι] | 7 αὐ̣τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ γάλακτι καθαρῶι καὶ ἀφθόρωι ἐ̣π̣ὶ̣ χ̣ρ̣[όνον μῆ]νας [δεκαὲξ] ἀ̣π̣ὸ̣ Φ̣α̣ρ̣|8μοῦθι τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἑπτακαιδεκάτου (ἔτους) [Καίσαρος] ὃ̣ ἐ̣γ̣δ̣[έδοται αὐτῇ ἡ Ἰσιδώρα] | 9 δουλικὸν αὐτῆς παιδίον [ἀ]ναίρε[τον] ὑ̣π̣ο̣τ̣[ίτθιον ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ὧι ὄνομα ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] (‘Regarding the matter of disagreement, Didyme agrees to act as a wet nurse and to suckle the child outside, at her home in the city, using her own pure and unadulterated milk, for a period of sixteen months from Pharmouthi of the present seventeenth year of Caesar. The slave child, whom Isidora has entrusted to her, was taken up at the breast [  ] whose name is [    ]’).

Bibl.: Weber (1932): 61-62; Taubenschlag (1955): 368; Herrmann (1959): 492-493; Manca Masciadri – Montevecchi (1984): 22-23; Parca (2016): 214-215; Freu (2022): 168.

BGU IV 1106.7-13 (13A, Alex); 1107.5-9 (13A, Alex); 1108.5-8 (5A, Alex); P.Athen. 20.7-17 (110, AphrN); P.Bodl. 169.4-14 (308?, Oasis Magna); P.Bour. 14.4-12 (126, PtolEu); P.Oxy. X 1280.4-10 (IVl, Ox); LXXVIII 5168.5-7 (18A, Ox); SB XXX 17488.3-9 (154, Mesobe).

24. Substitution in Liturgy

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

This clause documents the appointment of a substitute liturgist by the originally designated appointee. This clause appears exclusively in Oxyrhynchite sources, whereas in the Arsinoites the systasis clause serves the same function [Jördens (1990): 218–219]. In the context of a homologia, the perfect infinitive συνηλλαχέναι is used, with the substitute appearing in the dative and the liturgy in the accusative. The service is often referred to as χώρα or χρεία, followed by the type of liturgy in the genitive. Occasionally, the clause specifies additional details, including the territory (ἐπί + genitive), the start date (ἀπό + genitive), and the termination date (ἕως + genitive).  In some cases, the clause presents the substitution from the substitute’s perspective, employing the future infinitive ἀποπληρώσειν.  Paradigmatic is P.Oxy. LXVII 4597.4-10 (294 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ὁ[μ‹ολογοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις ὁ μ›ὲν Πτολεμῖνος] ὁ καὶ Σαρμάτη̣ς̣ ἀναπομπὸς̣ ἀχύρου ἅμα ττέρῳ (l. ἑτέρῳ) | 5 συνηλλα[χέναι τὴν κατʼ αὐ]τ̣ὸν χώραν [τ]ῷ Δημητράμμωνι τῆς τοῦ ἀχύρου | 6 παραλήμ[ψεως καὶ ἀνακομι]δ̣ῆς ἐπὶ τὴν [Θ]ηβαΐδα καὶ διαδοσιν εκεισαι (l. διαδόσεως ἐκεῖσε) τοῖς | 7 τῶν γεν[ναιοτάτων στρατι]ω̣τῶν ἵππο[ις, ὁ] δὲ Δημητράμμων ἀποπληρώ|8σ‹ε›ιν ἀμέ̣[μπτως τὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ] Πτολεμίν[ου τ]οῦ καὶ Σαρμάτου χώραν τῆς δεδη|9λωμέν̣[ης παραλήμψεως καὶ] ἀνακομιδ̣[ῆς κ]αὶ̣ διαδόσεως τοῦ ἀχοίρου (l. ἀχύρου) μετὰ πά|10σης πίσ[τεως καὶ ἐπιμελεία]ς (‘… acknowledge to each other, on the one hand, Ptoleminos alias Sarmates, conveyor of chaff, with another person, that he has contracted to Demetrammon his post for the collection of the chaff and its conveyance up to the Thebaid and its distribution there to the horses of the most noble soldiers, and Demetrammon, who will blamelessly fulfill the post for Ptoleminos alias Sarmates for the aforesaid collection, conveyance, and distribution of the chaff with all good faith and diligence(?)’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 188). A detailed account of the appointee’s duties is introduced, in the infinitive, by ἐπὶ τῷ. The same wording is used, in Late Antiquity, in the context of the appointment of estate managers (Jördens (1990): 168).

Bibl.: Wallace (1938): 289-290; Hengstl (1972): 70-72; Jördens (1990): 167-169, 198-199; (2013): 190-191; Yiftach (2023).

BGU IV 1062.1-13 (236, Ox); P.Amst. I 49.1-16 (206-212, Ox); P.Cair.Isid. 81.6-12 (297, ArsN); P.Fay. 34.3-10 (161, Thead) [purchase of tax collecting rights];P.Flor. I 39.5-9 (396, Ox); P.Harr. I 64.1-19 (269/70, Ox); P.Mich. XX 818.6-8 (356, Ox) ?; P.Michael. 28.12-15 (311/2, HerakN) [the verb is lost] (?); P.Oxy. XIV 1626.1-11 (325, Ox); XXXVI 2769.1-10 (242, Ox); XLIII 3095.1-22 (217/8, Ox); LI 3622.8-10 (356, Ox); LV 3796.6-12 (412, Ox); LXVII 4597.2-10 (294, Ox); LXXIII 4967.1-5 (VIl/VIIe, Ox); LXXVII 5107 (210/1, Ox); PSI IX 1037.1-11 (301, Ox); SB VIII 10205.1-14 (222/3 or 226/7, Ox); XXVIII 17262.1-8 (246/256, Ox).

25. Appointment as Surrogate Liturgist

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

In SB IV 7375.14-16 (223-225 CE, Panopolis), the former nominator of a liturgist has discovered that the latter is illiterate and has therefore replaced him with another. The clause conveying this runs: τ]αύτην (i.e. πρακτορείαν) δὲ διὰ τὸ ἀγ̣ρ̣άμμ̣ατόν̣ [σε εἶναι] | 15 [παρα]δεδ̣ώ̣καμεν Αὐρηλίῳ Ἰσιδώρῳ [τοῦ] | [Ἀγαθοδ]α̣ίμο̣ν̣ο̣ς Εἰρην̣ί̣ω̣ν̣ο̣ς ἀπὸ [ -ca.?- ] (‘Since you are illiterate, we have assigned  this (praktoria) to Aurelius Isidorus son of Agathodaimon, grandson of Eirenion, from [ – – ]’).

Bibl.: Jördens (2013): 191 n. 28.

26. Ekdosis

Category: Creation Clause, Duties

Link to Synallagma

The verb ἐκδίδωμι (also attested, but rarely, as παραδίδωμι), while used for any type of labour contract (Cf., P.Heid. IV 326.8-16: 98 CE, Ankyron Polis; P.Iand. IV 62.3-7: VI CE, Unknown Provenance), is especially common in two contractual contexts: marriage and apprenticeship. The assignor appears in the nominative, the assigned person in the accusative, and the assignee in the dative. In apprenticeship contracts, the timeframe is added and is introduced, as elsewhere, by ἀπό + gen. (starting time) and ἐπί + acc. (duration)— a formulation that is absent in marriage documents, of course. The purpose of the delivery may be indicated through a noun, in the accusative, introduced by πρός, or by εἰς (εἰς or πρὸς μάθησιν) (‘for the learning [of]’), εἰς γερδιακὴν τέχνην (‘for (the acquisition) of the weaver’s craft’), πρὸς γάμου κοινωνίαν (‘for the community of marriage’) or by the infinitive, which may appear absolutely (e.g., P.Yadin 18.6-7 (scr.int.): 128 CE, Maoza), or may be introduced by ὥστε. In the context of apprenticeship contracts, the aorist (ἐκδιδάξαι, διδαχθῆναι, καταμαθεῖν, μαθεῖν) is typically preferred. In the case of both the infinitive and the nomen actionis, the scribe may add a description of the apprentice’s duties in the participle. The participial construction may also occur independently in the formulation, as is the case, e.g., in P.Oxy. II 275.6-13 (66 CE, Oxyrhynchos) ἐγδεδόσ|7θαι τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ υἱὸν Θοῶ|8νιν μητρὸς Σαραεῦτος τῆς Ἀπίωνος οὐδέ|9πω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἐνιαυτὸν | 10 ἕνα ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνεστώσης ἡμέρας, διακονοῦ(ν)|11τα καὶ ποιο[ῦ]ντα πάντα τὰ ἐπιτασσόμε|12να αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ Πτολεμαίου κατὰ τὴν | 13 γερδιακὴν τέχνην πᾶσαν (‘Tryphon agrees that he has apprenticed to Ptolemaeus his son Thoonis, whose mother is Saraeus, daughter of Apion, and is not yet of age, for a term of one year from the day, to serve and to perform all the orders given him by Ptolemaeus in respect to his weaver’s art in all its branches of which Ptolemaeus has knowledge’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 264).

In marriage contracts, the marital purpose of the assignment is emphasized either through a noun or an infinitive. Another participle denotes the wife’s delivery of her dowry. See P.Giss. I 2.11-12 (173 BCE, Krokodilopolis) below. A paradigmatic apprenticeship contract that gives an excellent demonstration of the absolute use of the infinitive is P.Grenf. II 59.1-15 (188 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): ἐξέδοτο Τασεὺς Σωτήρι‹ο›ς | 2 ἐτῶν τριάκωντα (l. τριάκοντα) μετὰ κυρίου | 3 Σαταβοῦ‹το›ς Στοτοήτι‹ο›ς ἐτῶν | 4 τριάκωντα (l. τριάκοντα) ἀπὸ κώμης | 5 Σοκνοπ(αίου) Νήσου Παουήτι | 6 Παουήτι‹ο›ς ἐτῶν ὀγδοή|7κωντα (l. ὀγδοήκοντα) τὸν ἑαυτην (l. ἑαυτῆς) παῖδα{ν} | 8 ὄνομα Στοτοῆτις(?) ἐπικα‹λού›|9μενος Μύρωνα μαθ‹ε›ῖν τὴν | 10 γερδιακὴν τέχνην ἐπὶ | 11 μῆνες (l. μῆνας) εἴκοσι ἀπὸ Τῦβι | 12 δεκάτη‹ς› Αἰγυπτίων μη|13νὸς τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος κθ (ἔτους) | 14 Αὐρηλίου Κωμωδιου (l. Κομμόδου) Ἀντωνίνου | 15 Καίσαρος τοῦ κυρίου (‘Taseus son of Soteris, approximately thirty years of age, with Satabous son of Stotoetis, age thirty-three, acting as her kyrios, from the village of Soknopaiou Nesos, has given to Naoues son of Paouetis, age eighty, her own son, whose name is Stotoetis nicknamed Myron, to learn the weaver’s craft for a period of twenty months from the tenth of Tybi of the Egyptians, of the present 29th year of our lord Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Caesar’).

For the use of this clause in marriage documents, see, e.g., P.Giss. 2.8-15 (173 BCE, Krokodilopolis): ἐξέδοτο ἑαυτὴν Ὀλυ[μ]πιὰς Διονυσίου | 9 Μα̣[κ]έτα μετὰ κυρίου τοῦ ἑαυτῆς πατρὸς Διονυσίου Μακεδόνος τῆς δευτέ|10ρας ἱππαρχίας ἑκατονταρούρου Ἀνταίωι Ἀθηναίωι τῶν Κινέου τῆς δευ|11τέρ[α]ς ἱππαρχίας ἑκατοντ[α]ρούρωι [εἶναι] γυναῖκα γαμετὴν φερνὴν | 12 π[ρ]οσφερομένην εἰς χ[αλκοῦ] λόγον τάλαντα ἐνενήκοντα πέντε | 13 καὶ παιδίσκην δο[ύλην(?) αὐτῆς] ἧι ὄνομα Στολὶς καὶ τὸ ταύτης παιδίον ὑπο|14τίτθιον ἧι ὄνομα Α̣[- ca.9 -] χαλκοῦ ταλάντοις πέντε ὥστʼ εἶναι τὰ πά̣ν|15τα χαλκοῦ τάλαν[τα ἑκατόν] (‘Olympias daughter of Dionysios, Macedonian, with her father Dionysios, Macedonian, holder of one hundred arouras of the second hipparchy, a hundred-aroura holder, as her guardian, has given herself to Antaios, an Athenian of the men under Kineas of the second hipparchy, a one-hundred-aroura holder, so as to be his wedded wife, bringing as dowry reckoned in bronze ninety-five talents and her slave-girl by name of Stolis and her (Stolis’) nursling child named[ – – ] worth five bronze talents, making a total of one hundred bronze talents’). (transl.: Rowlandson (1998): 168-169). In the fourth century, the ekdosis clause undergoes Romanization. Cf. in particular, SB XXVI 16502.5-15 (304 CE, Hermopolis): ὁμολογοῦσιν Αὐρήλιοι Ἀμαζόνιος – ca.10 – καὶ Δημητρία(?)] | 5 ἡ καὶ Ἀμμωνία θυγάτ̣ηρ Π̣[ολυδεύκους – ca.45 -] | 6 τῆς αὐτῆς Ἑρμοῦ πόλεως̣ τ̣ῆ̣[ς Θηβαΐδος χωρὶς κυρίου χρηματίζουσα τέκνων δικαίῳ συμπαρόντος αὐτῇ] | 7 Αὐρ(ηλίου) Ἰσιδώρου Σαραπίωνος ἀπὸ [τῆς αὐτῆς Ἑρμοῦ πόλεως -ca.?- ] | 8 καὶ τοῦ πατρὸς Φλαυΐου Ἀπολλω̣[- ca.55 -] | 10 καὶ ὡς χρη(ματίζει(?)) ἐκδεδωκέναι τὴν ἑ̣αυτ̣ῶ̣[ν θυγατέρα Αὐρηλίαν Εὐήθιον τὴν(?) καὶ(?)] [(name)(?)] | 11 παροῦσαν καὶ εὐδοκοῦσαν πρὸς γάμου [καὶ βίου κοινωνίαν ἐπὶ χρησταῖς ἐλπίσι τέκνων γνησίων σπορᾶς] | 12 ἕνεκεν κατὰ νόμον Πάπιον Παππαῖον (l. Ποππαῖον) Αὐρηλίῳ [Θεσπεσίῳ τῷ καὶ (name) ἀπὸ] | 13 τῆς (αὐτῆς) Ἑρμοῦ πόλεως υἱῷ Σεπτιμίου Ἀμμωνίωνος τοῦ καὶ [(name)] [ -ca.?- ] | 14 Ἀλεξανδρεία̣ς γε̣γ[υμνασιαρ]χ(ηκότος) γενο(μένου) βουλ(ευτοῦ) τῆς (αὐτῆς) Ἑρμοῦ πόλεω̣[ς -ca.?- μετὰ κου]|15ράτορο̣ς Αὐρ(ηλίου) Σιλουανο̣ῦ̣ τοῦ καὶ Σερηνισιδώ̣ρου καὶ αὐτ[οῦ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως, -ca.?- ] (‘The Aurelii Amazonios — and Demetria (?) alias Ammonia, daughter of Polydeukes— of the same Hermopolis in the Thebaid acting without a guardian because of the right of (three) children, assisted by Aurelius Isidoros son of Sarapion, from the same Hermopolis, — and the father Flavius Apollo, and however he (or she/they?) is (are?) styled, agree to have given in matrimony their daughter Aurelia Euethion alias N.N. (?) who is present and consents, for her marriage and partnership for life under good auspices, in view of the procreation of lawful children, according to the lex Papia Poppaea, to Aurelius Thespesios alias N.N.— from the same Hermopolis, son of Septimius Ammonion alias N.N., — of Alexandria, a former gymnasiarch and ex-town councilor of the same Hermopolis, assisted by his curator Aurelius Silvanus alias Serenisidoros, likewise from the same Hermopolis…’) (transl.: Kruit – Worp (2001): 84-85).

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 43-44, 50-51; Wolff (1944): 48-50; (1952): 168-180; Adams (1964): 121-222; Herrmann (1957/8): 120, 134, 136-137; Bergamasco (1995): 99-100; Yiftach (2003): 41-46; Straus (2017): 126-127.

BGU IV 1021.1-11 (III, Ox) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι; πρὸς μάθησιν]; 1100.5-14 (30A-14, Alex) [M; ἐγδέδονται; πρὸς βίου κοινωνίαν; προσενηνεγμένην]; 1110.5-10 (5A, Alex) [L; ἐγδεδομένος; ὥστε τροφευθῆναι]; 1125.1-31 (13A, Alex) [L; ὁμολογῶ ἐγδεδοσθαι; ὥστε αὐλεῖν μαθήσεσθαι]; VII 1647.3-9 (129, Phil) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι ὥστε – – ὑπηρετεῖν]; XI 2041.3-6 (201, ArsN) [L; εἰς μάθησιν]; P.Bad. IV 86.1-9 (99, Hibeh) [L; ὥστε ἐκδιδαχθῆναι]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67006v.12-17, 131-137 (566-570, Antin?) [M, ἠγάγετο πρὸς γάμον καὶ βίου γαινωνίαν]; III 67310.3-6 (566-573, Antin) [κατʼ ἔκδοσιν νομίμου γάμου ἐπὶ χρησταῖς ἐλπίσιν καὶ γνησίων τέκνων σπορᾷ]; P.Dura 30.6-12 (232, Qatna, near Dura Europos) [M; ed.: π̣αρα̣δεδωκέναι ἑαυ[τὴ]ν̣ ἐ̣κ χηρεί[α]ς πρὸς γάμ[ο]υ κοι̣ν̣ω̣|ν̣ε̣[ίαν] (l. κοινω|νίαν) – – π̣[α]ρ̣α̣φερο̣μ̣έ̣ν̣[ην]; P.Eleph. 1.2-4 (310A, Eleph) [M; λαμβάνει γυναῖκα γνησίαν ἐλευθέραν προσφερομένην κτλ.]; P.Fouad I 37.1-3 (48, Ox?) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι ἐγδιδάξαι τὴν λιν‹ο›υφικὴν τέχνην]; P.Giss. 2.8-11 (173A, Krok) [M; ἐξέδοτο ἑαυτὴν εἶναι γυναῖκα γαμετὴν φερνὴν προσφερομένην]; P.Grenf. II 59.1-15 (189, ArsN) [L; ἐξέδοτο μαθεῖν τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; P.Heid. III 226.4-6, 11-12 (215A-213A, UP) [L; ἐξέδωκεν ἐφʼ ὧι διδάξει τὴν ἰατρικήν]; IV 326.8-16 (98, Ankyron Polis) [L; ἐκδέδονται ὥστε ὑπήκoον εἶναι]; P.Hever 65.3-5 (131, Maoza) [M]?; P.Iand. IV 62.3-7 (VI, UP) [L; ᾧ αὐτὴν πᾶσαν δουλικὴν ποιεῖν χρείαν]; P.Lips. I 28.12-16 (381, Herm) [adoption, π̣[αρ]α̣δεδωκέναι]; P.Mich. II 121r.2.8.1 (42, Teb) [L; ἐξέδετο εἰς γερδιακὴν τέχνην τρεφόμενον κτλ.]; P.Mich.Inv. 4238.5-13 (128, Thead) [L; ἐξέδετο]; P.Oslo III 141.4-9 (50, Kar) [L; ἐξέδοτο ὥστε διδαχθῆναι τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην οὐ γινόμενον ἀπόκοιτον κτλ.]; P.Oxy. II 275.6-13 (66, Ox) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι διακονοῦντα καὶ ποιοῦντα πάντα κατὰ τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; 372.2-5 (74/5, Ox) [M; ἐξέδοτο πρὸς γάμου κοινωνίαν*]; III 496.2 (127, Ox) [M; ἐξέδοτο]; IV 724.2-5 (155, Ox) [συνέστησα πρὸς μάθησιν]; 725.1-9 (183, Ox) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν ποιοῦντα πάντα]; VI 905.2-5 (170, OxN) [M; ἐξέδοτο πρὸς γάμου κοινωνίαν]; X 1273.1-5 (260, OxN) [M; ἐξέδοτο πρὸς γάμον ᾧ προσφέρει κτλ.]; XIV 1647.1-16 (IIl, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν τῆς γερδιακῆς τέχνης ἐφ᾽ ἃ θρέψειν κτλ.]; XXXI 2586.1-11 (264, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν τῆς δηλουμένης τέχνης]; XXXVIII 2875.1-9 (IIIe, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν τῆς δηλουμένης τέχνης]; XLI 2971.1-12 (66, Ox) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν]; 2977.1-12 (239/40, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδωκέναι πρὸς μάθησιν]; XLIX 3491.1-5 (157/8, Ox) [M; ἐξέδοντο γυναῖκα γαμετήν (?)]; 3500.1-5 (III, Ox) [M; ἐξέδοτο ἑαυτήν]; LXVII 4596.1-11 (232/264, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι πρὸς μάθησιν γερδιακῆς τέχνης]; P.Ross.Georg. II 18.450-455 (139/40, ArsN); P.Tebt. II 385.3-12 (117, Teb) [L; ἐξέδοτο ὥστε μαθεῖν τὴν δηλουμένην γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; 442.5-13 (113, Teb) [L; ἐξέδοτο ὥστε μαθεῖν τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; P.Tebt.Pad. I 19.7-9 (IIb, Teb) [hypog.; L]; P.Wisc. I 4.1-8 (53, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι ὥστε μαθεῖν τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; P.Yadin 18.3-8 (scr.int.), 32-39 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza) [M; ἐξέδοτο εἶναι γυναῖκα γαμετὴν πρὸς γάμου κοινωνίαν κατὰ τοὺς νόμους προσφερομένην κτλ.]; PSI X 1132.3-10 (61, Talithis) [L]; PSI Congr. XX 10r.14-28, ll. 15-17 (173/4, OxN) [M; ἐξέδοτο]; SB VI 9374.9-19 (169, Teb) [L; ἐξέδοντο ὥστε μαθεῖν]; X 10236.1-12 (36, Ox) [L; ἐγδεδόσθαι διακονοῦντα καὶ ποιοῦντα τὰ ἔργα πάντα κατὰ τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; XII 10946.1-9 (98-103, Ox) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι διακονοῦντα καὶ ποιοῦντα τὰ ἔργα κατὰ τὴν γερδιακὴν τέχνην]; XIV 11982.6-9 (554, Upper Egypt) [L; ἐκδεδόσθαι* πρὸς μάθησιν]; XVI 12398.4-8 (VI/VII, UP) [M; τέκνων σπορά]; XVIII 13305.1-13 (271, Kar) [L; ἐξέδετο πρὸς μάθησιν]; XX 15538.1 (13a, Alex) [ἐγδεδοσθαι ὥστε αὐλεῖν μαθήσεσθαι]; XXIV 16320.8-12 (293-304, Kellis) [L; δεδωκέναι πρὸς μάθησιν]; XXVI 16502.1, 5-15 (304, Herm) [M; ἐκδεδωκέναι παροῦσαν καὶ εὐδοκοῦσαν πρὸς γάμου καὶ βίου κοινωνίαν ἐπὶ χρησταῖς ἐλπίσι τέκνων γνησίον σπορᾶς ἕνεκεν κατὰ νόμον Πάπιον Ποππαῖον]; XXVIII 16944.2-3 (97, UP) [M]; SPP XXII 40.4-13 (150, SokN) [L; ἐξέδοτο μαθεῖν].

27. Paralempsis

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The verb παραλαμβάνω (here: PWB (1a) ‘empfangen, bei sich aufnehmen’, (1d) ‘jmd in Dienst nehmen’) is used in labour contracts that follow the report style, where we encounter the indicative aorist (παρελάβαμεν, sic!), in a homologia, where the perfect infinitive (παρειληφέναι) is employed, and in the hypomnema, where the aorist infinitive (παραλαβεῖν) is used. As a rule, this verb is not invoked to establish a long-term labour relationship. Rather, it is applied in three specific areas: hiring a performer, providing a nursling and hiring a wet nurse, and hiring an apprentice. For hiring performers, all three forms mentioned above are used. The contract is addressed to the head of the company of performers, who is said to be hired along with the company, with their duties and the specific days and place of their performance described using the participle or the infinitive (ἀπό – ἐπί formula). A notable exception is P.Grenf. II 67.4–10 (237 CE, Bacchias), in which the contract is executed by the customer with a third party, a state of affairs that may account for the use of ἐκλαμβάνω and not παραλαμβάνω for reporting the act of hiring. In hiring performers, see P.Flor. 1 74.4-10 (181 CE, Ibion Sesymbotheos): ὁμολογῶ πα̣ρ̣ει|5ληφέναι ὑμᾶς μεθʼ ἧς ἔχετε συμφ̣ωνίας | 6 πᾶσης μουσικῶν τε καὶ ἄλλων ὑπ̣ουργοῦντα[ς] | 7 ἐ̣φʼ ἡμέρας πέντε ἀπὸ κϛ Τῦβ[ι ἕ]ω̣ς λ τοῦ α̣ὐ̣[τοῦ] | 8 μηνὸς τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος κα (ἔτους) Αὐρηλίου Κομμόδ̣[ου] | 9 Ἀντωνίνου Καίσαρος τοῦ κυρίου ἐν τῇ προ̣κε̣ι̣|10μένῃ κώμῃ Ἰβιῶνος (‘I acknowledge that I have received you along with your entire band of musicians and supporting performers to provide services for five days, from the 26th of Tybi to the 30th of the same month in the present 21st year of our lord Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Caesar, in the aforementioned village of Ibion’). For the format of a hypomnema, see, e.g., P.Lond. II 331.3-10 (165 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): βούλομαι | 4 παραλαβ‹ε›ῖν σε σὺν συρισταῖς | 5 κ̣α̣ὶ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣τα̣ις τρισὶ καὶ κορασί|6οις τέσσαρσι λ‹ε›ιτουργῆ|7σαι ἐν τῇ προκιμένῃ κώ|8μῃ ἐφʼ ἡμέρας ἓξ ἀπὸ τῆς | 9 ιη τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος μηνὸς | 10 Φαῶφι (‘I wish to receive you with players of the pipe and three [ – – ] and four maidens to render us service in the above-mentioned village for six days from the present 18th day of the month of Phaophi’).

In the case of wet-nurse contracts, the document reports, from the nurse’s perspective, the receipt of the nursling by the nurse. Here, differently from the case of performers, the clause reports the assignor’s identity introduced by παρά, in the genitive. It also reports the condition of the slave—e.g., that he is taken up from the dunghill—as well as the wet nurse’s duties within the context of a relative clause. The relative clause also reports the duration of the duties. See PSI III 203.3-5 (87 CE, Oxyrhynchos): (ὁμολογεῖ) παρειληφέναι παρʼ αὐτοῦ ὃ ἀνῄρηται τῇ ἐνεστώσῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀπὸ κο|4[πρίας δουλικὸν παιδίον ὑποτίτθιον ἀρσενικὸν ᾧ ὄνομα Δ]ιονύσιος, ὃ καὶ ἐπάνα[γκον αὐτὴν θρέψαι καὶ θηλάσαι ἔτ]ι δὲ καὶ τιθηνῆσαι ἐπὶ χρόνον ἔτη δύο ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐνεστώσης ἡμέρας | 5 [ἕως τῆς ιθ Ἐπεὶφ τοῦ η (ἔτους) Δομιτιανοῦ Καίσαρος τοῦ κυρίου (‘(The wet nurse acknowledges that) she has received from him (viz., the slaveowner) the male infant slave who is under the breast, named Dionysios, whom he has taken on the present day from the dunghill, whom she will by necessity support, suckle and nurse for the duration of two years from the present day to the 19th of the month of Epeiph of the eighth year of Domitian Caesar our lord’). The verb recurs in one apprenticeship contract; in that context, it is functionally identical to the ekdosis except that it is reported from the master’s and not the assignor’s viewpoint. As such, it shares (mutatis mutandis) the key features of the ekdosis: PSI III 241.4-9 (III CE, Antinoopolis): ὁμολογῶ παρειληφέναι παρὰ σοῦ τὴν δού|5λην σου ὀνόματος Νίκην ὡ̣[ς] (ἐτῶν) ιδ ἐπὶ χρόνον | 6 μῆνας δώδεκα ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄν[τ]ος μηνὸς Θὼθ | 7 τοῦ ἐνεστῶ[τος -ca.?- ἔτους] πρὸς μάθησιν | 8 ἧς μεταχειρίζομ[αι γερδιακῆς ἢ(?)] ὑφαντικῆς | 9 τέχνης (‘I acknowledge that I have received from you your female slave whose name is Nike, who is approximately 14 years old, for a period of twelve months from the present month of Thoth of the present [ ] year, learning the weaver’s craft, which I practice’).

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 24 n. 1; Herrmann (1957/8): 136; Adams (1964): 154; Hengstl (1972): 27-28, 43, 46 [performers]; Bergamasco (1995): 100.

BGU IV 1110.15-17 (5A, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1112.17-18 (4A, Alex) [wet-nurse]; VII 1648.4-5 (II/III, Phil) [performers]; P.Corn. 9.3-8 (206, Phil) [performers]; P.Fam.Tebt. 54.4-11 (219/223, Antin?) [performers]; P.Flor. I 74.4-10 (181, Ibion Sesymbotheos) [performers]; P.Grenf. II 67.4-10 (237, Bac) [ed.: βούλομαι | 5 [ἐ]κλαβεῖν παρά σου;]; P.Heid. IV 328.5-9 (III, UP) [performers]; P.Köln XIV 576.4-11 (194, HermN) [context not clear]; P.Lips. I 28.16-19 (381, Herm) [adoption]; P.Lond. II 331.3-10 (165, PtolEu) [performers]; P.Mert. III 118.4-16 (82, Ox) [slave]; P.Meyer 11.3-12 (102-114, ArsN) [slave]; P.Mil. I 47.5-9 (III, UP) [performers]; P.Oxy. X 1275.1-15 (III, Souis/Ox) [performers]; XXXIV 2721.1-12 (234, Ox) [performers]; LXXIV 5014.1-10 (III, Ibion Ammoniou) [performers]; 5015.11-18 (III, Thosbis) [performers]; 5016.7-9 (IIIl/IVe, Sinkepha) [performers]; LXVIII 5168.2-5 (18A, Ox) [wet-nurse]; P.Rein. II 103.2-7 (26, Ox) [slave]; 104.2-8 (25/6, Ox) [slave]; P.Ryl. II 342.4-16 (70/1, Alex?) [slave]; P.Tebt. III.1 815.1r.2.25-34, ll. 25-31 (?); 815 1r.25-35, l. 25-31 (223/2a, Teb); PSI III 203.2-4 (87, Ox) [slave]; 241.4-9 (III, Antin) [apprenticeship]; IV 287.6-11 (377, Ox) [apprenticeship]; SB X 10439.5-9 (III, Thraso) [performers].

28. Parechomai

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

The verb παρέχω, regularly in the medio-passive voice (παρέχομαι), is used in labour contracts to express the assignment of a person for a designated task. The assigned person appears in the accusative and the assignee in the dative. The assigned person may be the assignor himself but may also be another person, possibly a family member or a slave of the assignor. Two distinct types of the παρέχομαι clause appear in the sources. [Type1] may denote a long-term surrender. In this case, the purpose of the assignment is recorded in the participle and in the accusative case. The contract also reports the time frame, usually in years, routinely with ἐπί + accusative. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 355.1-4 (c. 48-56 CE, Tebtynis): Ἁρμιῦσις Πετεσούχου Πέρσης τῆς ἐπιγονῆς ὁμολογῶ{ι} παρέξεσθαι ἐμαυτὸν | 2 ἐφʼ (l. ἐπʼ ) ἔτη δύο ἀπὸ τοῦ προκιμένου χρόνου διατρίβοντα καὶ ποιοῦντα πάντα | 3 τὰ ἐπιτασσόμενα καὶ ὑφαίνοντα οὗ ἐὰν βούληται ὁ προγεγραμμένος Ἥρω|4ν Ἁρυώτου καθʼ ἡμέραν ἕκαστον (‘I, Harmiysis, son of Petesouchos, a Persian of the epigone, agree that for two years from the aforesaid time I will report to work and do everything that is ordered and will to weave whatever said Heron son of Haryotes wishes every day’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 369). This is the exclusive role of the παρέχομαι clause in documents from Augustan Alexandria, the Roman Arsinoites and Hermopolites, as well as in BGU XII 2200.6-10 from 561 CE Hermopolis (see list below). Only one Oxyrhynchite document, P.Oxy.Hels. 29.1-11 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos), exhibits this type of clause. Alternatively, the clause may be used ([Type2]) to denote the daily delivery of the assigned person to the assignee. In this use, it is inserted second in the contract, after the ekdosis clause. It is peculiar to apprenticeship contracts, and is restricted to the late-second and third-century CE Oxyrhynchites. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. IV 725.1-11 (183 CE, Oxyrhynchos) [the clause, underlined, in lines 9–15]: [ὁμολογοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις Ἰσ]χυρίων Ἡραδίωνος | 2 [μητρὸς – ca.10 – ἀπʼ Ὀξυ]ρύγχων πόλεως καὶ | 3 [Ἡρακλᾶς Σαραπίωνος το]ῦ καὶ Λέοντος Ἡρακλεί|4δ[ο]υ μ̣[ητρὸς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ἀπὸ] τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως | 5 [γέρ]διο[ς ὁ μὲν Ἰσχυρίων ἐγ]δεδόσθαι τῷ Ἡρα|6[κλᾷ] τὸν το[ῦ μετηλλαχότος αὐτοῦ] ἀδελφοῦ | 7 [υἱ(?)]ὸν(?)Θῶν[ιν ἀ]φήλ[ικα π]ρ̣ὸ̣ς [μ]άθησιν τῆς δη|8λ[ο]υμένης [τέ]χνης ἀπὸ νεομη[νίας τοῦ] ἑξῆς | 9 μ[η]νὸς Φαῶφ[ι] ἐπὶ χρόνον ἔτη πέ[ντε, κ]αὶ παρ|10έξει αὐτὸν προσεδρεύοντα τῷ διδασκάλῳ | 11 ἐπὶ τὸν δηλο[ύμε]νον χρ[ό]νον καθʼ ἑκάστην | 12 ἡμέραν ἀπὸ ἀν[ατολῆς] ἡ[λίου] μέχρι δύσεως | 13 ποιοῦντα πάντ[α τὰ ἐπιτραπ]ησόμενα [α]ὐτῷ | 14 ὑπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δ[ιδασκάλ]ου ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν ὁμοί|15ων μαθητῶν, [τρεφόμ]ενον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰσχυ|[ρί]ωνος (‘Ischyrion son of Heradion and … , of Oxyrhynchos, and Heraklas son of Sarapion also called Leon, son of Herakleides, his mother being … of said city, a weaver, agree with each other as follows: Ischyrion, on the one part, has apprenticed (ἐγδεδόσθαι) to Heraklas … Thonis, a minor, to be taught the art of weaving for a period of five years starting from the 1st of next month, Phaophi, and will produce (παρέξει) him to attend the teacher for the stipulated period every day from sunrise to sunset, performing all orders that may be given him by said teacher on the same terms as the other apprentices, and being fed by Ischyrion’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 208).

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 51, 53; Herrmann (1957/8): 122; Adams (1964): 126; Hengstl (1972): 27-28, 42, 50; Bergamasco (1994): 128 n. 100; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 165-166; Straus (2017): 128; Freu (2022): 51.

BGU III 855.2-6 (147, SokN) (?) [1]; IV 1021.11-18 (III, Ox) [2]; IV 1058.6-13 (13A, Alex) [1]; 1109.4-12 (5A, Alex) [1]; XII 2200.6-10 (561, Herm) [1]; P.Flor. I 80.8-11 (I/II, HermN) [1]; P.Mert. II 119 passim (after 157, ArsN) [1]; P.Mich.Inv. 931 + P.Col. X 249.7-11 (10, Philagris) [1]; P.Mich. V 241.24-38, ll. 27-31 (46, Teb) [1]; 355.1-4 (c. 48-56, Teb) [1]; P.Oxy. IV 725.9-12 (183, Ox) [2]; XII 1423.4-10 (IVm, OxN) [1: ed.: ἐντέλλομαί σοι | 5 καὶ ἐπιτρέπω;]; XIV 1647.16-21 (IIl, Ox) [2]; XXXI 2586.11-14 (264, Ox) [2]; XXXVIII 2875.9-15 (IIIe, Ox) [2]; XLI 2977.32-42 (239/40, Ox) [2]; P.Oxy.Hels. 29.1-11 (54, Ox) [1]; P.Sarap. 20.6-9 (121, Herm) [1]; P.Stras. V 341.1-15 (85, SokN) [1]; P.Tebt. II 384.1-7 (10, Teb) [1]; P.Wisc. I 5.9-11 (185, Ox) [2]; SB VI 9094.3-7 (III, Ox?) [1]; XXIV 16320.12-13 (293-304, Kellis); SPP XXII 36.6-20 (145, SokN/Nilopolis) [1].

29. Empowerment (Systasis)

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

In the empowerment clause, the declaring party appoints a representative. The clause is frequently introduced by an account of the background (below: bg.): (οὐ δυνάμενος + inf.aor.). The verb denoting the act of appointment is (ἀπο)συνίστημι with the appointee in the accusative. In most cases, the empowerment is documented in letter format (cheirographon) and hence in the second-person singular of the personal pronoun (σέ). Reference is frequently made to the instrument in which the act is recorded, introduced by κατά + acc. (e.g., κατὰ τόδε τὸ ἐπιτροπικόν) (below: refd.), and more rarely to the scribal office (διά + genitive) responsible for its composition (below: refs.). The purpose of the appointment, i.e., the appointee’s duties, is sometimes expressed through the infinitive of the aorist tense (e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1643.5-6: 298 CE, Oxyrhynchos) (below: inf.). Much more frequent, however, is the future participle (below: part.), which seems to be inherently dependent on (ἀπο)συνίστημι. The appointment may be made for long-term duty (P.Mich. XI 604.13-21 (223 CE, Oxyrhynchos): the scribe of a sitologos; P.Oxy. IV 727.9-18 (154 CE, Alexandria): the manager of an estate.  However, it usually pertains to a specific task to be undertaken at a distance from the place of contracting. The appointee is entrusted with performing an act of sale or, more frequently, making an appearance in a court of law. These tasks are also manifested in the verbs or expressions commonly employed in this context, particularly ἀποδημέω (‘go abroad’), ἀπαιτέω (‘demand back’), διαγράφω (‘transfer money’), ἐντυγχάνω (‘appeal’), ἐπιτελέω (‘accomplish’), (ἐκ)πράττω (‘exact’), καθ-/παρ-ίσταμαι (here: ‘attend’), καταπλέω (‘sail down the Nile’), κομίζω (‘supply?), λόγον ποιέω (‘deliver accounts’), μισθόω (‘lease out’), οἰκονομέω (‘administer’), πρακτορεύω (‘act as praktor’), φροντίζω (‘oversee’). The empowerment clause, attested only in the Roman period, is followed by a clause expressing the appointee’s consent. In the procedural context, P.Oxy. IV 726.10-21 (135 CE, Oxyrhynchos) may be treated as paradigmatic: οὐ δυνάμενος διʼ ἀ[σ]θένειαν | 11 πλεῦσαι ἐπὶ [τ]ὸν τοῦ νομοῦ | 12 διαλογισμ[ό]ν, αὐτόθεν συν|13εστακέναι τὸν vac. ? | 14 τὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ λόγον ποιησό|15μενον περὶ τῶν πρὸς αὐτὸν | 16 ζητηθησομέ[ν]ων ἐπί τε τοῦ | 17 κρατίστου ἡγεμ[ό]νος Πετρωνίου | 18 [Μαμ]ερτείνου καὶ τοῦ ἐπιστρατή|19[γο]υ Γ̣ε̣λ̣λίου Βά[σ]σου ἢ κ[α]ὶ ἐφʼ ἑτέ|20ρων κριτῶν κ[αὶ] πάντα ἐπιτελέ|21σοντα περὶ τῶν [κ]ατὰ τὴν σύστασιν. | 22 εὐδοκεῖ γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτοις (‘Since he is unable, due to illness, to travel to the assize of the nome, he has forthwith appointed vacat to represent him in the inquiry to be held against him before his highness the praefect Petronius Mamertinus or the epistrategus Gellius Bassus or other judges, and to carry out everything concerned with the trial, for he gives his consent on these terms’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 209).

Bibl.: Wenger (1906): 208-229; Rabel (1937): 216-222; Taubenschlag (1955): 307-312; Wolff (1974): 76-77, 101; Herrmann (1974): 159-167; (1975): 325-327; Jördens (1990): 217-220; Rupprecht (2010): 385; Yiftach (2023).

BGU I 191.3-12 (143, Kar); 300.3-12 (148, ArsN) [managerial; bg.; ἀποσυνίστημι]; IV 1093.7-26 (265, Ox) [procedural; ἀποσυνίστημι; part.: ἀποδημῶν; inf.: ὥστε λαβεῖν]; VII 1662.13-20 (182, PtolEu) [sale; συνίστημι; refd.; part.: πωλήσοντα]; P.Ammon II 27.8-21 (348, Panop) [procedural; ἐντέλλομαί σοι; τὴν χώραν πληρῶσαι; διδάξαι]; P.Bodl. I 31.3-7 (169-176, SokN) [managerial; ἀποσυνέστησα; part.: φροντιοῦντα]; 33.5-11 (after ca. 300, Oasis Magna) [procedural; ἀποσυστῆσαι; inf.: ἀποδημῆσαι, ὥστε ἀποπληροῦν]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67161.6-9 (566, Antinoopolis); P.Fam.Tebt. 27.4-11 (132, Teb) [sale; συνεστακέναι; refd.; πωλήσοντα]; P.Fouad I 35.2-4 (48, Ox) [managerial; συνεστακέναι; refd.; part.: ἐκπράξοντα, ἀπαιτήσοντα, πωλήσοντα, οἰκονομήσοντα]; 36.4-18 (167, Ox) [opening of a will; συνεστακέναι*; ἐπιτελέσοντα]; P.Freib. II 9.3-10 (138-161, ArsN) [managerial, inheritance; συνεστακέναι; part.: ὄντα ἐπίτροπον, ἐπιθοῦντα; inf.: πωλεῖν ἀγοράζειν]; P.Fuad.Univ. 23.6-14 (283, Herm) [construction work; ἐπιτρέψαι]; P.Hamb. I 102.2-4 (138-161, ArsN) [managerial; ἀποσυνέστακα]; P.Lond. II 306.4-14 (145, ArsN) [managerial; συνεστακέναι; part.: πρακτορεύοντα, δια[γρά]φοντα]; P.Matr. 5.6-10 (336/7, Ox) [ἐντέλλομαί σοι καὶ ἐπιτρέπω; inf.: διάπρασιν ποιήσασθαι]; P.Mert. I 18.7-27 (161, Ox) [procedural; bg.; συνεστακέναι; refd.; part.: καταπλεύσοντα]; P.Mich. XI 604.1-13 (223, Ox) [liturgical; ἀποσυνεστακέναι; inf. + part.: παράλημψιν ποιήσεσθαι, ἐκδιδόντα, ὑπακοῦσαι, ἐπιδιδόντα, παραδῶναι, λαμβάνοντα]; P.Nekr. 10.1.3-7 (244, Hibis) [procedural; ἀποσυνεστηκέναι; part. + inf.: καταπλέοντα δημοσιῶσαι]; P.Oxy. I 94.3-15 (83, Ox) [συνεστακέναι; refd.; part.: ἄξοντα, περιοικονομήσοντα]; 97.1-18 (116, Ox) [bg.?; συνεστακέναι; part.: λόγον ποιησόμενον]; II 261.4-17 (55, Ox) [procedural; bg.; συνεστακέναι ἔγδικον]; III 509.1-11 (IIl, Ox) [procedural; συνέστησα; refd.; refs.; part.: ἀπαιτήσοντα; συνεστακέναι; λόγον ποιησόμενον]; IV 726.4-21 (134/5, Ox) [procedural; bg.; λόγον ποιησόμενον]; 727.9-18 (154 Alex) [managerial; bg.; συνεστακέναι; part.: φροντιοῦντα, ἐπιμελησόμενον, ἀπαιτήσοντα, ἐγμισθώσοντα, καταστησόμενον]; VIII 1123.8-13 (158/9, Ox) (?); X 1274.8-14 (IIIm, Ox) [registration of inheritance; bg.; ἀποσυνεστακέναι; inf.: κατελθεῖν, ἀπογράψασθαι]; XIV 1642.1-9 ll. 1-5 (289, Ox) [liturgical; ἀποσυνίστημι; refd.; inf.: παραστῆναι]; 1643.5-6 (298, Ox) [search of a slave; ἀποσυνίστημι; refd.; part.+inf.: ἀποδημοῦντα, ἀναζητῆσαι]; XXII 2349.27-38 ll. 27-33 (70, Ox) [sale]; XXXVI 2771.4-9 (323, Kos) [donation: ἐντολή]; LXXXVI 5550.4-16 (84/87/89/90, Ox) [managerial: συνεστακέναι]; P.Stras. VII 670.4-7 (III, Alex) [managerial; part.: ἐξοικονομοῦντι]; P.Tebt. II 317.8-28 (174/5, Teb/Alex) [procedural; bg.; συνίστημι ἀντʼ ἐμαυτῆς; refd.; ἀναπλεύσοντα, καταστησόμενον]; P.Vind.Sijp. 7.5-12 (463, Pasesi) [ed.: ἐπιτρέπω σοι σπείρ(ειν) (καὶ(?)) γεωργεῖν;]; 17.5-12 (180-192, ArsN) [managerial/liturgical; ἀποσυνίστημι]; SB I 4651.3-11 (250/1, Kysis) [procedural; ἀποσυνεστηκέναι; part.: καταπλέοντα]; 4653.1-11 (240/1, Oasis Magna) [part. + inf.: καταπλέοντα; δημοσιῶσαι*]; 5166.1 (II/III, UP) [συνεστακέναι]; XVIII 14071.3-17 (77, Ox) [procedural; part.: λόγον ποιησόμενον]; XX 14585.10-14 (319, UP) [procedural; ἀποσυνίστημι; refd.; inf.: προσιέναι, παραθέσθαι]; 15033.5-12 (94, Ox) [procedural; συνεστακέναι; refd.; part.: ἀπαιτήσοντα]; XXVI 16584.4 (VIIms, Qurnat Mar‘y) [ed.: ἐπιτρέπω σοι σπείρ(ειν) (καὶ(?)) γεωργεῖν;].

30. Auto Misthosis

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

In the auto-misthosis clause, the declaring party lets someone—himself in almost all cases—out for hire. The future employer appears in the dative. The employee’s duties are usually reported in the participle and are paramonic in principle, viz., the declaring party places himself at the employer’s disposal for a longer duration of time and is supposed to perform all required tasks. Seven texts are Byzantine, but one that is not, CPR XVIII 1 (231 or 206 BCE, Theogonis), proves that auto-misthosis was invoked in the early Ptolemaic period as well. P.Dubl. 26.3-6 (VI/VII CE, Arsinoites) serves as a paradigmatic example: ὁμολογῶ ἐκ‹με›μισθωκέναι σοι ἐμαυτὸν | 4 ἐκτελοῦντα πρὸς σὲ πάντα τὰ ἐπιτακτόμενά (l. ἐπιτασσόμενά) μοι παρὰ σοῦ οἱδηπωται (l. οἱαδήποτε) | 5 ἔργα ἀπεριφρονίτως (l. ἀπεριφρονήτως) καὶ ἀκαταγνόστως (l. ἀκαταγνώστως) ἐπὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἀριθμούμενον | 6 ἀπὸ ʼα (νεομηνίας) τοῦ εἰσιούντος (l. εἰσιόντος) μηνὸς Τῦβι ⟦γ⟧ τῆς παρούσης πρότης (l. πρώτης) ἰνδ(ικτίονος) (‘I acknowledge that I have leased myself out to you to perform all jobs of any sort whatsoever that you may impose on me, faithfully and without malice prepense, for a year counting from the first of the coming Tybi, in the present first indiction’).

Bibl.: Adams (1964): 25, 107; Hengstl (1972): 120-121; Jördens (1990): 165-167; Kramer (1991): 35-36; Freu (2022): 50.

BGU I 310.7-13 (663 ?, ArsN); CPR VII 50.19-24 (636, ArsN); XVIII 1.4-8 (231A/206A, Theog); P.Dubl. 26.3-6 (VI/VII, ArsN); PSI V 549.6 (41a, Ox) ?; SB I 4490.8-16 (641 or 656, ArsPol); XVI 13016.15-18 (638, ArsPol); XVIII 13963.2-5 (VI/VII, ArsN); SPP XX 219.13-28 (604, ArsPol).

31. Auto Synthesis

Category: Creation Clause

Link to Synallagma

Auto-synthesis (συντίθημί με) is recorded in 22 documents. Most of the texts (15) are Oxyrhynchites, but the clause is also attested in four documents from the Arsinoite and two from the Hermopolite nome, which also yields the earliest attestation: CPR XVIIa 19.8-15 of (321 CE, Hermopolis): ὁμ̣ολο[γ]ῶ̣ [σ]υ̣ν̣τ̣ετῖσ[θαι] (l. [σ]υντεθεῖσ[θαι]) [κ]αὶ συνπεπ‹ε›ῖσθαι | 9 πρὸς σὲ τὸν γεοῦχον ὥστε με ἀπαντήσ‹ε›ιν | 10 πρ̣[ὸς] κ̣ώ̣μ̣η̣ν̣  ̣  ̣  ̣  ̣ριν καὶ τρύγας τῶν ὄντων | 11 [ἐκεῖ ἀμπελ]ι̣κ̣ῶ̣ν̣ χωρίω̣ν̣ μ[ε]τὰ τῶν | 12 συ̣ν̣[τ]ε̣τ̣α̣[γμ]έ̣νων ληνοβατῶν καὶ ἀμέμπτως | 13 ὑπ̣η̣ρ̣[ετή]σ̣ασθαι τοῖς ληνοβάτα̣ις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις̣ | 14 ἐν τῇ αὐ̣λ̣ήσει κ̣α̣ὶ̣ μ̣ὴ ἀπολειφθῆναι τῶν ληνο|15βατ̣ῶν μέχ̣ρι λήξε̣ω̣ς αὐτῆς τῆς τρύγης | τῆ̣ς προσ̣αγο̣ύ̣σης {τρύγης} εὐτυχοῦς δεκάτης̣ (‘I acknowledge that I have consented and agreed on these conditions that I will come to the village on the occasion of the vintage of the vineyards that are located there together with the accepted wine-pressers, and without reproach will assist the wine-pressers and the others by playing the flute and that I will not abandon the wine pressers until the vintage comes to an end’). As in the above-mentioned text, the verb συντίθημι appears in the perfect infinitive and is introduced by ὁμολογέω, of which the subject is the prospective employee. Differently from the Hermopolite text in which the prospective employee, the subject of συντίθημι stands alone, in the routine Byzantine clause the verb συντίθημι is followed by the personal pronoun μέ, which probably functions as the object (Jördens, P.Heid. V, p. 152), rather than the subject of συντίθημι. The person of the prospective employer stands in the accusative and is introduced by the preposition πρός. In this particular construction, the nature of the work is expressed not through the participle or the nomina actionis but through the infinitive, mostly in the aorist tense, which may follow directly from συντίθημι or may be introduced by ἐπὶ τῷ, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ, ἐφʼ ᾧτε, ὡς, ὥστε or ἑτοίμως ἔχειν. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIX 2239.8-13 (598 CE, Oxyrhynchites): ὁμολογῶ ἑκουσίᾳ γνώμῃ καὶ αὐθαιρέτῳ προαιρέσει συντεθεῖσθαί με πρὸς τὴν ὑμῶν | 9 ἐνδοξ(ότητα) διὰ τῶ̣ν̣ αὐτῇ δια̣φερόντ̣ων ἀπὸ τῆς σήμερ̣ον καὶ προγεγρα̣μμέ(νης) ἡμέρας ἥτις | 10 ἐστὶν Φαῶφι τρ‹ε›ισκαιδεκάτη τῆς παρούσης δευτέρας ἰνδ(ικτίονος) ἐ[π]ὶ τῷ με χώραν ἐ̣π̣ι̣κ̣ει̣[μέ(νου)] π̣α̣ρὰ̣ ὑ̣μ[ῖ]ν̣ | 11 ἀποπληρῶσαι ἐν πάσῃ τῇ προ̣στασίᾳ τῆς ὑμῶν ἐνδοξ(ότητος) καὶ πᾶσα̣ν̣ φιλοκαλ{ε}ίαν καὶ κα̣λλιεργίαν | 12 ἐν τοῖς ὑμετέροις ἀγροικικοῖς π̣ρ̣άγ̣μασιν ἐνδείξασθαι εἴς τε τ̣ὰ ̣ ̣υν νεόφυτα καὶ εἰς τὰ μεγάλα | 13 γεουχικά (‘I acknowledge that of my own free will and deliberate choice I committed myself to your honour through your representatives from the previously written present day, which is the thirteenth of Phaophi in the present second indiction, undertaking to fill the post of your overseer in the management of all of your honour’s affairs and to apply every caution and efficiency in cultivating your estate with equal regard to new plantings and to large estate plantings’ (transl.: editio princeps, p. 112, with some modifications).

Bibl.: Wolff (1946): 77, n. 65; (1974): 77-78; Jördens (1990): 152; Freu (2022): 54.

BGU I 3.12-17 (605, ArsPol); II 404.4-5 (VI/VII, ArsPol); XIX 2826.5-6 (484, Herm); CPR VIII 82.5-7 (699/700, ArsN); XVIIa 19.8-15 (321, Herm); P.Bagnall 33.7-13 (496, Ox); P.CtYBR inv. 153.1-6 (VI, OxN); P.Gascou 42.9-13 (VI/ VII, ArsN); P.Heid. V 349.7-9 (VI/VII, OxN); P.Mert. II 97.1-6 (VI, ArsN(?); P.Oxy. I 136.11-14 (583, Ox); 140.8-13 (550, Ox); VIII 1122.8-14 (407, Ox); XVI 1894.8-11 (573, Ox); 1980.9-13 (557, Ox); XIX 2239.8-13 (598, OxN); LVIII 3933.8-16 (588, Ox); 3952.13-16 (610, Ox); 3958.14-17 (614, Ox); LXXII 4910.6-8 (447, Ox?); LXXVII 5121.7-12 (485, Ox); LXXXI 5288.11-13 (570, Ox); LXXXIV 5473.10-16 (561, Ox); 5474.13-16 (617/8, Ox); P.Palau Rib. 14.7-9 (431, Ox?); P.Stras. I 40.23-30 (569, Antin) (the verb is omitted); PSI VI 689a.6-10 (423/4, Ox); 689d.39-41 (420/1(?), Ox); SB I 4503.12-19 (605/607, This) [ὁμολογῶ συνθέσθαι σοὶ καὶ ὑπουργῆσαι τῆς τέχνης]; 4739.1-6 (VI/VII, ArsN)?; VI 9588.1-6 (VII, ArsN); SPP XX 217.6 (581, ArsPol).

 

 

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