Thirty-six of sixty-seven Ptolemaic lease documents that contain the delivery clause also address the issue of non-delivery. The rule, already featured in P.Cair.Zen. III 59340.7 and especially 29-31 (247 BCE, Philadelphia), prescribes cash compensation for every missing object: ἐὰ]ν δὲ μὴ ἀποδ[ῶ]σι τὸμ φόρον καθ̣ό̣τ̣ι̣ | 30 [ὡμολόγησαν, -ca.?- τωσαν ἑκάστου ἐρίφ]ο̣υ ὧν ἂν ἐνο̣φ̣ε̣ι̣λήσω[σι παραχρῆμα τιμὴν δραχμὰς] | 31 [δέκα καὶ ἐξέστω Ἰάσονι πάλιν ἀφελέσ(?)]θ̣αι αὐ̣τῶν τὰς αἰγα[ς -ca.?- ] (‘And if they do not return the rent as they have agreed, (let them pay as compensation) for each kid that they owe forthwith the amount of ten drachms, and let it be allowed for Iason to take back his goats’). According to the established scheme, evident in both the Arsinoite documentation and in the Tholthis group, the protasis records the verb of delivery, usually ἀποδίδωμι, but sometimes also παρίστημι, denoting the physical transfer of the object to the lessor’s estate. In the apodosis, using the imperative aorist of ἀποτίνω (ἀποτεισάτω), one anticipates the payment not of a penalty but of cash compensation for the non-delivered objects. The contract may propose a fixed per-artaba estimate of all commodities for which payment in kind is intended: wheat, barley, olyra, fodder, and chaff. In a more flexible alternative, a maximum market price is prescribed. Cf., e.g., BGU XIV 2390.33-35 (160/59 BCE, Herakleopolis), in which the lender seems to benefit from both alternatives in that he shall receive, in the case of non-payment, a fixed artaba compensation at the very least. If the maximum market price is higher, he will also receive the difference: ἐὰν δὲ [μ]ὴ ἀποδῶι καθὰ γε|34γραπται ἀποτεισάτω Πολυήρατος Διζαόλωι οὗ ἂν αὐτῶι προσοφειλήσῃ σίτου τιμὴν ἑκάστης ἀρτάβης τῶν πυρῶν δραχμ[ὰ]ς | 35 τετρακοσίας καὶ ὅσωι ἂν πλείονος τ̣ούτ[ου] πωλῆται ἐν τῆι ἐν Ἡρακλέους πόλει ἀγορᾶι (‘If he does not pay as stipulated, let Polyeratos pay to Diazolos for whatever wheat he still owes him four hundred drachmas per artaba of wheat and whatever addition to that amount may be earned by selling it in the market of Herakleopolis’). The same clause is preserved, in its original formulation, in P.Athen. 14.26-32 (22 CE, Philadelphia). In the text of this document, only a duplum for expenses and damage, an epitimon, and a payment to the fisc are added: εἰ δὲ] μὴ ἀποτεισάτω τῶι Κάστορι παραχρῆμα τειμὴν | 27 [ἑκάστης] ἀρτά[β]ης, ἧς ἐὰν ὀ̣φ̣ειλήσῃ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκφορίων ἀργυρίου | 28 [δραχμὰς ἑκ]α̣τ̣[ὸ]ν ἢ τὴν ἐσ[ο]μένην ἐν ἀγ̣ο̣ρᾷ πλείστην τιμήν, | 29 [καὶ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ τ]ὰ βλάβη καὶ τὰ δαπανήματα διπλᾶ καὶ ἐπίτειμ[ον] | 30 [ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς ἑκ]ατὸν καὶ εἰς τὸ δημ[ό]σιον [τ]ὰς ἴσας, γι[νο]μ̣έ̣νης | 31 [τῆς πράξεως τῷ Κάσ]τορι [ἢ τοῖς π]α̣ρʼ α[ὐτοῦ] ἔ̣κ̣ τε αὐτοῦ [τοῦ Μέ]|32[νωνος καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐ]το̣ῦ̣ [πάν]τω̣[ν (‘Or else, let him pay as a compensation to Kastor, immediately, the value of each artab that he may owe him of the rent, one hundred drachms of silver or the future highest market price, [ – – ] double the amount of the damages and expenses, a penalty of one hundred silver drachms, and to the fisc the same, Kastor and those acting on his behalf having the right of execution from Menon himself and all his property’). For the tendency to add a fine in the early Roman period, cf. also SB XVI 12539.22-24 (26 CE, Tebtynis).
The Roman period (I–IV centuries CE) yields as many as 436 leases that contain the delivery clause, but only 29 discuss the prospect of non-delivery, 22 of which were composed in the Oxyrhynchite nome. Some Oxyrhynchite documents continue to exhibit the Ptolemaic text. Such is the case in P.Oxy. VIII 1124.13-15 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos), now republished as P.Oxy. LXXXIII 5360.13-15: ἢ ἀποτισάτ[ω] αὐτῷ τιμὴν ἑκάστη[ς] ἀρτάβης ἧς ἐὰν | 14 μὴ ἀποδ[ῷ ἀ]ργυρί[ου δ]ραχμὰς [ ̣] ̣ ̣, τ̣ῆ̣ς δʼ ἀπὸ | 15 ξυλαμῆς κ̣[αὶ] ἐκφόρ[ιο]ν διπλοῦν (‘…or shall forfeit as the value of every artaba that he does not pay [ – – ] drachmas of silver and double the rent of the land sown with green produce’). In the course of the Roman period, however, the older clause, stipulating cash compensation for each missing artaba, is replaced by the lessee’s duty, in case of defaulted payment, to indemnify the lessor by defraying any existing debt and adding a hemiolion. The formulation now runs (P.Oxy. LXIX 4739.23-26: 127 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἢ ἀποτισάτω ὃ ἐάν προσοφειλέσῃ με|24θ’ ἡμιολίας, καὶ ἡ πρᾶξις ἔστω τῷ μεμισθωκό|25τι ἔκ τε τοῦ μεμισθωμένου καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρ|26χόντων αὐτῷ πάντων (‘Or he is to pay whatever he still owes plus one half. The right of execution shall reside with the lessor upon both the lessee and all his property’).
The clause is rarely attested in the Byzantine period (VI–VII centuries CE), incorporated into only five of the 205 documents that contain the delivery clause. These five documents neither exhibit any established scheme nor offer the same remedies. In P.Michael. 43.16-17 (526 CE, Aphrodites Kome), the scribe introduces an annual payment in kind, the λόγῳ παραμυθείας, until the debt is defrayed; BGU I 336.15-20 (645 or 660 CE, Arsinoiton Polis) and BGU XIX 2828.8-11 (VIIb, Hermopolis) propose a cash compensation that is not, however, proportional to the missing share of the rent; and in P.Flor. III 384.50-58 (489 CE, Hermopolis) a prostimon is indicated. Cf., e.g., BGU II 336.15-20 (645 or 660 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): εἰ δὲ μὴ ταῦτα πράξω τῇ εἰρημένῃ προθ[(εσμίᾳ)], | 16 ἐνέχεσθαί με παρασχεῖν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ μεγαλ(οπρεπείᾳ) | 17 οἰκόθεν καὶ ἐξ ἰδίου μου πόρου | 18 ὑπὲρ μὲν τοῦ γοναχίο(υ) χρυσοῦ νομίσματ[α] | 19 ἓξ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου στρώματος χρυσοῦ | 20 νομίσματα τρία (‘And if I do not perform any of these things within said timeframe, I will be liable to give your magnificence from my home and out of my own devices on account of the gonachion six gold solidi and on account of each blanket three gold solidi’).
20. Repayment of Loan
Category: Termination
Link to Synallagma
Every document that records the assignment of fungible assets or money regulates their recovery by the assignor. Consequently, the ‘return of the loan’ clause is quite common, recorded in 738 texts. Several verbs of delivery are attested: παραδίδωμι, ἀποκαθίστημι, μετρέω, and, quite commonly in the Byzantine period, the aorist infinitive of παρέχω (παρασχεῖν). By far the most common, however, is ἀποδίδωμι. Alongside the direct, verbal formulation (ἀποδίδωμι), scribes in all periods also employ the periphrasis: τὴν ἀπόδοσιν ποιέομαι. However, with just 43 attestations its position remains secondary. Starting from the first century, the verb is frequently accompanied by the adverb ἐπάναγκον (‘perforce’) (earliest attestation: P.Mich. III 191.22: 60 CE, Oxyrhynchos). It is fairly common in the following centuries and is gradually replaced, in the fourth century, by the well-attested literary form ἐπάναγκες. The two versions combined appear in 94 loan contracts, including 44 from the Arsinoite and 33 from the Oxyrhynchite nome. It occurs mostly with the future tense of ἀποδίδωμι.
In the protocol style of the early Ptolemaic period, the verb appears in its imperative aorist form (cf., e.g., BGU III 911.15: 18 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos). As a shift to the subjective style takes place in the course of the late Ptolemaic and early Roman periods, the imperative aorist gives way to the indicative or the infinitive of the future tense (P.Diog. 30.12: 223-235 CE, Philadelphia?). From the fourth century onward, the infinitive aorist is also employed at times, particularly wherever it is required by the syntactical environment. Such is the case, for example, in P.Oxy. XVI 1970.22-23 (554 CE, Oxyrhynchos)—καὶ ὁμολογοῦμεν ταῦτα ἀποδοῦναι—where the return clause seems embedded in a Greek rendering of the Roman stipulatio.
While the clause is syntactically independent in the Ptolemaic period, in the Roman it is integrated into the flow of the text, a phenomenon especially common whenever the contract is introduced by ὁμολογέω. In this formulation, the clause is now connected to the preceding clause (the account of the interest) by means of a relative pronoun and the anaphoric nature of the object of the return is emphasized through the combination of ἃς καί or, more rarely, ἅσπερ.
The loan has to be settled by the debtor in person, who appears in the nominative (or accusative in ACI), joined in one document, P.Lips. II 135.7-8 from 98 Hermopolis, by the surety. Return by proxy may be recorded once: P.Oxy. XLIII 3146.11-13 (347, Ox). Return by a third person is regularly anticipated in some Byzantine documents, in which the debt should be returned by the debtor and his heirs (cf., e.g., P.Mich. XI 607.17-24: 569 CE, Antinoopolis). If the debtors are multiple, they may be designated ἐξ ἀλληλεγγύης, as is the case in 14 Roman and Byzantine documents, the earliest of which, P.Fam.Tebt. 4.13-19, dates to 94 CE Tebtynis. The creditor stands in the dative, the indirect object of ἀποδίδωμι. Explicit mention of the creditor, however, is not indispensable as some texts omit the dative (e.g., P.Col. X 259.12: 146 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis; P.Grenf. I 10.13-14: 174 BCE, Diospolis Magna). The creditor usually appears alone, but recovery by proxy, much more common when used by creditors than by debtors, is anticipated in some documents, most notably in the context of the archive of Dionysios son of Kephalas (Cf., e.g., P.Dion. 16.22-23: 109 BCE, Akoris: Διονυσίωι ἢ τ̣[οῖς] | παρʼ αὐτοῦ).
The Ptolemaic technical term for ‘loan’ is δάνειον, which constitutes the object of the repayment also in the context of the present clause. In cash loans, the δάνειον constitutes the total of the principal (κεφάλαιον) and the interest (τόκοι). This notion finds expression, in particular, in the formulation that occurs, e.g., in PSI X 1131.17-18 (41 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): τὸ δὲ δάνειον τοῦτο τὰ[ς ἀργυρίου σεβ]αστοῦ | 18 δραχμὰ[ς ἐνενήκοντα] καὶ τοὺς τόκους ἀποδότωσαν οἱ δ[εδανεισμένοι] (‘And let the borrowers repay the aforementioned loan, the nine hundred drachmas of Augustan silver, and the interest’). After the aforementioned change from independent to relative clauses takes place, the loan category is commonly left unmentioned in the return clause. Now one simply reads: ἃς καὶ ἀποδώσει (e.g., P.Oslo II 39.13-17: 146 CE, Theadelphia). Yet even at this stage the terms κεφάλαιον and τόκος retain their position as the two elements of the loan. Cf., e.g., PSI VIII 964.10-11 (520/1 or 535/6 or 550/1 CE, Oxyrhynchites): ὅπερ διάφορ]ο̣ν̣ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον | 11 [ἐπάναγκες ἀποδώσω (‘…..which very same interest, and the principal itself I shall per force repay’). The interest is recorded in the return clause only irregularly. In some documents, the object of repayment includes interest (σὺν τόκοις, σὺν ἐπικερδίᾳ, σὺν διαφόροις and later also μετὰ τοκῶν, μετὰ ἐπικερδίας, μετὰ διαφόρου etc.), while others make special arrangements for the interest: periodic payment of interest and lump-sum repayment of the principal. An interest-free loan is marked as such by use of the adverb ἀτοκί (cf., e.g., P.Kron. 46.17-19: 153 CE, Tebtynis).
Genus chattel, primarily grain, is recorded in 144 texts that contain the return clause: 62 Ptolemaic, 59 Roman, 17 Late Roman, 6 Byzantine. In the Ptolemaic period, a grain loan is labelled daneion. The term τόκος is used to denote the interest on such a loan but the principal is not called kephalaion; if a generic term is sought, it is sitos (compare Cadell (1974): 63-65; Battaglia (1989): 39-44; Mayerson (2005): 51-62). So in BGU VI 1277.6-8 (215/4 BCE, Tholthis): ἀποδότω | 7 Πραξὼ Θεογόνωι τὸν σῖτον τοῦτον ἐμ μηνὶ Δύστρωι | 8 [το]ῦ̣ ἐ̣ν̣ά̣τ̣ο̣υ̣ ἔ̣τ̣ο̣υ̣ς̣ [ὄλυρ]α̣ν̣ κ̣[αθ]α̣ρ̣ὰ̣ν̣ [καὶ ἄδολο]ν̣ (‘Let Praxo repay Theogonos this grain in the month of Dystros, unadulterated and clean olyra’). The Ptolemaic clause is highly detailed: in 44 texts it records the requisite quality of the borrowed commodity, in 36 the metron (the standard of measure to be used for the delivery), and in 39 arrangements are made for the shipment, with the place of delivery and the payment of expenses by the debtor specified. Cf., e.g., P.Dion. 18.11-16 (107 BCE, Akoris): τὸν] δ̣ὲ πυρὸν | 12 καὶ τὸν̣ τ̣ό̣κ̣[ον,] τ̣ὰς π̣άσας πυρ̣[ο]ῦ̣ ἀ̣[ρτάβ]ας ἑκατόν, | 13 ἀ̣π̣[οδότω Δι]ο̣ν̣ύ̣σιος̣ Δ̣ι̣ο̣ν̣υσ̣[ίωι ἢ τοῖς παρʼ αὐ]τ̣[ο]ῦ̣, | 14 ἐμ̣ μηνὶ̣ Λ̣ωίωι ὅς ἐστιν Π̣[αῦνι τοῦ ὀγδόου ἔτους,] | 15 πυρὸν νέον καθαρὸν ἄδολ̣ον, μ̣[έτρωι τῶι πρὸς] | 16 τὸ χαλκοῦν καὶ κατασ̣τησά̣[τω ἐπὶ τὸν κατὰ] | 17 τὴν̣ Ἀ̣κ̣ώρ̣ιο̣ς \ὅρμον/ τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀν̣[ηλώμασι· (‘The wheat and the interest, the entire one hundred wheat artabae, Dionysios shall repay to Dionysios or to his subordinates in the month of Loios, which is the month of Pauni of the eighth year, new, clean and pure wheat, in the measure that conforms to the measure of bronze, and shall transfer it to the harbor opposite the village of Akoris at his own expense’).
In the Roman period, featuring 59 texts, the loan category (viz., the daneion of the Ptolemaic period) is usually left undesignated in the context of the return clause. So it is in the case of P.Oxy. LXIV 4439.8-11 (258/9 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἀπέσχομεν π̣αρὰ σοῦ κ̣ρ̣[ι]θ̣ῆς ἀ[ρτά]|9βας πέντε γενήματος̣ τοῦ διε̣[λ]|10θόντος ἔτο‹υ›ς, ἅ‹σ›περ ἀπο̣δώσομέν | 11 σοι κτλ. (‘We have received from you five artabae of barley out of the produce of the previous year, which we shall repay you …’). The scribe omits most features typical of the Ptolemaic clause: the metron is mentioned in only 21 texts, grain quality in just 13, and shipment arrangements in only four. This reduction continues in the late Roman period (17 texts total), where 10 mention the metron, six the quality, and none refer to shipment. In the Byzantine period (6 texts), two documents mention the metron, three mention the quality of the grain, and one includes shipment arrangements. The data recorded in the Ptolemaic clause, however, are not always left untreated. Ten documents from the early Roman period do not address themselves to shipment expressis verbis but do record the place of grain delivery, e.g., P.Hamb. I 55.13-15 (241, Ptolemais Euergetis): ἃ[ς καὶ ἀποδ]ώ̣σ‹ε›ιν τῷ Α̣ὐ̣ρηλίῳ | 14 [Ἡρωνε]ίνῳ ἐ̣[ν μ]η̣νὶ Παῦνι ἐν τῇ μητρο|15[πόλ]ει μέτρῳ τετραχοινίκῳ (‘… which they shall repay to Aurelios Heroninos in the month of Pauni in the metropolis using the measure of four choinikes’). The same documentation method is used in two later Roman documents and three from the Byzantine period.
The date of repayment may be fixed in advance. This occurs in 341 documents and is the prevailing rule in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. In this case, some documents specify just the month, in the dative, routinely introduced by the preposition ἐν and always followed by the year in the genitive. In the Byzantine period, the preposition ἐν is sometimes omitted (cf., e.g., P.Sakaon 66: 328, Theadelphia). Specification of exact day, however, is rare. Repayment of these loans at the creditor’s initiative (ὁπηνίκα ἐὰν αἱρῇ; ὁπόταν βουληθείη) is recorded in 89 documents; it becomes particularly common in Late Antiquity, recorded in 32 documents as opposed to 19 contemporary documents with a fixed date. Repayment within a given time frame—ἐν μησὶν xx ἀπὸ xx μηνός, ἕως, εἴσω xx μηνῶν, ἕως or μέχρι + day and month—is most frequently recorded in the Roman period (26 cases) but is also attested in later times (13). Repayment in installments (ἐν καταβολαῖς) is best recorded in the Roman (15) and Byzantine periods (9). Return on some special occasion (most commonly the harvest, e.g., ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς συνκομιδῆς) is especially popular in the late Roman (6) and the Byzantine (11) periods.
The no-excuse formulation: as early as the second century BCE, the aim of thwarting payment evasion by the debtor is routinely attested in this clause. According to the Ptolemaic evidence, he should pay up ἄνευ δίκης καὶ κρίσεως καὶ πάσης εὑρησιλογίας (‘without court action, investigation, and any type of sophistry’). Greek scribes continue to use the same terms throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods. Altogether, 15 words are used to describe forms of evasion. Some scribes prefer adverbs, of which the most common by far are ἀνυπερθέτως (‘forthwith, without delay’) (156 cases and Litinas – Triantafyllou (2019) 74-76); ἀναμφιβόλως (‘without snare’) (17 and op.cit., p. 66), ἀναντιρρήτως (‘without opposition, by consent’) (1 and loc.cit.), ἀναμφιλόγως (1 and loc.cit.) (‘without dispute’); ἀπροφασίστως (‘without evasion’ and op.cit., p. 85-86). Nouns, however, are amply employed as well. Among these nouns, some note simple delay [most commonly: ὑπέρθεσις (138); also, ἀναβολή] while others express faulty moral conduct [εὑρησιλογία (‘sophistry’) (66); ἀγνωμοσύνη (‘arrogance’ (6); and κακοτεχνία ‘fraudulent or malicious conspiracy’ (9)]. In other cases, the no-evasion formula refers to judicial or semi-judicial measures: ἀντιλογία (‘contradiction’, ‘controversy’) (54), κρίσις (‘dispute’) (34), δίκη (32) (‘court action’), and παραγραφή (‘exceptio?’). As in the Ptolemaic text, the terms appear in the genitive and are introduced by the prepositions χωρίς, ἄνευ; in the Byzantine period, δίχα is used.
Bibl.: Weber (1932): 102-135; Taubenschlag (1955): 344, 350-351; Kastner (1962): 27-30, 38-41; Kühnert (1965): 60-64, 104-105, 132-133, 170-174; Rupprecht (1967): 64-73; Rodríguez Martín (2017): 171-180.
akind.: ἀκίνδυνος; allel.: ἐξ ἀλλεληγγύης vel sim.; anhyp.: ἀνυπερθέτως; aor.: aorist tense; av.: additional verb; epan.: ἐπάναγκες or ἐπάναγκον; fixd.: fixed date; fut.: future tense; initc.: return on the initiative of the creditor; install.: installments; is.: independent sentence; oc.: occasion; periph.: periphrastic construction; rc.: relative clause
BGU I 69.7-9 (120, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., oc.]; 70.19-22 (131, Dionysias) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 179.11-16, 16-22 (138-161, ArsN) [ἡ ἀπόδοσις ἔσται, kephal., tok., fixd.]; 189.9-12 (7, ArsN): [rc., ind.fut.]; 190.b.2.1-3 (81-96, ArsN) [ind.fut., epan., fixd., anhyp.]; 272.7-16 (138/9, ArsN) [rc., periph., ind.fut., no excuse]; 314.11-16 (630, Herak); 339.13-16 (128, Kar): [periph., ind.fut.]; II 363.14?-16? (IV/VII, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., initc.]; 365.20 (603, ArsPol); 465.1.10-13 (137, UP): [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 472.1.15-19 (139, Kar) [rc., epan., periph., inf.fut., fixd.]; 520.7-8 (172, Kar) [ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 637.1-7 (212, ArsN) [ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 645.1-12 ll. 7-9 (139/40, ArsN); 664.5-7 (I, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., allel.]; III 702 + P.Bodl. I 61a.a.22—b. 2 (151, ArsN) [rc., fut., initc., no excuse]; 713.25-28 (42 SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 725.20-25 (618, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., ἀτοκί, ἀναμφιβόλως]; 726.5-10 (IV-VII, ArsN) [periph., fixd., loc., anhyp.]; 729.14-16 (144, Alex) [ind.fut., av.: ἀποκαταστήσει, initc., anhyp.]; 736.12-13 ? (544/559, ArsPol): [periph.]; 741.22-27 (143, Alex ?) [epan., inf.aor., fixd., interest: monthly]; 751.3-5 (IV/V, ArsN) [periph., inf.fut., fixd.]; 795.4-5 (VI, Path) [παρασχεῖν; initc.]; 796.2-3 (VI, Path) [παρασχεῖν, initc.]; 797.3-5 (VI Path) [rc., ind.fut., initc.]; 800.7-11, 19-23 (158, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 856.15-17 (106, Psenyris) [rc., imp.aor., initc., no excuse]; 857.10-13 (113, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd]; 865.3-17 (II, ArsN): [fut., install.]; 910.2.20-23 (70, SokN) [imp.aor., daneion, tok., fixd.]; 911.14-19 (18, SokN) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; 943.9-10 (389, Herak) [periph., ind.fut., initc.]; 989.14-19 (226, Herak) [rc., ind.fut.]; 1005.3-6 (IIIm, ArsN ?) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd., qual., metr.]; 1014.12-16 (138, Teb) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; IV 1052.35-49 ll. 45-49 (14/3A, Alex) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 1053.1.19-28 (13a ,Alex) [rc., inf.fut., fixd., install., no excuse]; 1054.6-8 (13A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., install.]; 1055.10-31 (13A?, Alex); 1056.11-15 (13A, Alex) [rc., fut., tok. (instal.), kephal., fixd.]; 1057.1-17, ll. 9-11 (13A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within; no excuse]; 1115.25-27 (13A, Alex) [inf.fut., no excuse]; 1142.2-11 (25/4A, Alex) [rc., inf.aor., loc., qual., no delay]; 1145.1-25 ll. 9-10 (5A, Alex) [kephal., inf.fut., within, no excuse]; 1145.26-45 ll. 34-35 (5A, Alex) [kephal., inf.fut., within, no excuse]; 1147.9-14 (14/3A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within, tokos (install.), no excuse]; 1151.2.30-34 (13A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., install., no excuse]; 1156.11-17 (15A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., install., διδόντε[ς] καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν]; 1156v.27-29 (14/3A, Alex); 1161.6-11 (24/3A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., interest: install., kephal.: fixd., no excuse]; 1162.3-5 (17/6A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within, no delay]; 1166 (13A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within; interest: install., principal: fixd., no excuse]; 1167.37-74 ll. 41-42 (13/2A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut. install.]; 1170.1-23, ll. 6-8 (10A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., ἕως, no excuse]; 1172.7-9 (9A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within, no excuse]; 1175.6-8 (5A, Alex) [rc., inf.fut., within, no excuse]; VI 1258.8-9 l. 9; 1258.13; 1258.15-16 l. 16 (all from 154/3A or 143/2A, Herm ?); 1272.8 (173A, Hephaistias) [imp.aor.]; 1274.8-10 (218/7A, Takona) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; 1275.11-15 (215/4A, Sephtha) [imp.aor., qual.; av.: καταστησάτω, metr.]; 1276.9-11 (215/4a OxN) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd., cash, qual.]; 1277.5-9 (215/4A, Tholt) [imp.aor., qual., fixd., metr., ship.]; 1278.6-9, 19-22 (215/4A, Tholt) [imp.aor., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 1279.8 (IIImA, UP) [imp.aor., tokon, within]; 1281.4-6 (IIA, Path?) [grain; ship.]; VII 1649.11-15 (264, Phil) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 1650.10 (218, Phil); 1652.15-24 ? (212, Phil); 1653.14-15 (212, Phil) [rc., ind.fut., initc.]; X 1945.b (214/3A, OxN?) [imp.aor., initc., ship.]; 1961.5-7 (213/2A, Tholt) [imp.aor., interest: install., daneion: initc.]; 1968.7-8 (184A, Ptolemais?) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; 1969.5-6, 16-19 (215/4A, Tholt) [imp.aor., grain, fixd., qual., metr., ship., interest: install.]; 1970.7-8 (213/2A, Tholt) [imp.aor.]; 1972.7-9 (ImA, HerakN?) [rc., ind.fut.]; XI 2042.13-15 (105 SokN) [rc., inf.fut., initc., no excuse]; 2043.13-16 (150, SokN) [interest (σὺν τοῖς τόκοις), inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 2044.a.17-21 (46, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 2045.15-18 (215, Thead) [rc., periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 2046.7-8 (hyp) (II, Herakleia) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 2116.2-4 (25/6, ArsN?) [imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 2117.6-7 (II, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd]; 2118.9-11 (223, Ox) [ind.fut., kephal., tok., within]; XII 2140.8-14 (432, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., initc.]; 2188.12-18 (526, Herm) [rc., παρασχεῖν, within, no excuse]; 2197.10-18 (537, Herm) [rc., ἀποδιδόναι, fixd., no excuse, qual., ship.]; 2201.6-9 (565, Herm) [παρασχεῖν, no excuse, ἀτοκί]; 2206.13-15 (591-602, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; XIII 2337.18-23 (46, Nilopolis) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; XIV 2393.10-14 (215/4A, Tholt) [imp.aor., fixd., grain, qual., metr., ship.]; 2395.17-18, 59-61 (221A, Takona) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., interest (σὺν τῶι τόκωι)]; 2396.8-9 (213/2A, Tholt) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; XIX 2838.3-7 (V/VI, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd]; CPR I 15.15-17 (149, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 16.20-27 (163, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., interest (σὺν τόκοις), anhyp.]; 29.16-18 (184, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; VII 40.13-15 (492, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 41.1-3 (513, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; initc.]; VIII 47.2-7 (IV/V, ArsN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., metr., no excuse]; XVIIa 5a.5-6 (316, Herm) [ed.: [ἀ]ποδῶ̣ τῇ̣ προ̣[κ]ε̣ιμένῃ̣ προθεσ̣μί[ᾳ];]; XVIIb 4 ll. 9-15, ll. 11-13 (184/5, Panop) [πληρώσω, anhyp., epan.]; 11.47-53, ll. 50-52 (217/8 Panop) [rc., ind.fut., fixd]; 13.7-15, ll. 11-12 (217/8, Panop) [ind.fut., anhyp.]; 13.22-26 l. 24-25 (217/8, Panop) [rc., ind.fut.]; 14.9-13 l. 13 (217/8, Panop) [rc., ind.fut.]; 15.10-15, l. 15 (217, Panop) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 23.3-9, ll. 6-7 (217/8, Panop) [rc., ind.fut.]; 25.1-4 l. 3 [ind.fut.: ἀποκαταστήσω, initc.]; 25.5-13 l. 10 (217/8, Panop) [initc.]; 27.1-8 ll. 6-7 (217/8, Panop) [anhyp., epan.]; 36.9 (217/8, Panop) [epan.]; XVIII 14.282-285 (231A/206A, Theog) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., within]; 16.332-333 (231A/206A, Theog) [ind.fut. (?), daneion, fixd.]; 24.32-33 (232/206A, Theog) [imp.aor., daneion, within]; XIX 10.14-19 (522, HermN) [rc., παρασχεῖν, initc.]; 33.10-14 (591, ArsPol); 38.14-17 (560/575, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 39.10-12 (542/557, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse, ἐξ ὑπαρχόντων μου πάντων]; O.Bodl. II 1978.3-5 (25/6, Thebes?) [rc., ind.fut., grain; qual., metr.]; O.Brux. 13.5-6 (136/7 or 157/8 or 180/1, Upper Egypt)? [rc., ind.fut., within]; O.Claud. III 432.4-7 (137, Mons Claudianus) [rc., ind.fut.]; 536.5-6 (c. 147, Mons Claudianus) [rc., ind.fut.]; 541.5-8 (141, Mons Claudianus) [rc., ind.fut., interest monthly]; 572.6-8 (140, Mons Claudianus) [rc., ἀπολήμψῃ]; 625.9-16 (138-161?, Mons Claudianus) [rc., ind.fut., grain]; O.Did. 135.6-10 (before 220-250, Didymoi) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; O.Eleph.Wagner 371.7-10 (VI, Eleph) [rc., παρασχεῖν, fixd]; P.Adler 4.9-11 (109A, Ptolemais) [rc., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; 6.9-12 (106A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd]; 10.11-13 (101A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd]; 15.7-8 (100A, Path?) [periph., imp.aor., fixd.]; 19.8-10 (98A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd]; P.Alex. 7.12-16 (113, Dionysias) [imp.aor., daneion, tokoi, fixd.]; 10.9-11 (69-79, Kar) [rc., ind.fut., no excuse]; 34.1-3 (IV/V, UP) [ταῦτα ἐτοίμως ἔχω καταβαλεῖν, initc., no excuse]; P.Alex. Inv.Nr. 119.1-3 (I-IV, UP) [ind.fut.]; 518.9-11 (118 ?, UP) [grain, qual.]; P.Amh. II 43.7-11 (173A, SokN) [aor.imp., daneion, grain, fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 44.7-10, 26-30 (136A, Philopator alias Theogenous) [imp.aor., daneion, grain, fixd., qual., ship..]; 46.4-8 (113A, Path) [imp.aor., daneion, grain, fixd., qual., ship.]; 47.6-11 (113A, Path?) [imp.aor., daneion, grain, fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 48.5-11 (106A, Path) [imp.aor., daneion, wine, fixd., ship.]; 49.1-3 (108A, UP) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; 50.12-14 (106A, Path) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; 148.7-10 (487, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut.]; 149.12-14 (VI, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., initc.]; 151.16-17 (610-619/629-641, Herm) [παρασχεῖν, no excuse]; P.Ant. II 102.8-15 (445, Antin) [anhyp.]; 104.5-6 (VI, Antin) [παρασχεῖν; initc., no excuse]; P.Athen. 21.11-13 (131, Kar) [periph., imp.aor., initc.]; 22.15-22 (103/122, ArsN) [periph., imp.aor., epan., fixd.]; 28.15-19 (86, Thead) [rc., inf.fut.: ἀποκαταστήσειν, initc., no excuse] ; P.Athen.Xyla 12.1-2 (VI, HermN); 17.3-5 (548/9, HermN?) [rc., ind.fut., oc., no excuse]; 18.4-5 (487/8, HermN) [παρασχεῖν, within, no excuse]; P.Bad. II 2.13, 28-31 (130A, Hermonthis) [imp.aor., daneion, tok., fixd.]; 27.2-4 (316, HermN?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 28.6-7 (331, Herm) [rc. ind.fut.]; P.Bas. 7.13-15 (117-138, ArsN) [periph., imp.aor., principal + interest, fixd.]; P.Berl.Möller 4.11-20 (3, Phil) [imp.aor., daneion, grain, qual., fixd., metr., ship.]; P.Bingen 39.6-8 (111A, Kar) [imp.aor., fixd. qual.]; 40.1-6 (111/10A, Path) [imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.]; 73.11-15 (138-150, Teb) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Bodl. I 42.14-16 (212-216, PtolEu) [rc., inf.fut., epan., fixd., anhyp.]; 61ar.1-2 (151, PtolEu) [no excuse]; 82.11-13 (533, Herm) [παρασχεῖν; ἀτοκεί; no excuse]; P.Bon. 25.16-19 (185, Phys) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Brem. 67.5-10 (44?, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; 68.6-7 (99, Herm?) [imp.aor., within, qual.]; P.Brook. 9.8-10 (IV, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [rc., inf.fut., epan., fixd]; 10.5-11 (VI, Thebes) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω καταβαλεῖν; fixd]; 73.3-5 (IV, Upper Egypt) [rc., ind.fut., interest]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 8.1.5-7 (111A, Path) [imp.aor., fixd.]; P.Cair.Isid. 93.18-22 (282, PtolEu) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., interest, anhyp.]; 95.8-10 (310, Kar) [inf.fut., fixd.]; 96.8-9 (310, Kar) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 97.10-11 (308, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., metr., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67125.9-13 (525, Aphr) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω βαλεῖν]; 67126.16-23 (541, Constantinople) [ἀποδοῦναί σοι ὁμολογοῦμεν, allel.]; 67128.20-25 [παρασχεῖν, oc., no excuse]; 67129.19-25 (549, Aphr) [ταῦτα ἑτοίμως ἔχω καταβαλεῖν; install., no excuse]; 67162.17-23 (568, Antin) [παρασχεῖν, within]; 67163.17-23 (569, Antin) [παρασχεῖν, fixd., epikerdia., no excuse]; 67164.5-6 (569, Antin) [παρασχεῖν]; 67251.3-4 (549, Aphr) [παρασχεῖν]; III 67308.3-4 (526, Aphr) [rc., ind.fut., oc.]; 67309.16-20 (569, Antin) [παρασχεῖν, install., initc., no excuse]; P.Cair.Zen. I 59001.9-11, 35-37 (274/3a Pitos) [imp.aor., daneion]; II 59173.9-10, 28-30 (255A, Phil); P.Charite 33.6-7 (331/2 or 346/7, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 34.7-8 (318 or 348, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Col. VII 176.7-13 (325, Kar) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., qual., metr., anhyp.]; 178.7-12 (327 Kar,) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., qual. metr., anhyp.]; 178a.7-11 (336, Kar) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., qual., metr., anhyp.]; VIII 243.5-8 (VI, UP) [rc., ind.fut., allel.]; 245.5-18 (VI, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, loc.: ἐν οἴκῳ]; X 259.12-14 (146, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 287.9-13 (326, Ox) [rc., grain: qual., metr., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Col.Inv. 46.9-11 (340-410, Phil?); 185.10-12 (345, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Coles 29.4-7 (V/VI, Ox?) [rc., akind., ind.fut., interest (μετὰ τοῦ νομίμου τόκου), initc., anhyp., no excuse]; P.Coll.Youtie I 25.22-25 (147, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 50.2-3 (IIe, Ox) [epan., ind.fut., kephal., tok.]; P.Corn. 2.9-12 (250/249A, Phil) [ind.fut,, metr., fixd.]; 6.11-14 (17, Oxyrhyncha); [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; P.David 4.5-11 (167A/114A, UP) [ind.fut., wine: qual., metr., fixd.]; 10.7-10, 10-15 (522/3, Ox) [ἀποδοῦναι, oc., anhyp., kind.]; P.Dime III 11GD.14-17 (29, SokN) [imp.aor., fixd.]; 27GD.19-22 (54, SokN) [rc., imp.aor., fixd.]; P.Diog. 25.7-10 (132, Phil?) [rc., ind.fut., σὺν τόκοις, fixd., anhyp.]; 27.9-11 (213, Phil) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 30.11-15 (222-235, Phil?) [rc., epan., ind.fut., allel., fixd., metr.]; P.Dion. 13.16-22 (112A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship.]; 14.18-23 (110A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 15.17-21 (109A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 16.21-26 (109A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 17.20-26 (108A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 18.11-17 (107A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 19.14-20 (105A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 20.16-22 (105A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 21.16-20 (113A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship.]; 22.15-19 (111A, Akoris) [imp.aor., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship.]; 23.9-19 (108A, Herm) [imp.aor., fixd., grain, qual., metr., ship.]; 24.11-20 (106A, Herm) [imp.aor., fixd., grain, qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 25.16-26 (104A, Herm) [imp.aor., fixd., grain, qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 26.10-15 (116A, Herm) [imp.aor., fixd., grain, qual., metr., ship.]; 27.10-15 (113/2A, Herm) [ἀποδότω; fixd; grain: quality; metr.; shipment; atok.]; 32.8-14 (107A, HermN) [ἀποτείσω; fixd; grain: qual.; metr.; ship.]; 33.3-10 (IIA, HermN) [ind.fut., fixd., grain, qual.; metr.; ship.; no excuse] ; P.Dura 21.1-2 (IIf, Dura-Europos) [ind.fut.]; 22.7-9 (133/4, Dura Europos) [ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Edfou I 3.12-15 (619, Apol) [παρασχεῖν, interest (μετὰ τοκῶν), no excuse, within, kind.]; 4.9-13 (627 Apol) [παρασχεῖν; install.; atoka; no excuse]; P.Eirene III 9.13-16 (I/II, ArsN) [rc. Periph. imp.aor., fixd.]; P.Erl. 60.3 (II, UP) [ind.fut.]; 61.8 (II, ArsN) [rc.]; 67.14-17 (591, Herak) [rc., epan., ind.fut., av.: ἀποπληρώσομεν, anhyp., no excuse, ἀτοκεί]; 68.2-3 (VII, Herak) [rc., ind.fut.]; P.Fam.Tebt. 2.12-16 (92, Teb) [ind.fut., epan., initc., no excuse]; 4.13-19 (94, Teb) [inf.fut., allel., epan., fixd., loc., no excuse] ; 6.15-21 (98/9, Teb) [epan., ind.fut., fixd; obj.+int.]; 16.12-16 (116, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 22.11-15 (122, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., cap.+inter., no excuse]; P.Fay. 90.12-18 (234, PtolEu) [epan., inf.fut., fixd., loc., metr., anhyp.]; 155.10-11 (136, Bac); 205.8-11 (138-161, Bac) [periph., inf.aor., anhyp.]; P.Flor. I 1.5-6 (153, Herm) [daneion, cash, imp.aor., parach., qual.]; 28.4-5 (179, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 30.14-19 (362, Pisais) [periph., epan., fixd., metr., anhyp.]; 44.26-27 (158, PtolEu)?; 46.14-18 (183, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., interest, install., anhyp.]; 51.7-10 ll. 9-10 (138-161, ArsN) [ind.fut., av.: μετρήσω, fixd.]; 62.1 (204, UP) [anhyp.]; 70.10-13 (VII, Herm) [rc., ὁμολογῶ παρασχεῖν, no excuse, kindyn.]; 72.7-14 (128/9, HermN) [ind.fut., av.: μετρήσω; fixd.]; 81.9-10 (103, Herm) [imp.aor., fixd., cash, qual.]; 82.4-10 (82/3, HermN) [rc., av.: μετρήσω, fixd., metr., ship., no excuse]; 94.10-14 (491, Herm) [rc., μετρήσω καὶ ἀποδώσω, fixd., qual., no excuse]; III 280.14-22 (514, Aphr) [rc., ind.fut., oc., metr., ship., no excuse]; 300.10-16 (597, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse, μετὰ τῆς αὐτοῦ παραμυθείας]; 313.9-14 (449, Epokion Iliou) [παρασχεῖν σοι καὶ ἀναλαβεῖν]; 316.15-17 (II, Phil) [imp.aor., kephal., grain, metr., fixd]; 343.5-9 (V, Herm) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω καταβαλεῖν]; P.Fouad I 44.18-19 (44, Ox) [inf.fut., daneion, atok.]; 45.5-8 (153, Alex) [ed.: quos et reḍḍạṃ stipendio [proximo]; cum usuris legitimis; sine controuersia]; 47.12-17 (47, ArsN) [imp.aor., daneion, tok., fixd.]; 49.8-14 (100, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., kephal., fixd., qual., no delay]; 50.8-10 (Iend, Teb?) [epan., inf.fut.]; 51.15-24 (126, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., kephal., tok., fixd., no excuse]; 52.11-14 (after 1/3/272, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Freib. III 12b.3-6 (172-162A, UP) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd.] ; 36.9-11 (179/8A, Phil) [imp.aor., within]; P.Gen. I 8bis.8-14 (140/1, Dionysias) [lachanospermon, imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 9.1.10-11 (252, Phebichis) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 9.2.10-14 (252, Phebichis) [ind.fut., anhyp.]; 24.16-19 (96, Apias) [imp.aor., fixd.]; 43.10-12 (227, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., ἐκ πλήρους, fixd., grain and cash; metr.; loc.]; II 106.7-9 (153/4, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; IV 192.15-19 (532, HerakN) [periph., ind.fut.. fixd., anhyp., ἐξ ὑπαρχόντων μου πάντων]; 194.17-21 (556, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., ἐξ ὑπαρχόντων μου πάντων]; 196.1-3 (VIIs, UP); P.Genov. I 36.5-7 (VI/VII, UP) [διδόναι, ἀτοκί, fixd.; no excuse]; 62.16-19 (98, Ox) [ind.fut., no excuse]; P.Grenf. I 10.13-15 (174A, Diospolis Magna) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., akind., metr., ship.]; 18.13-19 (131A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 20.9-11 (127A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; 23.7-14 (117A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.]; 28.1-4 (108A, Krok) [qual., metr., ship.]; 29.6-9 (105A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; 31.2-9 (101/0A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.]; II 18.10-13 (127A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 21.9-12 (113A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; 24.9-15 (105A, Krok) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., loc., qual., παρεχέσθω μόνιμον καὶ ἀρεστόν]; 27.8-10 (103A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd.]; 29.11-19 (102A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 72.7-8 (308, Kysis) [rc., ind.fut., interest]; 89.4-5 (510/525, Apol) [παρασχεῖν, initc., μετὰ τόκων]; 90.10-18 (VI, Apol) [παρασχεῖν; initc.; μετὰ τῆς τούτων παραμυθείας; wine: qual.; metr.; no excuse; kind.]; P.Hamb. I 2.11-16 (59, Babylon, Heliopolites) [rc., fut., fixd., atok., qual., akind.]; 30.24-28 (89, Phil) [μετὰ τὸν χρόνον, imp.aor.]; 32.9-12 (120, Kerkeuris) [rc., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; 55.13-15 (241, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., loc., metr.]; II 183.6-9 (251A, Takona) [rc., ind.fut., hemiolia]; 232.1-2 (VI, Aphr) ?; III 233.13 (531, Aphr) [ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν ταῦτα παρασχεῖν]; IV 266.11 (507, HermN) (second fragment) [rc., ind.fut., τῇ προθεσμίᾳ]; P.Harr. I 84.6-10 (I?, UP) [av.: παραδώσω, kephalaion, interest, initc., anhyp.]; 85.12-16 (117, Ox) [ind.fut., tok., periodically; τῆς πίστεως περὶ ἐμαυτήν; kephal., fixd.]; 86.9-11 (444, OxN) [av.: παραδώσω, kephal., interest, anhyp.]; 88.23-28 (V, UP) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 145.1-2 (363/4, OxN) [anhyp, no excuse]; P.Heid. III 239.2.7-12 (163, PtolEu) [ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; X 448.11-14 (125/6, Ankyron) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Herm. 65.12-13 (553/4, HermN) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., loc., initc.]; P.Hib. I 86.17-21 (248A, UP) [av.: παραδώσω, kephal., interest, anhyp.]; 88.9-12 (263A, HerakN?) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 124.17 (c. 250A, OxN) [ind.fut., κατὰ τὸ σύμβολον τοῦτο]; II 210.8-11 (c. 250A-240A, OxN) [imp.aor., grain, qual., fixd., metr.]; P.Horak 23.4-6, 14 (148/9?, ArsN) [imp.aor.]; P.Iand. III 44.3-7 (VI/VII, UP) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., loc., initc., kind.]; 48.18-23 (582, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., initc., anhyp., kind.]; IV 60.1-4 (III/IV, UP) [ind.fut., av.: δώσω; initc.; anhyp.]; P.Ifao I 12.1-2 (197, Ox); 14.7-10 (140, Ox) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 25.10-16 (98-102, Teb) [epan., inf.fut.]; 28.9-11 (II, UP); III 1.7-9 [ind.fut.]; P.Jena II 17.14-20 (515?, Herm) [παρασχεῖν; install.; ἀ̣τ̣[οκὶ]; anhyp.; no excuse]; P.Kell. I 18.8-10 (c. 350, Kellis) [τοῦτο ἀποδοῦναι; fixd.]; 40.12-17 (306/7, Kellis) [ind.fut., av.: ἀποκαταστήσω; initc., anhyp., no excuse]; 42.20-25 (364, Kellis) [initc.; ἀποκαταστήσω, interest, no excuse, ἀνυπερθέτως καὶ ἀναμφιλόγως]; 43.13-15 (374/387, Kellis) [rc., ind.fut., no excuse, initc.]; 44.15-16 (382 Kellis) [oc., ind.fut., metr.]; 45.10-17 (386, Kellis) [ᾧ με παραδώσειν σοι ὑπὲρ τιμῆς, fixd., no excuse]; 47.8-12 (IV?, Kellis); 49.8-10 (304, Kellis) [ind.fut., τῷ καιρῷ]; P.Köln III 151.15-26 (423 KynopN) [δώσω: fixd., two installments]; 153.6-7 (after 524, Antin) [παρασχεῖν; fixd.; ἀναμφιβόλως]; 154.6-10 (VI, HermN) [παρασχεῖν σοι καὶ πληρῶσαι, fixd., no excuse]; 158.22-26 (599, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; V 218.10-11 (215/4a UP) [imp.aor., kephal., fixd.]; 220.17-20 (208A/191A, ArsN) [rc., av.: τάξομαι; fixd.]; VIII 350.29-35 (143A, Krok) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; XIII 519.4-6 (158A, HerakN); XIV 583.14-17 (Vf, OxN) [kephal., akind., epan., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 585.2-4 (461/2, HerakN);; XV 611.3-7 (before 8A, UP) [imp.aor., fixd., no delay]; 614.16-17 (138-160, Stratonos) [rc., ind.fut., initc., ἀκολούθως τοῖς τῶν παραθηκῶν νόμοις]; 630.11-15 (Vs?, Antin) [ind.fut., ἀπο[|δώσω σοι κ̣αὶ πληρ[ώσω, no excuse]; XVI 642.11-13 (256A, HerakN?) [tok.: imp.praes., daneion: initc. (notice)]; P.Kramer 13.5-8 (c. 546, ArsPol?) [rc., ind.fut.]; P.Kron. 7.13-15 (106, Teb) [rc., ind.fut.]; 8.14-15 (109, Teb) [rc., periph.]; 9.13-18 (111, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., no excuse]; 15.1-7 (116/7 or 135/6, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 16.3-22 (138, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., with interest, fixd., no excuse]; 17.16-18 (140, Teb) [periph, ind.fut., epan., fixd., anhyp.]; 22.8-11 (II, Teb) [periph, ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 23.2?-7 (II, Teb); P.Laur. III 75.19-27 (574, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, μετὰ τῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ νειλοκαλάμης μανδακίων, fixd., anhyp., kind.]; P.Leid.Inst. 17 side II a ll. 10-11 (IVm, UP) [rc., ind.fut., χορηγήσω, monthly, anhyp.]; 25.9-10 (95/6, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 26.7-9 (I, UP) [rc., ind.fut., initc.]; 66.8-10 (427, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., initc., anhyp.]; P.Lips. I 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.9-11 (178, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., within, anhyp.]; 11.3-5 (247, Herm ?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 12.16-18 (III/IV, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., install.]; 13.17-18 (364, Herm) [ind.fut., initc., μετὰ ἐπικερδίας]; II 128.11-17 (19A, Talithis) [imp.aor., grain, qual., metr., ship.]; 135.7-11 (98/9, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., surety, no excuse]; P.Lond. I 113.6c.27-35 (620 or 635, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., oc., loc., ἀναμφιβόλως]; II 218.4-8 (111A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., qual., ship., metr.]; 225.6-13 (118A, UP) [daneion, imp.aor., grain, qual., ship.]; 277.10-13 (23, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 298.14-22 (124, PtolEu) [epan., inf.fut., initc., no excuse]; 308.14-17 (145, Herakleia) [periph., imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 310.14-16 (146, Pelousion) [rc., inf.fut., initc., no excuse]; 311.8-10 (149, Herakleia) [periph., imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 336.18-20 (167, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; III 870.5-6 (IV, Panop) [ind.fut., initc., anhyp., epan.]; 939.10-13 (225, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 943.7-9 (227, Herm) [rc., av.: ἀποκαταστήσω, initc., anhyp.]; 975.11-14 (314, UP) [av.: μετρήσω, metr., fixd., anhyp.]; 976.1-7 (315, UP) [rc., ind.fut., av.: ἀποδώσομεν καὶ μετρήσομεν, fixd., anhyp., qual., metr., place]; 1037.10-12 (VI, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; oc.] 1168.10-11 (44, Herm) [imp.aor., parach.]; 1203.4-5 (113A, Path) [opheilema, imp.aor., fixd.]; 1243.11-13 (281m, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 1273.5-9 (28/9, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., initc.]; 1319.11-12 (544, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; V 1661.14-19 (553, Aphr); 1687.11-14 (523, Aphr) [rc., ind.fut., oc., no excuse]; 1716.1-5 (570, Antin) ; 1736.12-18 (611, Sy) [παρασχεῖν, initc., metr., kind., no excuse]; 1737.10-13 (613, Sy) [παρασχεῖν, initc., μετὰ τῆς τούτων ἐπικερδείας; no excuse]; 1766.10-13 (559, HermN) [παρασχεῖν, fixd., ἀτοκί, anhyp., no excuse]; 1772.15-21 (VI, HermN); VII 1986.7-8 (252A, Alex) [imp.aor., daneion, initc.]; P.Louvre I 16.4-6 (41-54, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 17.12-15 (II, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 18.13-15 (141, SokN) [ind.fut., kephal., tok., fixd., anhyp.]; 19.13-15 (216, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; II 110.11-13 (139-160, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., allel., initc., no excuse]; P.Mert. I 6.17-22 (77A, Nestou Epoikion) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.] ; 25.9-12 (214, OxN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 36.10-14 (360, Ox) [rc., qual., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; 37.8-10 (373, PtolE) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., metr.]; II 67.15-20 (130, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., allel., initc., no excuse]; 78.11-14 (131, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; III 110r.17-21 (154, Teb) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Mich. III 188.17-18 (120, Bac) [imp.aor., exp., pistis]; 189.19-20 (123, Bac) [imp.aor., exp., pistis]; 191.22-24 [with no. 192] (60, Ox) [epan., inf.aor., atok., initc.-within]; V 241.15-23 ll. 22-23 (46, Teb); 241.39-45, ll. 42-44 (46, Teb); 328.2.13-16 (29/30, Teb) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 329.12-22, ll. 19-22 (40/41, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 331.1-2 (41, ArsN) [μετρήσω καὶ διαγράψω, no excuse]; 332.25-28 (47/8, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 333.19-30, ll. 25-28 (52, Teb) [daneion, cash, imp.aor., fixd.]; 335.2.14-16 (c. 56, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 336.4-5 (27, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; IX 566.1-7 (86, Hiera Nesos) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 567.16-18 (78, Kar) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 568.3-21 (90, PtolEu) [epan., inf.fut., fixd.]; 570.14 (105/6, Kar) [ind.fut.]; 571.10-12 (96, Kar) [rc., ind.fut.]; 573.11-13 (316, Kar) [rc., epan., allel., fixd., no excuse]; X 585.20-23 (87, Bac) [imp.aor.]; 587.34-35 (24/5, Teb) [imp.aor.]; XI 606.8-12 (224, Thead) [epan., inf.fut., kephal., atok., fixd., anhyp.]; 607.17-24 (569, Antin) [παρασχεῖν; initc.; no excuse]; 614.19-20 (c. 258/9, Ox) [no excuse]; XII 635.19-20 (71, Bac) [imp.aor.]; XIII 669.9-15 (529/544, Aphr) [παρασχεῖν, initc., interst, no excuse]; XV 728.3-5 (IV/V UP) [rc., epan., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; XVIII 771.14-23 (195A, Oxyrhyncha) [ac., ind.fut., oc.]; 792.18-20 (221, Ox) [inf.fut.]; P.Mich.Inv. 1354.16-19 (289, PtolEu); 4346+4446f l. 20 (15/17, Thead?); P.Michael. 9.a.9-12 (c. 92, OxN) [rc., epan., ἀποδοῦναι, fixd., no excuse]; 35 b.4-10, 10-13 (VI/VII?, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, grain, metr.; fixd., ship.]; 44.15-16 (527, Aphr) [ind.fut., oc.]; P.Mil. I 56.12-14 (V, OxN) [no excuse; epan.]; 57.11-14 (74, Thead) [rc., inf.fut. fixd., no excuse]; 58.6-10 (IIend/IIIb) [ic., epan., ind.fut., kephal., tok., anhyp.]; II 49.9-10 l. 10 (I, ArsN); P.Mil.Vogl. II 68.15-17 (154, Teb) [rc., periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 108.6-10 (103, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; IV 243.7-12 (263, UP) [rc., ind.fut., install.]; P.Monts.Roca IV 78.18-19 (49-54, Ox) [ed.: τοῦ δὲ χρόνου πλη̣[ρωθέντος, imp.aor.]; 83.3 (III/IV, Ox); 86.3 (VIII, UP) [fixd.]; P.Münch. I 3.16-22 (580, Sy); III 94.9-12 (98-102, PtolEu) [daneion, cash, tok., imp.aor., fixd.]; 96.20-22 (158, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., allel., anhyp.]; 97.14-16 (161-180 SokN) [periph., imp.aor. fixd.]; 98.23-27 (593/4, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, fixd., ἀτοκί, anhyp.]; P.NagHamm. 63.1-4 (341, Diospolis Parva?) [metr., hemiolia, no excuse]; 64.10-14 (346, Diospolis Parva) [rc., ind.fut., oc., metr., no excuse]; P.Naqlun II 22.15-17 (623, Eleusine/Naqlun) [ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Narm.2006 2.15-18 (40?, Narmouthis) [ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Neph. 32.10-11 (344, HerakN) [no excuse, anhyp.]; P.NYU I 22.9-14 (329, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., surety, metr., qual.]; 23.9-12 (326/7, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., qual., anhyp.]; 24.6-10 (373, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., qual., anhyp.]; II 23.8-10 (326, Kar) [periph, ind.fut., fixd.]; 24.7-8 (III, Phil) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., qual., anhyp.]; 25.10-13?, 27-31 (294?, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Oslo II 37.10-13 (295, Phil) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 39.13-17 (146, Thead) [rc., inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 40a.6-8 (150, Ox) [ind.fut., κεφάλαιον σὺν τόκοις, fixd; no excuse]; 40b.33-35 (150, Ox) [ind.fut., kephal., fixd., tok., monthly]; 41.12-18 (331, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; III 131.25-29 (118, Thead) [periph., imp.aor., fixd.]; 132.11-14 (147-156, Thead?) [rc., inf.fut., fixd.]; P.Oxf. 10.26-27 (98-117, Thead) [μετὰ τὸν χρόνον, imp.aor.]; P.Oxy. II 267.1-34 ll. 10-13 (37, Ox) [ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 269.1.5-8 (57, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; III 506.13-19 (143, Ox) [imp.aor. tok., annually, kephal., fixd., no excuse]; 507.12-17 (146, Ox) [ind.fut., kephal., σὺν τοῖς τόκοις]; 511.8-11 (103, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., loc., anhyp.]; IV 836.7-16 (Before 66/5A, or 15/4A, Ox) [imp.aor., fixd., loc., qual., metr., ship.]; VI 914.6-11 (486, Ox) [epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; 988r.1.1-13, 2.25-35 (224, Ox) [ind.fut., kephal., σὺν τοῖς διαφόροις, fixd., qual., no excuse]; VII 1039.9-11 (210, Ox) [ἀποκαταστήσω, no excuse, initc.]; 1040.12-20 (225, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., allel., fixd., qual., metr.]; 1041.13-17 (381, Ox) [ἀποκαταστῆσαι, fixd.]; 1042.26-28 (578, Ox/Justinopolis) [παρασχεῖν, initc., μετὰ τοῦ διαφόρου, anhyp.]; VIII 1130.15-20 (unique) (484, Senokomis) [epan., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; X 1281.7-11 (21, Sinary) [ind.fut.]; XII 1471.17-22 (81, Ox) [kephal., ind.fut., within, anhyp.]; 1474.11-22 ll. 14-17(216, OxN) [ind.fut., χωρὶς διαφόρου, fixd., loc., metr., no excuse]; XIV 1640.2.1-5 (252, Ox) [ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., anhyp.]; 1641.9-11 (68, Ox) [ind.fut.]; 1711.9-12 (IIIl, Ox) [rc., epan., inf.fut., within, no excuse]; 1713.9-18 (unique) (279, Ox) [rc., ἀποκαταστήσω, initc.]; 1714.8-9 (285-304?, Ox) [rc., epan.]; XVI 1891.10-15 (495, Ox) [rc., princ.+inter., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; 1892.16-25 (581, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, install., ἀνυπολόγως]; 1970.22-28 (554, Ox) [ἀποδοῦναι; fixd.-oc., anhyp.]; 1973.12-15 (420, Ox); [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 1974.17-18 (538, Ox) [ed.: κ[αὶ] τοῦτο ὁμολογῶ | [ἀποδοῦνα]ί [σ]ο[ι], fixd.]; 1976.18-21 (582, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, oc., διδόναι]; 1977.5-8 (VI, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, oc., place (ἐν τῇ ἁλλωνίᾳ), no excuse]; XVII 2134.18-20 (170, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; XIX 2237.10-12 (498, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; XXII 2350.1.10-21, 3.8-13 (224, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, χωρὶς διαφόρου]; XXXIII 2677.5-6 (II, OxN?) [rc., ind.fut., initc., anhyp.]; XXXIV 2722.13-16 (154, Ox) [epan., ind.fut., fixd., τόκον, monthly, kephal., no excuse]; XXXVI 2773.16-19 (82, Ox) [ind.fut., no excuse]; 2774.11-14 (129, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no delay]; 2775.18-23 (IIIl, Ox): [rc., ind.fut., fixd., loc., qual., metr.]; XLII 3049a.12-14, b.15-17 (247, Ox) [rc., παραδώσομεν]; XLIII 3146.11-17 (347, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., oc.]; XLIV 3198.13 (145/6 or 170/1, Ox); XLV 3266.12-16 (337, Ox) [epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; XLVII 3351.6-9 (34, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; XLIX 3485.9-13 (38, Ox) [ic., imp.aor.]; LXIX 3493.6-9, 20-24 (175, Ox) [σοι παραδώσω ἢ οἷς ἐὰν αἱρῇ, initc., anhyp.]; 3494.7-11, 26-31 (175, Ox) [παραδώσω, initc., qual., metr., loc., anhyp.]; L 3599.12-17 (460, OxN) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., allel., oc., no excuse]; LXI 4117.7-10 (240, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., metr., χωρὶς διαφόρου]; 4124.12-14 (318, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., ἄνευ τόκου, no excuse]; 4125.20-23 (322, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; LXIII 4394.102-104, 112-123 (494, Alex) [διδόναι, καταβάλλειν, anhyp., no excuse]; 4395.49-64 (499, Ox) [epan., ἀποδοῦναι, surety, initc., anhyp., no excuse]; 4398.24-29 (553, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, qual., metr., epan., ind.fut., interest (μετὰ φόρου), fixd., kind.]; LXIV 4439.10-19 (258/9, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., interest (σὺν διαφόροις), fixd., loc., qual.]; LXVI 4532.9-12 (85, Ox) [rc., imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 4535.30-34 (600, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, initc., anhyp., kind.]; LXVIII 4690.7-8 (442, Ox) [διδόναι, ind.fut., epan., qual.]; LXXI 4826.8-10 (168/9, Philonikou) [rc., av.: παραδώσω, fixd., anhyp.]; 4828.1.14-17, 2.13-15 (195, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 4829.1.15-22? (IIIl, Ox) [rc., ὧν τάξο̣μαι]; 4831.14-20 (429, Ox) [ind.fut., kephal., interest (diaphoron), fixd., anhyp.]; 4835.15-19 (574, Ox) [fixd., no excuse]; LXXII 4897.10-14 (391, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 4904.9-10 (417, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 4907.9-12 (422, HerakN?) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; 4930.16-20 (614, Ox) [καὶ ταῦτα ὁμολογῶ διδόναι, anhyp.]; LXXV 5052.6-22 (86/7, Ox) [earlier debt: inf.fut., fixd., princ.+interest, no delay]; 5070.11-15 (605/6 or 620/1, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, oc., anhyp.]; LXXVII 5109.18-37 (c. 161/2, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp., loc., qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 5122.12-20 (552, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., install., anhyp.]; 5124.18-23 (579-595, Ox) [ind.fut., initc.]; LXXVIII 5173.7-10 (25/6, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no delay]; LXXIX 5211.1.11-13 (303, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; P.Oxy.Hels. 30.9-14 (77, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 31.8-10 (86, Ox) [rc., imp.aor., fixd.]; 36.3-5 (167, Ox) [ind.fut., tok., monthly, kephal., fixd., no excuse]; 43.14-21 (III, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., install.]; P.Panop. 21.8-11 (315, Panop) [rc., fut,ind., fixd., χωρὶς τόκου, no excuse]; P.Petaus 31.6-10 (183/4, Kar) [rc., ind.fut., allel., fixd., anhyp.]; 32.4-5 (184/5, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Petr. III 55a.10-11 (235/4A, Krok?) [imp.aor., daneion, within]; P.Pintaudi 33.12-14 (IVl, Antin); [rc., ἀποκαταστήσομεν, initc., no excuse]; P.Prag. I 31.12-14 (148, Herakleia) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 32.14-16 (157, Herakleia) [periph., imp.aor.]; II 165.1-4 (VI, ArsPol) [ind.fut.]; 166.1-4 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [rc., ind.fut., metr., ἀναμφιβόλως]; 167.10-12 (580 or 595, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., initc.]; 169.2-10 (VI, ArsN?); III 218.6-9 (c. 610/1?, ArsΝ) [periph., ind.fut., metr.]; P.Princ. II 32.10-13 (99/100, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 33.15-19 (126, UP) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 87.20-21 (612, Ox) [rc., ὁμολογῶ ἀποδοῦναι]; III 142.8-12 (I/II, Teb ?) [epan., inf.fut., kephal., tok., fixd.]; 145.1-9 (VI, UP) [ὁμολογοῦμεν διδόναι, anhyp., kind.]; P.Rain.Cent. 86.16 (381, HerakN) [rc., ind.fut.]; P.Rein. II 105.6-7 (432, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., kephal., tok., fixd.]; 106.9-12 (51, Euh) [imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; P.Ross.Georg. II 36b.12-14 (c. 130-150, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., kephal., tok., fixd.]; III 53.11-13 (674/5, ArsPol) [ind.fut., initc., kind.]; V 35.1-2 (VI, Aphr) [ind.fut., allel.]; P.Ryl. II 160c.2.21-23 (32, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 160d.2.13-16 (42, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 173.4-5 (134, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.,]; 173a.13-18 (99, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., princ.+interest, fixd., no delay]; 175.19-23 (168, Thead) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 177.5-7 (246, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., allel.]; IV 586.15-20 (99A, Ox) [imp.aor., princ.+interest, fixd.]; 587.15-17 (87A, Teb) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd.]; 602.7-9 (25A, Kar) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd.]; 662.13-14 (364, Antin) [rc., ἀποκαταστήσωμεν, initc., no excuse]; P.Sakaon 49.14-15 (314, Thead) [rc., ind.fut., oc.]; 64.9-11 (307, Thead) [epan., periph., ind.fut., kephal., fixd., anhyp.]; 65.11-12 (328, Thead) [periph., ind.fut., anhyp., within]; 66.8-10 (328, Thead) [epan., periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 96.10-14 (303, Thraso) [epan., inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Sarap. 13.8-11 (102, MagdMir) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 14.7-10 (103, MagdMir) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 16.3-6 (105/6, HermN) [rc., μετρήσω, fixd., metr., no excuse]; 17.5-8 (114, MagdMir) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 19.7-10 (118, MagdMir) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Schøyen II 32.13 (532, Seryphis) [παρασχεῖν]; P.Select. 1.9-10 (454, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.] 3.15-18 (155, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., no delay]; 7.7-9 (314, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, no excuse]; P.Sorb. I 17.9-13 (scr.int.), 10-14 (scr.ext.) (257A, Mermertha) [imp.aor., grain, qual., metr., ship., fixd.]; P.Stras. I 13.11-15? (138-161, Herakleia) [periph., imp.aor., no excuse, within]; 52.6-9 (151, Herm) [daneion, princ.+interest, imp.aor., fixd., qual.]; 54.11-13 (153/4, Ox); [ind.fut.: παραδώσω, metr., initc.]; II 92.12-15 (244/3A, OxN) [imp.aor., exp.]; III 143.16-19 (211, UP) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 147.8-12 (54-68, HermN?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; IV 204.21-24 (161-169, PtolEu) [rc., ind.fut., allel., fixd.]; 209.14-18 (152, Dionysias) [rc., ind.fut., allel., fixd., no excuse]; 225.25-33, ll. 30-32 (II, ArsN) [rc., imp.aor., fixd.]; 230.15-18 (143/4, Phil) [rc., imp.aor., fixd.]; 256.6-10 (132, Selilais) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 278.10 (316, UP) [periph.]; 289.1-3 (48, UP); 293.13-16 (138-161, Berenikis Aigialou) [allel., daneion, kephal., tok., imp.aor., fixd.]; V 303.1-2 (161-169, UP) [rc., ind.fut.]; 344.1-4, 11-13 (hyp.) (II, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., install.]; 374.8-13 (II, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., no excuse]; 382.4-8 (94, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 383.10-12 (147-155, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 437.12-16 (121, Bac) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; VI 525.10-12 (98-117, Bac) [periph., fixd.]; 588.1-10 (II, OxN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., loc., gain, qual, ἀντὶ διαφόρου, no excuse]; VII 620v.2-12 (V, UP) [fixd., no excuse]; 636.5-6 (III, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 646.9-10 (117-138, ArsN); 659.4-5 (VI, ArsPol); 663.3-5 (57/8, Herm) [rc., ind.fut.]; 698.1-9 (VI, UP) [παρασχεῖν, within, interest, no excuse]; VIII 732.5-7 (228/9, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., within, anhyp.]; 746.13-15 (hyp.) (II, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 748.1-3 (III UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 776.2-4 (IV, HermN ?) [fixd., anhyp.]; 799.2-5 (VI, Herm) [διδόναι]; IX 817.11-13 (IV Herm ?) [fixd., anhyp.]; 826a.al.5 (96-98, SokN) [periph., inf.fut., fixd.]; 835.5-7 (136/7 or 157/8 or 180/1, ArsN) [periph., anhyp.]; P.Tebt. II 312.12-18 (123/4, Teb) [epan., inf.fut.]; 384.7-11, 25-32 (10, Teb) [ind.fut., oc.]; 386.19 (12A, Hiera Nesos) [rc., ind.fut.]; 387.8-13 (73, Teb) [rc., inf.fut., initc., no excuse]; 388.17-24 (98, Teb) [inf.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 389.13-16 (141, Teb) [rc., inf.fut., interest]; 390.17-19 (167, Teb) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; III.1 815.2v.1.15-22, ll. 20-21 (223/2A, Teb); 817.17-18 (182A, Krok) [daneion, imp.aor., within]; 818.20-22 (174a, Trikomia) [imp.aor., daneion, tok., fixd.]; III.2 970.14-15 (IIeA, Krok) [imp.aor., daneion, fixd.]; P.Tebt.Pad. 16.7-12 (9A-1A, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., metr.]; 20.8-9 (98-117); P.Tebt.Tait 49.b (89, PtolEu); P.Tebt.Wall 1.13-17 (98-138, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., princ.+interest, anhyp., fixd.]; 2.3-7 (83/4, Teb) [epan., princ.+interest, no excuse, fixd.]; 9.14-16 (33, Teb) [rc., inf.fut., initc., no excuse]; P.Upsala 94.8-12 (408, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Ups.Frid 3.1-25, ll. 6-8 (122, Ox) [inf.fut., kephal., tok., fixd., no excuse]; P.Vars. 10.1.11-13 (155, Ptolemais Drymu) [princ., tok., imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 10.2.23-28 (155, PtolEu) [rc., inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 37.1 (III, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Vind.Bosw. 12.9-12 (286/7, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Vind.Sijp. 12.17-21 (184, PtolEu) [inf.fut., kephal., fixd., anhyp.]; 13.11-14 (372, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., install., anhyp., no excuse]; 15.10-12, 15-19 (IV, Herm) [inf.fut.: avἀποκαταστήσειν, ἀμέμπτως καὶ ἀνυπερθέτως]; P.Vind.Tand. 22.12-16 (64, Nilopolis) [rc., imp.aor., fixd.]; 23.4-6, 29-31 (225, HerakN) [rc., ind.fut.]; P.Vind.Worp 10.1-3 (143/4, SokN ?) [inf.fut., fixd.]; P.Warr. 10.13-19 (591/2, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; P.Wash.Univ. I 22.6-10 (IVe, UP) [rc., qual. (grain), metr., epan., ind.fut., no excuse]; P.Wisc. I 10.10-14 (468, Ox) [rc., akind., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; P.Worp. 30.2-4 (V/VI, Herm) [ind.fut.]; P.Yadin 11.6-7 (scr.int.), 20-22 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 17.7-9, 26-29 (128, Maoza); P.Yale I 60.6-9 (6/5A, Ox) [ind.fut., no excuse, fixd.]; 64.15-19 (74/5, Ox) [imp.aor., initc. (notice)]; PSI I 42.6-12 (IV, Theoxenis) [periph., epan., ind.fut., fixd., metr., anhyp.]; 63.23-30 (624?, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, fixd.]; III 239.17-21 (601, Ox) [rc., ὁμολογῶ ἀποδοῦναι, within]; IV 389.5-6 (243A, Phil); [imp.aor., daneion, install.]; V 470.5-9 (102/3. Herm); VI 699.8-11 (III, Ox) [rc., initc., ἀποκαταστήσω, no excuse]; 701.22-25 (III, AphrodN) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 702.1-8 (III, Ox) [grain, qual., metr., no excuse]; VIII 799.2-3 (VI, Herm) [διδόναι]; 908.2.18-22 (42/3, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 921.12-13 (143/4, Thead) ]rc., ind.fut., initc., anhyp.]; 929.14-18 (111, ArsN); [metr., fixd., no excuse]; 962a.11-15 (131/2, UP) [kephal., ἀποδοῦναι, within]; 964.10-18 (520/1 or 535/6 or 550/1, OxN) [rc., interest, kephal., epan., ind.fut., surety]; IX 1028.11-13 (15, Teb) [rc., imp.aor., fixd., ship.]; 1051.5-17 (26, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 1068.12-16 (246, Ox) [epan., ind.fut., kephal., interest, fixd.]; X 1131.17-20 (41, PtolEu) [imp.aor., daneion, interest, fixd.]; 1142.18-21 (154, Teb) [periph, ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; XII 1253.7-13 (186, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., within (μέχρι), interest]; XIII 1311.17-20 (136A, Berenikis Thesmophorou) [imp.aor., daneion, interest, fixd.]; 1319.2.51-56 (76, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; XIV 1427.12-16 (565, Ox) [akind, epan., ind.fut., interest, initc.]; RMO 1976/4.36.5-8 (VI?, Herm?) [rc., ἑτοίμως ἔχω ἀποδοῦναι καὶ ἀποπληρώσω]; SB I 4370.15-16 (229 HerakN) [rc. inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 4498.19-21 (I, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., initc., anhyp.]; 4501.6-8 (V, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 4652.2-4 (304 Oasis Magna) [ind.fut., interest]; 4771.1-5? (IV-VII, ArsN); 4785.6-8 (IV-VII, ArsPol) [periph.]; 4788.4-6 (IV-VII, ArsN) [rc., ind.fut.]; 5243.8-10 (7 SokN) [imp.aor.]; 5244.7-10 (8a SokN) [imp.aor., fixd., interest, no excuse]; 5285.15-20 (607, PanopN) [kind., παρασχεῖν, initc., no excuse]; 5664.5-6 (I-III, Thebes?) [rc., ind.fut., within]; 5690.3-7 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., install.]; III 7169.6-26 ll. 13-14 (II UP) [daneion, imp.aor.]; 7170.2-4 (IIa UP) [daneion, tokoi, imp.aor., fixd.]; 7201.15-19 (553, Aphr) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν, ἀτοκί, no excuse]; IV 7358.11-13 (277-282, Kar) [inf.fut., anhyp.]; 7466.11-16 (147, Thead) [periph., imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 7467.9-12 (221, Phil) [rc., epan., ind.fut., anhyp., fixd.]; V 7532.13-15 (74A, Nilopolis) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd.]; 7535.13-15 (198/9, PtolEu) [ἀποκαταστήσειν, initc., no excuse]; VI 9155.6-9 (223, ArsN) [ind.fut., qual., fixd.]; 9270.7-10 (337, UP) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 9284.11-14 (553, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., ἀτοκί, no excuse]; 9291.21-24 (93, Thead) [rc., ἀποκαταστήσειν, initc., no excuse]; 9311.9-12 (374, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., metr., place]; 9366.5-9 (124A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.]; VIII 9764.5-7 (hyp.) (49A, Bac) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 9769.12-28 (VII, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., install., no excuse]; 9770.1-3 (511, ArsN) [ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; 9771.15-20 (VII/VIII, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., ἀναμφιβόλως]; 9772.5-9 (VI, ArsN ?) [rc., παρασχεῖν, μετὰ καὶ τῶν φιλανθρώπων, fixd.]; X 10222.9-12 (20, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 10234.5 (hyp.) (35, Ox) [ind.fut.]; 10238.8-10 (37, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 10246.7-11 (55, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 10249.7-11 (58/9, Ox) [imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 10492r.5-7 (163, UP) [rc., ind.fut., μέχρι τῆς τριακάδος, no delay]; 10524.8-13 (531, Antin) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 10538.16-22 (130, Teb) [periph., ind.fut., kephal., tokoi, fixd., anhyp.]; 10553.3-4 (VIend, Path) [hypographe; παρέξω, initc.]; XII 10782.5-12 (247/6A, Ankyron Polis) [sitos, ind.fut., qual., metr., ship.]; 10786.10-15 (133, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., allel., kephal., tok., fixd., no excuse]; 10787.9-14 (133, Teb) [epan., inf.fut., allel., kephal., tok., fixd., no excuse]; 10804.23-30 (47, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., kephal., tok., fixd.]; 10810.3-4 (VI, UP) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν; fixd.; ὑπὲρ τῆς παραμυθίας]; 11041.5-7 (20/1, Teb); 11058.7-9 (244A, Ox) [periph., imp.praes.]; 11059.5-7 (244A, Ox) [periph., imp.praes., install.]; XIV 11284.7-10 (102-116, UP) [ind.fut., daneion, fixd.]; 11385.11-13 (326, ArsN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; 11386.10-13 (288, PtolEu) [pc., ind.fut., install., no excuse]; 11491.12-16 (59, Ox) [imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 11598.9-13 (III, UP) [rc., ind.fut., install., no excuse]; 11705.4-6 (213, ArsN) [epan., ἀποδοῦναι, kephal., fixd., tok., monthly]; 12017.13-15 (156, Teb) [periph., imp.aor., fixd., anhyp.]; 12023.9-12 (II, Teb) [periph., inf.fut., allel., fixd., anhyp.]; 12088.15-20 (346, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 12105.15-19 (129, Thead) [rc., ἀποκαταστήσειν, initc., no excuse]; 12180.6-7 (186, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 12190.12-15 (297, UP) [rc., epan., ἀποδιδόναι ὁμολογοῦσιν, allel., fixd.]; XVI 12263.11-12 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 12472.12-13 (525/6, OxN); 12690.7-12 (189, Herak?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 12700.a. 7-8 (30A-14, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 12786.9-11 (502, UP) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν]; 12812.7-8 (255A, Phil) [ind.fut., daneion]; 12954.9-13 (116, SokN) [periph., ind.fut., allel., anhyp.]; 13030.6-8 (205, Alabastrine) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, anhyp.]; 13041.7-8 (I/II, Ox) [imp.aor.]; 13042.15-16 (29, Ox) [χρόνου πληρωθέντος, imp.aor.]; XVIII 13154.2 (IIA/IA, UP) [imp.aor., anhyp.]; 13167.1-4 (IIm, Alex) [unique]; 13228.8-9 (148-161, Haueris) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 13234.8-11 (98/9, Haueris) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 13255.19-22 (231A, Tholthis) [imp.aor., tokoi: install., daneion: initc. (notice)]; 13298.8-11 (566-570, Antin.) ? [παρασχεῖν]; 13974.11-12 (after 250, ArsN) [epan., inf.fut., kephalaion, tokoi, fixd., anhyp.]; XX 14298.8-12 (IV, UP) [ἀποκαταστήσειν, within, no excuse]; 14425.10-12 (443, UP) [fixd.]; 14605.5-6 (V, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 14970.16-18 (149, Euh) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 15043.5-8 (VI/VII, Herm) [παρασχεῖν, oc., no excuse]; 15092.15-16 (VII, Leukogion) [periph., ind.fut.]; 15163.6-8 (II, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., metr.]; XXII 15240.13-19 (156A, Ammonias); [imp.aor., daneion: hemiolia, grain: qual., metr., hemiolia]; 15325.5-6 (176?, Kar) [periph., ind.fut.]; 15327.7-10 (III/IV, Kar) [epan., ind.fut. kephal., tok., anhyp.]; XXIV 15879.1a-4 (IVf, Kar) [metr., qual., anhyp.]; 15881.2-5 (III/IV, Kar) [initc., ἀποκαταστήσω, no excuse, κατὰ τὸν τῶν παραθηκῶν νόμον]; 15959.5-6 (VIf, Aphr) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 16296.3-8 l. 5; 16296.14-16, ll. 15-16; 16296.9-13, ll. 11-12 (182A?, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; XXVI 16423.7-10 (210/1, HerakN) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp.]; 16475.5-8 (V, HermN) [rc., μετρήσω, fixd., anhyp.]; 16566.10-12 (41-68, ArsN) [daneion, tok., imp.aor., fixd.] ; 16567.12-14 (I/II, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 16756.5-8 (IV/V, UP) [kephal., akind., epan., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; XXVIII 16857.2 (VI, HermN); 16858.a.13-16 (507?, Herm) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., qual., no excuse]; 16873.9 (591/2, ArsN?) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν]; 17014.2-3 (528/9 ?, Herak) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 17164.12-14 (70-132, Murabaat) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 17232.12-15 (484, Ox) [kephal., akind., epan., ind.fut., allel., fixd., anhyp.]; 17265.b.1.1-4, ll. 1-3 (110A, Path); 17265.d.11-5, l. 2 (111/0A, Path); XXX 17667.11-13 (603,.HerakN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; SPP III 335.2-4 (VI, HermN?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; IV p. 55-56, II ll. 8-13 (c. 136-97A, Path) [daneion, imp.aor., grain, qual., fixd.]; p. 116-117 ll. 13-22 (109/10, Euh) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., ἀτοκί]; XX 16.19-22 (193, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 45.7-10 (237, Mochchyris) [rc., φυλάξω, ἀποδώσω, initc., no excuse, κατὰ τὸν τῶν παραθηκῶν νόμον]; 51.6-11 (238, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., metr.]; 90.10-14 (415, HerakN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; 112.3-4 (VI, ArsN) [rc., ὑπὲρ μισθοῦ, av. μετρήσω]; 114.8-11 (421, Alex) [rc., συνεθέμην ἀποδώσειν, initc.]; 123.16-19 (445, Herak) [rc., epan., ind.fut., initc., no excuse]; 139.9-12 (531, ArsPol) [install., epan., ἀποδοῦναι, no excuse, cash: qual.]; 146.11-13 (V/VI, Constantinople?) [epan., ἀποδοῦναι, initc., no excuse]; 261.9-11 (570, HermN) [oc., qual., no excuse]; XXII 24.2-4 (II, UP) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 69.5-7 (186/7, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 82.1-2 (II, SokN) [anhyp.]; 83.13-16 (146-156, SokN); T.Varie 10.6-8 (VII, Thus Buserapammon, OxN) [παρασχεῖν, fixd., metr., no excuse]; UPZ I 125.13-18 (89A, Mem) [imp.aor., daneion, within]; II 190.7-11 (98A, Thebes) [daneion, imp.aor., fixd., qual., ship.].
21. Settlement of Debt
Category: Termination
Link to Synallagma
As a matter of course, debt settlements are recorded separately from the recording of the debt. In the documents listed below, however, the scribe decided to record them on the same papyrus sheet. The text is identical in both cases. One is SB X 10246.29-33 (55 CE, Oxyrhynchos): (hand 4) Θοῶνις Θοώνιος ἀπέχω{ι} τὸ προκείμενον κεφάλαιον | 30 καὶ οὐδὲν ἐνκαλῶ{ι}. Στρατό̣ν̣ι̣κ̣ο̣ς̣ Ἀπίωνος ἔγραψα | 31 ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ μὴ εἰδότος γράμματα. (ἔτους) β Νέρωνος | 32 Κλαυδίου Καίσαρος Σεβαστοῦ Γερμανικοῦ | 33 Αὐτοκράτορος, Μεχεὶρ [α]. (‘I, Thoonis son of Thoonis, received the aforesaid principal in return and I will not proceed (against you) in any manner’).
Bibl.: Herrmann (1962): 28; Rupprecht (1971): 22.
BGU I 101.32-36 (115, ArsN); P.Fay. 91.48-50 (99, Euh); P.Grenf. I 28.15-19 (108A, Krok); P.Mil. I 8.43-48 (48, Thead); P.Oxy. IV 728.36-42 (142, Thosbis); VII 1041.17-19 (381, Ox); PSI X 1131.40-43 (41, PtolEu); XV 1533.28 (IIIe?, OxN); SB VIII 9764.10-15 (49A, Bac); X 10234.12-18 (35, Ox); 10246.30-33 (55, Ox); XII 11041.16-19 (20/1, Teb).
22. Failure to Return Loan
Category: Termination, Compensation
Link to Synallagma
Eight hundred fifty-six documents that record loans stipulate the repayment of the loan. In 188 cases, the document does not directly report the consequence of non-settlement of the debt; instead, it records, immediately after the repayment clause, the praxis, which, when applied by the creditor, may be assumed to be the immediate consequence of non-payment. In another 349 documents—116 Ptolemaic, 212 Roman, 21 Byzantine (fifth century or later)—the consequences of non-payment are addressed directly. In the Ptolemaic and Roman period, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδῶ is the rule but more succinct formulations—εἰ δὲ μή, or simply ἤ—are also encountered. The protasis may also indicate the time (e.g., τῇ ὡρισμένῃ προθεσμίᾳ) and refer back to the terms of the contract (καθὼς προγέγραπται). In 11 cases [Type1], most from the late second and third centuries, the creditor is explicitly allowed to apply the praxis in case of default. The object of the praxis is not specified. So in BGU II 578.13-14 (189 CE, Arsinoites): ὧν καὶ τὴ]ν ἀπόδοσιν [πο]ιήσομαι ἐντὸς ἐνιαυτοῦ ἑνὸς σὺν τοῖς τόκοις. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδῶ, ἔσται σοι ἡ πρᾶξις ἔκ [τε ἐμ]ο[ῦ καὶ ἐκ] | 14 [τῶν ὑπαρχόντ]ων μοι πάντων καθάπερ ἐγ δίκης (‘I will undertake to repay them, including interest, in the course of one year. But if I do not repay, you will have the right to exact collection from me and from my property as if according to a court action’).
In 148 cases [Type2]— 68 Ptolemaic, 76 Roman, 5 Byzantine—the praxis clause is preceded by an account of the object of the execution. In this case, the imperative aorist of ἀποτίνω—ἀποτ(ε)ισάτω—is by far the most common, followed by ἐκτίνω, mostly in the future infinitive or indicative. The object of ἀπο-/ἐκτίνω varies by the object of the loan. In 80 cases, the [Type2] clause is applied in documents recording cash loans. Quite striking is the absence of fines or compensation for damages: blabe, dapanemata, epitimon, and remission of penalty to the fisc are extremely rare in loans. Here, three objects may be recorded: [1] the principal (either δάνειον or κεφάλαιον), which in the case of default is increased by a half (μεθ᾽ ἡμιολίας, σὺν ἡμιολίᾳ, or as an adjective: ἡμιόλιον); [2] the contractual interest, which accumulated in the duration of the loan; the rate of the contractual interest does not change after default: the debtor is still required to pay τοὺς τόκους ἁπλοῦς; [3] interest for default, at a rate prescribed by a royal decree (κατὰ τὸ διάγραμμα). In the Ptolemaic period and in Augustan Alexandria, it is set at 2 drachms per mina; in the Roman period, it is reduced to one drachm. P.Ryl. IV 586.20-27 (99a, Ox), records all three objects: ἐ[ὰν δὲ μὴ] | 21 [ἀπ]οδῶι καθὰ γέγραπται, ἀποτ̣[είσατω] | 22 [Δη]μήτριος τοῖς δεδανεικόσι [ἢ τῷ] | 23 [π]ροχειρισθησομένῳ τοῦ κ[οινοῦ χρη]|24μ̣ατοφύλακι τὸ μὲν δάνειον ἡ̣μ̣ι̣ό̣[λιον], | 25 τ̣οὺς δε τό̣κους ἁπλοῦς τοῦ τε συ[γγε]|26γρ̣α̣μμένου καὶ τοῦ ὑπερπεσόν[τος χρό]|27ν̣ο̣υ̣ (‘But if he does not repay the loan as recorded, let Demetrios pay as compensation to the lenders or to whoever is joint to be entrusted with the finances of the association, the loan increased by a half, the interest itself, both those agreed upon in the contract, and those for the overtime’). P.Ryl. IV 586, however, is atypical. While the principal is routinely recorded, the two types of interest rarely coincide; both are treated in 6 documents. Seventy-two documents record only the default interest; 32 others record the contractual interest only.
Loans in kind are attested in 46 documents, mostly Ptolemaic. In this case, the creditor waives recovery of the commodity and instead receives its monetary value. Here a regional and diachronic pattern emerges: documents composed in the Ptolemaic period in the Hermopolite, Oxyrhynchite, and Arsinoite nomes record fixed per-artaba compensation that the debtor will have to pay the creditor in case of non-delivery of the grain. This amount is sometimes increased by half. Cf., e.g., P.Dion. 13.22-25 (112 BCE, Akoris): ἐὰ̣ν δὲ μὴ ἀποδῷ καθʼ ἃ | 23 γέγραπται, ἀποτεισάτω Διονύσιος Κεφαλᾶτος Διονυσίωι | 24 Ἀπολλωνίου ἢ τοῖς παρʼ αὐτοῦ τι̣[μ]ὴ̣ν̣ ἑκάστη̣ς ἀρτάβης̣ [χ]αλκ[οῦ] | 25 δραχμὰς τρισχιλίας καὶ τοῦ ἡμίσους τὸ κατὰ λ[ό]γον (‘If he does not repay the loan as recorded, let Dionysios son of Kephalas pay to Dionysios son of Apollonios or to his representation as a compensation as the value of each aroura three thousand bronze drachms and the half in proportion’). By contrast, in Ptolemaic Upper Egypt as best attested in documentation from Pathyris, and in the Roman period throughout Egypt, the debtor must compensate the lender by paying the value, or the ‘highest value’, of the grain in the place and at the time of the intended settlement (τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ ἐσομένην τιμήν, particularly τὴν ἐσομένην ἐν τῆι ἀγορᾶι τιμήν). This value, too, may be increased by a half or even doubled. Cf., e.g., P.Adler 15.16-20: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδωσιν (l. ἀποδῷ) ἐ̣ν τῷ ὡρισμένῳ | 17 χρόνωι ἢ μὴ ποιωσιν (l. ποιῇ) καθὰ γέγραπται ἀπ̣[ο]|18τεισάτω ἐν τῷ ἐχομένωι μηνὶ παραχρ̣ῆ̣[μα] | 19 ἡμιόλιον ἢ τὴν ἐσομένην ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾶι | 20 τειμήν (l. τιμήν) (‘If he does not repay the loan in the prescribed time, or does not act as recorded, let him immediately pay as a compensation in the following month the loan increased by half or its future market value’).
In 23 documents (11 Roman, 9 Ptolemaic, 2 Byzantine) [Type2a], the scribe introduces compensation for non-settlement of the debt following the same rules as in [Type2] but without the praxis clause. Cf., e.g., P.Tebt. III.1 817.27-30 (182 BCE, Krokodilopolis): ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀπο|28δῶι καθὰ γέγραπται, ἀποτεισάτω Σώστρατος Ἀπολλωνίωι | 29 παραχρῆμα τὸ δάνειον ἡμιόλιον καὶ τοῦ ὑπερπεσόντος | 30 χρόνου τόκον ὡς ἐγ δύο δραχμῶν τῆι μνᾶι τὸν μῆνα ἕκαστ[ον]. (‘and if he does not repay it as stated, Sostratos shall forthwith forfeit to Apollonios the loan increased by one half and for the overtime interest at the rate of two drachmae per mina per month’.) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 317).
In 39 documents (4 Ptolemaic, 29 Roman, 6 Byzantine) [Type3], the creditor is allowed to possess, use, and occasionally claim title to some piece of property that the debtor has posted as security for repayment. Use and possession are meant in the case of default (antichresis) and title in that of hypothec or menein security. Following the routine protasis, two formulations are common: (a) the verb συγχωρέω, the debtor acting as subject and the creditor as an indirect object, following by infinitives indicating the nature of the right accorded to the latter. (b) ἔξεστι with the creditor as an indirect object, and the infinitives circumscribing his position. Cf., e.g., BGU I 339.16-22 (128, Karanis): ἐὰν [δὲ] μὴ ἀποδῶι | 17 [συ]νχωρεῖ Ἁ[τ]ρὴς [γε]ωργῖ̣ν̣ καὶ καρπίζεσθαι | 18 [ἀφ] ὧν γεωργῖ ὁ Ἁτρὴς περὶ Πατσῶντ̣ι̣ν̣ | 19 [δ]ημοσ̣ί̣ο̣υ ἐδάφους ἀρούρας τρῖς ἐν τοῖς | 20 [ ̣ ̣]ωσι ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων [κα]ὶ̣ ἡμιολ̣ί̣ας | 21 καὶ τῶν ὑ̣[πὲ]ρ̣ αὐτῶν δημ̣[οσίων] μέχρι οὗ ἀπο|22δῶι τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ πυρόν (‘But if he does not repay the loan, Hatres allows the creditor to cultivate and benefit from the produce of three arouras of public land that Hatres cultivates in the vicinity of Patsontis in the [ – – ] in return for the interest the hemiolia and the public charge on their behalf until he repays the money and the wheat’).
In the Alexandrian context [Type4], instead of being ordered to pay compensation directly, the debtor is ‘liable to seizure and detention until he pays compensation’ (ἀγώγιμος καὶ συνέχεσθαι μέχρι τοῦ ἐκτεῖσαι). The objects of ἐκτίνω are the principal and the two types of interest specified in the discussion of [Type2]. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1162.5-9 (17/6 BCE, Alexandria): εἰ δὲ ‹μὴ›, εἶναι αὐ[τὰς ἀγω]|6γίμας καὶ συνέχ‹εσ›θαι μέχρι τοῦ ἐ‹κ›τῖσα[ι τὸ μὲν δά]|7νηον {συ} τὰς τοῦ ἀργυ(ρίου) δραχμὰς χιλίας ὀ[γδοήκον]|8τα σὺν ἡμιολίᾳ παραχρῆμα, τοῦ δʼ ὑπερ[πεσόντος] | 9 χρόνου τοὺς κατὰ τὸ διάγραμ‹μα› τόκου[ς (διδράχμους) (‘Or else, let them become liable to seizure and detention until they immediately repay the loan, i.e., the thousand eight hundred silver drachms with hemiolia, and the two-drachms interest enjoined by the diagramma for the overtime’).
In 13 documents, the earliest dated to 86 and the latest to 247 CE [Type5], a loan of paratheke is recorded. In this case, the clause regulating default requires the debtor to return twice the amount of the deposit as well as compensation for damages. Repayment is to take place ‘according to the law of deposits’. Cf., e.g., P.Athen. 28.21-24 (86 CE, Theadelphia): ἀποτεισάτω παραχρῆμα | 22 παραθήκην διπλῆν καὶ τὰ | 23 [β]λάβη ἀκολούθως τῶι τῶν | 24 παραθη̣κ̣ῶ̣[ν ν]όμωι (‘Let him pay immediately as compensation double the amount of the paratheke and compensation for damages in accordance with the law of parathekai’).
Bibl.: Berger (1911): 103-124; Lewis (1945): 126-127; Taubenschlag (1955): 345-346; Rupprecht (1965): 90-104; Finckh (1962): 64-81, 101-102; Herrmann (1962): 27; Kastner (1962): 41-45; Kühnert (1965): 70-80, 106-109, 135-138, 176-178; Packman (1983): 21-26; Tenger (1993): 19-20, 37-38, 55-56.
C.: Capital DI: Default Interest I.: Interest
BGU I 190.2.3-5 (81-96, ArsN) [2a]; 238.1-5 (II/III, ArsN) [2a]; 339.16-25 (128, Kar) [3; antichresis; συγχωρέω]; II 578.11-16, ll. 13-14 (189, ArsN) [1]; III 702 + P.Bodl. I 61a.b.2-5 (151, ArsN) [return by the surety]; 741.27-31 (143, Alex?) [3; foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; 856.17-22 (106, Psenyris) [5]; 910.2.23-26 (70, SokN) [2; C., I.]; 911.19-24 (18, SokN) [2]; IV 1053.28-39 (13A, Alex) [4]; 1054.9-15 (13A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1055.31-40 (before 13A?, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1056.15-25 (13A, Alex) [4; C., I., DI.]; 1057.1-17, ll. 11-13 (13A, Alex) [4; C., I., DI.]; 1120.22-24 (by lessor) (5A, Alex); 1142.11-18 (25/4A, Alex) [4; hemiolia or MMP, damage]; 1145.1-25, ll. 10-18 (5A, Alex) [4]; 1145.26-45 ll. 35-40 (5A, Alex) [4; C., I., DI.]; 1147.14-20 (14/3A, Alex) [4; C., I., DI.]; 1149.27-29 (13A, Alex) [1]; 1151.2.34-37 (13A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1156.17-22 (16/15A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1161.16-22 (24/3A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1162.5-9 (17/16A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1166.10-12 (13A, Alex) [4; C., I., DI.]; 1170.1-23, ll. 8-11 (10A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1172.9-12 (9A, Alex) [4; C., DI.]; 1175.8-10 (5A, Alex) [2; C., I., DI.]; VI 1272.17-18 (173A, Hephaistias) [1]; VI 1274.10-13 (218/7A, Takona) [2; C., DI.]; 1275.16-18 (215/4A, Sephtha) [2; grain: PAA]; 1276.11-14 (215/4A, OxN) [2; C., DI.]; 1277.10-12 (215/4A, Tholt) [2; grain: PAA]; 1278.9-12, 26-30 (215/4A, Tholt) [2; grain: PAA]; 1279.9-11 (IImA, UP); 1280.12-20 (210A, UP) [2; C., epit.]; 1281.6-9 (IIA, Path?) [2; grain: MP]; VII 1649.15-21 (264, Phil) [1]; X 1961.7-9 (213/2A, Tholt) [2; C., I.]; 1966.1-3 (246A-221A, OxN?) [2; DI.]; 1968.9-11 (184A, Ptolemais?) [2; C.]; 1969.6-8 (215/4A, Tholt) [2; grain: PAA]; 1972.9 (IImA, HerakN?); XI 2042.15-20 (105, SokN) [5]; 2043.19-21 (150, SokN) [3; C., I.]; 2044.a.21-28 (46, SokN) [2; C., I.]; 2045.18-21 (215, Thead) [1]; 2116.5-10 (25/6, ArsN?) [2; I., DI.]; 2117.7-10 (II, ArsN?) [1]; 2118.12-15 (223, Ox) [2; I., DI.]; XIV 2393.14-16 (215/4A, Tholt) [2; grain:PAA]; 2395.18-20 (221A, Takona) [3; enoikesis, DI.]; 2396.9-11 (213/2A, Tholt) [2]; CPR XVIIa 5a.6-8 (316, Herm) [1]; XVIIb 4.1-8, ll. 4-6 (184/5, Panop) [3; hypallagma]; 13.1-6, ll. 1-5 (217, Panop) [3; antichresis]; O.Bodl. II 1978.5-8 (25/6, Thebes?) [2a; dipl.]; O.Brux. 13.6-9 (136/7, 157/8 or 180/1, Upper Egypt?) [2; DI.]; O.Claud. III 432.7-9 (137, Mons Claudianus) [3; pawn; ἔξεστι]; O.Did. 135.6-10 (before 220-250, Didymoi) [DI.]; 136.1-5 (215, Didymoi); P.Adler 4.12-20 (109A, Ptolemais) [2; dipl.]; 6.13-17 (106A, Path) [2, grain: MP]; 10.13-15 (101A, Path) [2]; 15.16-20 (100A, Path?) [2; grain: MP]; 19.8-10 (98A, Path) [2; C., epit.]; P.Alex. 9.2-6 (I, ArsN?) [2a; C., dam., exp., epit., fisc]; P.Amh. II 43.11-14 (173A, SokN) [2]; 44.10-12 (scr.int.), 31-34 (scr.ext.) (136A, Philopator alias Theogenous) [2; grain: MP]; 46.8-13 (113A, Path) [2; grain: MP]; 47.11-17 (113A, Path?) (2) [2; grain: MP]; 48.11-16 (106A, Path) [2]; 49.3-9 (108A, UP) [2]; 50.14-21 (106A, Path) [2 with surety; C., DI.]; 148.11-12 (487, ArsN); P.Athen. 21.13-16 (131, Kar) [2; C., I.]; 22.23-32 (103/122, ArsN) [2; C., I.]; 28.20-27 (86, Thead) [5]; P.Bad. II 2.31-32 (130A, Hermonthis) [2a; C., I.]; 27.4-8 (316, HermN?) [2; C.]; P.Bas. 7.17-19 (117-138, ArsN) [3; foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; P.Berl.Möller 4.20-27 (3, Phil) [2; grain: MP]; P.Bingen 40.6-7 (111/10A, Path); P.Bodl. 61ar.1-2 (151, PtolEu) [delivery by the surety]; P.Brem. 68.7-9 (99, Herm?) [3: foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 8.1.5-7 (111A, Path); P.Cair.Masp. II 67162.23-29 (568, Antin) [3: general hypothec; ἐξουσίαν δίδωμι]; P.Cair.Zen. I 59001.11-16 (scr.int.), 37-43 (scr.ext.) (274/3A, Pitos) [2; C.]; II 59173.10-12 (scr.int.), 30-33 (scr.ext.) (255A, Phil) [2; C.]; 59182 (255A, Phil) [C.]; III 59340 (247A, Phil) [epit.]; P.Charite 34.8-11 (318/348, Herm) [2a; DI.]; P.Col. X 273r .22-23 (204, Ox) [2a; grain]; 287.9-13, 31-34 (326, Ox) [2]; P.Coll.Youtie I 50.4-9 (IIe, Ox) [5]; P.Corn. 2.12-15 (250/49A, Phil) [2; grain: PAA]; 6.14-16 (17, Oxyrhyncha) [2; C., I.]; P.David 4.11-15 (167A/114A, UP) [2a]; P.Dime III 11GD.17-18 (29, SokN); P.Diog. 25.10-14 (132, Phil ?) [2; C., I.]; 27.11-13 (213, Phil) [1]; 30.15-21 (222-235, Phil?) [1; grain: MP]; P.Dion. 13.22-25 (112A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 14.23-27 (110A, Akoris) [2]; 15.21-24 (109A, Akoris) [2]; 16.26-29 (109A, Akoris) [2 with surety; grain: PAA]; 17.26-28 (108A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 18.17-20 (107A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 19.20-22 (105A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 20.22-24 (105A, Akoris) [2a; grain: PAA]; 21.20-25 (113A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 22.19-24 (111A, Akoris) [2; grain: PAA]; 23.19-22 (108A, Herm) [2; grain: PAA]; 24.20-27 (106A, Herm) [2; grain: PAA]; 25.26-33 (104A, Herm) [2; grain: PAA]; 26.16-18 (116A, Herm) [2; grain: PAA]; 27.16-19 (113/2A, Herm) [2]; 32.14-18 (107A, HermN) [2]; 33.10-18 (IIA, HermN) [2; grain: PAA]; P.Dura 20.14-19 (121, Paliga) [3; antichresis]; 21.2-5 (IIf, Dura Europos) [1]; 22.9-12 (133/4, Dura Europos) [1]; P.Erasm. I 14.4-7 (IImA, ArsN) [2a]; P.Erl. 72.6-7 (IV, OxN); P.Fam.Tebt. 22.15-19 (122, Teb) [2: C., I.]; P.Fay. 205.11-14 (138-142, Bac) [3]; P.Flor. I 1.6-8 (153, Herm) [3: foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; 81.10-14 (103, Herm) [3: foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; 94.14-15 (491, Herm); III 313.14-16 (449, Epokion Iliou) [cash payment]; P.Fouad I 44.24-32 (44, Ox) [3: enoikesis; C., I.]; 47.17-21 (47, ArsN) [2]; 49.14-17 (100, Teb) [3]; 52.15-16 (after 272, Ox); P.Freib. III 12b.7-11 (172A-162A, UP) [2; C., I.]; P.Gen. I 43.13-17 (227, PtolEu) [2; I.; grain: MP]; II 106.9-16 (153/4, UP) [3: antichresis; ἔξεστι]; IV 196.3-7 (VIIs, UP) [παρασχεῖν: monthly penalty]; P.Genov. II 62.19-28 (98, Ox) [3: foreclosure, hypothec; ἔξεστι]; P.Grenf. I 10.15-19 (174A, Diospolis Magna) [2; grain: MP]; 18.19-22 (131A, Path) [grain: MP]; 20.11-14 (127A, Path) [1; C., DI.]; 23.14-19 (117A, Path) [2; grain: MP]; 28.5-12 (108A, Krok) [2; grain: MP]; 29.9-15 (105A, Path) [2; grain: MP]; 31.9-18 (101/0A, Path) [grain: MP]; II 17.4-6 (136A, Thebes); 18.13-18 (127A, Path) [2 with surety; C., DI.]; 21.12-25 (113A, Path) [2; C., DI.]; 24.16-26 (105A, Krok) [2]; 27.10-16 (103A, Path) [2 with surety; C., DI.]; 29.19-31 (102A, Path) [2; grain: MP]; 72.9-10 (308 Kysis) [2a]; P.Hamb. I 2.16-20 (59, Babylon, Heliopolites) [5; C., DI., epit.]; 55.15-19 (241, PtolEu) [2; grain: MP]; II 183.9-11 (251A, Takona) [2]; P.Hib. I 86.9-12 (248A, UP) [2a; grain: PAA]; 88.12-15 (263A, HerakN?) [2; C.]; 124.17-20 (c. 250A, OxN) [2; grain: PAA]; II 210.11-13 (c. 250A-240A, OxN) [grain: PAA]; P.Ifao I 14.10-15 (140, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; P.Kell. I 47.12-18 (IV?, Kellis) [2a; I.]; P.Köln V 218.11-13 (215/4A, UP) [2a; C., I.]; 220.21 (208A/191A, ArsN) [hemiolion]; VIII 350.36-39 (143A, Krok) [2: grain: MP]; XV 611.8-11 (before 8, UP) [2; C. with hemiolia, DI.]; XVI 642.14-15 (256A, HerakN?) [2; C., I.]; 652.18-21 (183/5, Ox) [hemiolia, D.I]; P.Kron. 12.11-13 (135, Teb); 16.23-34 (138, Teb) [3: paramone]; 17.18-27 (140, Teb) [3: antichresis]; P.Leid.Inst. 26.9-11 (I, UP); P.Lips. II 128.17-24 (19A, Talithis) [2; grain: MP]; 143.7-10 (169-176 or 180-192, Ox) [5]; P.Lond. II 218.8-13 (111a Path) [2; grain: MP]; 225.13-16 (118A, UP) [2]; 311.14-18 (149, Herakleia) [2]; 1168.11-14 (44, Herm) [3: enoikesis]; 1203.6-12 (113A, Path) [2; C., I.: grain: MP]; V 1716.5-12 (570, Antin) [3: security; wine]; 1766.13 (559, HermN) [3?]; VII 1986.8-11 (252A, Alex) [2; C.]; P.Louvre I 17.15-19 (II, SokN) [5]; P.Meyer 5.2-6 (98-117, ArsN) [2; C. with hemiolia, I.]; P.Mert. I 6.22-26 (77A, Nestou Epoikion) [2; grain: MMP/PAA]; 25.12-16 (214, OxN) [2; C. with hemiolia, DI.]; II 76 (181, Ox); III 109.11-16 (II, OxN) [3: foreclosure, hypothec]; P.Mich. III 191.22-26 (60, Ox) [2] ; V 331.1-2 (41, ArsN) [2a; C., dam., exp., epit., fisc]; 333.20-21 (52, Teb) [2; C., I.]; IX 566.7-14 (86 Hiera Nesos) [2; C., I.]; 567.16-18 (78, Kar) [2; grain: MP]; X 587.30-34, 36-37 (24/5, Teb) [2]; XI 614.23-25 (c. 258/9, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; P.Michael. 9.a.12-24 (c. 92, OxN) [3: hypallagma]; P.Mil. I 57.14-16 (74, Thead) [2; hemiolia: I.]; P.NagHamm. 63.4-7 (341, Diospolis Parva?) [3: antichresis]; P.Naqlun II 21.16-20 (585, Naqlun or Alexandrou Nesos) [1]; P.Neph. 32.12-16 (344, HerakN) [2: C., DI.]; P.NYU II 23.10-15 (326, Kar) [2; I.]; P.Oslo II 40a.8-13 (150, Ox) [3: foreclosure, menein]; 40b.36-43 (150, Ox) [3: foreclosure, menein]; P.Oxf. 10.29-30 (98-117 Thead) [2a]; P.Oxy. II 267.1-34, ll. 13-16 (37, Ox) [2; C.]; 269.1.8-12 (57, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 506.19-31 (143, Ox) [3: foreclosure, menein]; 507.17-22 (146, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; IV 836.16-22 (Before 66 /5A or 15/4A, Ox); VII 1039.11-15 (210, Ox) [5]; 1040.20-30 (225, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; VIII 1130.20-24 (484, Senokomis) [2; C., I.]; X 1281.1-2, 7-11 (21, Sinary); XII 1471.22-32 (81, Ox) [4; C., DI.]; 1474.11-22, ll. 17-19 (216, OxN) [2; DI.]; XIV 1640.2.6-9 (252, Ox) [2; DI.]; 1711.12-18 (IIIl, Ox) [2; DI.]; XVI 1892.25-36 (581, Ox) [3: antichresis]; XVII 2134.21-22 (170, Ox) [3: foreclosure, hypothec]; XIX 2237.17-19 (498, Ox) [2: DI.]; XXII 2350.1.21-23, 3.13-15 (224, Ox) [2: DI.]; XXXIII 2677.6-10 (II, OxN?) [5]; XXXIV 2722.16-28 (154, Ox); 2773.19-23 (82, Ox) [2; C., I.]; 2774.14-15 (129, Ox) [2; C. with hemiolion]; XLII 3049A.14-15; 3049B.15-17 (247, Ox) [5]; XLIV 3198.14-16 (145/6 or 170/1, Ox) [2a?; C., DI.]; XLV 3266.16-21 (337, Ox) [2; DI.]; XLVII 3351.9-13 (34, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; XLIX 3485.13-18 (38, Ox) [2; C. DI]; LXI 4117.14-16 (240, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 4124.1.14-17, 2.15-17 (318, Ox) [2; DI.]; 4125.20-23 (322, Ox) [2; DI.]; LXIII 4394.137-174 (494, Alex) [2]; LXIV 4439.19-23 (258/9, Ox) [2a; C., DI.]; LXVI 4532.12-16 (85, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; LXXI 4828.1.17-23, 2.15-22 (195, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; LXXV 5052.22-25 (86/7, Ox) [2; C. with hemiolia, DI.]; LXXVII 5109.37-48 (161/2, Ox) [2; C., DI.?]; LXXIX 5211.2.13-15 (303, Ox) [2; DI]; 5122.12-20 [2a]; P.Oxy.Hels. 31.10-17 (86, Ox) [3: foreclosure, menein]; 36.10-14 (167, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 43.21-26 (III, Ox) [2]; P.Panop. 20.1 (310, Panop)?; P.Petr. III 55a.12-16 (235/4A, Krok?) [2; C., DI.]; P.Pintaudi 32.3-5 (224, Ox?) [5; C.]: 33.14-16 (IVl, Antin) [5]; P.Prag. I 31.15-16 (148, Herakleia) [5, dipl.]; III 218.10-13 (c. 610/1?, ArsN) [3]; P.Princ. III 144.13-17 (219/20 or 239/40, PtolEu) [3]; P.Rein. II 105.7-10 (432, Ox) [2]; 106.12-15 (51, Euh) [2; DI.?]; P.Ryl. II 160c2.23-25 (32 SokN) [2a]; 160d2.20-21 (42, SokN) [1; C., I.]; IV 586.20-27 (99A, Ox) [2 with surety; C., I., DI.]; 587.17-19 (87A, Teb) [2 with surety; C., I.]; 662.14-19 (364, Antin) [5]; P.Sakaon 64.11-15 (307, Thead) [2; DI.]; 65.12-18 (328, Thead) [2; DI.]; 66.10-16 (328, Thead) [2; DI.]; 96.14-18 (303, Thraso) [2; DI.]; P.Select. 7.9-11 (314, Ox) [2; DI.]; P.Sorb. I 17.13-18 (scr.int.), 14-18 (scr.ext.) (257A, Mermertha) [2; grain: PAA]; P.Stras. IV 289.3-8 (48, UP) [2; C., I., grain: MP]; V 383.12-14 (147-155, ArsN); 437.16-18 (121, Bac) [3: hypallagma; C., I.]; VI 525.12-14? (98-117, Bac) [3: antichresis; C.]; VII 646.10 (117-138, ArsN); 659.4-5 (VI, ArsPol); VIII 746.13-15 (hyp.) (II, ArsN); IX 817.11-13 (IV, Herm?); P.Tebt. II 390.20-26 (167, Teb) [3: antichresis]; III.1 815.bv.2.30-40 ll. 36-39 (223/2A, Teb); 817.27-30 (182A, Krok) [2a; C., DI.]; 818.20-22 (174A, Trikomia) [2a]; III.2 970.16-19 (IIeA, Krok) [3: foreclosure, hypothec]; 980.1-4 (153A, Teb) [2a]; P.Tebt.Wall 1.13-17 (98-138, Teb) [3: antichresis]; 9.16-18 (33, Teb) [5]; P.Ups.Frid 3.1-25, ll. 8-11 (122, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; P.Vind.Sijp. 13.15-20 (372, Herak) [2; C.]; P.Vind.Worp 10.3-8 (143/4, SokN?) [2; C., I.]; P.Yadin 11.7-9 (scr.int.), 22-24 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [3: foreclosure]; 17.9-15 (scr.int.), 29-38 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza) [5]; P.Yale I 60.9-15 (6/5A, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 64.15-19 (74/5, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; PSI III 239.21-27 (601, Ox); IV 389.6-7 (243A, Phil) [2; C.]; VI 702.8-14 (III, Ox) [2; grain: MP]; VIII 929.18-24 (111, ArsN) [2]; IX 1028.14-16 (15, Teb) [2; grain: MP]; 1051.17-18 (26, SokN) [2; C., I.]; X 1131.20-24 (41, PtolEu) [2 with surety; C., I.]; XII 1253.13-18 (186, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; XIII 1311.8-10 (scr.int.), 30-32 (scr.ext.) (136A, Berenikis Thesmophorou) [C. I.]; 1319.2.56-59 (76 SokN) [2; C., I.]; SB I 4501.9 (V, ArsN); III 7169.6-26, ll. 15-16 (IIA, UP) [2a; C., DI.]; 7170.5-7 (IIA, UP); V 7532.16-19 (74A, Nilopolis) [2 with surety; C., I.]; VI 9155.9-12 (223, ArsN) [2; vegetable seeds: MMP]; 9270.10-15 (337, UP) [2; DI.]; 9291.24-28 (93, Thead) [4]; 9366.9-14 (124A, Path) [2a; grain: MP (hemiolion); cash: DI]; VIII 9770.3-7 (511, ArsN) [2; DI.]; 9772.10-17 (VI, ArsN) [2a]; X 10222.12-18 (20, Ox) [2 with surety; C., DI.]; 10238.13-18 (37, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 10246.11-16 (55, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; XII 10787.19-21 (133, Teb) [1]; 10804.30-32? (47 SokN) [2a]; 11058.9-11 (244A, Ox) [DI.]; 11059.7-9 (244A, Ox) [2 with surety; DI.]; XIV 11284.10-15 (102-116, UP) [C., DI.]; 11386.13-20 (288, PtolEu) [2; DI.]; 11491.16-22 (59, Ox) [2; C., DI.]; 12017.15-23 (156, Teb) [3: antichresis]; 12088.21-25 (346, Ox) [2; DI.]; 12105.19-27 (129, Thead) [5]; 12180.7-10 (186 Herak) [5]; XVI 12263.12-13 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [2]; 12812.9-11 (255A, Phil); 12954.13-14 (116, SokN) [2a]; 12986.6-8 (c.131-113A, PathN) [2 with surety; grain: MP]; 13030.8-12 (205, Alabastrine) [4; C., I., DI.]; XIV 11385.14-16 (326, ArsN) [2; DI.]; XVIII 13234.11-12 (98/9, Haueris) [3: restraint]; 13255.2-5, 22-24 (231A, Tholt) [2; C. hemiolion, I.]; XX 14605.6-9 (V, UP) [2a; λόγῳ τόκου]; 14628.2-3 (214/5, Ox) [2: dipl.]; 15163.8-9 ( II, ArsN); XXII 15240.19-22 (156A, Ammonias) [2a; grain: MP]; 15325.6 (176?, Kar) [1]; XXIV 16296.1-2 ll. 1-2 [3]; 16296.3-8 ll. 5-7 [3]; 16296.9-13 ll. 12-13 (all 182A, UP) [3]; XXVIII 17164.14-17 (70-132, Murabaat) [2; DI]; 17265.a.3.3-9 ll. 7-8 (111/10A, Path) [2]; 17265.b.1.1-4, ll. 3-4 (111/10a Path) [2]; 17265.d.1.1-5, ll. 3-4 (111/10A, Path) [2]; 17265d.1.6-10, ll. 8-10 (111/10A, Path) [2]; SPP IV p. 116–117, ll. 17-22 (109/10, Euh) [2: DI.]; XX 51.11-18 (238, ArsN) [2; grain: MP]; 139.12-15 (531, ArsPol) [3: antichresis; DI.]; XXII 69.7-9 (186/7, SokN) [1; DI.]; UPZ I 125.18-28 (89A, Memphis) [2; C., DI., dam., breach, epit.]; II 190.11-14 (98A, Thebes) [2; grain: MP].
23. Surrender of Purchased Object: Fungibles
Category: Surrender
Link to Synallagma
One hundred ten contracts that record the sale of fungibles detail the terms of their future surrender to the purchaser. The clause is rare in the Ptolemaic period (3) but becomes more frequent in the Roman (22), late Roman (25) and, in particular, the Byzantine period. It appears primarily in the Arsinoite (32), Oxyrhynchite (28), and Hermopolite (26) nomes. The most-recorded commodity is wine (52 documents), followed by different types of grain (29) and other crops (18). The vocabulary is identical to that used in loan contracts for the repayment of loans and in leases for the payment of rent. The key verb is ἀποδίδωμι, sometimes replaced by μετρέω, παραδίδωμι, πληρόω. In the Byzantine period, the aorist tense of παρέχω (παρασχεῖν) becomes common but never sidesteps ἀποδίδωμι entirely. This similarity also applies in the form of the verb: the imperative aorist in the Ptolemaic period, replaced by the future indicative and the infinitive in the Roman era and the infinitive of the aorist tense, introduced by ὁμολογέω or ἑτοίμως ἔχω, in the Byzantine period. Periphrastic construction is used in 18 cases; the object is the commodity specified in the foregoing clause. For this reason, the relative pronoun ὅσπερ is commonly applied, either in the neutrum plural or the singular, referring back to the entire object of sale as reported in the preceding clause, or as a qualifier to a noun: ὅνπερ οἶνον, etc. An independent clause is used primarily in the periphrastic construction (τὴν τούτων ἀπόδοσιν) or when the document records two types of commodities and the scribe wishes to stipulate different delivery terms for each. See in particular P.Heid. V 359 (VI/VII CE, Oxyrhynchites) ll. 7-12: τὰ μὲν γενήματα νέα καθαρ\ὰ/ | 8 [κεκοσκινευμένα μέτρ]ῳ τῷ σῷ ἐπάναγκες | 9 [ἀποδώσω σοι ἐν τῷ Παῦ]νι μηνὶ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἔτους | 10 [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ τῆς παρούσης ἕ]κτης ἰνδ(ικτίονος), τὸν δὲ οἶνον παρὰ ληνὸν | 11 [ἀπὸ γλεύκους ἀδόλου ἑτοίμω]ς̣ ἔχομεν παρασχεῖν σοι | 12 [ἐν τῇ τρύγῃ τοῦ Μεσορὴ μηνὸς] τῆς αὐτῆς ἕκτη[ς] ἰ̣ν̣δ̣(ικτίονος) (‘The produce, new, clean, thrashed in your measure, I shall perforce deliver to you in the month of Pauni of the present [ – – ] year of the present sixth indictio, and we (sic!) are prepared to provide the wine from unfermented and unadulterated vintage at the vat in the time of the vintage, in the month of Mesore of the same sixth indictio’).
Unlike the clause that anticipates the repayment of a loan, no fungible sale contract leaves the date of delivery to the buyer’s initiative. It is always set in advance, although never naming a specific day but rather the month, using the constructions encountered elsewhere (μηνί + name of month, with or without ἐν; τῷ + name of month + μηνί with or without ἐν). An indication of the occasion of delivery, already noticed in the repayment-of-loan clause, is much more common in the sale clause: 30 of the 110 extant documents recording sale on delivery, compared to 19 of 762 loan repayment clauses (ἐν τῇ τρύγῃ, ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς τρύγης, καιρῷ συγκομιδῆς καρπῶν). Sixteen documents indicate both the occasion and the date: ἐν καιρῷ τῆς τρύγης τῷ Μεσορὴ μηνί; τῷ Παῦνι μηνὶ καιρῷ συγκομιδῆς καρπῶν).
A special provision regarding the shipment of the commodity, quite frequent in Ptolemaic loans, occurs in only five surrender clauses, three of which predate the Common Era. An account of the place of delivery outside the clause is, by contrast, quite frequent, recorded in 28 of the 110 texts, compared to only 12 in loan contracts. The ‘no delay’ formulation (e.g., ἀνυπερθέτως), recorded in the present context in 306 of 762 loan contracts, appears in somewhat lower numbers in the surrender clause: 37 of 110. The place may be a facility—a wine vat or a threshing floor: παρὰ ληνόν, ἐπὶ ληνῶι, ἀπὸ τῆς ἁλωνίας, ἐφ᾽ λώνων τῆς αὐτῆς κώμης; ἐφ᾽ ἁλῷ; ἐκ τῆς μηχανῆς καλουμένης Τζηρὰς—or a place: ἐν τῇ πεδ]ιά̣δι τοῦ α̣ὐ̣τοῦ μου κτήματος; ἐν τῷ ἐποικίῳ; ἐπὶ τῆς προκειμένης κώμης; ἐπὶ κώμης Σεθρενπάει; ἐπὶ τῆς μητροπόλεως; ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως. Unique to the surrender clause are two elements: [1] an account of the origin of the product (both geographical: ἀπὸ τῶν ὑμετέρων χωρίων; ἀπὸ κτήματος, and periodic: ἀπὸ καρπῶν τῆς εὐτυχοῦς ἕκτης ἰνδικτίονος; ἀπὸ τῶν νέων καρπῶν. However, no fixed pattern is observed. [2] In wine sales, the supply of jars by the purchaser is stipulated in 24 documents (σοῦ παρέχοντος τὰ κοῦφα αὐτῶν).
The clause also records the measurement unit (metron) to be used for delivery. Its rate of occurrence, 39 of 110, is somewhat lower than that evidenced in documents recording loans in kind: 80 of 163. The rate of occurrence in sale contracts is somewhat higher if we add the documents that record the metron in the clause pertaining to the act of sale (10 documents). This brings the total to 49 documents, almost half of the 110 documents that exhibit the surrender clause. The same obtains for quality: 34 of 110 in the case of the surrender clause in sales on delivery, 66 of 163 in the case of the return-of-fungibles loan. Here again, however, the figures are somewhat misleading: among the 78 documents that do not record quality in the surrender clause, in 42 it is recorded in the creation clause, bringing the total number of documents that prescribe quality to 76. The adverb ἐπάναγκες/ἐπάναγκον, recorded in 94 clauses that govern the repayment of a loan, appears in 25 surrender clauses—a somewhat higher but statistically insignificant rate. Mutual-surety (ἐξ ἀλληλενγύης) and kindynos formulations, quite rare in loans, are almost entirely absent in the surrender clause.
In 39 documents, the surrender clause is followed by a clause prescribing a penalty for non-surrender. This clause is absent in 71 documents. In chronological terms, the period down to the end of the third century features 20 cases with both clauses and only 7 without the penalty; in the Byzantine period, by contrast, only 20 documents, mostly Hermopolite, exhibit both clauses while 64 documents, of diverse provenance, do not. Where no penalty clause appears, the surrender clause is followed directly by the praxis clause. Here, the connection between praxis and non-surrender is made explicit by the phrase ἐπὶ τῆς ἀπαιτήσεως, which specifies the circumstances under which praxis may be employed. See, e.g., P.Sakaon 94.8-17 (284 CE, Thraso): ὧν καὶ | 9 τὴν ἀπόδοσιν ἐπάναγκον ποιήσονται οἱ ὁ|10[μολ]ογοῦντες Σαταβοῦς καὶ Ὡρείων ἐξ ἀλληλεγγ(ύης) | 11 [τῷ Παῦ]νι μ̣[ηνὶ] τ̣οῦ ἐνεστῶτος β (ἔτους) ἐπὶ τῆς | 12 [μητροπόλε]ως μέτρῳ [ ̣ ̣] τε̣τραχο[ι]νίκῳ ἑν̣δεκα|13[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ἀνυ]περθέτως· καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀπετήσεως (l. ἀπαιτήσεως) | 14 [γίνεσθαι τῷ] Αὐρηλίῳ Διδύμῳ τῆς πράξεως | 15 [ἔκ τε τῶν ὁμο]λογούντων Σαταβοῦτος καὶ Ὡρείω|16[νος καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχ]ό[ν]των αὐτοῖς πάντων καθά|17[περ ἐκ δίκης (‘… the delivery of which the declaring parties, Satabous and Horeion, will by necessity perform, acting as mutual guarantors, in the month of Pauni of the present 2nd year in the metropolis using the measure of four choinikes … without delay. For the purpose of recovery, let Aurelios Didymos employ the right of execution from the declaring parties Satabous and Horeion and from all their properties as if resulting from a court sentence’).
Bibl.: Weber (1932): 102-135; Harrauer (1980): 125-126; Jördens (1990): 312-324; Kruit (1992a); (1992b): 169.
apod.: ἀποδίδωμι (unless otherwise indicated, future indicative); epan: ἐπάναγκες, ἐπάναγκον; exhypar.: ἐξ ὑπαρχόντων μοι πάντων is.: independent sentence; loc.: location; metr.: μετρέω; nd.: no delay, excuse, claim etc.; parad.: παραδίδωμι; periph.: periphrastic construction; qual.: quality; rc.: relative clause
BGU III 837.36-41 (609, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 873.c.1-6 (IV-VI, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., loc., fixd., anhyp., exhypar.]; 990.7-10 (208, Kar) [rc., ind.fut., loc., metr.]; 1015.7-15 (221/2, HermN) [rc., μετρήσω, fixd., anhyp.]; 2048.3-9 (217, HermN) [rc., metr., qual., metr., no excuse]; XII 2198.13-17 (545 or 560, Herm) [ind.fut., fixd., qual., no excuse]; 2199.8-11 (VI, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., qual., anhyp.]; 2205.12-17 (590, Herm) [is; ed.: ὁμολογῶ [ἀποδοῦναι], qual., fixd., oc.]; 2207.13-16 (606, Herm) [rc., παρέξω, fixd., qual., metr.]; 2208.17-24 (614, Herm) [rc., παρέξω, fixd., ἀπροφασίστως]; 2209.15-19 (614, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr.]; 2210.15-21 (617, Herm) [rc., παρέξω, fixd., qual., ἀπροφασίστως]; XIII 2330.14-17 (89, SokN) [rc., inf.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 2331.13-16 (91, SokN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 2332.14-17 (374, PtolEu) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; XVII 2694.20-23 (608, Herm) [rc., παρέξω; ὁμολογῶ διδόναι]; 2695.13-16 (608, Herm) [rc., παρέξω; qual.]; CPR V 14.15-17 (475, Herak) [rc., ind.fut., καλῇ πίστει, fixd., no excuse]; IX 25.7-9 (Vm, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., oc., qual., koupha]; X 23.6-9 (520/1?, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 24.3-5 (522/3, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd.]; 25.11-20 (526/7?, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., metr., anhyp., exhypar.]; 38.11-16 (420, HerakN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., no excuse]; 39.14-18 (443, Herak) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; 107a.15-16 (396, Ther) [epan., ind.fut., loc.]; 120.14-19 (523, ArsPol) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., metr., loc., ἀπὸ καρπῶν; exhypar.]; XIV 4.10-13 (VI, Alexandrou Nesos) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., koupha, place]; XVIII 5.94-99 (231A/206A, Theog) [imp.aor., qual., metr.]; XIX 31.8-12 (Vs, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., koupha, anhyp.]; P.Alex. 38.5-6 (VI/VII, ApolHept?) [ind.fut., initc.]; P.Amh. II 150.24-31 (592, Ox) [rc., ὁμολογοῦμεν παρασχεῖν, qual., ἐκ νέων καρπῶν, anhyp., kind.]; P.Amst. I 47.14-19 (537, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., oc., qual.]; 48.10-14 (VI, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., oc., qual., metr., koupha]; P.Ant. I 42.16-24 (557, Lenaiou) [παρασχεῖν, oc., fixd.]; P.Athen. 23.16-19 (82, Thead) [rc., imp.aor., fixd., loc., no excuse]; P.Athen.Xyla 6.2-6 (VI, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., fixd., qual., metr., koupha]; P.Bad. II 25.12-15 (III, PtolEu) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Bas. 5.3-6 (III, UP) [rc., periph., ind.fut.]; P.Bastianini 26.18-28 (VI, Ox) [ind.fut.]; P.Berl.Brash. 14.7-8 (304, OxN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., no excuse]; P.Cair.Isid. 89.5-8 (308, Kar?) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., loc., metr., anhyp.]; 90.5-9 (309, Kar) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., metr., anhyp.]; 91.8-12 (309, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., metr., qual., anhyp.]; 92.8-11 (314, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., loc., metr.]; P.Col. VII 177.10-15 (325, Kar) [rc., epan., inf.fut., fixd., loc., metr., qual., anhyp.]; 182.12-16 (372/3, Kar) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; 183.13-16 (372, Kar) [rc., epan., fixd., loc., metr., qual., anhyp.]; P.Coll.Youtie II 93.9-12 (VI, Herak) [rc., loc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Dion. 34.5-9 (116A, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., grain: qual., metr., ship.]; P.Edfou I 2.5-8 (619, Apol) [rc.; ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν; oc., fixd., metr.]; P.Eirene II 6.1? (VII, ArsN); 7.10-13 (615, HermN) [qual.; metr.]; 28.16-24 (577, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., loc., anhyp., exhypar.]; 29.19-25 (591-593, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., loc., anhyp., exhypar.]; P.Fay. 89.13-16 (9, Pelousion) [ind.fut., fixd., metr.]; P.Flor. I 65.9-12 (570/1, OxN) [epan., ind.fut., oc., anhyp., koupha]; III 314.12 (428, Enseu) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Gen. I 8.16-22 (141, Dionysias) [imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; 15.2-3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., metr.]; II 89.7-8 (5A, Thead) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., loc.]; IV 190.11-14 (522/3 ?, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., fixd., qual., metr., koupha]; P.Genov. I 30.12- (543, HermN) [rc., ind.fut.]; P.Hamb. I 21.2.5-8 (315, Ox) [rc., qual., epan., ind.fut., loc., fixd., no excuse]; 71.17-19 (149, Phil) [rc., qual., ind.fut.: ed.: π‹α›ρ[αδώσει];]; P.Heid. V 355.5-9 (V/VI, HermN) [rc., qual., ind.fut.]; 357.12-18 (507, HermN) [rc., μετρήσομεν, fixd., qual., metr., anhyp.]; 358.7-10 (524/5, OxN) [rc., qual., koupha, oc., epan., ind.fut., oc., anhyp.]; 359.7-12 (VI/VII, OxN) [qual., metr., epan., ind.fut., fixd., παρασχεῖν, oc.]; 361.23-27 (613, ArsPol) [periph., ind.fut., anhyp.]; VI 383.8-14 (209A, Oxyrhyncha) [rc., ind.fut. (ἀπομετρήσω), qual., fixd. (ἕως), metr., ship.]; P.Hib. I 84a.4-7, 20-22 (285/4A, HerakN?) [imp.aor., loc., qual., metr.]; P.Kell. I 46.9-17 (IV Kellis) [ed:. ἐφʼ ᾧτ̣έ̣ | 10 με π̣αρεξω̣ (l. παρέξειν), fixd., no excuse]; P.Köln III 151.12-18 (423, KynopN) [δώσω, oc.]; 152.15-19 (477?, ArsN) [rc., πληρώσω, metr., fixd., anhyp.]; IV 192.8-9 (V/VI, Nemaris?) [παρασχεῖν]; P.Laur. IV 176.11-13 (316, OxN?) [rc., periph., fixd., no excuse, epan., ind.fut.,]; P.Lond. II 390.3-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [rc., apod.]; III 1001.12-21 (539, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., fixd., metr., anhyp., koupha]; 1026a.14-15 (482/497/527, HermN?) [παρασχεῖν*]; 1229.4-11 (145, UP) [future delivery of the cash]; V 1700.4-6 (VI, Aphr) [nd]; 1764.1a-3 (VI/VII, OxN); 1774.9-16 (570, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; 1881.1-4 (VI, UP) [παρασχεῖν, ἀποδοῦναι(?), oc., fixd., anhyp.]; P.Lund. VI 10.10-11 (400, ArsPol/Kastra Skenon Mandron) [periph., ind.fut.]; P.Meyer 5.2-6 (98-117, ArsN) [fixd., no excuse]; 7.12-18 (130, Polydeukia) [rc., periph., imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; P.Mich. IX 572.17-23 (131, Karanis) [periph., ind.fut., two installments: fixd., metr., anhyp.]; XI 608.6-12 (VI, OxN) [rc., qual., metr., epan., ind.fut., loc., koupha, anhyp.]; XIII 670.10-12 (527, Tanyaithis) [ἀποδοῦναι, oc., metr.]; P.Mil. I 4.9-14 (2A, Thead) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., loc., metr.]; 5.10-16 (38, Thead) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., metr., loc.]; 8.14-19 (48, Thead) [rc., periph., imp.aor., fixd., loc.]; 52.10-13 (285, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., qual., no excuse]; P.Münch. III 86.7-12 (IV, Tebetny) [ic.; periph.; loc.]; P.Naqlun II 23.2-10 (c. 590-596, Naqlun) [periph., ind.fut., initc., fixd., koupha, anhyp.]; P.Neph. 34.4-7 (IV, UP) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; P.Oslo II 43.2-7 (140/1, ProsopN?) [ind.fut., fixd., metr., loc., anhyp.]; P.Oxy. IV 728.10-17 (142, Thosbis) [μετα[βαλέσ]θαι, within]; XIV 1639.6-11 (73A/44A, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., ship.]; LVIII 3942.22-30 (606, Ox) [rc., qual., παρασχεῖν, fixd., oc., anhyp.]; LXII 4349.12-15 (504, Ox) [ἐπὶ τῷ μὲ, ἢ καὶ μὲ τὸν τούτου ἐγγυητὴν – – διδόναι, metr., fixd., ἐκ νέων καρπῶν]; LXXII 4901.10-12 (408, OxN) [ἐπὶ τῷ με ταῦτά σοι παρασχεῖν; fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; 4913.11-12 (462, Ox) [rc., qual., epan., ind.fut.]; LXXV 5069.16-17 (546, Ox) [rc., loc., qual.]; 5123.14-17 (555, Ox); P.Palau Rib. 21.4-7 (VI, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., qual., metr., koupha]; P.Prag. I 44.11-15 (466, ArsN) [rc., ἀποδώσειν ὡμολόγησα, fixd., metr., loc.]; 46.10-14 (522, Antin) [allel., παρασχεῖν, fixd., no excuse]; II 166.1-4 (VI/VII, ArsPol) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., metr., ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν, ἀναμφιβόλως]; P.Rain.Cent. 123.14-19 (478, Phebichis) [rc., ind.fut., καλῇ πίστει, fixd., no excuse] ; P.Rein. II 101.6-12 (198-209, OxN) [rc., ind.fut., anhyp., oc., loc., ἀπὸ γενή|[ματος, pithos]; P.Ross.Georg. V 37.6-7 (VIm, Aphr) [πληρώσω ὑμῖν τὴν τιμήν]; 39.4-5 (VI, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut.]; P.Sakaon 94.8-13 (284, Thraso) [rc., periph., epan.; fixd., metr., anhyp.]; P.Select. 2.4-8 (VI, HerakN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd.]; 15.12-15 (435, HerakN) [rc., epan., ind.fut., metr., anhyp., no excuse]; P.Stras. I 1.7-9 (435, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., oc., fixd., qual., metr., koupha, anhyp.]; III 203.10-13 (88/9, UP) [rc., imp.aor., fixd., no excuse]; VII 696.1-2 (VI, Herm) [koupha]; P.Tebt. I 109.18-23 (93A, Kerkeosiris) [imp.aor., fixd., qual., metr., loc., ship.]; P.Ups.Frid. 5.1.10-17, 2.10-17 (261, Ox) [rc., epan., μετρήσειν, initc., θέμα, anhyp.]; P.Wisc. I 11.17-23 (646, Ox) [παρασχεῖν, oc.]; PSI V 470.5-9 (103, Herm) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., no excuse]; X 1099.6-11 (6/5A, Ox) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., qual., metr., ship., no excuse]; 1122.10-18 (VI, OxN) [παρασχεῖν, fixd., koupha]; XII 1249.24-29 (265, Ox) [rc., παραδώσομεν, loc., metr., no delay]; 1250.1-11 (265, Ox) [qual., oc., ship.]; 1251.13-20 (252, Ox) [rc., epan., ind.fut., within, loc., qual., metr., no excuse]; 1252.11-13 (III, Ox) [rc., epan., παραδώσω, oc.]; SB I 4496.22-26 (593, ArsPol) [rc., παρασχῶ, oc., ἀπὸ καρπῶν, exhypar.]; 4497.20-23 (616, ArsPol) [rc., παρασχῶ, loc., fixd., ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν]; 4504.18-24 (613, This) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν, qual., koupha, oc., no delay]; 4505.20-27 (606, This) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν, qual., koupha, no delay]; 4675.3-10 (VI/VII, ArsN) [periph., ind.fut., oc., loc., no excuse]; 4683.1-8 (VI/VII, HermN) [ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν παρασχεῖν, metr.. ship.]; V 8264.13-20 (524, Ox) [rc., loc., qual., epan., ind.fut., oc., fixd., anhyp.] VI 9051.18-26 (VI, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., fixd., qual., no excuse]; 9129.6-12 (136, HermN) [rc., μετρήσομεν, allel., fixd., loc., metr., ἀπὸ γενημάτων, hyper.]; 9280.16-21 (VIs, ArsPol) [rc., ind.fut., metr., loc., ἀπὸ καρπῶν, anhyp.]; 9282.3-7 (c. 500, HerakN) [rc., ἐκ νέων γενημάτων, epan., ind.fut., loc., metr., anhyp., no excuse]; 9569.1-2 (91, UP); 9593.18-25 (VII, Herak) [periph., ind.fut., μετὰ πίστεως ἀγαθῆς, fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; VIII 9773.15-18 (540, Herak) [periph., μετὰ πίστεως ἀγαθῆς, fixd.]; XIV 11600.17-20 (91-96, Bacchias?) [periph., imp.fut., allel., fixd., no excuse]; 11617.13-15 (580, Ox) [ὁμολογῶ ἀποδοῦναι, ed.: κατ[ὰ] τὴν φα[ν]ησομένην | 15 [τιμὴν], loc.]; 11907.13-19 (239, PtolEu) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., loc., metr., anhyp.]; 12109.9-15 (377, Kar) [rc., epan., ind.fut., loc., metr.]; XVI 12486.13-17 (470, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., oc., no excuse, qual., koupha]; 12488.9-11 (538, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., qual., koupha]; 12489.7-10 (Vm, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., qual., metr., koupha]; 12490.9-12 (VI, HermN) [rc., παρέξω, fixd., qual., metr.]; 12491.3-6 (VI/VII, HermN) [rc., ὁμολογῶ παρασχεῖν, loc., fixd., metr.]; 12492.15-19 (638, HermN) [rc., παρέξω, fixd., qual., metr., no excuse]; 12585.21-30 (557, OxN?) [qual., metr., epan., ind.fut., fixd., ἐκ νέων καρπῶν, anhyp.]; 12639.19-23 (541, HerakN) [rc., loc., epan., qual., μετὰ πίστεως ἀγαθῆς, oc.]; 13037.11-14 (522/3, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., qual., metr., koupha]; XVIII 13947.10-15 (507, OxN) [rc., qual., metr., ind.fut., fixd., ἀπὸ τῶν νέων καρπῶν, anhyp.]; XX 14240.8-12 (VI, Aphr) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν, fixd., no excuse]; 14712.8-9 (498, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 15202.11-16 (VIf, Aphr) [rc., ἑτοίμως ἔχω παρασχεῖν, oc., metr.]; XXII 15595.6-7 (VI/VII, HermN) [rc., ὁμολογῶ διδόναι, oc., qual.]; 15597.6-7 (537, Herm) [rc., metr., qual., koupha]; 15728.11-16 (347, Euh) [epan., inf.fut., allel., fixd., loc., metr., anhyp.]; XXIV 16129.3-6 (VI, HermN) [rc., ind.fut., oc., qual.]; 16265.3-6 (259/60, OxN) [koupha, loc., anhyp., fixd.]; XXVI 16752.5-10 (494/5, OxN) [rc., qual., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp.]; XXVIII 17248.6-10 (VI, Near Thebes) [fixd.]; XXX 17328.6-7 (546/561, Herak) [rc., epan., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp., no excuse]; SPP III 25.4-5 (VII, HerakN); 85.5-9 (VI/VII, ArsN/HerakN) [rc., ind.fut., fixd., metr., ἀπὸ καρπῶν]; 125.6 (VI/VII, ArsN); 135.7-8 (VI, Tin) [fixd., koupha]; 151.4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [fixd., koupha]; 163.4-5 (VI, Touroubestis/ArsPol) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 175.5-6 (VI/VII, ArsN) [fixd.]; 193.3 (VI/VII, ArsN) [fixd., ἀναμφιβόλως]; 196.5 9 (VI/VII, ArsN?) [rc., ind.fut., fixd.]; 200.4-5 (VII, HerakN) [fixd., kindynos]; 205 + 363, 3-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [ind.fut., fixd.]; 357.3-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [fixd.]; 396.4-7 (VI/VII, ArsN); 432.4 (VII/VIII, OxN) [fixd.]; XX 148.12-18 (VI, HerakN) [periph., ind.fut., fixd., anhyp, no excuse]; T.Varie 8.7-9 (669, Syron Kome/Palosis) [epan., ἀποδώ‹σω›, fixd., qual., koupha].
24. Wine Quality Warranty
Category: Warranty
Link to Synallagma
Just like the clause introducing compensation for the degradation of wine quality by the delivery date, a clause that expresses the seller’s obligation to vouch for the quality of the wine is attested only in the Byzantine period (524–619 CE). There are, however, some differences: the compensation for degradation is recorded in 27 documents from all key Middle Egyptian nomes whereas the quality warranty appears in only eight, all from the Oxyrhynchite nome. The complete text with both clauses runs as follows (P.Lond. V 1764.3-7: VI/VII CE, Oxyrhynchites): ἀναδέχομα̣ι δὲ | 4 τὴν τοῦ οἴνου κ̣α̣λ̣λονὴν καὶ παραμονὴν μέχρι ὅλου | 5 τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς καὶ εἴγε εὑρεθείη ἐν αὐτῷ ὀξη (l. ὀξέα) | 6 ἤγουν φαῦλα ἐμὲ ταῦτα ἀλλάξαι καὶ τὰ ἴσα σοι | 7 παρασχεῖν ἐν πρωτίῳ (l. πρωτείῳ) οἴνῳ (‘I guarantee the good quality and durability of the wine up to and including the whole month of Tybi, and if there be found in it any sour or inferior wines I will replace them and supply you with the same amount in wine of the best quality’).
Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 493-496; Harrauer (1980): 125; Jördens (1990): 325-326; Kruit (1992a), (1992b): 169; Jakab (2009): 133-136.
P.Bad. IV 55.22-25 (VI/VII, Hipponon/Sephtha/Sento); P.Col. VIII 245.18-21 (VI, Ox); P.Flor. I 65.12-13 (570/1, OxN); P.Lond. V 1764.3-5 (VI/VII, OxN); P.Mich. XI 608.14-15 (VI, OxN); P.Oxy. LXI 4132.28-30 (619, Ox); P.Wisc. I 11.24-26 (646, Ox); SB V 8264.21-22 (524, Ox).
25. Totally Degraded Wine Quality
Category: Warranty, Penalty
Link to Synallagma
Clauses anticipating the complete degradation of wine by delivery time are all Byzantine, dating to 522/3–669 CE. The condition is differently described by nome: [1] Hermopolites: εἰ εὐρεθείη ὄξος ἢ ἀποίητος ἢ ὀζόμενος ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ οἴνου ἕως + date (‘Should any of the same wine be found to be sour or unfit for use or moldy up to and including (+ month name)’); [2] Herakleopolites, and possibly the Arsinoites: ἐὰν εὕρῃς γενόμενον (i.e., the wine) ὄξος ἢ ὀζάριον (‘If you find the wine to have become sour or moldy’); [3] Oxyrhynchite: εἴγε εὑρεθείη ἐν αὐτῷ ὀξέα ἤγουν φαῦλα (once: ὀζάρια) (‘And if there be found in it any sour or inferior wines …’). The vendor is required to give good wine in exchange, but here too the formulation varies by nome: [1] Hermopolites: ἀλλάξαι σοι ἀντʼ αὐτῶν ἐν καλῷ οἴνῳ/ ἐκ καλοῦ οἴνου (‘I will offer you a replacement of good wine’); [2] Herakleopolites: ἀλλάσσω σοι ἐπὶ καλοῦ οἴνου (‘I will offer you good wine in exchange’). [3] Oxyrhynchites: ταῦτα ἀλλάξαι καὶ παρασχεῖν σοι ἐν πρωτίῳ οἴνῳ (‘I will replace it and offer you a wine of best quality’). Documents from the Hermopolite nome include the ‘without delay or excuse’ formulation. The general hypothec is optional. Cf., e.g., CPR IX 25.10-13 (Vm CE, Hermopolites): εἰ εὑρεθείη ὄξος ἢ ἀποίητος ἢ ὀζόμ(ενος) ἐκ τοῦ] | 11 αὐτοῦ οἴν̣ο̣υ ἕως Τ̣ῦ̣β̣ι̣ μ̣[ηνὸς τῆς αὐτῆς ἰνδ(ικτίονος) ὁμολογῶ ἀλλάξαι σοι ἐν οἴνῳ καλῷ] | 12 ὑποκειμένης σοι εἰς τοῦτο τ̣[ὸ χρέος πάσης μου ὑποστ]άστεως̣ [κα]θ[άπερ] | 13 ἐκ δίκης (‘Should any of the same wine be found sour or unfit for use or moldy up to and including the month of Tybi of the same indiction, I acknowledge that I will offer you in exchange wine of good quality, all my property serving as security for this debt as if following a court action’).
Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 493-496; Harrauer (1980): 126; Jördens (1990): 326-327; Kruit (1992a) (1992b); Jakab (2009): 146-150.
BGU XII 2207.16-18 (606, Herm) [1]; 2209.19-23 (614, Herm) [1]; XVII 2695.16-21 (608, Herm) [1]; CPR IX 25.10-13 (Vm, HermN) [1]; P.Amst. I 48.15-18 (VI, HermN) [1]; P.Ant. I 42.19-21 (557, Lenaiou) [1]; P.Athen.Xyla 6.7-15 (VI, HermN) [1]; P.Bad. IV 55.25-28 (VI/VII, Hipponon/Sephtha/Sento) [3]; P.Coll.Youtie II 93.12-14 (VI, Herak) [2]; P.Edfou I 2.8 (619, Apol) [1]; P.Eirene II 6.2-3 (VII, ArsN); P.Flor. I 65.12-15 (570/1, OxN) [3]; P.Gen. IV 190.15-18 (522/3?, HermN) [1]; P.Lond. V 1764.3-7 (VI/VII, OxN) [3]; P.Mich. XI 608.13-17 (VI, OxN) [3]; P.Naqlun II 23.11-12 (c. 590-596, Naqlun) [1]; P.Palau Rib. 21.8-13 (VI, HermN) [1]; P.Ross.Georg.V 39.5-7 (VI, ArsN); P.Stras. VII 696.3-6 (VI, Herm) [1]; SB I 4822.1-3 (VI, ArsN) [2]; V 8264.22-24 (524, Ox) [3]; XVI 12488.12-16 (538, HermN) [1]; 12489.10-13 (Vm, HermN) [1]; 12490.4-9 (VI, HermN) [1]; 12491.6-10 (VI/VII, HermN) [1]; 12492.19-22 (638, HermN) [1]; 12639.23-27 (VI, ArsN); 13037.15-18 (522/3, HermN) [1]; XXII 15595.8-9 (VI/VII, HermN) [1]; 15597.8-9 (537, Herm) [1]; XXIV 16129.7 (VI, HermN); XXVIII 17014.3-6 (528/9?, Herak) [1]; 17248.10-12 (VI, Near Thebes) [2]; XXX 17328.7-8 (546 or 561, Herak) [2]; SPP III 141.4 (VI/VII, ArsPol); 144 + 381.4 (VI, Kynon or ArsPol); 205 + 363, ll. 5-6 (VI/VII, ArsN); 432.5 (VII/VIII, OxN); T.Varie 8.9-11 (669, Syron Kome/Palosis) [3].
26. Assertion of Payment
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
Following the clause regulating the terms of loan repayment, Oxyrhynchite and Arsinoite scribes include a prohibition against the debtor claiming to have repaid the debt without providing written documentation. The earliest precisely dated Greek evidence of this injunction dates to 484 CE, the latest to 591/2 CE. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XVI 1891.15-20 (495 CE, Oxyrhynchos): καὶ] μὴ ἐξ[εῖ]ναι ἑκάστης πρ[ο]θεσμίας ἐνστάσης | 16 ὑπερθέσ[αι πε]ρὶ τὴν ἀπόδοσιν [ο]ὔτε ἑτέραν ἀπαιτήσασθαι περιφορὰν | 17 οὔτε λέγειν δεδωκέναι ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ χρέους χωρὶς ἐγγράφων | 18 ἐνταγίων καὶ συναποχῆς ἢ̣ πρὸ ἀνακομιδῆς τούτου μου τοῦ | 19 γραμματίου, ἀλλʼ ἔσται σοι ἡ εἴσπραξις παρά τε ἐμοῦ καὶ ἐκ τῶν | 20 ὑπαρχόντων μου πάντων (‘and I am forbidden when each term arrives to delay repayment or to demand another period or to state that I have paid any part of said debt without a written document and a joint receipt or before the recovery of this bond, but you shall have the right to effect repayment upon both myself and all my property’. (transl.: editio princeps, p. 102). A similar case is discussed in the parachoresis BGU IV 1127.20 (18 BCE, Alexandria) where the conveyor is prohibited from asserting that he has not received the price: καὶ μὴ{ι} ἐξ‹ε›ῖναι τῶι Ἀπολλωνίῳ λέγ‹ε›ιν· οὐκέτι π̣α̣ρ̣ε̣ί̣λ̣η̣φ̣α̣.
Bibl.: Hodeček – Mitthof (2005). Demotic parallel in Felber (1997): 2.1.8.
BGU IV 1127.20-22 (18A, Alex); P.Coles 29.7-11 (V/VI, Ox?); P.Leid.Inst. 17 side II a ll. 11-12 (IVm, UP); P.Oxy. VIII 1130.17-20 (484, Senokomis); XVI 1891.15-19 (495, Ox); LXIII 4394.134-136 (494, Ox); P.Warr. 10.27-28 (591/2, Ox); SB VIII 9770.8-9 (511, ArsN); XXX 17328.8-9 (546/561, Herak); SPP XX 139.16 (531, ArsPol).
27. Failure to Surrender Object of Purchase
Category: Penalty, Surrender
Link to Synallagma
In 222 documents that record the sale of fungibles, the terms of their future delivery by the vendor to the purchaser are set forth. In 65 of these documents, the possibility that the vendor will not deliver the commodity as scheduled is anticipated. The clause is particularly common in documents recording the sale of wine (21 of 87 texts concerning delivery, mostly Byzantine) and of grain (20 of 48, mostly Ptolemaic and Roman). Down to the third century, the prevailing rule is a proportional payment by measurement unit (artaba, keramion). The standard is flexible: ‘market value’ in the Ptolemaic period, value at the time repayment falls due in the Roman. In the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, the verb denoting the payment of indemnity is ἀποτίνω or ἐκτίνω. In the Byzantine period, the future form of παρέχω becomes predominant. In the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, the clause is followed by the praxis clause; in the Byzantine period, it comprises the kindynos formula, which has the same function. Cf., e.g., P.Bas. 5.9-10 (III CE, Unknown Provenance): ἐὰν δὲ μὴ παραδοι (l. παραδῶι) τὸν χόρτον εὐάρεστον τῇ προκε[ι]μένῃ προθ[εσ]|10μίᾳ, ἐκτείσ‹ε›ι αὐτῷ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ ἐσομένην πλείστην τ{ε}ιμήν (‘If he does not deliver the fodder in acceptable quality on the time stated above, let him (viz., the vendor) pay him (viz., the purchaser) as indemnity the highest value of the fodder at the time due for delivery’). The rule changes in the Byzantine period; now the vendor owes a lump sum as the penalty irrespective of the quantity or value of the undelivered commodity. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. III 1001.21-26 (539 CE, Hermopolites): εἰ δὲ μὴ | 22 δυν̣ηθῶ διδόναι σοι τὸν̣ α(ὐ)τὸν wheat καὶ οἶνον̣ | 23 ἐν [τ]ῇ αὐτῇ πρ̣ο̣θεσμίᾳ παρέξω σοι ὑπὲρ τῆς̣ τ̣ο̣ύ̣τ̣ω̣[ν] | 24 τιμῆς χρυσο(ῦ) κεράτια ἓξ εὐθὺς μετὰ τὴν̣ ̣ ̣ ̣α̣δ ̣[ ̣] | 25 τ̣ῆς α(ὐτῆς) προθεσμίας ἰδίῳ μ̣ο(υ) κινδύνῳ καὶ πάση[ς] | 26 ὑποστάσεως. (‘If I am unable to give you the same grain and wine on the date due for delivery, I will immediately pay you on account of their price six gold keratia – – at the risk of my own property’).
Bibl.: Montevecchi (1944): 134-135; Visky (1970): 347; Packman (1975): 290-295; (1983): 21-26; Jördens (1990): 327-328; Jakab (2009): 150-151.
BGU II 542.18-22 (165, Athenas Kome) [ἐκτίσειν (rest.); land, parachoresis: hemiolion, dam., exp., fisc]; XII 2198.17-22 (545 or 560, Herm) [παρασχεῖν; hyp.gen.; chortos: fixed price]; 2208.25-29 (614, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind: straw: fixed amount]; 2209.23-26 (614, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind: wine: lump sum]; 2210.22-25 (617, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind; reed: value]; XIII 2331.16-17 (91, SokN) [ἀποτισάτω: barley]; XVII 2693.1-3 (VI/VII, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind; value]; 2694.28-33 (608, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind; barrel (koupha)]: fixed amount]; 2695.21-25 (608, Herm) [παρέξω; in kind: wine: lump sum]; P.Ant. I 42.24-27 (557, Lenaiou) [παρασχεῖν; hyp.gen.; wine: lump sum]; P.Athen. 23.20-21 (82, Thead) [ἀποτεισάτωσαν; praxis; wine: hemiolia]; P.Bas. 5.9-10 (III, UP) [ἐκτείσει; praxis; fodder: proportional, value at time of due delivery]; P.Col. IV 76.13-15 (247A, Phil) [ἀποτείσω; vine props: proportional; dam.]; P.Dion. 34.9-14 (116A, HermN) [ἀποτείσω; praxis: grain: fixed price]; P.Eirene II 7.13-18 (615, HermN); P.Fay. 89.16-19 (9, Pelousion) [ἐκτίσω; vegetable seeds, barley: per missing object]; P.Gen. I 15.3-4 (VI/VII, ArsN) [ed.: ἐξουσίαν σε̣ ἔχει̣ν̣ ἀ̣παιτῆσαι; grain: lump sum]; II 89.11-16 (5A, Thead) [ἐκτίσω; wheat: hemiolia, MMP]; P.Grenf. II 16.8-9 (136A, Path) [ἀποτεισάτω; mulberry-tree, hemiolion]; P.Hamb. I 21.2.8-10 (315, Ox) [ἐκτίσειν; praxis; flax: proportional, value at time of due delivery, dipl.]; 71.19-22 (149, Phil) [ἀποτεισάτω; praxis; fodder: proportional, value at time of due delivery, hemiolia]; P.Heid. V 355.9-15 (V/VI, HermN) [παρέξω; in kind; barley: lump sum]; 361.27-31 (613, ArsPol) [meat; lump sum]; VI 383.8-14 (209A, Oxyrhyncha) [ἀποτείσω; price: hemiolion]; P.Hib. I 84a.7-9, 23-25 (285/4A, HerakN ?) [ἀποτεισάτω; praxis; wheat: proportional]; P.Laur. IV 176.13-14 (316, OxN) [ἐκτείσομεν; praxis; flax: proportional, value at time of due delivery: dipl.]; P.Lond. III 1001.21-26 (539, HermN) [παρέξω; in kind; wine, grain: lump sum]; V 1881.4-7 (VI, UP) [παρασχεῖν; wine; lump sum]; P.Meyer 7.18-21 (130, Polydeukia) [ἀποτισάτω; praxis; beans: proportional, hemiolia and interest]; P.Mich. IX 572.23-25 (131, Kar) [ἀποδώσει; grain: agora maximum]; XIII 670.12-16 (527, Tanyaithis) [restraint, no excuse; grain]; P.Mil. I 4.12-21 (2A, Thead) [ἐκτείσω; wheat: hemiolia, MMP]; 5.16-22 (38, Thead) [hemiolia, MMP]; 8.19-20 (48, Thead) [ἀποτεισάτω; praxis; barley: proportional, hemiolia]; 52.14-16a (285, Ox) [ἐκτείσω; praxis; flax: dipl.]; P.Neph. 34.7-8 (IV, UP) [ἐκτείσω; grain, wine: interest]; P.Oslo II 43.7-9 (140/1, ProsopN?) [ἐκτείσω; praxis; wine: dipl.]; P.Oxy. IV 729.17-22 (142, Thosbis) [ἐκτίσει; praxis]; XIV 1639.11-13 (73A/44A, Ox) [ἐκτείσομεν, praxis; wheat: proportional]; LXII 4349.15-19 (504, Ox) [διδόναι; grain: lump sum]; P.Palau Rib. 21.13-15 (VI, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; wine: lump sum]; P.Prag. I 46.14-15 (522, Antin) [hyp.gen.; vessels: value]; P.Stras. IV 203.10-12 (88/9, UP) [ἀποτισάτω; praxis; not clear: proportional, hemiolia]; VII 696.10-14 (VI, Herm) [hyp.gen.; wine: lump sum]; P.Tebt. I 109.23-25 (93A, Kerkeosiris) [ἀποτεισάτωσαν; praxis; wheat: proportional, MP, hemiolia]; P.Ups.Frid. 5.17-20 (261, Ox) [ἐκτίσειν; praxis; wheat: proportional, dipl.]; PSI X 1099.11-14 (6/5A, Ox) [ἐκτείσομεν; praxis; wheat: proportional]; XII 1249.29-31 (265, Ox) [ἐκτείσομεν; wine: proportional?, value at time of due delivery, dipl.]; 1250.11-14 (265, Ox) [ἐκτείσομεν; praxis; wine: proportional?; value at time of due delivery, dipl.]; 1251.20-23 (252, Ox) [ἐκτείσω; praxis; wheat: proportional?; value at time of due delivery, dipl.]; SB VI 9051.11-14 (VI, HermN) [grain: lump sum]; 9569.2-5 (91, UP) [ἐκτείσομεν; praxis; wine: proportional, dipl.]; 11600.20-25 (91-96, Bac?) [ἀποτισάτωσαν, praxis; grain: hemiolia]; XIV 11907.17-19 (239, PtolEu) [no verb; praxis; vegetable seeds: proportional?, value at time of due delivery]; XVI 12488.16-18 (538, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; wine: lump sum]; 12490.9-12 (VI, HermN) [παρέξω; wine: lump sum]; 12491.10-14 (VI/VII, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; in kind; wine: lump sum]; 12492.22-27 (638, HermN) [παρασχεῖν; in kind; wine: lump sum]; XXII 15595.9-11 (VI/VII, HermN) [διδόναι; wine: lump sum]; XXIV 16265.6-7 (259/60?, OxN) [ἐκτείσω; praxis; wine: proportional?]; SPP III 357.5 (VI/VII, ArsN) [market price?]; 381v (VI, Kynon/ArsPol); 396.8 (VI/VII, ArsN)?; XXII 20.16-21 (3?A, UP) [ἀποτισάτω; donkey: hemiolia; interest; damage; epit.].
28. Return of Dowry
Category: Termination
Link to Synallagma
Ptolemaic marriage documents do not regulate divorce directly. Instead, they deal with the consequences of violating marital duties and, in turn, the loss of the dowry by the wife or its restitution with an added sum by the husband, depending on which of the two has violated the terms of the marriage. In the Roman period, a change occurs such that each party can dissolve the union without having to prove misconduct on the other’s part. BGU I 252.7–9 (98 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis) may be treated as paradigmatic in this respect, at least as far as the Arsinoite nome is concerned: ἐὰν δ[ὲ] διαφορᾶς αὐτοῖς γενομένης [χ]ωρίζωνται ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων, ἀποδό[τ]ω ὁ Σαταβ(οῦς) | 8 [Τααρπαγά]θῃ τὰς [τῆ]ς φερνῆς ἀρ[γυ]ρίου δραχμὰς ἑ[κ]ατόν, ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς ἀποπομπῆς παραχρῆμα, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἑκουσί|9[ας ἀπαλλαγῆς] ἐν ἡμέραις τρι[ά]κοντα, ἀφʼ ἧς [ἐὰ]ν ἀπα[ι]τ[η]θῇ (‘But if a difference arises between them and they separate from one another, let Satabous pay back to Taarpagathe the hundred drachms of the pherne on the occasion of a divorce forthwith; in the case of willful departure within thirty days of the day in which it is claimed back’.). The terms that denote the spouses’ rift are διαφορά and χωρισμός, the former (‘dispute’, ‘disagreement’) leading to the latter, the ‘separation’ which is, in this case, expressed through the medial voice followed by ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων. The consequence, the restitution of the dowry, is expressed by means of ἀποδίδωμι, a well-known verb in clauses dealing with the repayment of a loan, payment of consideration in the case of sale of genus chattel, and payment of rent in leases.
A wife’s right to recover her entire dowry in any type of divorce is not denied. The clause, however, distinguishes between the circumstances of the divorce in a way that affects the modalities of this restitution. Thus, in ἀποπομπή, a divorce initiated by the husband, the dowry must be returned immediately (παραχρῆμα). If it is the wife who initiates the divorce—a type of rupture that the Arsinoite source material specifies as ἀπαλλαγή—she should first demand the return of the dowry (ἀπαίτησις), which her husband is obligated to meet within the specified period. Some scribes specify the condition of the pherne upon recovery. See, for example, P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.11–13: [ἐὰν δὲ διαφορᾶς γε]νομένης χωρίζονται ἀπʼ ἀλλ[ήλων, ἀποδώτω (l. ἀποδότω) ὁ Ἀ]μμωνᾶς τῇ Τεφορσάϊτι τῇ καὶ Εὐδαιμονίδι τὴν προκειμένην φερνὴν | 12 [χρυσίου τετάρτ]ας δύο ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ κοσμαρίῳ κα[ὶ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ τὰ ἱμά]τια σὺν τῷ ἀποδέοντι ἢ τὴν προκειμένην αὐτῶν συντ{ε}ίμησιν | 13 [ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς ἀποπομπῆς] παραχρῆμα, ἐ̣π̣ὶ̣ δὲ τῆς ἑκ[ουσίας ἀπαλλαγῆς ἐν ἡμ]έραις ἑξήκοντα ‘But if a difference arises between them and they separate from one another, let Ammonas pay back to Tephorsais, also known as Eudaimonis, the aforesaid dowry, two quarters of gold in the same jewellery and – – the clothing, including what is missing or their aforesaid value, in the case of divorce, forthwith, in that of willful departure within sixty days’).
As soon as additional subcategories of dowries—the parapherna and the prosphora—are created, they are also individually treated in the divorce clause. For the parapherna, the general rule is immediate restitution under all circumstances. Some documents also specify the qualities of the parapherna upon restitution: τὰ παράφερνα οἷα ἐὰν ἐκ τῆς τρίψεως ἐκβῆι (‘the parapherna, as they result from wear and tear’). In the rules regarding the prosphora, a dowry category comprised of land and slaves, the terminology is quite different: restitution is denoted not by the verb ἀποδίδωμι, with the husband as the subject, but with various other terms: ἀνακομίζομαι (‘recover’), ἀποσπάω (‘drag away’), in which the subject is the wife, the person who originally delivered them, or simply the third-person singular imperative or infinitive of εἰμί, in which the subject is the object of return and the beneficiaries are expressed in the genitive.
The Byzantine evidence is sparse. In the only readily reconstructable clause, that of P.Cair.Masp. III 67340r ll. 35–39 (VI CE, Antinoopolis), the husband is liable to a penalty in the sum of 1 gold litra in the event of an ungrounded divorce: εἰ δὲ ὡς | 36 εἰκὸς δόξῃ αὐτῷ ταύτην ἀποβά̣[λ]λεσθαι δίχα | 37 οἵας δήποτε α̣[ἰτίας εὐλόγου(?) παρέξει]ν | 38 αὐτῇ προστί[μου λόγῳ χρυσοῦ λίτρας] | 39 τρεῖς [ -ca.?- ] (‘If, as is clear, he (the husband) decides to cast her (his wife) out without any reasonable cause, he shall provide her with three gold litras on account of penalty’).
Bibl. Montevecchi (1936): 20-21, 75-78; Häge (1968) 75-91, 160-171, 238-244, 277-282; Yiftach (2003): 208-214.
apop.: apopompe; apal.: apallage; cph.: conditions pherne; cpar.: conditions parapherna; cpro.: conditions prosphora
BGU I 183.8-9 (85, SokN); 251.5-6 (81, SokN); 252.7-9 (98, PtolEu) [apop., apal.]; III 717.15-22 (149, ArsN) [chorismos]; IV 1045.21-25 (154, Alabanthis?) [cph.; (proix): apop., apal.]; CPR I 22.22-29? (158, ArsN) [cph.; cpro.: apop., apal.]; 24.27-33 (136, PtolEu) [cph.; cpar.; cpro.: apop., apal.]; 27.16-23 (189, PtolEu) [cph.; cpar.; cpro.: apop., apal.]; 28.6-7 (110, PtolEu) [cph.]; 235.1?-10 (II, ArsN) [cph.; cpar.; cpro.]; 236.7-9 (81-96, SokN) [apop., apal.]; 237.8-11 (II, ArsN) [cpar.]; VII 33.21-30 (II, UP) [cpro.; apop.]; P.Amst. I 38.12-15 (II, UP); P.Bodl. I 61d.9-12 (II, ArsN) [apop., apal.]; P.Cair.Masp. III 67340r.35-39 (VI, Antin) [ed.: παρέξει]ν | αὐτῇ προστί[μου λόγῳ];]; P.Dura 30.28-35 (232, Qatna); P.Flor. I 24.12-17 (IIIm, ArsN) [cpar.]; P.Gen. I 21.12-14 (II, UP) [apal.]; P.Hamb. III 220.10-14 (223/4, PtolEu?) [cpher.: apop., apal.]; P.Ifao I 30.22-28 (138-160, ArsN) [cpar.: apop., apal.]; P.Lond. II 294.20-27 (160, PtolEu) [cph.: apop., apal.]; P.Lund VI 3.14-25 (139, UP) [apal.]; P.Mert. II 72.23-27 (162, Teb); P.Mich. V 339.3-4 (46, Teb); 340.41-55 (45/6, Teb) [apop., apal.]; 341.5-6 (47, Teb) [cpro.]; 343.8 (54, Teb); XV 700.13-15 (143/153, Kar) [cph.]; P.Mich.Inv. 92.13-21 (73/4, Ox); P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.11-14 (172-175, Teb) [cph.: apop., apal.]; P.Oxy. II 265.17-19, 20-26 (81-96, Ox) [cph.; cpro.]; 267.1-34, ll. 16-18, 18-21 (37, Ox) [cph.]; 372.13-15 (74/5, Ox); III 496.8-9 (127, Ox) [cpro.; pregnancy]; 497.4-11 (IIe, Ox) [apal.: maintenance of the divorcee and joint children]; VI 905.11-16 (170, OxN) [apal.]; X 1273.25-36 (260, OxN) [cph.; pregnancy]; XII 1473.11-17 (201, OxN) [cpro.]; XLIX 3491.18-24? (157/8, Ox) [cpar.]; 3500.9-15 (III, Ox); P.Ryl. II 154.24-30, 30-33, 33-35 (66, Bac) [cph.; cpar.; cpro.: apop., apal.]; P.Stras. III 131.15-17 (363, ArsN); IV 225.1-9, ll. 6-9 (IIs, UP) [cpar.]; 225.10-24, ll. 20-24 (IIs, UP); 237.21-27? (142, PtolEu); VI 533.13-16 (II, UP) [cpar.; cpro.]; IX 807.8-9 (98-117, Thead?); P.Tebt. I 104.30-32 (92A, Kerkeosiris) [apal.]; II 386.20-24 (12A, Hiera Nesos); PSI I 36a.3.15-18, 4.21-24 (12/3, Thead ?); 64.11-18 (IIA/IA, Ox) [apop.; apal.]; X 1115.17-21 (152, Teb) [cpro.]; 1117.39-43 (138, Teb) [cph.; cpro.]; SB XII 10924.16-25? (114, Thead); XVI 12334.1-6, 22 (IIl, Phil) [cph.: apop., apal.]; XXIV 16072.24-29 (del.) 36-38, 39-43, 68-69 (12A, Alex); XXVIII 17050.9 (II, Teb) [apop., apal.]; SPP III, pp. 115-16, ll. 19-28 (169-176, Ox) [cph.; cpar.; apop., apal.: pregnancy].
29. Consequences of Failure to Return the Dowry
Category: Termination
Link to Synallagma
In 8 documents, mostly from first and early second-century Arsinoites, the scribe discusses the consequences of non-delivery of the dowry upon divorce: immediate payment of a hemiolia and the application of the praxis. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 340.55-63 (45/6 CE, Tebtynis): ἐὰν δὲ | 56 μὴ ἀποδῶ καθʼ ἃ γέγραπται ἀποτισάτω | 57 παραχρῆμα μεθʼ ἡμιολίας γινομένης | 58 τῷ Διδύμῳ, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ περιῇ, τῇ θυγα|59τρὶ Ἡρακλείᾳ τῆς πράξεως ἔκ τε τοῦ | 60 ὁμολογοῦντος Ἁρυώτου ⟦καὶ ἐκ τῶν⟧ | 61 ὡς ἐκ Πέρσου τῆς ἐπιγονῆς καὶ | 62 ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ πάντων | 63 καθάπερ ἐγ δίκης (‘And if he shall not restore them as has been written, he shall repay them immediately and half as much again; the right of execution resting with Didymos or, if he should not survive, with his daughter Herakleia against the party of the first part, Haryotes, [and against…] just as if against a Persian of the epigone, and against all his possessions as if in accordance with a judgment’).
Bibl.: Wolff (1941): 418-420; Häge (1968): 83-85, 169-171; Yiftach (2003): 208-214.
BGU I 183.9-10 (85, SokN); 251.6-7 (81, SokN); 252.9-10 (98, PtolEu); P.Hib. II 208.10-11? (265A-250A, Hibeh); P.Lund. VI 3.25-28 (139, UP); P.Mich. V 340.55-59 (45/6, Teb); P.Oxy. III 496.8-9 (127, Ox); P.Tebt. I 104.20-24 (92A, Kerkeosiris).
30. Antichresis (Land)
Category: Capacity, Remuneration, Security
Link to Synallagma
According to the clause in question here, attested primarily in source material from first- and second-century CE Arsinoites and Hermopolites, the creditor takes possession of a piece of land currently held by or belonging to the debtor. The document reports the area of the land, its legal and administrative status, and its location with varying degrees of detail. The array of verbs is relatively constant—σπείρω (‘sow’), καρπίζομαι (‘enjoy the fruits’), ἀποφέρω εἰς τὸ ἴδιον (‘take for one’s personal use’), γεωργέω (‘cultivate’), ἐκμισθόω (‘let out for hire’)—embodying the creditor’s right to utilize the land. However, the creditor never acquires (with the possible exception of ἐκμισθόω) any ability to alienate the object, let alone title. An indication of the time frame is possible but not indispensable (See, e.g., P.Gen. II 106.9-16: 153/4 CE, Unknown Provenance, below). The creditor’s right to cultivation is applied in two distinct scenarios. In seven cases [Type1], it is granted for the duration of the contract; the creditor is allowed to take possession of the land and utilize it immediately in lieu of the debtor’s payment of interest in cash. Accordingly, the clause is introduced by the substitution formula (cf. antichresis (persons) ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων). Under these circumstances, the creditor derives his status from a concession granted by the debtor. In at least 3 cases [BGU I 101.5-23 (115 CE, Arsinoites); P.Corn. 7.7-11 (126 CE, Karanis); P.Kron. 20.10-22 (146 CE, Tebtynis)] the clause is introduced by the verb συγχωρέω; its subject, the debtor/landholder, is followed by infinitives that express the creditor’s capacities for the duration of the contract. In seven other cases [Type2], the concession is conditional, taking effect if the debtor fails to repay the debt according to the terms set forth earlier in the document. Accordingly, it is recorded later in the document, after the return clause, within the framework of the clause dealing with the event of failure to repay. The clause is thus introduced through the protasis ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀποδῶ. The rights themselves derive, in one case (BGU I 339.16-27: 128, Karanis), from the verb συγχωρῶ, viz., an act of concession by the debtor, but elsewhere they are built on the impersonal ἔξεστιν [P.Gen. II 106.10 (153/4 CE, Unknown Provenance); P.Kron. 17.19 (140 CE, Tebtynis); P.Tebt. II 390.21 (167 CE, Tebtynis); SB XIV 12017.16 (156 CE, Tebtynis)]. The period of cultivation is expressly stated in BGU I 339.21-22: μέχρι οὗ ἀπο|δῶι τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ πυρόν. The object of the repayment is sometimes stated as well: in BGU I 339 it is the interest, the hemiolia (a 50% penalty for failing to settle the debt on time), and the ensuing taxes; in P.Gen. II 106 it is the interest; and in P.Lips. I 10.1.5-2.11 it is arrears interest. For defrayment, an antichresis is given [1]; cf., e.g., P.Corn. 7.7-11 (126 CE, Karanis): κα[ὶ] ἀντὶ τῶν | τούτων τόκων συγχωρεῖ καρπ(ίζεσθαι) | τὴ(ν) Σαμβάθιον περὶ Ψεναρψενῆσιν | 10 ἐλαιῶνος (ἀρούρης) δ´ μέχρ{ε}ι οὗ ἀποδῦ (l. ἀποδῷ) τὸ | προκείμενον κεφάλαιον (‘… and in lieu of the interest on this loan, she (viz., the debtor) concedes that Sambathion (viz., the creditor) shall enjoy the fruits of a quarter aroura of an olive grove until she (viz., the debtor) shall have paid back the aforementioned principal sum’). For default, an antichresis is imposed [2]; cf., e.g., P.Gen. II 106.9-14 (153/4 CE, Unknown Provenance): αἰὰν (l. ἐὰν) δὲ μὴ ἀποδῶ | 10 ἕως τῆς προθυ̣σμίας (l. προθεσμίας) ἐξ‹ε›ῖναί σο[ι] καρ|11πί̣σεσ[θ]αι ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων τὸ ὑ[π]ά̣ρ|12χ̣ο̣ν̣ μ̣ο̣ι̣ ἐ̣ν τῇ κώμῃ ἥμισου (l. ἥμισυ) τ[ρί]τον | 13 μέ̣ρο[ς τοῦ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ἐλεουργίου (l. ἐλαιουργείου) τὸ ὑπάρχον | 14 [μοι κ]α̣ὶ̣ μ̣έ̣ρ̣ο̣ς̣ πατ̣ρ̣ικόν (‘If I do not repay (the loan) by the appointed time, you will be allowed to enjoy the fruits in return for the interest of the paternal half and one-third share of an oil-press that belongs to me in the village’).
Bibl.: Weiss (1909): 39-50; Manigk (1910a): 18, 29-31, (2010b): 285-286; Herrmann (1957): 124-126 (on P.Michael 43); (1958): 240-241, (1962): 28-29; Kniepkamp (1970): 53-71; Kupiszewski (1986): 138-148; Rupprecht (1992): 131; Papadatou (2008): 212-214; Bobbink – Mauer (2019): 358-364; Yiftach (2019): 170-173.
BGU I 101.5-23 (115, ArsN) [1; anti; συνκεχωρηκέναι: speir., karpiz., apopher.]; 339.16-22 (128, Kar) [2; συγχωρεῖ: georg., karpiz.]; III 782.8-22 (182/3, ArsN) [1]; IV 1156v.11-22 (14/3A, Alex); CPR VII 31.24-44, l. 33 (197, Herm); P.Corn. 7.7-11 (126, Kar) [1; anti; συγχωρεῖ: karpiz.]; P.Erl. 60.3-9 (II, UP) [2; krat., kyrieu.]; P.Fay. 205.11-14 (138-161, Bac) [2; συγχωρεῖ: karpiz.]; P.Gen. II 106.9-16 (153/4, UP) [2; ἐξεῖναι: karpiz., anti]; P.Kron. 17.18-27 (140, Teb) [2; ἐξεῖναι: karpiz.]; 20.10-22 (146, Teb) [2; anti; συνχωρεῖ: karpiz.]; P.Lips. I 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.35-37 (178, Herm) [2; anti; ed.: κ[αρ]πείαν καὶ διαμίσθωσιν καὶ πρόσοδον πᾶσαν;]; P.Lond. III 1168.5-8 (44, Herm); P.Oxf. 11.8-13 (149, Hiera Nesos) [1; anti; συνκεχωρηκέναι: embad., kataspeir.*, karpiz., apopher.*]; P.Oxy. LXIII 4397.21-26 (545/Ox); P.Stras. IX 893.1-11 (180, UP); P.Tebt. II 390.20-29 (167, Teb) [2; ἐξέσται: kataspeir., karpiz.]; SB V 7758.18-28 (497, MagdBouk) [1; anti; ἔχειν: speir., karpiz., λαβεῖν: karp.]; XII 11228.8-23 (204, OxN) [1; εἰς διάλυσιν; ἐξεῖναι: speir., karpiz., ekmisth.]; XIV 12017.15-21 (156, Teb) [2; ἐξέσται: kataspeir., karpiz.].
31. Antichresis (Persons)
Category: Security, Remuneration, Paramone
Link to Synallagma
In twelve documents from the first and second centuries, the debtor places (παρέξομαι) himself, or one of his dependents, at the disposal of the creditor as a means of repaying some of the debt, mostly interest, in what is termed here the substitution formula (ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων). The nature of the document as a labour contract is expressed in the description of the duties that the assigned person is supposed to discharge during the stay, all expressed in a participial form. The duties may be phrased generally, e.g., ποιοῦντα and ἐπιτελοῦντα τὰ ἐπιτασσόμενα (e.g., P.Alex. 8.12: 89 CE, Boubastos), or object-specific, e.g., πηλοπατοῦντα in an assignment to labour in a pottery workshop (P.Mich. V 241.24-38 l. 33: 42 CE, Tebtynis). The nature of the contract is also evident in the incorporation of remuneration, maintenance, and taxes into the substitution formula. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. X 587.7-8 (24/5 CE, Tebtynis): ἀντὶ τῶν τού|των τόκων καὶ δεόντων καὶ ἱ̣ματισμοῦ. The clause reports the period of service, its beginning date expressed through ἀπό + genitive, and its duration through ἐπί + the accusative. The ‘paramonic’ nature of the contract is stressed via the night-and-day stay clause, sometimes following, sometimes integrated into the antichresis clause. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. X 587.7-16 (24/5 CE, Tebtynis): καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν τού|8των τόκων καὶ δεόντων καὶ ἱ̣ματισμοῦ παρ|9έξεσθαι τὸν ὁμολογοῦντα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ θυγατέρα{ν} | 10 Κολλεῦθιν παραμέ̣νουσα‹ν› τῶι Ἁρμιύσει καὶ τοῖς | 11 παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐπʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕνα ἀπὸ τοῦ προκιμένου | 12 χρόνου διατρίβ[ου]σαν καὶ ποιοῦσαν τὰ ἐπιστε̣λ‹λ›όμενα | 13 αὐτῆι̣ πάντ̣α̣, [οὐ] l. γινομένην ἀποκοιτος (l. ἀπόκοιτον) οὐδʼ ἀφη|14μ[ερ]ος (l. ἀφή|[με]ρον) ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Ἁρμιύσιος οἰκίας ἄνευ τῆς | 15 αὐτοῦ γνόμης̣ (l. γνώμης), ἀλλὰ καὶ συνακο[λ]ουθοῦσα‹ν› αὐτῶι | 16 πα̣ν̣ταχῆι κατ̣ʼ [Α]ἴγυπτον (‘… In lieu of interest on that amount and in return for necessities and clothing, he, the party of the first part, shall present his daughter, Kolleuthis, who will remain with Harmiysis and his representatives for one year from the aforesaid date, staying and accomplishing whatever is enjoined upon her, not absenting herself night or day from the house of Harmiysis without his knowledge, but following him everywhere throughout Egypt’).
Bibl.: Manigk (1910a): 26-29; Westermann (1948): 17-18; Taubenschlag (1932a): 516-517; Herrmann (1962): 29; Wolff (1946): 72-73; Samuel (1965): 301-304; Hengstl (1972): 24-27; Rupprecht (1992): 133; Papadatou (2008): 214-215; Yiftach (2019): 170-173.
anti: ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων; diatribe.: διατρίβοντα; paramen.: παραμένοντα; parech.: παρέχομαι; poiount.: ποιοῦντα; leitourg.: λειτουργοῦντα
BGU XIX 2837.7-17 (582, Herm); P.Alex. 8.8-12 (89, Boubastos) [anti; paramen., poiount.]; P.Dura 17d.43 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [ed.: παρ[έξεται αὐτῶι δουλικὰς χρείας;]; 21.2-4 (IIf, Dura Europos); P.Flor. I 44.16-18 (158, PtolEu) [anti; parech. + paramen.]; P.Köln XVI 652.10-16 (183/185, Ox) [anti.; ἐργαζόμενος]; P.Mert. III 105.17-34, ll. 21-34 (164/5, Teb) [anti; parech.: paramen.]; P.Mich. II 121r 4.8, ll. 1-2 (42, Teb) [anti; parech. (reflexive): leitourg., epitel.]; V 241.24-38, ll. 27-31 (46, Teb) [parech.: paramen., πηλοπατοῦντα]; X 587.7-16 (24/5, Teb) [parech: paramen., diatribe., poiount.]; P.Mich.Inv. 4299.6-15 (20/19a, Thead?); 4346 + 4446f.11-19 (15/17, Thead?) [anti; parech.: paramen.]; P.Oxf. 10.15-19 (98-117, Thead) [anti; παραμενεῖν]; P.Sarap. 20.9-11 (121, Herm).
32. Enoikesis
Category: Remuneration, Security
Link to Synallagma
At times, the creditor inhabits a house owned by the debtor in order to defray some of the debt, usually the interest. In BGU VI 1280.12-14 (210 BCE, Unknown Provenance), probably recording a prodomatic lease, the lessee/creditor is allowed to hold the object of the lease in case of a defaulted payment, and is also entitled to bebaiosis: ἐὰν δ[ὲ μὴ ἀποδῶι] | 13 [Πάτροκλος] Διοκλεῖ τὰς ἑβδομήκοντα δραχμὰς κατὰ̣ [τὰ γεγρ]αμμένα, κ̣α̣τ̣[έχετω Διο]|14[κλῆς ἃ μεμί]σθωται χρώμενος κατὰ τὰ ‹τ›αυτὰ ἕως ἂν τὰ [ἑαυτοῦ κ]ομίσηται (‘And if Patroklos does not pay back the seventy drachms to Diokles, as stated above, let Diokles retain the object of the lease, employing it in the same manner until he recovers his own’).
In the Roman period, the enoikesis is recorded in loan contracts and is introduced, following the act of lending, by the locution ἀντὶ τῶν τόκων (‘in lieu of interest’). A scribe may use this clause to give expression to the debtor’s concession (ἐχώρησεν, ἐάσειν/ συνκεχωρηκέναι ἐνοικεῖν) or simply state, in the future indicative, the creditor’s status (ἐνοικήσει). The clause reports the object of the residence, sometimes with an account of the abutters, the village or city quarter, the duration and beginning of the stay, and the creditor’s right to freely dispose of the asset. Cf., e.g., SB XVI 13042.5-12 (29 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἐφʼ ὧι ἀντὶ τῶν τούτων τόκων ἐνοική|6[σει ὁ Ἁρμιῦσις ἐν τῷ] ὑπάρχοντι τῆι Διδύμηι τρίτωι μέρει πατρικῆς | 7 [οἰκίας διστέγου καὶ] αὐλῆς, ἐκ τοῦ ἀπὸ νότου μέρους καὶ τὸ κατὰ μέσον | 8 [τρίτον μέρος τοῦ αἰθρίο]υ, καὶ τῶν συνκυρόντων κοινῶν καὶ ἀδιαιρέ|9[των, ἐπὶ τοῦ πρὸς Ὀξυρύ]γχων πόλει Σαραπιείου ἐν λαύρᾳ Χηνοβοσκῶν ἐπʼ ἔ|10[τη -ca.?- καὶ μῆνας τέσσ]ερας, χρωμένου τοῦ Ἁρμιύσιος καὶ τῶν παρʼ α̣[ὐτο]ῦ̣ | 11 [οἰκίαι διστέγωι καὶ αὐ]λῆι καὶ αἰθρίωι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τῆς οἰκίας χρη|12[στηρίοις πᾶσι (‘… On the condition that, in lieu of interest thereon, Harmiysis shall inhabit the third part of a two-floor paternal house, of a yard and of the appurtenances, common and undivided at the Sarapieion in the city of Oxyrhynchos in the quarter of the Gooseherds for a period of – – years and four months, Harmiysis and his representatives utilizing the two-floor yard atrium and all other facilities of the house’).
Bibl.: Manigk (1910): 297; (1910a): 23-26, (2010b): 296-297; Berger (1911): 121, 161; Mitteis (1912): 152-154; Taubenschlag (1955): 286-288; Samuel (1961): 33-37; (1965): 305; Rupprecht (1992): 131.
BGU IV 1115.7-25, 38-51 (13A, Alex) [ed. : ἔ̣χ̣‹ε›ι̣ δὲ ὁ̣ Θέω̣ν̣ | τὴν ἐνοίκησιν τοῦ τε οἴκου;]; VI 1280.12-14 (210A, UP) [defaulted payment; ed,: κ̣α̣τ̣[έχετω Διο]|13[κλῆς ἃ μεμί]σθωται χρώμενος κατὰ τὰ {τ}αὐτὰ ἕως ἂν τὰ [ἑαυτοῦ κ]ομίσηται;]; XIV 2395.9-17, 20-26, 50-59, 64-71 (221A, Takona) [ἐμίσθωσεν πύργον; χρώμενοι]; P.Fouad I 44.10-18 (44, Ox) [ἐάσειν ἐνοικεῖν]; P.Hamb. I 30.10-16 (89, Phil) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; P.Haun. III 56.6-11 (IV, UP); P.Lips. II 130.16-22 (16, Teb) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; P.Mich. III 188.7-12 (120, Bac) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; 189.9-17, 20-21 (123, Bac) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; IX 570.7-13, 15-18 (105/6, Kar) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; X 585.7-13 (87, Bac) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; XI 605.5-10 (117, Bac) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; XII 635.8-13, 21-24 (71, Bac) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ὥστε ἐνοικεῖν]; P.Monts.Roca IV 78.8-11 (49-54, Ox) [ἐνοικήσει, χρωμένης]; P.Münch. III 95.7-? (103-115, ArsN)?; P.Oxy. I 104.25-27 (96, Ox) [ἐνοικήσει χωρὶς ἐνοικίου]; III 634.6-7 (126, Ox) [χρῆσιν καὶ ἐνοίκησιν*]; 646.11 (117-126?, Ox) [ἐνοίκησιν ἄνευ ἐνοικίου]; XIV 1641.1-6 (68, Ox) [χρωμένου]; XXXVI 2773.9-16 (82, Ox) [ἐξέστην χρῆσιν]; P.Princ. III 144.8-12 (219/20 or 239/40, PtolEu) [ἐπὶ τῇ ἐνοικήσει]; P.Stras. II 92.9-11 (244/3a, OxN) [ἐχώρησεν ἐν τῶι οἰκή̣ματι κτλ.]; P.Thomas 4.11-19 (41-54, Teb) [συνκεχωρηκέναι ἐνοικεῖν]; SB XII 11041.2-5 (20/1, Teb) [ἐνοικεῖν]; XVI 12263.5-8 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [ἐνοικεῖν, with bebaiosis]; 13041.1-4; (I-II, Ox) [ἐνοικήσει, with ekbalein]; 13042.5-12 (29, Ox) [ἐνοικήσει, χρωμένου]; XVIII 13154.6-7 (IIA-IA, UP) [ἐνοικείτω, ἄνευ ἐνοικίου].
33. Kyrieueto
Category: Remuneration, Security
Link to Synallagma
In lease contracts from the Ptolemaic period and from Roman Oxyrhynchites, the lessor is to control the product until he recovers the rent. The verb denoting ‘control’, κυριεύω, is of course known from other contexts in which it is used, together with other verbs, to express capacities deriving from the acquisition of title. Here it stands alone and may simply denote a right of retention. The object of said control, expressed in the genitive, is the harvest (καρπῶν, γενημάτων, σκόρδων), sometimes given with an indication of its time frame (τῶν κατ᾽ ἔτος καρπῶν). The time frame of the lessor’s control is reported in a clause with the ἕως, with or without ἄν; and a verb denoting recovery: the medial voice of κομίζω or the active voice of ἀπολαμβάνω. The mode is conjunctive, of course. The object, given in the accusative, may be the rent (τὸ ἐκφόριον, τὸν φόρον, τὸ ἀπότακτον), the debt (τὰ ὀφειλόμενα), or simply the lessor’s property (τὰ αὑτοῦ). Cf., e.g., SB XX 14983.14-15 (220-260 CE, Oxyrhynchites): ὃν καὶ κυριεύειν τῶν κα[ρ]πῶν ἕως τὰ κα|15τʼ ἔτος ὀφιλόμενα ἀπολά[β]ῃ (‘… who (the lessor) will master the fruits until he recovers what is owed to him annually’).
Bibl.: Waszyński (1905): 144-145; Pringsheim (1950): 295-298; Taubenschlag (1955): 359-360; Herrmann (1958): 140-142; Kränzlein (1974): especially pp. 223-224.
BGU VI 1262.15-16 (216/5A, Takona); 1264.25-26 (215/4A, Tholt); 1266.29-30 (203/2A, Takona); 1267.16-17 (before 266/5A or before 228/7A, OxN); 1271.11 (180A-145A, Phil/ Thead); X 1943.16 (215/4A, Tholt); 1944.14-15 (214/3A, Tholt); 1950.4-5 (221A-205A, OxN); XIII 2340.14-15 (IIIe, Ox); XIV 2383.13 (215/4A, Tholt); 2384.13-14 (215/4A, Tholt); 2387.14-15 (scr.ext.) (IIIA, OxN); P.Amst. I 42.5-6 (III/IV, Mermertha); P.Batav. 16.10-11 (346/7, OxN); P.Berl.Leihg. I 20.14-16 (149, OxN); P.Col. X 273r.12-14 ?, (204, Ox); P.Coll.Youtie II 68.24-26 (266, Ox); 70.19-20 (272/3 or 278/9, Ox); 80.18-19 (315, Ox); P.Fouad I 43.34-36 (189/90, Phoboou); P.Frank. 1.25-27 (213A, Tholt); 2.28-29 (215/4A, Tholt); P.Harr. I 80.29-30 (249, OxN); P.Köln III 149.20-23 (after 212, OxN); P.Laur. IV 165.9-10 (305, Ox); P.Mert. I 17.30-32 (158, Oastiou Epoikion); P.Mich. XI 610.30-32 (282, Ox); P.Oxy. I 101.22-24 (142, Ox); 102.17-18 (306, Ox); 103.15-16 (316, Ox); III 499.22-24 (121, Senepta/Ox); 501.32-34 (186, Ox); IV 730.18-21 (130, Senepta/Ox); VI 910.24-26 (197, Pakerke/Ox); VIII 1124.5-7 (26, Ox); 1125.14-15 (II, Ox); XIV 1628.23-24 (73A, Ox); 1689.22-24 (266, Ox); 1691.14-15 (291/2, Ox); XVII 2137.29-30 (226, Episemou Epoikion); XVIII 2189.20-22 (219, Ox); XXII 2351.40-42 (112, Ox); XXXI 2585.14-15 (315, Ox); XXXIII 2676.24-26 (151, Ox); XXXVI 2795.15-17 (250, Ox); XXXVIII 2874.21-23 (108, Ox); XLI 2974.21-23 (162, Ox); XLV 3257.12 (318, Ox); 3260.18-19 (323, Ox); XLVII 3354.35 (257, Nomou Epoikion/Senepta); XLIX 3488.38-39 (70/1, Ox); 3489.26-27 (72/3, Ox); L 3589.17-18 (II, OxN); 3591.24-27 (219, Ox); 3592.19-21 (218-261?, Ox); LV 3800.21-23 (219, Ox); 3802.17-18 (296, Ox); LXI 4121.14-16 (289/90, Ox); LXVII 4594.12-14 (228, Ox/Sanao); 4595.25-27 (261, Ox); LXIX 4739.15-16 (127, Ox); 4745.22-24 (202, Ox); 4753.19-20 (341, Ox); LXXI 4827.24-26 (173/4, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels. 41.31-32 (223/4, Ox); P.Palau Rib. 7.21-23 (137/8, 158/9 or 181/2, OxN); P.Ross.Georg. II 19.18-19 (141, Ox); P.Stras. VI 534.11-12 (before 161, Ox); P.Tebt. III.1 815.er.2-9, l. 7 (223/2A, Teb); 815.fr.2-9, l. 7 (223/2A, Teb); 815.fr.13-30, ll. 25-26 (223/2A, Teb); 819.9, 33-34 (171a, Oxyrhyncha); P.Trier I 12.35-37 (179A, Herak); P.Wisc. I 7.20-22 (159/60, Ox); P.Yale I 70.5-6 (229/30?, Ox); PSI III 178.3-5 (291, Ox); 187.16-17 (280/1 or 289/90 or 274/5, Ox); IV 316.14-15 (328, Ox); V 469.16-17 (334, Ox); VII 739.14-15 (163, Ox); VIII 880.19-20 (254/5, Ox); IX 1029.23-25 (52/3, OxN); 1069.19-21 (246, Ox); 1070.19-20 (260/1 or 261/2, Ox); 1071.18-20 (296, Ox); X 1122.23-25 (VI, OxN); XIII 1330.15-16 (after 3.172, Ox); SB IV 7443.14-16 (285, Ox); VIII 9918.15-16 (179/80, OxN); 9919.2-3 (IIIl, OxN); X 10216.17-18 (III/IV, Ox); 10263.15-17 (204, Ox); 10532.18-19 (87/8, Ox); XII 10780.24-26 (172/3, Ox); 10942.19-21 (4A, OxN); 11061.17-18 (218A, Tholt); 11228.25-27 (204, OxN); XX 14338.2-3 (120, Ox); 14983.14-15 (220-260, OxN); 14984.4-6 (140-210, OxN); XXII 15240.23-27 (156A, Ammonias, ArsN).
Section V: Deductions and Additions
34. Hypologos
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
In lease contracts from the Ptolemaic period, the lessee is allowed to pay reduced rent under two circumstances. One is uninundated land (abrochos). The circumstance considered here is that the lessee had to pay public or private debts on account of the land, which he is now entitled to deduct from the rent. While the purpose of the two clauses is identical, the term denoting deduction is different: while in the case of aborchia the commonly used verb is προσδέχομαι in the early Ptolemaic, and παραδέχομαι in the Roman period, in the present case it is, throughout the Ptolemaic and Roman period, ὑπολογέω. The reasons for the deduction are expressed through the preposition ὑπέρ, or more rarely περί, with the estate or the lessor in the genitive. The reason for the payment is expressed through εἰς in the accusative. In some documents, the lessee is required to present a receipt for the payment of taxes (σύμβολα ὁμόλογα ἐπιδείξας (‘having presented the tax receipts’) (see evidence below). BGU VI 1262.13-14 (216/5 BCE, Oxyrhynchos?): ἐὰν δέ τι πραχθῇ Ζήνων ὑπὲρ [τοῦ κλήρου εἰς τὰ] | 14 το̣ῦ̣ κλήρου βασιλικὰ ἢ ἰδιωτικά, ὑπολογείτω Ζήνω[ν εἰς τὰ ἐκφόρια (‘If Zenon is forced to pay public or private dues on account of the estate, a deduction shall be made from the rent’). The Roman evidence stems primarily from the Oxyrhynchite nome (nine documents), which exhibits continuity with the Ptolemaic tradition. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. VIII 1124.3-5 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἐ[ὰν] δέ τι πραχθῇ ὁ με[μισ]θωμένος | 4 εἰς τὸ δη[μ]όσιον ἢ εἰς ἄλλο τι [ὑπ]ὲρ Διονυσίου | 5 ἢ τῆς γῆ[ς, ὑ]πολογείτω ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀ[π]οτάκτου (‘If any demand is made upon the lessee for the government or for any other purpose on account of Dionysios or the land, the amount shall be deducted from the rent’). The Hermopolite evidence emerges from a different text, influenced by the text of the contemporaneous abrochos clause. P.Amh. II 85.10-12 (78 CE, Hermopolis): ἐὰν δ[έ] τ̣ι̣ ἄλλα (l. ἄλλο) ἐὰν ἀπαιτηθῶμεν ἢ ἐκ|11πραχθῶμεν χωρὶς τῆς κατʼ ἄρου[ρ]αν ἀρταβιηαν (l. ἀρταβείας) καὶ ναυβίου, παρα|12δεχθήσεται ἡμῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ προκειμένου φόρου (‘If any other charge is demanded or exacted from us besides the tax of an artaba on each aroura and the naubion, an allowance shall be made to us from the aforesaid rent’). The Byzantine clause, recorded in three Arsinoite documents, is no longer restricted to reimbursement for taxes. BGU III 840.4-8 (VI/VII CE, Arsinoites): καὶ ὑφεξαιρεῖσθαί σε ἐνιαυσίως ἐκ τῆς κοινώτητος | 5 [τὰ διδό(?)]μενα παρὰ σοῦ σπέρματα καὶ ὑπὲρ μισθο(ῦ) δραγμαηγείας κατα | 6 [- ca.27 -] ̣ ̣ ὑφεξαιρεῖσθαί (l. ὑπεξαιρεῖσθαί) σε ἐκ τῆς | 7 [κοινώτη]τος καὶ τὸν μισθὸν τοῦ ἁλωεισμοῦ καὶ ὑπὲρ γεουχικῆς συνηθείας | 8 [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ κα]τὰ ἀρτάβην μίαν ἀρτάβης ἥμισυ (‘And you shall deduct every year from the partnership whatever you spent on seeds and on account of the wages for conveyance of sheaves, and you shall also deduct from the partnership the wages for threshing and on account of the landlord’s customary gratuity, for each artab one artab and a half’).
Bibl.: Waszyński (1905): 115-116, 142; Herrmann (1958): 162-163, 239-240; (1979); Kastner (1962): 36-37; Geginat (1964): 27-28; Kniepkamp (1970): 17-25, 49-53; Stollwerck (1971): 124; Kramer – Sánchez-Moreno Ellart (2017): 236-237.
epideik.: σύμβολα ὁμόλογα ἐπιδείκνυμι epipher.: σύμβολα ὁμόλογα ἐπιφέρω hyphex.: ὑφεξαιρεῖσθαι hypolog.: ὑπολογέω paradech.: παραδέχομαι
BGU III 840.4-8 (VI/VII, ArsN) [hyphex.]; IV 1116.36-38 (13A, Alex); VI 1262.13-15 (216/5A, Takona); 1266.30-32 (203/2A, Takona); 1271.10-11 (180A-145A, Thead/Phil) [epideik.]; 1272.9-15? (173A, Hephaistias); X 1943.14-15 (215/4A, Tholt); 1950.1-2 (221A-205A, OxN); XIV 2390.24-25 (160/59A, HerakN); P.Amh. II 85.10-12 (78, Herm) [paradech.]; 86.14-16 (78, Herm) [paradech.]; P.Fay. 34.16-19 (161, Thead) [paradech.]; 91.25-27 (99, Euh) [hypolog.]; P.Frank. 1.27-30 (213A, Tholthis); P.Freib. III 21.13 (178A, Phil); 22.13 (178A, Phil); 34.19-23 (173A, Phil); P.Köln VI 275.12-13 (104/3A or 101/0A, ArsN) [epideik.]; XIV 579a.21 (III, Ox) [paradech.]; P.Lond. I 113.3.7-8 (VI, ArsN) [hyphex.]; P.Oxy. II 277.8-11 (19A, Ox); 280.20 (88/9, Ox) [paradech.]; VIII 1124.3-5 (26, Ox); XIV 1628.20-23 (73A, Ox); XLIX 3489.23-26 (72/3, Ox); L 3597.15-16 (260, Ox) [hypolog.]; P.Ross.Georg. II 18 no. 17 (139/40, ArsN); 18 no. 74.48 (139/40, ArsN); P.Stras. VI 534.9-10 (before 161, Ox); P.Tebt. I 105.48-49 (103A, Kerkeosiris) [epideik., hypolog.]; III.1 815.br.2.48-51, l. 48 (223/2A, Teb); 819.12-13 (171A, Oxyrhyncha) [epipher.]; P.Trier I 12.24 (179A, Herak); P.Yale I 51.27-28 (184A, Kerkesoucha) [epideik.]; P.Zen.Pest. 20 (252A, ArsN); PSI IX 1029.21-23 (52/3, OxN); X 1098.29-32 (51A, Tebt) [epideik.]; SB III 6302.4-6 (214/3A, UP); XII 10942.16-19 (4A, OxN); 11234.16-17 (210/1, Ox); XVI 12373.15-16 (158A, ArsN) [epipher., apod. (imp.aor.), παραχρῆμα;]; XVIII 13885.18-21 (549/562, ArsPol).
35. Prostheke
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
One document only, SB XXII 15729.26-29 (639 CE, Arsinoiton Polis), records the imposition of an additional payment for leased land: ἐὰν συμβῇ ἐπιθεῖναι | 27 προσθήκην ἐπάνω τῶν ἀρ[ο]υρῶν Μηνᾶ υἱοῦ | 28 Βενιαμῖν ὥστε καὶ ἡμᾶς (l. ὑμᾶς) παρασχεῖν τὴν προσθήκ(ην) | 29 τῶν αὐτῶν ἀρουρῶν ἀναλόγως (‘And if it happens that an additional charge is placed upon the arouras of Menas, son of Benjamin, you, in turn, shall pay the additional payment on said arouras proportionately’). Cf. Sijpesteijn (1994): 281.
36. Epigeorgein
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
The lessee’s outlays on behalf of the lessor, including taxes, are supposed to be reimbursed by deduction from rent (see: hypologos). If the lessor fails to reimburse the lessee using other resources, the lessee may apply the praxis against him, or, alternatively, continue to cultivate the land (ἐπιγεωργεῖν) until he recovers his losses. The same means is used for the recovery of the prodoma. All the documents that exhibit this clause are Ptolemaic and all but one stem from the Arsinoite nome. See, e.g., P.Tebt. I 105.49-52 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris): ἐὰν δέ τι πραχθῆι Πτολεμ[α]ῖος ὑπὲρ τοῦ κατε[σχ]ημένου Μάρωνος ἢ Ὡρίωνος εἰς τὸ βασιλικὸν ἢ ἄλλην τ[ι]ν̣ὰ εἰσφ̣ο̣ρ̣ὰ̣[ν] | 50 ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣α̣ς̣ [σ]ύμβολα ὁμόλογα ὑπολογείτω{ι} ἐπὶ τῶι ἐκ τῶν ἐκφορίων, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἐκποιῆι ὥστε κομίσασθαι προσαποδότω{ι} αὐτῶι Ὡρίων | 51 [ἐὰν δ]ὲ μὴ ἀποδῷ καθὰ γέγραπται ἐξέστωι̣ Πτολεμαίωι ἐὰν τε βούληται πρᾶξαι αὐτόν, ἐὰν τε αἱρῆται ἐπιγεωργεῖν τὸν κλῆρον τῶ[ν] | 52 [αὐτῶ]ν ἐκφορίων εἰς τὸν μετὰ ταῦτα τῆς μισθώσεως χρόνον ἕως ἂν τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ἐκ πλήρους κομίσηται μετὰ τῶν καθηκόντω̣ν ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣] (‘If Ptolemaios is called upon to pay anything to the state on behalf of Maron, whose property has been impounded, or of Horion, or to make any other contribution, he shall deduct from the rent the equivalents of the sums in the tax receipts, and if this is not sufficient to make good on the debt, Horion shall pay him the additional amount. If Horion fails to pay him as aforesaid, Ptolemaios has the right either, if he chooses, to exact the deficiency from him or, if he prefers, to continue cultivating the holding at the same rent beyond the term of the lease until he recovers his debt in full with (interest?)’). (transl.: editio princeps, p. 460).
BGU VI 1272.18-19 (173A, Hephaistias) [context not clear]; P.Frank. 1.37-40 (213A, Tholt) [prodoma]; P.Freib. III 12a.6 (IIfA, UP); 34.33-34 (173A, Phil) [prodoma]; P.Tebt. I 105.49-51 (103A, Kerkeosiris) [hypologos]; P.Trier I 12.56-60? (179A, Herak); P.Yale I 51.28?-30 (184A, Kerkesoucha) [hypologos]; PSI X 1098.33-37 (51A, Teb) [hypologos]; SB XVI 12373.17-18 (158A, ArsN) [hypologos].
37. Epileipsis
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
The epileipsis clause is recorded in just one Ptolemaic lease, PSI X 1098.38 (51 BCE, Tebtynis). In this contract, the lessee is instructed to pay rent in the lump sum of 27 wheat artabae for a period of one year. The lessee, however, is entitled to reimbursement for everything he paid to the state. If the lessee is not reimbursed, he is entitled to cultivate the land further, until he regains his losses. Even under these circumstances, however, he is still liable to pay the rent, as is set out in the epileipsis clause: ἐὰν δὲ ἐπ{ε}ιλ̣[εί]πωνται ἐκφορίου, ἑκάστης ἀρού[ρ]ας πυρῶν ἀρτάβας τρ‹ε›ῖς (‘If they fall short in paying the rent in kind, the rate will be three wheat artabae per aroura’).
38. Abrochos
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
The abrochos clause is recorded in 69 documents, 66 of which are leases. The clause is used in all periods. It is attested in all regions but seems particularly common in the Oxyrhynchite source material, which yields 35 documents, followed by the Arsinoites with 19. The condition may find expression in the preposition ἐπί + dative, genitive, (P.Oxy. LXXXII 5236.12: ἐπὶ δὲ ἀβρό]χ̣ω ( l. [ἀβρό]χου)?), or in a genitive absolute. In most cases, however, the state of abrochia is recorded in a protasis: ἐὰν δέ τις γῆ ἄβροχος γένηται (‘If some land becomes uninundated’) is the commonest formulation. The clause may record the time frame (ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰσιόντος ἔτους, τοῖς ἑξῆς ἔτεσι, τῷ εἰσιόντι ἔτει). Some scribes add consideration of scenarios other than from abrochia: ποταμοφόρητος (‘carried away by a river’), ὕφαμμος (‘sandy’), κατεξυσμένη (‘eroded’), καθ᾽ ὕδατος (‘underwater,’ ‘flooded’). It may also record the invocation ὃ μὴ εἴη (‘may it never be the case’). The consequences of a state of abrochia are, in a matter of course, a deduction from the rent in proportion to the unwatered area. The medial voice of the composite verb προσδέχομαι is used in the Ptolemaic period (here denoting ‘credit’) with the lessor as the subject, the lessee as an indirect object, and the rent as the object. Cf., e.g., BGU X 1943.8-9 (215/4 BCE, Tholthis): ἐὰ̣ν δέ τις γῆ ἄβροχος γένηται, προσδεχέσθ̣ω Πύ[ρρος Κλάδωι καὶ Φαμοῦνι κατὰ λόγον τῶν ἐκφορίων] | 9 τῆ̣ς ἀβ̣ρό̣χ̣ο̣υ̣ γῆ̣[ς γ]ε̣νομένης (‘If some land becomes uninundated, let Pyrrhos credit to Klados in proportion of the rent of the land that became uninundated’). The rule that became established in the Roman period, however, is the passive voice of παραδέχομαι, with the rent as the subject and the lessee as the indirect object. BGU III 831.14-16 (201 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): ἐὰν δέ τις ἄβροχος ἢ κα|15θʼ ὕδ[α]τος γένηται, παραδεχθ(ῆναί) μοι τ[ὸ] | 16 [ ̣ ̣ ̣] ἐ̣[κφ]όριον (‘If some land becomes uninundated or flooded, let the rent be credited to my benefit’). In both cases, the clause states that the deduction is proportional to the area of the uninundated land (πρὸς ἀνάλογον or κατὰ λόγον). A different Ptolemaic formulation is also evident, e.g., in BGU VI 1270.22-23 (191 BCE, Takona): τῆς δὲ γενομένης γῆς ἀ̣β̣[ρό]χου ἐν τῆι γῆι ταύτηι ὑπόλ[ο]|23γος ἔστω Σώσωι τὸ κατὰ λόγον τῆς γῆς [ε]ἰς τὰ προγεγραμμένα ἐκφόρ[ια] (‘For each piece of land that becomes uninundated, let there be a deduction for that land as the share of the aforementioned rent’). In 2 documents, P.Wisc. I 7.23-28 (259/60 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and SB XVIII 14001.19-21 (486 CE, Arsinoites), instead of enjoying a deduction from the rent, the lessee is instructed to take active measures. So it is in P.Wisc. I 7.23-28 (259/60 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἐὰν δέ τις, ὃ μὴ εἴη, τῷ ἑξῆς χ[ρόνῳ] | 24 ἄβροχος γένηται, ἐπαντλ[ήσει ὁ] | 25 μ̣ε̣μισθωμέν̣[ο]ς̣ ἐπάναγκ̣[ες] | 26 [ἰδίαις] ἑαυτοῦ δαπάναις καὶ τέλεσι δί|27μ̣ο̣ι̣ρον μέρος τῶν ἐπὶ ν{ε}ιλοβρό|28χου̣ ἐκφορίων καὶ φόρων (‘If, God forbid, in the following period of time some part of the land becomes uninundated, the lessee shall by necessity irrigate at his own cost and expense two-thirds of the land that he would have had to cultivate in case of inundation by the flooding of the Nile, as well as (pay two-thirds) of the rent (which he would have had to pay in the case of inundation by the flooding of the Nile)’).
Bibl.: Waszyński (1905): 131-133; Schnebel (1925): 24-29; Taubenschlag (1955): 361; Herrmann (1958): 161-162; Geginat (1964): 28; July (1966): 31-32; Mayer-Maly (1967): 140-146; Hennig (1972): 118-119; Bonneau (1994): 23-27; Kruse (2002): 233-237.
abroch.: ἄβροχος; akrodry.: τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀβρόχωι ἀκροδρύων καὶ φυτῶν ; ekphor.: ἐκφόριον kathhyd.: κάθυδρος; paradech.: παραδέχομαι; prosdech.: προσδέχομαι
BGU II 640.12-14 (185, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.]; III 831.14-16 (201, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.: ekphor.]; VI 1268.11-13 (IIIsA, UP) [abroch.; prosdech.]; 1270.20-21 (191A, Takona) [abroch.(GA); ὑπόλογος ἔστω]; X 1943.8-9 (215/423A, Tholt) [abroch.; prosdech.]; 1951.2-3 (221A-205A, OxN) [abroch.*; prosdech.]; XIX 2813.2-4 (V/VI, Herm) [μὴ ἀπολιμνωθείη, ἀλλότριος ἔσομαι τῆς σπορᾶς καὶ γεωργίας]; CPR I 239.9-11 (212, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.: ekphor.]; XVIIb 6.9-10 (184/5, Panop); 39.6 (217/8, Panopolis); P.Amh. II 85.14-17 (78, Herm) [abroch. et al.; paradech.]; 86.13-14 (78, Herm) [abroch., paradech.]; P.Bas. II 53.18 (VIm, Herm) [abroch., ἀλλότριός εἰμι]; P.Flor. III 368r.12-15 (96, Herm) [abroch. et al.; paradech.]; P.Fouad I 43.36-38 (189/90, Phoboou) [abroch.; paradech.]; P.Frankf. 1.13-15 (213A, Tholt) [abroch.; paradech.: ekphor.]; P.Freib. III 21.8-9; 22.10 (178A, Phil) ?; 25.11 (178A, Phil) ?; 34.11 (173A, Phil) [abroch.*(GA); ed.: μὴ ἀποτινέτω Θεοκλῆς τὸ ἔ[λλειμμα;]; P.Harr. I 80.27-28 (249, OxN) [abroch.; paradech.]; P.Horak 8.8-9 (VI, HermN) [abroch. (dat.); ἀλλότριοι]; P.Iand. III 28.20 (104, Thead) [paradech.]; P.Lond. II 350.11-13 (212, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.: ekphor.]; P.Messeri 30.12-15 (212, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.: ekphor.]; P.Michael. 43.9-11 (526, Aphr) [abroch.]; P.Oxf. 16.10 (VI/VII, HermN) [abroch.(dat.); παρέξω τὸ τρίτον τοῦ προκειμένου φόρου]; P.Oxy. I 101.24-26 (142, Ox) [abroch; paradech.]; III 501.27-30 (186, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; VI 910.26-28 (197, Pekerke/Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; VIII 1125.10-12 (II, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; X 1279.22-24 (139, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XIV 1689.24-26 (266, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XVIII 2189.22-25 (219, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XXXI 2584.16-17 (211, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XXXIII 2676.41-43 (151, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XXXVIII 2874.33-35 (108, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XLIX 3489.20-22 (72/3, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.: ekphor.]; L 3589.11-12 (II, OxN) [abroch.; paradech.]; 3591.27-30 (219, OxN) [abroch.; paradech.]; 3592.21-24 (218-261?, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; LVII 3911.42-44 (199, Pimpasi) [abroch.; paradech.]; LXVII 4595.20-23 (261, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; LXIX 4739.12-13 (127, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; 4745.25-27 (202, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; LXXI 4827.21-23 (173/4, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; LXXXII 5326.12-13 (437/8, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels. 41.27-29 (223/4, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; P.Ryl. IV 601.15-16 (26a, PtolEu) [akrodry.]; P.Soter. 3.36-37? (89/90, Thead) [akrodry.]; P.Tebt. I 106.18-20 (101A, PtolEu) [abroch.; ὑπόλογος ἔστω]; II 374.19-21 (131, Teb) [abroch.; paradech.]; P.Trier I 12.17-18 (179A, HerakN) [abroch.; ὑπόλογος ἔστω]; P.Wisc. I 7.23-28 (259/60, Ox) [abroch.; unique]; P.Yale I 51.17-18 (184A, Kerkesoucha) [abroch.; ὑπόλογος ἔστω]; PSI X 1098.12-14 (51A, Teb) [abroch.; ὑπόλογος ἔστω]; SB VI 8976.16-17 (after 28.11.105A, SokN) [abroch., kathhyd.; paradech.: ekphor.]; X 10263.17-19 (204, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; 10533.16-20 (171, UP) [abroch.(v); paradech.]; XII 11061.9-11 (218A, Tholt) [abroch.; prosdech.]; XIV 11281.22-24 (172, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; XVI 13017.12-14 (24A, SokN) ?; XVIII 14001.19-21 (486, ArsN) [abrochia; irrigation]; XX 14338.3-5 (120, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; 14464.18-21 (II, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; 14983.10-12 (II, Ox) [abroch.; paradech.]; 14984.7-9 (140-210, OxN) [abroch.; paradech.]; SPP V 119r II ll. 21-23 ? (266, Herm) [abrochia; οὐκ ἐνσχεθήσομαι τῇδε τῇ αἱρέσει]; 119r.7.22-24 (266, Herm); 119r.8.9-10 (266, Herm) [abroch.; irrigation].
39. Land Lost due to Inundation
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
This clause is attested just once, in the Byzantine SB XXII 15729.29-36 (635 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): καὶ ἐὰν συμβῇ | 30 τὰς αὐτὰς ἀρούρας ἀναλωθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος | 31 ὥστε ἡμᾶς (ὑμᾶς) ὑποδεῖξαι ὑμῖν (read ἡμῖν) αὐτὰς καὶ εἶναι | 32 αὐτὰς χωρὶς δημοσίου καὶ πάλιν ἐὰν σωθῶσι | 33 ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ συμβῇ τὰς ἐκ λιβὸς καὶ ἀνατολ(ῶν) | 34 καὶ βορρᾶ αὐτῶν ἀρούρας σπαρῆναι ὥστε | 35 ἡμᾶς (l. ὑμᾶς) πάλιν παρασχεῖν ὑμ̣ῖν (l. ἡμ̣ῖν) τὰ αὐτὰ τέσσαρ[α] νομ(ισμάτια) | 36 τοῦ φόρου ἐτησίως. (‘and if it happens that said arouras are destroyed by inundation, you shall point them out to us and they shall be free from taxes and, on the other hand, if they are saved from inundation and if it happens that the arouras to the west and east and north of these [arouras] will be sown, you shall again pay us the same four nomismatia yearly as rent’. (transl.: Sijpesteijn (1994): 279).
40. Additional Land
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
This clause discusses the possibility that, as a result of measurement, the lessor will find more land than that stated in the document and set the rent for this land at eight wheat artabae per aroura. It is recorded in only one contract, with three copies. Cf., e.g., P.Frank. 2.56-60 (scr.ext.) (215/4 BCE, Tholthis): [ἐὰν ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]ωμ̣ ̣ ̣ | 57 [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ εὕρῃ Ε]ὔ̣π̣ολις πλέω τῶν̣ [ε]ἴ̣[κοσι καὶ δύο ἀρου]|58[ρῶν] του ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ο̣υ̣ς κατεσπαρμέ[νην, τασσέσ]|59[θω]σ̣α̣ν̣ Ε̣ὐ̣πόλει ἐκφόριον̣ ἑκάστης ἀρούρ̣ας π[υρῶν] | 60 ἀρτάβας ὀ̣κ̣τὼ ⟦χ̣ω̣ρ̣ὶ̣ς̣ τοῦ ἐκφορίου⟧ σὺν σπέρμ̣[ατι] ‘And if, as a consequence of land measurement, Eupolis finds more land than the twenty-two arouras and this share has been sown, let a rent of eight wheat-artabae, seeds included, be paid to Eupolis for each aroura’.
Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 164; July (1966): 31.
BGU VI 1263.13-16 (215/4A, Tholt) [with additional copies in BGU VI 1264.13-15 and P.Frankf. 2.15-19 (scr.int.), 56-60 (scr.ext.)].
41. Gonê
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
In the rare genre of animal leases, the status of offspring born during the term of the lease is discussed in three documents. The term γονή, used to denote offspring in various contexts (e.g., P.Oxy. I 74.20: 166 CE, Oxyrhynchos: declaration of newly born livestock), is employed here as well. In one case, P.Princ. III 151.14-17 (341 CE, Ibion), a lessee who has to replace cows which have died during the term of the lease (see ‘athanatos’) is entitled to the offspring: ἐπὰν δὲ ὃ̣ μὴ γ̣ίν̣η|14το (l. γίνοι|το) θάνατος ἐκβῇ ὄντος πρὸς ἐμὲ | 15 τὸν μισθούμ̣ενον, τῆς δὲ τούτων | 16 γονῆς οὔση̣ς πρὸς τὸν α[ὐ]τὸν μισθούμενον [κ]αὶ τῆς τούτων θρ[έ]ψ̣[εως] | 17 καὶ πάση̣[ς ἐ]π̣ιμελείας (‘If, may it never happen, death occurs, let me, the lessee, bear the consequences and let their offspring fall to the share of the same lessee, as also their nourishing and all type of care’). The same connection is made in P.Sakaon 71.21-23 (306 CE, Theadelphia): τῆς τῶν̣ προβάτων καὶ αἰγ[ῶ]ν̣ γονῆς καὶ νομῶν [κα]ὶ γράστεως (l. κράστεως) | 22 καὶ κεδρίας καὶ, ὃ [μ]ὴ εἴοιτο (l. εἴη), θανάτου καὶ ἐπιμελεί[ας] κ̣αὶ φροντίδος γο[ν]ῆς ὄντων πρὸς ἐ[μὲ] τὸν μεμι|23σθωμένον. (‘The procreation of the sheep and goats, their pasture, green fodder, juniper resin, and (God forbid!) death, as well as the care of provisioning for their offspring, resting upon me, the lessee’) (transl.: P.Sakaon, p. 176). A shorter version of the same text is used in P.Lond. V 1833.7-9 (IV CE, Unknown Provenance).
42. Surplus
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
In P.Yadin 21.18-21 (130 CE, Maoza), recording a purchase of fruit, the purchaser/lessee is entitled to collect surplus: καὶ εἴ τι ἂν πε|19ρισσευθῇ εἰς τοὺς προγεγραμμένους κήπους, φοίνικα | 20 λήμψωμε (l. λήψομαι) εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἀντὶ τῶν ἐμῶν κόπων καὶ ἀν|21αλωμάτων (‘If there is any surplus in relation to the aforementioned fruit, I shall take dates for myself in return for scything and expenses’). The same provision is incorporated into P.Yadin 22.25-28 (130 CE, Maoza), which reports the same contract from the viewpoint of the vendor/lessor. Note the similarities to the sharecropping clause.
43. Illness
Category: Remuneration
Link to Synallagma
In one apprenticeship contract, P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2875.21-28 (IIIe CE, Oxyrhynchos), the prospects of the apprentice’s illness are taken into consideration. In such an event, the apprentice will stay with and be attended to by the master. He will then remain with the master for a time equivalent to that of the illness without remuneration. ἐπὰν δὲ ὃ μὴ εἴη συμβῇ τὸν αὐ|22τὸν χρόνον ἀ̣σθενῆσαι, ἔσται πα̣ρὰ τῷ α̣ὐ|23τῷ ἐπιστ[ά]τ[ῃ] ἐ̣π̣ιμελούμ̣ε̣ν̣ο̣ς̣ ὑπ̣ʼ αὐ̣τ̣οῦ̣ | 24 [κ]αὶ ὧν ἐὰν ἀσθενῶν ἀργήσῃ ἡμερῶν | 25 τούτων τὰς [ἴ]σας παραμενεῖ τῷ ἐπιστάτῃ | 26 μετὰ τὸν χρόνον χωρὶς μισθοῦ διὰ τὸ ακα|27ταργηθει αὐ̣[τὸ]ν λαμβάνειν τὸν π̣ρ̣οκείμε|28νον μισθόν (‘In case, may it not be, he should happen to be sick during the said period, he will stay with the said overseer, being cared for by him, and for as many days as he is off work with illness he shall remain an equal number with the overseer after his term, without pay, because he is taking the aforementioned pay which does not allow for time off (?).’ (transl.: editio princeps, p. 100).
Bibl.: Westermann (1914): 303; Zambon (1935): 61-65; Bergamasco (1995): 160; Herrmann (1957-1958): 130; Bagnall (1968): 135-139; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 165-166.
