Chapter 8: Capacity
Unlike the duty clauses, which record what a contracting party ought to perform, the capacity clauses report what the act recorded in the document allows the party to do. As discussed in the Introduction, the text of the homologia naturally incorporates clauses that report past activity of the declaring party as well as the party’s future obligations and prohibitions. However, it does not as naturally introduce accounts of rights of the silent party that derive from the legal act. Since the rights of the silent party, mostly the purchaser, are most commonly addressed in the capacity clause, scribes commonly employ the impersonal ‘authorization formula’ (ἔξεστι, ἐξουσίαν ἔχει), or result clauses (e.g., εἰς τό + inf.). The capacity clause is most common in documents that record the conveyance of title in perpetuity, mostly in acts of sale, diairesis, and antikatallage. The array of relevant terms—vast to begin with and ever larger as we approach the Byzantine period—is best documented in the ‘capacity clause’ that occurs in deeds of sale. In this document, following confirmation of receipt of the consideration, the purchaser becomes the owner of the object. But the scribe, instead of merely reporting the new title, give a detailed account of its consequences: the rights of employment, modification, and alienation that it provides. The core is already well established in the early Roman period: κυριεία, κράτησις, and ἐξουσία, followed by an account of the derivative actions. The list of verbs and of the persons who are entitled to benefit from these rights grows exponentially and, presumably in response to case-specific needs as Roman concepts and terms begin to infiltrate the language of the Greek contract. The same vocabulary is then used in other contexts to denote the same capacity. This is the case in wills, in the clause that grants the testator full authority over his assets before his death. It is also used to denote the acts that a debtor may not undertake, in the restraint clause. Scribes may also select some of the aforementioned verbs to record rights that fall short of ownership, such as the right of residence (cf. lessee’s capacities, the enoikesis clause) and the right of usufruct (antichresis: land).
1. Capacity Clause
Category: Capacity
The capacity clause is meant to define and cement a proprietary title. As such, it is at home in hereditary dispositions, diaireseis, mortgage loans, and sales. Within the last-mentioned category, the clause is never used in the case of genus chattel; it is limited to documents recording the sale of animals, slaves, and real property. No Ptolemaic document records the sale of a slave or animal. Land is abundantly recorded, yet solely within the framework of the katagraphe, in which the capacity clause is never used. With Ptolemaic antecedents very few for this reason (6), our study focuses on Roman and Byzantine evidence. The capacity clause becomes common in the first century CE (38), whence most of our evidence derives from Alexandria and the Arsinoite nome, and particularly so in the second (93), third (77) and fourth centuries (41). It is also well attested in the Byzantine period—the fifth (11), sixth (38), and seventh centuries CE (16)—and is used throughout Egypt as well as elsewhere.
In sale documents, the capacity clause is the third recorded, after the clauses recording the act of sale and the payment of the price. The capacity clause records the purchaser’s right of ownership as well as its consequences. Among the more than 100 verbs used in the capacity clause, four main groups are observed: (1) manifestations of title (particularly δεσπόζω, κρατέω, κυριεύω), (2) use of the object (most commonly ἀποφέρομαι, διοικέω, ἐπιτελέω, καρπίζομαι, οἰκονομέω, χράομαι); (3) improvement and modification of the object (e.g., ἀνοικοδομέω, βελτιόω, οἰκοδομέω, φιλοκαλέω); and (4) alienation (e.g., ἐξαλλοτριόω, καταλείπω, μισθόω, πωλέω, ὑποτίθημι). As this right is continuous or recurrently exercised, the tense most commonly used is the present, in the infinitive or the participle depending on the syntax of the clause. The same verbs recur in other contexts in which a party is granted or denied the right of disposal: foreclosure, freedom of future disposition in wills, a dowry clause, etc. Unlike the foreclosure clause, however, the capacity clause does not anticipate a party’s entering the pledged object.
For terms denoting title, κυριεύω (and its nominal counterpart κυριεία) is the most common (244) followed by κρατέω (κράτησις) (178) and the various derivations of the root desp– (60 cases). Terms denoting the general right of disposition are attested: οἰκονομέω (154), διοικέω (191), ἐπιτελέω (100), χράομαι (130) and the medio-passive voice of ἀποφέρω (58). Within each group, certain cases or constructions are used to complement the verb, by and large following the syntactical rules: the genitive in the case of verbs denoting ownership and περί + gen. for verbs expressing the general right of disposition and exploitation. Verbs recording alienation may be followed by the dative (e.g., in the case of sale: ἑτέροις) but may also be used absolutely; verbs recording transformation of the object are used absolutely. Finally, in the case of the verbs ἀποφέρεσθαι, the document reports the yields of the land as a direct object, (e.g., τὰ ἐξ αὐτῶν περιγεινόμενα).
The earliest group, that of Alexandrian synchoreseis [Type1], already exhibits the key features that will characterize the capacity clause in later times. In BGU IV 1130 (4 BCE, Alexandria), we read (ll. 13-16): καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν κρατεῖν καὶ κυρι[εύει]ν τὸν Σαραπίωνα | 14 τ̣ῶ̣ν̣ π̣α̣ρ̣α̣κ̣ε̣χ̣[ωρη]μένων αὐτῶι καὶ ἐ̣μβατεύειν [καὶ ἐποι]κοδομεῖν καὶ | 15 ἐγμισθοῦν [καὶ] ἑτέροις παραχωρεῖν καὶ χρῆσθ[αι καὶ] διοικεῖν καὶ ἐ̣π̣ι̣τ̣ε̣λ̣ε̣ῖ̣ν̣ | 16 περὶ αὐτῶν ὃ ἐ[ὰν βο]ύληται (‘And from now on let Sarapion control and master what was conveyed to him, add new buildings, offer it on lease, convey it to another, dispose, administer, and perform in their regard whatever he may wish’). Stressing the immediate effect of the acquired position, the document first records the acquisition of title, coming into possession, and its key consequences: building up, leasing out, conveying to others, and all other forms of disposal.
Early Roman sale documents from the Arsinoite nome introduce an account of the purchaser’s capacities through non-prevention wording—μηδένα κωλύοντα [Type2]— with an account of the purchaser’s rights in the participle. P.Lond. II 154.14-16 (68 CE, Karanis) is typical: μηδὲ κωλύοντα Φιλήμονα μηδὲ | 15 τοὺς παρʼ αὐτοῦ κυριεύοντα[ς αὐτῶν] κ(αὶ) εἰσοδεύοντας̣ κ(αὶ) ἐξοδεύοντας κ(αὶ) κατασπῶντες (l. κατασπῶντας) κ(αὶ) ἀνοικοδ(ομοῦντας) κ(αὶ) χρομένους (read χρωμένους) αὐτοῖς ὡς ἐὰν αἱρῶν̣τ̣αι | 16 κ(αὶ) ὑποτιθ(έντας) κ(αὶ) ἐξαλλοτριο(ύντας) ἑτέρ[ῳ] κ(αὶ) χρομένους (l. χρωμένους) αὐτοῖ(ς) ὡς ἐ̣ὰ̣ν αἱρ(ῶνται) (‘Let the vendor not prevent Philomen or his representatives from controlling (the purchased house), entering and maintaining it, demolishing and rebuilding it, using it in whatever form they find fit, mortgaging it or alienating them to another and using it in any way they find fit’). Here both the title (κυριεύοντας) and the purchaser’s resulting rights of disposition are reported paratactically, in the participle. Here too, the account moves from recording the title to describing its consequences, showing close affinity to the capacities recorded in the Alexandrian document quoted above. Already in the first century, one encounters a different formulation in diaireseis, each former partner’s capacity phrased independently (viz., not depending on the non-prevention formulation). P.Mich. III 186.22-24 (72, Bacchias): ἀλλὰ δὲ καὶ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς παρʼ αὐτῶν μ̣ε̣τ̣α̣ | 23 λημψομένους κυριεύειν καὶ δεσπόζειν ὧν ἕκαστος κεκλήρωται καθὼς | 24 πρόκιται, καὶ χρᾶσθαι ἕκαστον καθʼ ὃν ἐὰν βούληται τρόπον ἀπαραποδίστως (‘But let each of them and those receiving the assets from them own and master whatever was allotted to each as indicated above, and let each use his share undisturbed in whatever form they wish’).
Elsewhere the scribe draws a clear distinction between the title and its consequences:
One way of expressing this distinction is through the nominal pair κυρία καὶ κράτησις with the consequences of the title recorded in the participle [Type3]. This wording is invoked in the Hermopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes from the second through the fifth century CE. Differently from its Arsinoite counterpart, the document also records the immediacy and permanency of the title. P.Stras. III 144.9-12 (244 CE, Hermopolites): καὶ εἶναι περὶ σ̣ὲ [κ]α̣ὶ̣ τοὺς παρὰ σοῦ τὴν τοῦ [πεπραμέν]ο̣υ ὡς̣ π[ρό]κ̣ε̣[ι]τα̣ι κατοικικοῦ ἀρο̣ύ̣[ρ]ης [ἡμίσους] | 10 κυ[ρία]ν καὶ κράτησιν χρωμ[έν]ους κα[ὶ] οἰκο̣νομοῦν[τ]α̣ς̣ [περὶ αὐτοῦ κ]α̣θ̣ʼ ὃ̣[ν ἐὰν] α̣ἱ̣ρ̣[ῶν]ται τρόπον καὶ καρπου[μένους] | 11 κ[αὶ δι]αμισθ̣ο̣ῦντας κ[αὶ] ἀ[ποφερ]ο̣μένους τὰ ἐξ αὐτο[ῦ κατʼ ἔτος γενή]ματα κ̣αὶ [π]ε̣ρ̣ι̣[ε]σ̣όμε[να] π̣άντα εἰς τὸ ἴδιο[ν ἀπὸ τοῦ] | 12 ν̣ῦ̣ν [ἐπ]ὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον (‘And let pertain to you and your representatives the ownership and dominion of the aforesaid sold half-aroura of catoicic land, using and administering it in whatever manner you see fit, enjoying the fruits, collecting for your personal use its annual yields and all that accrues in the future, from now for all time’).
The same phenomenon—a hierarchy of verbs denoting ownership and those assigning the capacity to dispose—is created whenever the verbs denoting ownership—κρατέω, κυριεύω, δεσπόζω, δεσποτεύω—are supplemented by the expression ἐξουσίαν ἔχω, ‘to have authority to’, which introduces an account of activities resulting from title: construction, demolition, transformation, sowing, selling, mortgaging, donating, leasing out, disposing by will, and others. This formulation [Type4] occurs from the second century onwards and is common throughout Egypt until late antiquity. See, e.g., BGU III 825.2-6, from 190/1 Arsinoites, one of its earliest attestations: κ̣αὶ [ἀπὸ] τοῦ νῦν κρατεῖν καὶ κυριεύειν | 3 τῆς πε[πρα]μένης αὐτῇ ὡς πρόκειται οἰκίας | 4 καὶ τὰ ἐξ α[ὐτ]ῆς περιγεινόμενα ἀποφέρεσθαι εἰς τὸ | 5 ἴδιον καὶ [ἐξ]ουσίαν ἔχειν ἑτέροις πωλεῖν καὶ διοι|6κεῖν καὶ [ἐπι]τελεῖν περὶ αὐτῆς ὃ ἐὰν αἱρῆται (‘And from now on she shall dominate and own the house which, as stated earlier, was sold to her, shall collect all its yields for her personal use, and shall have the authority to sell them to others, administer them, and perform in their regard whatever legal act she see fit’).
The Byzantine evidence exhibits both formulations: a list of terms of ownership recorded paratactically [type1], and the hierarchical account, in which following an account of the ownership the individual capacities are derived from the phrasing ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν [type4]. SB I 5114.24-34 (630-640 CE, Apollonopolis Magna) is paradigmatic of the former category: πρὸς τῷ ὑμῖν (l. ὑμᾶς ?) τοὺς προγεγραμμένους Ζαχαρίαν [καὶ – ca.9 -] | 25 ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ διηνεκὲς αὐτοῦ τοῦ εἰρημένο(υ) τρί[του μέρους ἀπὸ τῆς] | 26 οἰκίας τῆς μακαρίας Ταχυμίας ἀπὸ ἐδάφους ἄχρι ἀέρος καὶ π̣[άντων τῶν] | 27 κοινονιμιαίων (l. κοινωνιμιαίων) τόπον καὶ τῆς εἰσόδου καὶ ἐξόδου καὶ ἀνόδο[υ καὶ καθόδου] | 28 κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ τρίτον μέρος κρατεῖν καὶ κυριεύειν καὶ δεσπόζει[ν κατὰ πᾶν] | 29 δεσποτείας ἀναφαιρέτου δίκαιον καὶ οἰκεῖν καὶ διοικεῖν [καὶ μετασχηματίζειν] | 30 καὶ οἰκοδομεῖν καὶ ἀνοικοδομεῖν καὶ ἐκχωρεῖν καὶ παραχωρεῖ[ν καὶ ἐκμισθοῦν] | 31 καὶ ἐναλλάττειν καὶ πωλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι καὶ τέκνοις μεταδι[δόναι καὶ κληρονόμοις] | 32 καταλιμπάνειν καὶ διαδόχοις καὶ κατ‹όχ›οις καὶ πάντα ἁπλ[ῶς εἰπεῖν πράττειν] | 33 ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, ὅσα νόμοι ἐπιτρέπουσι τοῖς αὐτοτελέσι δεσπόταις [κυρίως καὶ] | 34 ἀνεπικωλύτως (‘So that you, the aforesaid Zacharia and [ – – ] will control forthwith and for all time, own, and dominate in accordance with every right of irrevocable ownership, that very one-third of a house of the late Tachymia from foundation to airspace together with all common rooms, entrance and exit, and upstairs and downstairs in the same proportion of one-third, and shall inhabit, administer, transform, build and rebuild, give away, surrender, let out, exchange, sell, donate, transfer to children, bequeath to heirs and possessors, and, in general, say and do whatever the laws afford to absolute proprietors authoritatively and without hindrance’).
Bibl.: Schwarz (1920): 170-184; Taubenschlag (1955): 326; Lüddeckens (1960): 319-320; Zauzich (1968): 135; Kniepkamp (1970): 41-45; Draht (1970): 9-10; Wolff (1974): 83-92; Straus (2004): 145-147.
In the following list, italics are reserved to cases in which the verb appears in the participle, and not in the infinitive or indicative mood.
BGU I 13.9-11 (289, ArsN) [1: exous.: pol., epitel., dioik.]; 71.16-18 (189, Kar) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik.]; 94.16-17 (289, PtolEu) [4: kyrieu.; exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 233.13-15 (161-169, ArsN) [2: oikonom.]; 234.18 (142, Kar); 241.36-38 (177, Kar) [1: krat., kyrieu., apopher., epitel.]; 282.32-36 (175-180, ArsN) [4: krat., kyr., apopher., exous.: pol., dioik., epitel.]; 316.20-21 (359, Askalon) [1: ech., ktas., chras., pol., dioik.]; 350.12-14 (103-15, Nilopolis) [2: kyr., eisod., exod., kathair., anoikod., episkeuaz., pol., hypoth.]; II 422.18-20 (139/40, ArsN) [men.: KYR., KRAT.]; 542.11-13 (165, Athenas Kome) [4: krat., kyr., apopher., exous.: pol., dioik., epitel.]; 666.23-26 (177, ArsN) [4: KYR, apopher.]; 667.15-17 (222, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher.*, exall., dioik., oikonom.]; III 709.17-18 (138-161, Kar) [2a: apopher., mesit., parach.*]; 805.9-10 (138, SokN?); 825.1-6 (190/1, ArsN) [4: krat., kyrieu.]; 859.13-15 (161-163, ArsN) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: pol., hypoth., oikonom.]; 901.4-5 (II/III, ArsN) [2a: oikod., oikonom.]; 906.5-9 (34/5, ArsN) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., prosdiair., misth., potiz., ekch., mesit., parach., dioik.]; 917.14-17 (348, PtolEu) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: metapol., hypoth., tel.]; 1002. (55A, Herm); IV 1013.17-18 (41-68, ArsN) [3/4: exous.: pol., hypoth., oikonom.]; 1037.34-37 (48, Kar) ]kyrieu.]; 1049.17-20 (342, PtolEu) [1: kyrieu., tel., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 1059.9-12 (30A-14, Alex) [1: krat., kyrieu., parach.]; 1129.19-28 (13A, Alex) [1: krat., kyrieu., parach., ekmisth., apopher., oikonom., epitel., tel.]; 1130.13-16 (4A, Alex) [1: krat., kyrieu., embat., epoikod., ekmisth., parach., chres., dioik., epitel.]; 1170.50-60, ll. 54-57 (10A, Alex) [1: exeinai: parad. (inf.aor.), enechyr., apopher., epitel.]; VII 1642.11-12 (II, Phil) [2: KRAT., KYR.: chra., oikonom.]; VIII 1732.6-8 (80-30a Herak) [ἧι χρήσεται]; 1733.9-11 (80-30a Herak); XI 2052.12-13 (II, Herakleia?) [2: kyrieu., apopher., hypotith., exall.]; 2054.16-17 (184-192, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher.]; 2113.11-13 (178/9, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT.]; 2478.12 (c. 90-96, Kar) [2: anoikod., enoik.]; XVII 2698.16-20 (VII, Herm) [1: krat., kyrieu.*, despoz., chr., oikonom., dioik., ekmisth., metamisth., ktiz., epiktiz., pol., hypoth., charis., antikatal., poi., prat.]; XIX 2830.10-11 (309/10, Herm) [NC]; 2831.6-14 (VIf, Herm) [1: kyrieu., despoz., chre., oikonom., dioik., anagag., parapemp., ekpoi., hypoth., antikatal., epidid.]; 2833.7 (249, Herm) [NC]; CPR I 4.21-24 (52, Herakleia) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., apopher., chr., hypoth., exall., oikonom.]; 11.24-26 (108, PtolEu) [krat., kyrieu, oikonthes.]; 28.8-28, l. 18 (110, PtolEu) [ed.: ἡ τούτων κράτησις καὶ χρῆσ{ε}ις ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τρίτον μέρος;]; 104.16-17 (c. 190-192, ArsN) [men.: KRAT., KYR.]; 105.11 (II, ArsN) [1: kyrieu., krat.]; 146.1-2 (II, ArsN) [NC]; 148.1 (IIIf, ArsN) [NC]; 156.5-6 (IIIf, ArsN) [exous.: oikonthes.*]; 163.6 (IIIf, HerakN) [NC]; 168.8-9 (IIIf, ArsN) [KYR., KRAT.*]; 170.17-18 (103-117, ArsN) [2: oikonom.*]; 175.22-24 (IIIf, PtolEu) [2: krat., oikonom.]; 179.17 (I/II, PtolEu?) [2: kyrieu., oikonom.]; 186.11-12 (II, ArsN) [2?: kyrieu., pol., oikonom.]; 188.19-21 (106/7, ArsN) [2?: kyrieu., ekch., mesiteu., parachor., dioik.]; 189.17-18 (II, ArsN) [2?: krat., hypoth., prat.]; 191.8-9 (after 212, ArsN) [2: kyrieu.]; 192.7-10 (II, ArsN) [NC]; 198.5-6 (138, ArsN) [1: karpeia]; 204.7? (II, ArsN) [NC]; 206a.12-13 (138-161, PtolEu) [3: krat., kyrieu., apopher., prosdiair., mesiteu., pol., oikonom.]; 206b.12-14 [krat., kyrieu: apopher., prosdiair., mesiteu., pol., oikonom.]; 207.21-26 (II, ArsN) [1?] [3?: krat.]; 214.1-3 (II, ArsN) [2?: kyrieu, pol., hypotith., oikonom.]; 216.4-5 (I/II, SokN) [NC]; 218.14-15 (II, SokN) [NC]; 223.20-23 (117-138, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., chr., apopher., pol., hypotith.]; 226.3 (IV/V, ArsN) [3?: krat., kyrieu.]; VII 14.13-14 (305, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT: chr., oikonom.]; 44.24-26 (V/VI, UP) [1: krat., kyrieu., epipoi., antikal., oikod., epoikod.]; 46.21-23 (VI, Herm) [3?]; 47.8-13 (c. 645, HerakN) [4: krat., kyrieu., despoteu., exous.: dioik., oikonom., epitel., pol., parach., apochariz.]; XVIIa 17a.5-6 (321?, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT: chr., oikonom.]; XVIIb 18 ll. 1-14, ll. 8-9 (217/8, Panop) [NC]; M.Chr. 361.9-14 (355, Eleph) [nemes.]; P.Aberd. 53.10-11 (10/1, UP) [NC]; P.Amh. II 95.6-8 (109, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT: karpiz., diamisth., apopher.]; 96.5-7 (213, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT: chr., oikonom., georg., diamisth., karpiz., apopher.]; 99a (179, Herm) [3]; P.Bing. 130.8-10 (526-548, Aphr) [1]; P.Ammon II 48.a.4-5, b.16-17 (after 9.12.348) [1?: krat., kyrieu, despoteian echein]; P.Bas. II 28.1-5 (II, ArsN) [2?: apopher.*, pol., hypotith., oikonom.*]; P.Bingen 75.8-10 (IIIb, Ox?) [2?: apopher., hypotith.]; 130.8-11 (526-548, Aphr) [1: ech., despoz., dioik., oikonom., neme., parapemp., chr.]; P.Bastianini 25.16 (V/VI, Narmouthis) [2]; P.Bodl. I 44.5-7 (310, UP) [4: epikr., kyrieu, exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 45.25-31 (c. 610, Apol) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik.*, dioik., oikonom., anoikod., ekchor., parachor., ekmisth., enalla., pol., charis., metadid., katalimp., eip., prat.]; 68.2-4 (II/IIIe, UP) [2: kyrieu., apopher., mesiteu., parachor., dioik.]; 169.15 (308?, Oasis Magna) [wet-nurse contract: exous.: dioik.]; P.Brem. 68.7-9 (99, Herm?) [1: metep., kta., chr., oikonom.]; P.Brook. 97.13-14 (II, UP) [NC]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 13.8-10 (341, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT.: chr., oikonom.]; P.Cair.Isid. 104.21-24 (297, Kar); 105.13-15 (297, Kar) [1: exous.: krat., kyrieu., dioik.]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097r.19-30 (571/2?, Aphr) [4: krat., kyrieu., despoz., ἐξεῖναι: prat., neme., kte., parapemp., metapoi., ekpoi., chr., antikatal., chr.]; 67098.20-27 (490-565, Aphr?) [4?: kyrieu.]; 67120.7-13 (c. 567/8, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., ἐλάσαι, ἀπαγαγεῖν]; II 67151.149-156 (570, Antin) [4Byz: enkrateis: πρόσοδον κομίσασθαι, διοίκησιν ἀναθέσθαι]; 67169.20-23 (569, Antin) [1: ed.: συντέλει]α̣ν̣ κ̣α̣[ταθέσ]θαι;]; P.Cair.Preis. 42.7 (III/IV, Herm) [1: krat., kyrieu., dioik.]; P.Col. VII 181.14-16 (342, Kar) [1: kra., kyrieu., apopher., dioik., oikonom., dieuthyn.]; 188.21-23 (320, Kar) [2: exous.: diair.]; X 254.1-7 (129, Ox ?) [1: kyrieu., oikonom.]; P.Coles 27.12-13 (IVb, UP) [3/4: exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Coll.Youtie I 19.23-26 (44, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., chr., apopher., dioik., hypotith., parach.]; 50.10-12 (IIe, Ox) [KYR., KRAT.: chr., oikonom.]; II 71.27-30 (281, Panop) [1: kyrieu., epikrat., oikonom., telousan]; 75.6-8 (III, Herm) [3s: KYR, KRA, chr., anoikon.]; 83.13-16 (353, Ox) [4: kyrieu., exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Corn. 12.26-30 (283, Antin) [3: krat., kyrieu., epitel.]; P.Daris 27.14-15 (363, OxN) [4: oikonom.]; P.Diog. 32.11-13 (II/III, Phil) [1: krat., kyrieu., apopher., parach.]; P.Dryton 3.19, 31 (126a, Path) [ed.: τὰ θηλυκὰ β σώματα καὶ τὴν βοῦν ἐξ ἴσου κυριευέτωσαν;]; 4.20 (126a, Path) [same as foregoing]; P.Dubl. 32.9-11 (512, ArsPol) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom., epitel., belti., philokal, kathel., anoikod., metaschem., parapemp., ekpoi., apochariz.]; 33.10-13 (513, ArsPol) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom., epitel., belt., philok., kathel., anoikod., metaschem., parapemp., ekpoi., apochariz.]; P.Dura 26.14-18 (227, Sachare) [1: kta., chr., pol., dioik.]; P.Erl. 63.1 (III, UP) [apopher.]; P.Euphrates 6.16-19 (249, Markopolis) [1: ech., kta., pol., dioik.]; 8.21-24 (251, Beth Phuraia) [1: ech., kta., pol., dioik.]; 9.18-20 (252, Beth Phuraia) [1]; P.Flor. 47a.12-13 (217, Herm) [1: antilamb., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; 47b.12-13 (217, Herm) [1: antilamb., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; III 324.9-10 (I/II, HermN) [4: KYR.*, KRAT*., chr.]; 380.4-5, 12-16 (203/4, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT., chr., oikonom., karpiz., apopher., tel.]; P.Fouad I 39.5-9 (244-249, Ox) [exeinai: chr., oikonom.]; P.Freib. II 8.14-17 (144, UP) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: pol., dioik., epitel.]; P.FuadUniv. 21.16-19 (253-260, UP) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; P.Gen. II 116.42-43 (247, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; IV 186.24-27 (473-490, Herm) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., chr., oikonom., dioik., parapemp.]; P.Giss. I 28.6-8 (142/3, Herm) [3?]; 100.15-19 (272, OxN) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Grenf. I 60.43-47 (582?, Apol) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oikonom., oikod., anoikod., ekchor.,* parach.*, charis., metadid.*, katalimp., chr.]; 62.3 (535, Herm?) [1: κρατεῖσθαι*, katech., diakatech.]; II 74.11-15 (302, Kysis) [3: KRAT., KYR., DESP., chr., oikonom.]; P.Hamb. I 15.13-14 (209, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., exall., dioik., oikonom.]; 30.20-24 (89, Phil) [1: enoik., enoikiz., apopher., chr.]; III 217.10-11 (If, Ox?) [4]; 218.7-10 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., kathair., anoikod., enoik., enoikiz., apopher., hypotith., exall., dioik.]; P.Herm. 25.11-15 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oik., oikonom., oikod., pol., parach., charis.]; 28.12 (503, Ta Memnomeia) [enkrat., kyrieu.]; 32.1-8 (VI, UP); [krat., kyrieu.*, georg., karpou., misth., metamisth., phyt., ktis., parapemp., chr., neme.]; 62.6-8 (V, UP) [1: krat., kyrieu., speir., theriz.]; P.Ifao I 29.11 (IIf, UP) [1]; P.Kell. I 8.7-9 (362, Kellis) [4]; 30.17-19 (363, Kellis) [1]; 34.10-14 (315, Kellis) [4]; 36.3-6 (308, Kellis) [4]; 38a.11-14 (333, Kellis) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., dioik., oikonom.]; 39.11-14 (IV, Kellis) [4]; P.Köln III 141.18-19 (57/8, OxN) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; 155.6-8 (VI, UP) [1]; IV 193.1-4 (V/VI, Antin?) [1 (part.)]; V 232.10-11 (330/338, Terenythis) [1]; VII 323.20-22 (VII, Papa Megale) [1]; XI 459.11 (436 ?, OxN); XIV 574.6-8 (II, ArsN) [μενεῖ*, KRAT., KYR.*] ; P.Laur. III 74.14-17 (IIIl, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; P.Leid.Inst. 50.6-8 (210/1, OxN) [prosphora]; 54.11-14 (272, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; 104.11-12 (IV/V, Ox?) [4?: exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Lips. I 3.4-5, 11-12 (256, Herm) [4: KYR, KRAT., chr., oikonom.] [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; 4.22-26 (293, Herm) [3]; 6.2.10-11 (306, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT, chr., oikonom.]; 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.38 (178, Herm) [1, nomina actionis: karpeia, diamisthosis]; 26.4-5, 9-11 (IVb, Herm?) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; P.Lond. I 77.34-40 (c. 610, Hermοnthis) [1: kta., dioik., oikonom., philokal., oik., oikod., neme., ekmisth., pol., parach., antikatal., dor., charis., apocharis., prat., exodiaz.]; 140.19-21 (69-79, ArsN) [2: kyrieu., anoikod., pol., chr.]; 154.15-16 (68, Kar) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., kataspa., anoikod., chr., hypotith., exall., chr.]; III 870.14 (IV, Panop) [ed.: εἰ δὲ μὴ πληρώσω κυρ[ιεύειν σε τῆς] πρ[ο]κει[μένης ὑποθήκης;]; 932.7 (211, Herm) [exestin: chr., oikonom.]; 951r.2-4, 6-7 (249, UP) [krat., kyrieu., tel. (δημόσια)]; 977.30-34 (330, Antin) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., chr., oikonom., dioik., epitel.]; 978.14-15 (331, Herm) [1: krat., kyrieu*, chr., oikonom., dioik.]; 991.14-15 (481, UP) [4?: kyrieu., anoikod., dounai, chr.]; 1158.3-4 (226, Herm) [2: KYR, KRAT, chr., oikonom.]; 1164c.19-22 (212, Antin) [1]; 1164e.14-15 (212, Antin) [1]; 1164f.18-24 (212, Antin) [1]; 1298.4-5 (231, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT: chr., oikonom.]; V 1686.32-36 (565, Aphr) [4: exeinai: ech., hex., chr.]; 1722.35-39 (530, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikonom., pol., chariz., diatass., epitel.,]; 1724.51-55 (578, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., pol., metapol., oik., katoik., oikod., epoikod., kta., chra.]; 1727.29-38 (583/4, Sy) [1: katakyrieu., despoz., dioik., oik., philokal., treph., himatiz. (aor.), kedeu. (aor.), ektel. (aor.)]; 1733.49-55 (594, Sy) [1: kyrieu, despoz., dioik., oikonom., oikod., pol., chariz., diatass.]; 1734.7 (578-582, Sy) [1: kta., chr.]; 1735.8-12 (VIl, Sy?) [exous.: krat., kyrieu., despot., metapol., charis., ekmisth., enoikiaz., katall., katatith.]; P.Lond. inv. 2917.5-6 (Vend/VIb, Ta Memnonia) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., oikod., p.prat.]; P.Louvre I 15.20-22 (139, Psintanou) [4: exous.: metapol., epitel.]; II 109.9-11 (123/4 or 136/137, ArsN?) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., speir., apokarpiz., misiteu., parachor., dioik.]; P.Mert. III 106.18-22 (285, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: pol., dioik., epitel.*]; P.Mich. III 186.22-24 (72, Bac) [4: kyrieu., despoz., chr.]; 187.20-24 (75, Bac) [1: kyrieu., despoz., chr.]; 262.25-28 (34/5 or 35/6, ArsN) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., katergaz., kataspeir., misth., poi.: potismoi, ekchyes, apopher., hypotith., parachor., dioik.]; 322a.32 (46, Teb) [exous., pol., hypotith., exall., misth.]; 323.17-20 (47, Teb) [1: krat., despoz.]; 326.55-56 (48, ArsN) [1: krat., despoz.]; VI 428.9-10 (154, Kar) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., enoik., enoikiz., apopher., pol., hypotith., oikonom.]; IX 554.31-33 (before 93, PtolEu) [1?: exous.: enoik.]; X 583.17-20 (78, Bac) [2: kyrieu., despoz., eisod., exod., kataspa., anoikod., pol., hypotith., metadioik., chr.]; 584.24-28 (84, Bac) [3: krat., kyrieu., kathair., anoikod., episkeuaz., syntel., hypotith., oikonom.]; 585.16-20 (87, Bac) [2: enoik., enoikiz., apopher., chr.]; XII 635.17-19 (71, Bac) [2: enoik., apopher., chr.]; 636.13-15 (302, PtolEu) [4: krat., kyrieu., apopher., exsou.: dioik., oikonom.]; XIII 662.39-47 (615, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., oikonom., epoikod., misth., metamisth., parapemp., chr., neme.]; 663.10-15 (VI, Aphr) [1: oik., dioik., oikonom., misth.*, metamisth.*, parapemp., chr., neme.]; 664.20-24, 24-27 (584/5 or 600/1, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz.: dioik., oikonom., parapemp., chr., neme.]; XIII 671.17-18 (VIm, Aphr) [ed.: [ἕως οὗ] α̣ὐτὸ ποιήσω; exous., krat., exous., despoteian echein] ; XV 707.17-19 (185, Ox?) [2: KYR, KRAT, chr., oikonom.]; 719.15-17 (III, UP) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; P.Michael. 40.29-37 (544/559, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., oikonom., georg., karpou., phorolog., ekpoi., metapoi., parapemp., chr., neme.]; 41.19-27 (539/554, Aphr) [1: krat., despoz., kta., ἄρξασθαι τὴν ἀνάλημψιν τῶν τούτων ἐκφορίων]; 45.41-47 (540, Aphr) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoteu., dioik., oik., diabosk., diapol., parapemp., chr.]; 52.g.1-18 (VI/VII, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., oikonom., oikod. exous.: chr., oikonom.*, ekmisth., metamisth., georg. parapemp., chr., neme., syntel. (aor.)]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 23.17-19 (108, Teb) [3: apopher., pol., hypotith., oikonom.]; 26.10-13 (128, Teb) [4: krat., kyrieu., apopher., exous.: parach., epitel.]; P.Monts.Roca IV 80.15-17 (161-168, UP); P.Münch. I 4.2.24-31 (581, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikonom., chrematiz., metaschem.*, pol.*, metapol., allag., ekmisth., philokal., πλέειν, ναυτίλεσθαι, chariz., diatass., chr., poi., prat.]; 8.20-26 (c. 540, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., exousiaz., epitel.; ed.: ἐξεῖναί σοι εἰσελθεῖν καὶ κληρονομῆσαι;]; 9.72-76 (585, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikonom., anoikod., pol., metapol., chariz., diatass., kta., chr.]; 10.14-15 (586, Sy) [ed.: ὥστε σε ἕξειν καὶ ἔχειν τὸ ὑπά[ρ]χον μοι τρί[τον μέρ]ος | 15 ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀσφαλειῶν κ(αὶ) δο[ῦν]αι καὶ λαβεῖν ὑ[πὲ]ρ ἐμοῦ;]; 11.47-51 (586, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikonom., oikod., pol., chariz., metapol., allag,poi., καταλεῖψαι, prat.]; 12.37-40 (590/1, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., oikonom., oikod., pol., parach., dor., parapemp., chr.]; 13.40-51 (594, Sy) [4: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikonom., anoikod., ekmisth., allag,poi., pol., metapol., metaschem., dor., chor., parachor., chariz., diatass., katalimp., kta., chr., prat.]; 15.4-8 (493, Sy) [1: kyrieu.*, despoz., dioik., oikod., epoikod.*, pol.*, chariz., epitel.]; 16.28-33 (Vl, Sy) [1: kyrieu., despoz., dioik., oikod., epoikod., pol., chariz., epitel., θεῖναι εἰς αὐτὸν δοκούς; kamar.(aor.), epitel.]; 84.18-21 (211, ArsN) [1: krat., kyrieu., apopher., oikonom., dioik.]; P.Neph. 29.16? (III/IV, HerakN) [NC]; 33.14-15 (c. 330-340, HerakN) [1: dioik., oikonom., despoz.]; P.NYU II 16.13-15 (Ias/If) [ἵνʼ ὑπάρχωσι]; P.Oslo II 31.19-21, 23 (138-161, UP) [1: krat., kyrieu.]; P.Oxy. II 272.13-19 (66, OxN) [ed.: ὁμολογ[ο]ῦμεν ἔχειν σε ἐξουσί[αν σε]αυτῆι τὴν ἀπ[αί]|τη[σ]ιν ποιεῖσθαι;]; 273.24-26 (95, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu.]; 372.19-24 (74/5, Ox) [3: kyrieu., hyparch., exous.: oikonom.]; III 503.18-20 (118, Kerkethyris, OxN) [1: exesti: ἀνεῖναι, dioik., krat., kyrieu.]; 505.11-13 (179, Ox) [1?: chr.]; IV 719.25-26 (193, Ox) [1: exous.: parach., dioik., epitel.]; VIII 1123.8-13 (158/9, Ox) [4: kyrieu., hyparch., exous: oikon.]; IX 1200.24-28 (266, Ox) [4]; 1208.17-19 (291, Ox) [4]; X 1270.45-46 (159, Ox); 1276.12-14 (249, Ox) [1]; 1278.18-22 (214, Ox) [NC]; XII 1475.27-28 (267, Ox) [4]; XIV 1634.14-15 (222, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., apopher., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; 1635.8-10 (44-37A, Ox) [ἵνα ὑπάρχωσι]; 1638.22-24 (282, Ox) [1: kyrieu.*, chr., oikonom., τὴν ἀπόδοσιν ποιήσασθαι]; 1696.11-14 (197, Ox) [1: krat.*, kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; 1697.18-22 (242, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; 1698.13-17 (269, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., apopher., chr., oikonom.*]; 1699.12-15 (240-280, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; 1700.9-13 (IIIl, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., dioik., exous.: pol.]; 1702.5-8 (290, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu.*, exous.: chr.*, oikonom.*]; 1704.10-14 (298, Ox) [4: krat., exous.*, chr., oikonom., apopher., tel.]; 1705.13-16 (298, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., ekmisth., pol.]; XIX 2236.21-27 (IIIe, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; XX 2270.4-7 (V/VI?, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; XXXIV 2723.19-22 (III, Ox) [1: krat.*, kyrieu., chr.*, oikonom.]; XLI 2972.33-36 (72, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; 2989.10-13 (III, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu.*, dioik., oikonom.]; XLIV 3197.16-18 (111, Ox) [1: kyrieu., dioik.]; XLIX 3498.22-25 (274, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., exous.*: chr.*, oikonom.]; LXVII 4586.18-22 (III, Nesmimis) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., dioik., epitel.]; LXXIII 4966.15-17 (371, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.]; LXXV 5058.24-27 (257/8, Ox) [1: oikonom.]; P.Oxy.Hels. 44.19-22 (324, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.] ; P.Palau Rib. 27.6 (VI/VII, UP) [1?: kyrieu.]; P.Par. 21.29-34 (616, This) [1]/[4: kyrieu., epikrat., despoteian echein, belt., oikod., pol., metapol., kataleip.(aor.)]; 21 bis.15-18 (592, This) [1]/[4: kyrieu., epikrat., despoteian echein, belt., oikod., pol., metapol., kataleip.(aor.), charis., chr.]; P.Petaus 17.24-34, ll. 31-32 (184, PtolEu) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; 18.21-33, ll. 29-31 (185, ArsN) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; 22.26-40 ll. 35-37 (after 9.8.185, Syron Kome) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; 23.17-21 (185/6, Pharbaithos) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; P.Phil. I 11.17-21 (141, Berenikis Aigialou) [1: krat., kyrieu., apographesthai, oikonom.]; P.Pintaudi 35.13-15 (III, Ox) [chras., oikonom.]; P.Prag. II 156.6-8 (V, HermN?) [1: chariz., diair.]; III 216.23-24 (IIIf, PtolEu) [4: exous., dioik., oikonom.*]; P.Ross.Georg. II 23.5 (156, Memphites) [menein: KRAT., KYR.]; 30.7-19 (130/1 or 151/2 or 174/5, Memphis/Delta) [menein: KRAT., KYR.]; P.Ryl. II 156.16-17 (I, Ox) [1]; 162.23-30 (159, SokN) [3: kyrieu., pol., hypotith., metadid., apopher.*]; 163.8-9 (140, HermN) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; 165.21-22 (266, HermN) [3: krat., oikonom.]; 312.15 (82-96, SokN) [2: anoikod., epitel., episkeuaz.]; 313.16-17 (82-96, SokN) [2: anoikod., epitel., episkeuaz.]; IV 709.9 (294-296, UP) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; P.Sakaon 59.13-14 (305, PtolEu) [2: apopher., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 60.13-14 (306, PtolEu) [1: kyrieu., apopher., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Sijp. 46.3-5 (332, Herm) [KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; P.Stras. I 14.b18-21 (211, PtolEu) [1]; 79.12? (16/5A, Sy) [NC]; III 144.9-12 (245, HermN) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom., karpou., diamisth., apopher.]; 151.19-23 (100, SokN) [2: kyrieu., apogr., exall., dioik.]; IV 284.17-18 (176-180, PtolEu) [4: exous.]; V 331.16-18 (98-117, UP) [2: parach.*, dioik.]; 370.23 (175-180, ArsN) [men.: KYR., KRAT.]; VI 543.11 (IIf, SokN) [NC]; 555.14-16 (289, Herm) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; 556.12-13 (289, Herm) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.*, dioik.]; 583.15-17 (115/6, ArsN) [2: kyrieu., eisod., exod., chr.]; 585.8-9 (153, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; VII 670.1-2 (III, Alex) [2?: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; 672.21-22 (289, Herm) [1: chres., oikonom., dioik., ekmisth.]; IX 831.18-19 (162/3, Teb) [2: kyrieu., apopher., mesiteu., parach., dioik.]; 861.7-9 (I, UP) [2: parach., dioik.]; P.Tebt. II 319.18-27 (248, Teb) [1: krat., kyrieu., dioik., epitel., exous.]; 381.18 (123, Teb) [will]; 383.35-37 (46, Teb) [1: krat., despoz.]; 407.23 (199, Teb) [NC]; P.Tebt.Wall. 12.23 (101, Teb) [NC]; P.Thomas 28.11-15 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [1: ech., despoteu., neme., parapemp., chres.]; P.Turner 40.14-17 (215, UP) [1: krat., dioik., epitel.]; P.Ups.Frid 1.19-20 (48, Dionysias) [1?: pol., hypotith., metadiatith., oikonom.]; P.Vat.Aphrod. 4.1-6 (VIs, Aphr) [1: oik., dioik., oikonom., epoikod.*, ekmisth.*, metamisth.*, parapemp.*]; 5.b.5-6 (VI, Aphr) [1/4: krat., kyrieu.*, dioik., oikonom., oikod.]; 7.14-20 (546/7, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu.]; P.Vind.Bosw. 6.5-6 (250, Herm) [3: KYR, KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; P.Vind.Tand. 26.13-15 (143, SokN) [3: kyrieu., eisod., exod.]; P.Vindob. G 15300.3-10 (575-599, Herm) [kyrieu., despoz., oikonom., dioik.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 9.1-2 (IV, OxN) [3/4: dioik., oikonom.]; 12.1-2 (IV, UP) [4: exous., dioik., oikonom.]; P.Wisc. II 58.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 59.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher.*, exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; P.Yadin. 19.20-25 (scr.ext.) (128, Maoza) [1]; PSI I 66.13-19 (V?, HermN) [3: KYR, KRAT: chr., oikonom., dioik.]; IV 300.19-20 (324, Ox) [kyrieu.]; VI 704.24-27 (II, ArsN ?) [3: μένειν: KRAT., KYR., dioik.]; 705.12 (IIIl, Ox) [1?, krat., kyrieu.] ; VII 771.18? (321, Ox) [NC]; VIII 909.10-11 (44, Teb) [unique]; 946.28-32 (III, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., oikonom.]; X 1117.31-32 (138, Teb) [4: KRAT., KYR., exous., apograph.]; 1119.34-37 (156, Ox) [1: exeinai: chr., dioik.]; XII 1228.15-18 (188, OxN?) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 1239.13-16 (430, Antin) [3: krat., kyrieu., despoteu.: despoz., chr., dioik., oikonom., epitel.]; XIII 1320.13 (82-88, SokN) [3: anoikod., epitel., episkeuaz., within bebaiosis]; 1341.12-14 (Vb, Antin) [krat., kyrieu., despoteu., despoz., chr., dioik., oikonom., epitel., anepod.]; XIV 1438.32-36 (II/III, UP) [NC]; XV 1533.29 (IIIe?, OxN) [apopher.]; PSI Congr. XX 16.16-18 (330-340?, Ox?) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., dioik., oikonom.]; SB I 4661.8-11 (VI/VII, ArsN) [4: krat.*, kyrieu.*, exous.: dioik., oikonom., epitel., prat., karpou.]; 4682.1-5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.]; 4698.1-3 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [1] [4: kyrieu., krat.]; 4751.2-3 (IV-VII, ArsN) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.]; 4777.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN) [NC]; 5112.44-51 (618, Apol) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., oikod., anoikod., ekxor., parachor., metaschem., ekmisth., enallat., neme., pol., charis., metadid., chr.]; 5113.25-31 (VI, Apol) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., metachremat., oikod., anoikod., ekchor., parach., ekmisth., enalla., pol., charis., metadid., katalimp., p.eip., prat.]; 5114.24-34 (630-640, Apol) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., metachremat., oikod., anoikod., ekchor., parach., ekmisth*., enalla., pol., charis., metadid., katalimp., p.eip.] ; 5267.1-6 (IV-VII, ArsN) [4]; 5268.1-7 passim (IV-VII, UP) [4: exous.: oikonom., epitel., belt., prosod., apochariz., p.prat.]; 5320.16-21 (VI/VII, ArsN) [1: oikod., metaschem., chariz., p.prat. (aor.)]; 5673.16-18 (147, HermN) [μενεῖ: KRAT., KYR.]; 5679.15-17 (307, Oasis Magna) [1?: exeinai: apopher., despoz.]; III 6612.16-17 (365, OxN) [2: krat., kyrieu.]; V 7573.19-22 (116, Upper Egypt) [of mandatary: oikonom.]; 8007.7-8 (IVf, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom.]; 8946.8-11 (50/1 ?, UP) [NC]; VI 8971.11 (284/5, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu.]; 8987.18-21 (644/5, Ox) [1: ech., krat., kyrieu., despoz.]; 9145.17-19 (184-192, ArsN) [κύριον* μένειν]; 9219.16-17 (319, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr.*, oikonom.]; 9402.11-15 (VI/VII, Kerkesis) [1: exous.: krat., kyrieu.]; 9569.8-11 (91, UP) [unique]; 9590.10-11 (VI/VII, Herak) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz.*]; 9618.18-19 (192, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., prosdiair., mesiteu., parach., oikonom.]; VIII 9642.1.14-16 (c. 112, Teb) [1: exous.: oikonom.]; 9831.9 (Il, ArsN) [NC]; 9906.21-23 (193/4, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher.]; X 10571.17-19 (194, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., hypotith., exall., oikonom.]; 10728.15-16 (318, Ox) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr.*, oikonom.]; XII 10784.11-14 (330-340, Oasis Magna?) [4: epikrat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; 11225.4-7 (425-450) [exous.: chr.]; 11229.8 (161-168 or 177-179, Ox) [NC]; XIV 11277.19-20 (225, Nilopolis) [1: kyrieu., enkrat., dioik.*, epitel.]; 11410.20- (106A, Haueris); 11578.6-12 (V?, UP) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., epitel., belt., philokal., kathel., anoikod., metaschemat., ekpoi.]; 11877.19-21 (348, Phil) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoteu.]; 12021.14-15 (377, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu.]; XVI 12263.10-11 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [3, in bebaiosis: chr., enoik., enoikiz., apopher.]; 12333.14-15 (189-193, Ox?) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., oikonom.]; 12758.15-16 (88, PtolEu) [2: exall., oikonom.]; 12946r.11-13 (474, Antin) [4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: chr., kta., dioik., oikonom.]; 12957.13-16 (103-114, SokN) [3: kyrieu., eisodeu., exodeu., apograph., kathair., anoikodom., episkeuaz., pol., hypotith., metadid., chr.]; XVIII 13173.47-67 (629/644, Herm) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., kta., neme., chr., oikonom., dioik., pol., hypoth., charis., antikatall., dor.did.(aor.), kataleip.(aor.), parapemp., poi., prat.]; 13320.67-78 (613-641, Aphr) [1: krat., kyrieu., despoz., oik., dioik., oikonom., oikodom., epoikod., ekmisth., metamisth., parapemp., chr., neme.]; 13764.21-23 (148-161, ArsN) [2: kyrieu., apopher., chr.]; XX 14199.13 (179, Ox) [NC]; 14285.27-31 (59, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., dioik.]; 14379.25 (320, Kar) [4: exous.: diair.(aor.)]; 14448.7-13 (VI/VII, UP) [1: DESP.: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., chr.]; 14681.15-18 (IIIl, Ox) [1: krat., kyrieu., chr., dioik., epitel.]; 14974.19-25 (190, OxN) [μενεῖ: KYR., KRAT.]; XXII 15326.13-14 (222-235, Kar) [2?: kyrieu., apopher.*]; 15472.16-18 (134, PtolEu) [2: apopher.*, exall., oikonom.]; 15096.15-16 (363, OxN) [oikonom.]; 15472.16-18 (134, PtolEu) [2: apopher., exall., oikonom.]; 15618.9-13 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [krat., kyrieu., teloun., exous.: chr., georg., dioik., parachor.]; 15965.18-19 (III/IV, Kar) [kyrieu., oikonom.]; 15969.22-26 (491-518, Herm) [1: epikrat., kyrieu., despoz., chr., oikonom., dioik., parapemp.]; XXIV 16001.15-16 (168, Kar) [exous.]; 16002.15-18 (186-190, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., dioik., oikonom.]; XXVIII 16895.15-18 (IVf, HermN) [oikonom.]; 16986.5-7 (V, UP) [4: , kyrieu., exous.: chr., kta., dioik., oikonom.]; XXVIII 17049.8 (II, Teb) [4: chr., oikonom., dioik.]; XXX 17623.13-15 (293, Herm); SPP I pp. 7-8.15-21 (454, Antin) [1: δίκαια: chr., despoz., kyrieu., dioik., oikonom., belt., parapemp., diapol.]; XX 1.17-20 (83/4, PtolEu) [2: kyrieu., apopher., eisod., exod., potiz., ekcheon., mesiteu., parachor., dioik.]; 10.5-11 (168, ArsN) [4: , kyrieu., apopher., exous.: pol., dioik., epitel.]; 29.30-35 (227, HerakN) [4: , kyrieu., despoz., exous.: epitel.]; 50.19-20 (168/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [2: kyrieu.*, apopher., dioik., oikonom.]; 71.12-14 (269/70, Herm) [3: oikonom.]; 72.11-13 (271/2, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT.: chr., oikonom.]; 74.5-6 (after 23/6/276?, Herm) [3/4 : KYR, KRAT]; 110.15-19 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [3: DESP., KYR. KRAT., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; 117.8-11 (411, Koba) [4: kyrieu., exous.: oikonom., epitel., parach.]; 121.20-25 (439, Herm) [3: KYR., KRAT., chr., oikonom., dioik.]; 145.2-5 (VIs, ArsPol) [4: , kyrieu., exous.: belti., philok., paralimp., pol., prat.(aor.)]; 269.10-14 (VI/VII, Ars?) [1: exous.: karpou., pol.]; 290r passim (IV-VIII, UP) [4: exous.: epitel., belt., prosodeu., chariz., prat.] ; T.Varie 2.6-7 (VII, UP) [1: , kyrieu., chr., oikonom., chariz., pol., metapol., neme., chr.(aor).].
2. Capacities of Pledgee
Category: Capacity, Security, Remuneration
In 11 Byzantine loan documents that record a security by hypotheke, the creditor is allowed to acquire some right—legal, actual, or both—in the mortgaged item. Three documents stem from Middle Egypt, and four from Upper Egypt. In Middle Egypt [Type1], the verb ἔχειν, with the pledgee as its subject, introduces an enumeration of the rights. In SB I 5285.33-36 (607 CE, Panopolites): πρὸς τῷ σε ἔχειν |34 τὴν τούτου χρῆσίν τε καὶ | 35 οἴκησιν ἀντὶ τῆς παραμυθείας | 36 τοῦ αὐτοῦ χρέους (‘So that you have the right to use and inhabit them, in return for the interest on said debt’). In P.Köln VIII 322.11-13, the same clause is developed further: † πρὸς τω (l. τὸ) ‹ἔχειν› σὲ τὸν εἰρημένον Γ̣ε̣ρ̣όντιον καὶ τοὺς σοὺς κληρονόμους καὶ παντοίους διαδόχους τ̣ὰ̣ τ̣[ο]ι̣α̣ῦ̣τα | 12 ἀκίνητα πράγματα ‹μετὰ› κ[αὶ π]αντὸς αὐτ(ῶν) τοῦ δικαίου κατὰ τὴν πρ[ο]αναφερομένην διήγησιν [καὶ] ἐ̣ξ̣ο[υ]σ̣ί̣α̣ν | 13 ἔχειν τῶν γῃδ(ίων) σπείρειν καρποῦσθαι καὶ προσοδεύεσθαι ἐνια̣υσίως, εἴπερ βουλη̣θείης (‘So that you, said Gerontios and your heirs and all types of successors, will possess the immovables of this type with all their accruing rights in accordance with the aforementioned account and will have authority over the land to annually sow, extract the fruits, and receive the revenues, should you wish’). In Upper Egyptian documentation, the term despoteia is fundamental to the wording [Type2]. This is the case in P.Lond. V 1737.16-18 (613 CE, Syene): ἐ[φʼ ᾧ] τε ταῦτα εἶναι ὑπὸ τὴν | 17 σὴν ἐξουσί[α]ν ἄχρι ἀ̣[π]ο̣δόσεω̣ς̣ καὶ συμπληρώ̣σ̣εω̣[ς] | 18 τοῦ ἐγκειμ̣έ̣ν̣ο̣υ̣ χρ[υ]σο̣ῦ̣ ἐ̣νε̣χ̣ερῳ̣ (l. ἐνεχύρῳ) ε̣ι̣ρ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ (‘So that these assets become subject to your capacity as a pledge until the settlement and complete payment of the recorded gold’). Cf. also P.Lond. V 1719.15-17 (556 CE, Thebes). The clause does not record the nature of the despoteia. In both of the last-mentioned cases, however, the object is chattel: articles of bronze in P.Lond. 1737 and an armlet in P.Lond. V 1719; thus, a pledge seems very likely. The term despoteia is also used in Upper Egypt in the case of land. Here the scribe details the nature of the mastership. In P.Lond. V 1723.15-18 (577 CE, Syene) he does so rather succinctly: [ὥ]στε τὰ προδεδηλουμ[ένα] | 16 [πάντα εἶναι ὑ]π̣ὸ τὴν ὑμῶ̣ν ἐξουσία̣[ν κ]αὶ δεσπο[τεί]αν καὶ αὐθεντείαν (l. αὐθεντίαν) | 17 [καὶ ὑμᾶς α̣ὐ̣τ̣ο̣ῖ̣ς̣ χ]ρήσασθαι ἄχ[ρ]ι συμπληρώ̣[σε]ως τῶ[ν π]ρογεγραμμένων | 18 [χρυσοῦ δοκί]μου νομισματια (l. νομισματίων) τεσσερα (l. τεσσάρων) ἰδ[ί]ῳ μο(υ) κ[ινδύ]νῳ (‘So that all the aforementioned assets shall be under your authority, dominion, and absolute sway and that you will use them until full payment of the aforesaid four gold solidi is made at my own risk’.) In P.Michael. 42a.21-26 (566 CE, Aphrodite) the account is much more extensive and bases itself on the terminology of the capacity clause: πρὸς τό σε ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη ἔχειν τὴν πᾶσαν | 22 το̣ύ̣τ̣[ω]ν δεσποτείαν καὶ ἐξουσίαν καὶ αὐθεντείαν καὶ οἰκεῖν καὶ | 23 διοικεῖν καὶ οἰκονομεῖν, καὶ εἶναι ὑπό σε τὴν τούτων ν̣ο̣[μ]ή̣ν̣, | 24 ἄχρι ἀποδώσεως καὶ συμπληρώσεως παντὸς τοῦ προ |25γεγραμμένου χρυσίου τῶν αὐτῶν τριάκοντα νομισμάτων | 26 εὐστάθμων δελταρίῳ ἐν ἐνεχύροις (‘So that you already and from now on hold all dominion, authority, and complete sway to inhabit, manage, and administer them, and that their possession will be subject to you as a pledge until the settlement and complete payment of all the aforementioned gold of the same accurately measured thirty solidi is made’). An equally detailed account, embedded in the Middle Egyptian formulation, is used in P.Köln VII 322 (see above). As shown by the list of verbs attested in the context of this clause—σπείρειν, καρποῦσθαι, προσοδεύεσθαι, χρήσασθαι, δοικεῖν, οἰκονομεῖν, οἰκεῖν—the pledgee is awarded utilization and cultivation, but never the power to dispose of the object. Effectively, this is a case of antichresis.
Bibl.: Wolff (1974): 90.
P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.30-33, 48-51 (569, Antin) [2: oikesis, chresis], [1]; P.EdfouI 2.9-10 (619, Apol) [1]; P.KölnVII 322.11-14 (VII, Herak) [1: ἔχειν τὰ πράγματα; exous.: speir., karpou., prosodeu.]; P.Lond.V 1719.15-17 (556, Thebes) [2]; 1723.15-18 (577, Sy) [2: exous., despot., authent.: chras.]; 1737.16-18 (613, Sy) [2]; P.Michael. 42a.21-26 (566, Aphr) [1: exous.: oik., dioik., oikonom.] [2: νομή]; P.Monts.RocaIV 78.11-14 (49-54, Ox) [χρωμένης Σινθοώνιος, objects, in dative, ἀκωλύτως]; SB I 5285.33-36 (607, PanopN) [2: oikesis, chresis]; XVIII 13167.4-15 (IIm, UP) [2]; XXX 17667.14-17 (603, HerakN).
3. Capacities of Lessee
Category: Capacity
This clause gives the lessee the capacity to dispose of the object, within the limits of the rental contract. The clause is best attested in the context of house leases, with two key components, both attested in P.Mert. II 76.18-23 (181 CE, Oxyrhynchos): (1) χρώμενος σὺν τοῖς παρ̣ʼ [αὐ]τ̣ο̣ῦ [τοῖς αὐτοῖς | 19 τ̣ό̣ποις ἀκωλύτως̣ ε̣ἰ̣ς̣ τ̣ὸ̣ν [χρόνον, (2) καὶ] ἔ̣χ[ων ἐξουσίαν] | 20 [ε]ἰ̣σ̣οικίζειν σύν αὐτῷ ο̣ὓ̣ς̣ ἐὰν β̣[ούληται] (‘having, together with his household, the use of [said] site for the period without hindrance [and the right] to bring in to live with him whomsoever he chooses’). The clause is derived from its counterpart in the sale contract, but here the lessee’s freedom of disposal is curtailed.
Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1955): 366; Müller (1985): 241-242; Hengstl (1992): 121-139.
BGU IV 1116.15-20 (13A, Alex) [ἀντέχεσθαι τῆς μισθώσεως, apopher., exous.: enoikiz., exoikiz., metamisth.]; 1117.20-21 (3A, Alex) [ἀντέχεσθαι τῆς μισθώσεως, apopher.]; P.Bingen 132.18-19 (541, Aphr) [ἐφʼ ᾧ με τοῦτο ἔχειν ὑπʼ ἐμὲ ἁλιεύειν καὶ διδόναι σοι θρίσσαν ὀψάρια διπλᾶ]; P.Cair.Masp. III 67299.12-15 (527-565, Antin) [echein: diekdik.]; 67303.15-17 (553, Aphr) [ἐφʼ ᾧ με ταύτην ἔχ̣ειν ὑπʼ ἐμὲ εἰς ἐργασίαν]; P.Daris 25.3-4 (after 161, UP) [apopher.]; P.Genov. I 22.20-21 (345, Ox) [χράσθω ἀκωλύτως]; P.Giss. I 49.26-28 (IIIm, Ox) [χράσθωσαν ἀκωλύτως]; P.Hamb. IV 265.6-7 (VIl, Aphr) [ἔχειν ὑπʼ ἐμὲ εἰς οἴκησίν, χρῆσιν] ; P.Laur. IV 163.5-6 (279, UP) [χράσθω]; P.Lond. II 483.38-47, 71-83 (615/6, ApolHept) [oik., dioik., ekpoi.(v), metapoi.(v), philok.(v) (aor.), ἐνορύξαι, p.pratt., parapemp., χρῆσθαι]; P.Mert. II 76.18-20 (181, Ox) [χρώμενος ἀκωλύτως]; P.Mich. XIV 678.9-11 (98, UP) [exous.: epitel.]; XVIII 788.13-16 (173, Ox) [exous.: synchr.]; P.Mil. I 55.16-17 (307, Ox) [χράσθω]; P.Oslo III 138.13-15 (323, Ox) [χράσθω]; P.Oxy. VI 912.16-19 (235, Ox) [χράσθω ἀκωλύτως]; VII 1036.25-28 (272, Ox) [χράσθω ἀκωλύτως]; VIII 1127.14-17 (183, Ox) [χράσθω ἀκωλύτως]; XIV 1695.27-28 (360, Ox) [χρήσομαι ἀκωλύτως]; XVII 2109.38-41 (261, Ox) [χρήσομαι ἀκωλύτως]; 2136.10-12 (291, PtolEu) [capacity4: krat., kyrieu., exous.: dioik., oikonom.]; P.Ross.Georg. II 19.21-25 (141, Ox) [χρήσεται τῇ μηχανῇ πρὸς τοὺς ποτισμούς]; P.Tebt. III.1 815.cv.1.25-32, ll. 29-30 (223/2A, Teb) [ἐξέστω σπείρειν ὁσάκις ἂν βούλονται]; 815.er.10-27, ll. 24-25 (223/2A, Teb) [ἐξέστω σπείρειν ὁσάκις ἂν βούλονται]; 815.fr.2.13-30, ll. 21-23 (223/2A, Teb); 815.gr.1-7, ll. 4-7 (223/2A, Teb) [ἐξέστω σπείρειν ὁσάκις ἂν βούληται]; 815.gr.41-45, l. 44 (223/2A, Teb) [ἐξέστω σπείρειν καὶ σησαμεύειν]; P.Val.Sal. 8.13-15 (323, HermN) [χρώμενος]; SB IV 7444.10-11 (327, Ox) [χρώμενος ἀκωλύτως].
4. Capacities of Lessor
Category: Capacity
In the sharecropping contract P.Harr. I 137.13-17 (II CE, Oxyrhynchos), the lessor is given an opportunity to purchase wine as well as other yields of the estate: ἐξουσίας οὔσης τῇ μεμισθωκυίᾳ καὶ | 14 ὠνῆσαι ὠνου (l. οἴνου) γεν[ -ca.?- ] τọῦ̣ | 15 πωμαρίου καὶ τῶν φοινίκων ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ | 16 τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιβαλλόντων αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐκ|17τάκτων καὶ τακτῶν (‘The lessor is entitled to purchase the wine harvest as well as the yields of the orchard, the palm groves, and all other things belonging to them, both the supplementary payments and those fixed by an agreement’). In P.Michael. 19.21 (III CE, Oxyrhynchites), he is allowed to produce bricks (πλ̣ινθε̣ύ̣ει πρὸς τῷ χωρίῳ).
Bibl.: Herrmann (1957); Kloppenborg (2006): 500.
5. Rights of Widow
Category: Capacity
Widows are mentioned in wills in different formulaic contexts: the widow is in charge of settling the testator’s debts, arranging his burial rites, and settling guardianship of underage children. (See the respective entries). But widows are also accorded rights to dispose of some of the testator’s estate: the wife may be accorded the right of residence (οἴκησις, χρῆσις) and disposal of house implements (ἐνδομενία, ἐπίπλοα, σκευή); the right to claim the yields (τὰ περιγενόμενα) of agricultural land; and to employ the services (δουλεία and ἀποφοραί) of slaves. Alternatively, the wife is accorded a maintenance quota in cash or in kind. Some documents protect her from a challenge by others: so, possibly, in SB VIII 9642.4.12-13 (117-137, Tebtynis): [ – -] τοῖς αὐτοῖς τέκνοις ἐξουσίας μηδὲν ἐπὶ καταχρηματισμὸν οἰκονομῆσαι κατὰ τῶν ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ [ – – ] | 13 [ – – ] τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν (‘The said children shall not have power on the strength of this document to manage anything . . . of their mother’). The text of P.Mich. XVIII 785a and b ll. 11-17 (47/61 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), cited paradigmatically here, records, besides the enoikesis, the right of the widow to dispose of the land, the duty to pay the debts, and the right to assign the product to the children: (ὁμολογεῖ μεμερικέναι) τῆι δὲ προγεγραμμένηι το̣ῦ̣ ὁ̣μ̣ο̣λ̣ο̣γοῦντος γυ̣ναικὶ | 12 [ἔχειν τὴν τῆς προγεγραμ(μένης) οἰκίας ἐνοίκησιν καὶ ἃ] ἐὰν καταλείπῃ σ̣κευάρια καὶ ἐπίπλοα καὶ ἐνοφειλόμεν[α] αὐτῶι καθʼ ὃ δή |13[ποτε οὖν τρόπον ἐξέσται καὶ τὰ περιγενόμ]ε̣να ὧν γεωρ̣γ̣ε̣ῖ ὁ ὁμολογῶν κατοικικῶν ἐδαφῶν ἐ̣κ̣ [τοῦ] ἐνεστῶτος | 14 [η (ἔτους)· ἀντὶ τῶν ἐξακολουθούντων περιγε]ν̣ο̣μ̣ένω̣ν̣ ἡι γυ̣νη{ι} Ταπετσῖρις ποιήσεται τὴν διόρθωσιν [ὧν] ὀφείλει ὁ ὁμ̣ολογῶν | 15 [ὀφειλημάτων παντοίων -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣σ̣αν τὴν̣ τ̣ο̣ύτ̣ω̣ν̣ καρπ‹ε›ίαν· τὰ γενήματα καὶ πρόσφορα τῶ̣ν̣ μ̣ε̣μερισμένων τοῖς | 16 [τέκνοις -ca.?- ]κ̣ε̣ Πεταῦς ἃ καὶ παραδώσ‹ε›ι ἡ Ταπετσῖρις πενταετ{α}ίαν [κα]θαρὰ ἀπὸ δημοσίων | 17 [πάντων καὶ πάσης δαπάνης -ca.?- ]μ̣υθ̣ω̣ς· (‘And to the aforementioned wife of the acknowledging party he assigns the right to occupy the aforementioned house and whatever he may leave in the way of utensils and furniture and sums owed to him in any way whatsoever and the revenues of the parcels of catoecic land that the acknowledging party shall have cultivated from the present 8th year on. In exchange for the resulting revenues, his wife Tapetsiris will settle all kinds of debts that the acknowledging party has in whatever way, having(?) the usufruct of them. The products and the revenues of the goods divided among the children will go to Tapetsiris after having been collected by(?) Petaus, which goods Tapetsiris will hand over after a period of five years, free of all public charges and every expense – – -’).
Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 354-357; Montevecchi (1935): 100-101,105; (1936): 69-75; (1939): 20; Hengstl (1992): 121-139; Rupprecht (1985): 292-295, (1998) 233-234; Yiftach (2006b): 153-166.
BGU I 86.14-17 (155, SokN) [maintenance quota]; CPR VI 1.8-10 (125, PtolEu) [right to furniture, clothing and residence]; P.Bas. II 28.7-10 (II, ArsN); P.Cfcair.Masp. II 67151.168-182 (570, Antin); P.Diog. 9.11-18 (186-210?, Phil?) [disposal of furniture; support of underage children; right to the dowry]; 10.11-12 (211, PtolEu) [disposal of furniture]; P.Lond. II 294.33-60.51-57 (109, PtolEu) [disposal of slaves]; P.Mich. V 325.14-17 (47, Tebt) [disposal of a slave]; XVIII 785a and b, ll. 11-14 (47/61, PtolEu) [disposal of a house + furniture; land; settlement of debts; child support]; P.Münch. III 80.20-23 (103-114, SokN) [management of the estate]; P.Oxy. I 104.14-17 (96, Ox) [right of residence, maintenance quota]; III 489.5-9 (117, Ox) [disposal of a house, slaves]; 494.13-16 (156, Ox) [disposal of slaves]; P.Ryl. II 153.27-33 (169, Herm) [right of residence without rent]; P.Sijp. 43.8-11 (119/20, OxN) [disposal of a female slave]; P.Vat.Aphrod. 7.b (546/7, Aphr) [residence]; PSI Congr. XI 5.7-10 (II, Teb) [denial of the right to the yields; right to implements]; SB VIII 9642.4.8-13 (117-137, Teb) [right of residence, disposal of slaves, maintenance of children]; XVIII 13308.41-44 (81-96, PtolEu?) [maintenance quota].
6. Usufruct in Marriage
Category: Capacity
Documents recording the conveyance of prosphora specify the husband’s rights of cultivation. The clause follows the symbiosis and the ‘maintenance in marriage’ clauses and is introduced by ἐφʼ ᾧ + the present infinitive. The verb that denotes the act is καρπίζομαι, with the object in the accusative. CPR I 27.11-16 (189, PtolEu): σ]υμβιούτωσαν οὖν [ἀλλή]λ̣οις οἱ γαμοῦντες ὅ τε Ἰσί|12[δωρος καὶ ἡ] Θαισάριον ἀμέ̣μπτως τοῦ Ἰσιδώρου [ἐ]πιχορηγοῦ[ντος] αὐτῇ τὰ δέοντα πάντα καὶ τὸν ἱματισμὸν καὶ τὰ ἄλ|13[λα ὅσα καθήκ]ει γυναικὶ γαμετῇ κατὰ δύναμιν τοῦ [βίου κ]αὶ αὐ[τ]ῆς δὲ τῆς Θαισαρίου ἄ[με]μ̣πτον καὶ ἀκατηγόρη|14[τον ἑαυτὴν παρ]εχομενην (l. [παρ]εχομένης) ἐν τῇ συμβιώσει ἐφʼ ᾧ [καὶ καρπί]ζεσ[θα]ι τὸν Ἰσίδωρον ἐφʼ ὃν χρόνον μένει αὐτοῖς | 15 [ἡ πρὸς ἀλλή]λους συμβίωσις τὸ ὑπάρχον τῇ Θα[ϊσα]ρ̣ί̣ῳ̣ περὶ [κώ]μην Σεβέννυτον τέταρτον μέρος κοινὸν καὶ | 16 [ἀδιαίρετον] φοινικῶνος ἀρουρῶν δέκα ὀκτώ (‘Let the couple Isidoros and Thaisarion live together irreproachably, Isidorus providing her with all necessities, clothing, and everything else befitting a wedded wife in accordance with the ability of his means, and Thaisarion herself conducting herself without reproach and blame in the course of the marriage, on the condition that Isidoros enjoy the fruits, for as long as their joint cohabitation persists, of the fourth share belonging to her of a palm grove of ten arouras’). The clause is developed further in P.Ryl. II 154.20-24 (66, Bacchias), where it gives a detailed account of the husband’s duties/rights. The terms are those used in leases to denote the duties of a lessee (see: ‘duties in lease’). Different from the lessee’s position, however, is the husband’s duty to pay taxes (compare: ‘taxes in lease’) and consign yields to the joint household τοῦ Χ[αιρ]ήμονος ἄγοντος τὰ κατʼ ἔ[το]ς γεωργικὰ ἔργα πάντα τῶν τῆς προσφορᾶς κλή[ρ]ου | 21 [ἀρο]υρῶν δέκα ἡμίσ[ο]υς τετάρτου καὶ κατασπείροντας (l. κατασπείροντος) καὶ ἀποφέροντας (l. ἀποφέροντος) τὰ περιεσόμεν[α] ἐκ τ[ού]|22[τω]ν κατʼ ἔτος γενήματα καὶ ἐπιγενήματα ἀπ[ὸ] τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐνεστῶ[τος] ἔτους καὶ ε[ἰ]σφέρ[ον]τος | 23 [εἰς] τὸν κοινὸν τῆς [σ]υμβιώσεως οἶκον κα[ὶ τ]ελοῦντας (l. [τ]ελοῦντος) τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων κατʼ ἔτ[ο]ς δημόσια [πά]ντα | 24 [σι]τικά τε καὶ ἀργυρι[κ]ὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἔτους (…‘Chairemon carrying out all yearly work of cultivation connected with the holding of ten and three quarters arouras delivered under the title of prosphora, sowing them, gathering the future annual produce and surplus resulting from them from said present year onward, and carrying it to the home of their common wedded life, paying thereon all yearly public charges both of corn and money from said present year’) (transl.: with slight modifications, editio princeps, pp. 159-160).
Bibl.: Häge (1968): 267-268; Yiftach (2003): 168.
CPR I 27.14-16 (189, PtolEu); P.Oxy. II 265.5-9 (81-96, Ox); P.Ryl. II 154.20-24 (66, Bac); SB VI 8974.25-28 (IbA, Bousiris).
