Chapter 9: Warranty

Uri Yiftach

Chapter 9: Warranty

In documents that record the alienation of immovables and slaves, the vendor is obligated to defend the purchaser’s title and refrain from challenging it himself/herself. In the Ptolemaic katagraphai, the name of the ‘propoletes and bebaiotes’, who is the vendor himself, appears at the end of the document, but his function is not elaborated on in the clause. In contemporary lease contracts and in sale and lease contracts from the Roman and Byzantine periods, the bebaiosis clause is routinely attested, with the persons or claims from which the vendor should defend the purchaser appearing in the genitive and introduced by the preposition ἀπό. In the case of land conveyances, the list of claims is highly detailed, documenting an array of private claims and assorted routine tasks. As such, it is comparable to the list that appears in the tax clauses. Another clause, the basilikon kolyma, relates to special circumstances that relieve the alienator of the bebaiosis requirement. A second means of granting warranty is the surrender clause, which records the surrender of the object by the alienator to the alienee with an array of adjectives expressing its unencumbered state. The surrender clause also specifies persons and claims against whom the bebaiosis should be directed; thus, it is equifunctional to the bebaiosis clause. Yet another path to the same goal is via the defension clause, which differs from the two foregoing clauses in that it explicitly fends against all third-party challengers and reports the way defension should be undertaken. Finally, the no-lawsuit clause enjoins vendors themselves from challenging the purchaser’s possession and title. The warranty clauses are detailed, developed, and attested in a large majority of land and slave sale contracts in the Roman and Byzantine periods. Accordingly, they are also followed by penalty clauses that prescribe an extensive array of punitive measures in anticipation of violation of each of the four aforementioned provisions. The penalty clause that anticipates any type of contractual breach (παραβαίνω, παρασυγγραφέω) evolved in the same context. For this reason, it is studied in the present section as well.

1. Propoletes

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

The propoletes clause recurs in katagraphai that record land sales in Ptolemaic Egypt and is also incorporated into two slave sales from the Roman period, one from Oxyrhynchos and the other from Dura Europos. In katagraphai from mid-Ptolemaic Pathyris and Krokodilopolis, a nominal sentence names the propoletes and bebaiotes, who in this documentation is always the vendor. As the object of his active stance, in the genitive, are ‘all aspects of the act of purchase’ προπωλητὴς καὶ βεβαιωτὴς τῶν κατὰ τὴν ὠνὴν ταύτην πάντων. A relative clause, with a relative pronoun in the accusative anteceded by the vendor’s name, reports in the aorist indicative the purchaser’s approval of the propoletes and bebaiotes (ὃν ἐδέξατο ὁ πριάμενος). Cf., e.g., P.Adler 9.12-13 (104 BCE, Pathyris): προπωλητὴς καὶ βεβαιωτὴς Ἁκετεφνάχθη̣ς ὁ ἀποδόμενος, ὃν ἐδέξα‹ν›το Σενενο̣ῦφ̣ι̣ς | ¹³ καὶ Σεμπελαίας οἱ (l. αἱ) πριάμενοι (l. πριάμεναι) (‘Acting as propoletes and bebaiotes is the vendor Aketephnachthes, whom Senenouphis and Sempelaias the purchasers have recognized as such’). P.Köln IV 187, from 146 BCE Herakleopolis, may exhibit a different formulation but the text is damaged: προπωλῶ̣[ν̣ (?) ̣ ̣] ̣[ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣] ὁ̣ πεπρακὼς | [δ]εξαμένου τοῦ πριαμένου (‘…acting as propoletes is the vendor, the purchaser having recognized him as such’). Another version is evident in P.Dura 25.9-10 (180 CE, Dura Europos), where the compound form of δέχομαι, ἐκδέχομαι (here: ‘undertake’) is used introducing the duty of defension: βεβαιοῖ καὶ προπωλεῖ κατὰ τὸν νόμον Λυσίας ὁ ἀποδόμενος καὶ ἐξεδέξατο ἐάν | ¹⁰ [τις ἐμποιηθῇ τοῦ πεπραμέ]νου δούλου καὶ [τοῦ μέρους] ἡ̣[μίσους ἀμπέλου, αὐ]τὸν ἀντικαταστάντα καθαροποιήσειν τῷ Ἡλιοδώρωι (‘Lysias the vendor acts as guarantor and broker according to the law and has undertaken, if anyone should lay claim to the objects of the sale, the slave and the half share of the vineyard, that he will oppose it and establish a clear title for Heliodoros.’) (transl.: editio princeps, pp. 129-130). Cf. also P.Oxy. II 375.20-21 (79 CE, Oxyrhynchos): προπωλεῖ καὶ βεβε[οῖ] (l. βεβαι[οῖ]) [ὁ Θέων τὰ αὐτὰ δοῦλα σώματα ὡς] | πρόκειται (‘Theon acts as a propoletes and bebaiotes of the same slaves as stated above’).

Bibl.: Partsch (1909): 340-358; Schwarz (1920): 154; Montevecchi (1939): 20-21; Pringsheim (1950): 103, 437-442; Wolff (1978): 190-191; Rupprecht (1982b): 238 n. 21, 243-245; (1983): 620; Straus (2004): 139-140, 142-143; Vierros (2012a): 178-182.

BGU III 994.3.6-8 (113^A, Path); 996.3.9-11 (112^A, Path); 997.2.10-11 (103^A, Path); 998.1.11-13 (101^A, Path); 999.1.9-11 (99^A, Path); 1000.1.8-9 (98^A, Path); VI 1259.10-11 (100^A, Path); P.Adler 1.2.7-8 (134^A, KrokPat); 3.2.16-3.3 (112^A, Path); 5.2.10-11 (108^A, KrokPat); 7.14-16 (104^A, Path); 8.11-12 (104^A, Path); 9.2.12-13 (104^A, Path); 11.2.13-14 (98^A, Path); 12.10-11 (101^A, Path); 13.2.5-6 (100^A, KrokPat); 16.12-13 (99^A, Path); 17.10-11 (99^A, KrokPat); 18.9-11 (99^A, Path); 21.2.10-11 (98^A, Path?); P.Amh. II 51.2.28-29 (88^A, Path); P.Batav. 6.26-27 (110^A, Latopolis, Path); P.Col. VII 181.17-19 (342, Kar); P.Dura 25.9-11 (180, Dura Europos); P.Grenf. I 33^r.1-5, ll. 4-5 (103^A, Thebes); 33^r.6-29, ll. 24-26 (103^A, Thebes); 33^v.49 (after 103^A, Thebes ?); 36.2.8-9 (106^A, Path); II 15.2.10-12 (139^A, Latopolis); 23a.2.11-3.2 (107^A, KrokPat); 32.9-10 (101^A, Path); 35.10-11 (98^A, Path); P.Köln I 50.2.28-29 (99^A, Path); 51.8-9 (99^A, Path); IV 187.25-26 (146^A, Herak); P.Lips. I 1.10-11 (104^A, Path); 2.9-10 (99^A, Path); P.Lond. III 676.9-10 (100^A, Path); 678.11-13 (99/98^A, KrokPat); 879.3.23-25 (123^A, Path); 881.2.27-29 (108^A, Path); 882.2.17-18 (101^A, Diospolis Parva); 883.2.25-26 (88^A, Path); 1204.2.23-24 (113^A, Path); 1206.2.23-24 (99^A, Path); 1207.2.23-24 (99^A, Path); 1208.2.15-17 (97^A, Path); 1209.2.16-17 (89^A, Path); P.Mil. I 2.10-11 (104^A, Path); P.Oxy. II 375.20-21 (79, Ox); 380.14-15 (79, Ox); LXIII 4359.7-10 (324, Ox); P.Par. 5a 2.4-5; b 31-34 (113^A, Hermonthis); 17.14-16 (153, Sy ?); P.Ryl. IV 581.11-12 (121^A, Path); P.Stras. II 81.30-31 (115^A, Diospolis Magna); 84.28-29 (114^A, Path); 86.22-24 (111^A, Path); 87.2.16 (107^A, KrokPat); 88.3.29-33 (105^A, Path); 89.10-12 (99^A, Path); 90.2.21-22 (99^A, Path); PSI IX 1016.36-37 (129^A, Diospolis Magna); 1018.13-14 (107^A, PathN); 1022.18-19 (106^A, PathN); 1024.7-8 (104^A, Hermonthis); 1025.18-19 (104^A, Hermonthis); SB I 428.10-12 (99^A, KrokPat); III 6645 (105^A, Path); XX 14393.10-11 (100^A, Path); XXIV 16315.11-13 (98^A, Path); XXVI 16799.3-5 (210/9^A, Phil ?); XXVIII 17265.a.2.3-9, l. 9; a.2.10-16, l. 16; a.2.17-23, ll. 22-23; a.3.1-3, l. 3; a.3.10-16, l. 16; b.1.5-10, l. 10; b.1.11-15, l. 15; b.1.16-20, l. 20; b.1.21-26, l. 26; b.2.1-6, l. 6; b.2.7-13, l. 13; c.1.1-2, l. 2; c.1.3-9, l. 9; c.1.10-14, l. 14; c.1.15-19, l. 19 (111/10^A, Path); XXX 17364.7-8 (113/2^A, PathN); UPZ II 180b.32-34 (113^A, Hermonthis); 181.2.12-13 (105^A, Hermonthis).

2. Bebaiosis

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

The bebaiosis clause is recorded in 795 documents: 505 sales, 228 leases, 44 loans, six contracts of labour, three wills, and five diaireseis. In both lease and sale documents, the bebaiosis clause is most common in reference to real estate (285 sales, virtually all leases). In sales, it is also common in documents recording the conveyance of animals (101) and slaves (48). The corpus in question features three key formulations:

[Type1] is an independent clause, the verb βεβαιόω appearing in the indicative or in indirect discourse (viz., mostly introduced by ὁμολογέω) in the infinitive. The tense is largely future but occasionally present, e.g., P.Mich. III 189.17-19 (123 CE, Bacchias), and only rarely aorist, e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1641.8 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The independent construction is already used in documents recording conveyance of species objects—viz., leases, sales, and secured loans—throughout the Ptolemaic period. Ptolemaic sales, however, take the form of katagraphe, in which instead of the bebaiosis clause the scribe simply records the identity of the ‘bebaiotes and propoletes’. Consequently, the Ptolemaic evidence originates primarily in leases.

A group of leases from Tholthis and its surroundings already exhibits the key traits that will hallmark the bebaiosis clause in later times: the conveyor in the nominative, the conveyed object in the accusative, and the recipient in the dative. P.Frankf. 1.40-42 (213 BCE, Tholthis): βεβαιούτω | ⁴¹ [δὲ Ἀπολλώνιος Νεοπτολέμωι τὸν] κ̣λῆρον καὶ τοὺς κατασπαρέν|⁴²[τ]α̣[ς] ἐ̣ν̣ αὐτῶι κα̣ρπο[ὺς] κα[θʼ ἃ] μ̣[ε]μ̣ί̣σθωκεν·(‘… and let Apollonios warrant for Neoptolemos the plot and the cultivated crops just as he has leased them out’). In another document, BGU XIV 2390.26-27 (160/59 BCE, Herakleopolites) a second scribe then adds what will become another key feature of the bebaiosis clause: the preposition ἀπό with the genitive, specifying what should be warded off by the conveyor. β̣εβ̣αιούτ̣[ω δὲ] Διζάολος Πολυηράτωι καὶ τοῖς παρʼ αὐτοῦ τῶν τριῶν μερῶν τοῦ κλήρου | ²⁷ τὸ καθʼ ἥμισυ καὶ τ[οὺ]ς καρποὺς \καθαρὰ ἀπὸ πάντων/ ἕως ἂν ἐκκαρπίσηται κ[ατὰ] τὴν μίσθωσιν· ( ‘… and let Dizaolos warrant for Polyeratos and for his representatives the half of three shares of a plot, and the cultivated crops, free of any liability until the fruit has been reaped, according to the terms of the lease’). In this case, the ἀπό construction is introduced by the adjective καθαρός. This adjective recurs in later times as well; see, in particular, the formulation βεβ̣αιώ̣σ‹ε›ις δέ̣ μ̣[οι] τ̣[ὴν] | ³⁵ μ[ί]σθ(ωσιν) καὶ κα̣θ̣αρ(ὰν) ἀ̣πὸ δημ̣οσίω̣(ν) πά̣ντω̣[ν] (‘…and you will warrant for me the lease also free of all public dues’). (P.Mil.Vogl. VI 290.34-35: II CE, Tebtynis) and Rupprecht (1982a): 464). At the same time, in the Roman period, καθαρός is not indispensable; the preposition ἀπό may derive directly from the verb. The level of detail varies: some scribes make do with the succinct formulation βεβαι]ο̣ῦ̣σι πάσ[ῃ] βεβαιώσι (‘warrant in every form of warrant’) (e.g., P.Lond. III 842.19: 140 CE, Apias). They may also, however, name the person(s) who ought to perform the bebaiosis—the alienator, his family, and his/her/their representatives. This is the formulation used most commonly in P.Hamb. I 30.16-17 (89 CE, Philadelphia): καὶ βεβαιώσ‹ε›ιν τὴν ὁμολο̣[γ]ο̣ῦ̣[σαν Τετ]οσῖριν καὶ̣ το̣ὺ̣[ς] | ¹⁷ παρʼ α̣ὐτῆς τῇ Νι̣καρίωι καὶ τοῖς παρʼ αὐτῆς (‘… and Tetosiris, the declaring parties, and her representatives, shall warrant for Nikarion and her representatives’). The object of the bebaiosis may be the assigned asset (τὸν πεπραμένον κάμηλον, τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἐνοίκησιν ταύτην) or the contract (τήνδε τὴν πρᾶσιν). In the case of sale, multiple obligors may be termed mutual sureties (ἐξ ἀλληλεγγύης). Finally, the preposition ἀπό, discussed above, may be used to denote [a] the claims to be warded off by the assignor [cf. Rupprecht (1983): 621-622], [b] any potential challenger to the assignee’s position, or [c] the timeframe in relation to which the assignee’s position is challenged. [ad a] Some scribes address public and private liabilities in general terms, e.g., ἀπὸ δημοσίων καὶ ἰδιωτικῶν καὶ πάσης ἐμποιήσεως (e.g., P.Mich. V 309.6-7: I CE, Teb?), or ἀπὸ δημοσίων πάντων καὶ ἰδιωτικῶν καὶ παντὸς εἴδους (e.g., P.Mich. V 311.22-24: 34 CE, Teb). Others stress liabilities to the state. In lease, the formulation is simple and succinct: ἀπὸ δημοσίων (e.g., P.Mil.Vogl. III 140.42-43: 176 CE, Tebtynis). In sales, on the other hand, an effort is made to elaborate on all possible taxes and liabilities. See, e.g., P.Kron. 48.15-18 (35 CE, Tebtynis): ἀπὸ μὲν δη̣μωσίων (l. δημοσίων) ὀφ‹ε›ιλημάτων πάντων κ̣α̣ὶ̣ | ¹⁶ ἐπ[ι]γραφῶ[ν] πασῶν καὶ ναυβίων καὶ ἀρταβίας | ¹⁷ καὶ πλεων̣ασμάτων καὶ ἐπιβ̣ο̣λῆς κώμης καὶ | ¹⁸ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων τῶν ἀπαιτουμένων (‘… (free from) all public debts, from every impost, the naubia, the artab tax and surtaxes, the imposts of the village and all other claims’). Some scribes focus on private liabilities: cf., e.g., CPR XV 2.6 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): ἀ̣πό τε συγγραφῶν π̣ασ̣ῶ̣ν̣ καὶ συναλ̣λαγμάτ̣ω̣[ν] πά̣[ντ]ω̣ν̣ καὶ παντ̣ὸ̣ς εἴδους (‘… from all types of all instruments and all agreements and every type of liability’) [an exhaustive list in Rupprecht (1982a): 465-467 with further literature]. [ad b] The preposition ἀπό with the genitive is first used to denote a potential challenger in the sale document SPP XXII 22.17-19 (142 CE, Philopator and Theogenous) and even earlier in the lease contract P.Mil.Vogl. II 78.19-20 (138 CE, Tebtynis): βεβαιώσειν | ²⁰ αὐτῷ ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ ἐπιλημψομέ|²⁰[νου] (‘warrant him from everyone intending to make a seizure’). It then becomes widespread in the late second and third centuries, commonly used exclusively, viz., not accompanied by types [a] or [c]. As is frequently the case elsewhere, it acquires its most comprehensive form in Byzantine documentation: T.Varie 2.7-8 (VII CE?, Unknown Provenance): ἡμῶν ‹βεβαιουμένων› πάσει (l. πάσῃ) βεβαιώσει ἀπὸ παντὼς (l. παντὸς) | ⁸ [ἐπελθόντος ἢ] ἐπιλευσωμενον (l. ἐπελευσομένου) καὶ τεκνα (l. τέκνων) ἡμῶν ‹καὶ› κληρονομου (l. κληρονόμων) καὶ διατόχων (l. διαδόχων) καὶ διακατόχον (l. διακατόχων) τούτων (‘… we warranting the sale with every form of warranty against anyone who has proceeds or will proceed against you, both our children, heirs, and inheritors of these objects’). [ad c] The preposition ἀπό is employed to delineate the time frame in two distinct usages. The first [1] is associated with past liabilities, cf., P.Ryl. II 162.20-22 (159 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): βεβαιώσ‹ε›ιν τὴν ὁμολογοῦσαν | ²¹ τὰ κατὰ τὴν πρᾶσιν τα[ύτη]ν διὰ παντὸς πάσῃ βεβαιώσ‹ε›ι ἀπό τε | ²² δημοσίων καὶ ἰδιωτ[ικῶν] πάντων ἀπὸ τῶν [ἔμπ]ρ̣οσ|²³θεν χρόνων ( ‘… the acknowledging party will guarantee the objects of this sale in perpetuity with every guarantee against all past charges public and private’) and in a alternative formulation conveying the same notion: τῶν ἐκ τῶν ἐπάνω χρόνων (cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 322.12 (47/8 CE, Tebtynis). The second [2] pertains to the exclusion of future lawsuit, e.g., CPR I 4.15-17 (52 CE, Herakleia): καὶ | ¹⁶ βεβαιώσειν τοὺς ὁμολογοῦντας πάσῃ ‹βεβαιώσει› καὶ τοὺς ἐνγενοῦς (l. ἐγγενεῖς) αὐτῶν πάντων (l. πάντας) τῷ Ἀρ|¹⁷τεμιδώρωι ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον πάσῃ βεβαιώσει καθότι προ|γέγραπ{π}ται διὰ παντός (‘… and the acknowledging parties, they and all their offspring, will warrant for Arteriors in all forms of warranty, from now to all time, as stated above, in perpetuity’).

[Type2] In the genitive absolute [Cf. Rupprecht (1982a): 476, (1983) 623], only in sales from the Roman period and primarily from the Hermopolite nome, the formulation τῆς βεβαιώσεως διὰ παντὸς πρὸς πᾶσαν βεβαίωσιν ἐξακολουθούσης μοι τῇ πωλούσῃ (‘… the warranty in every respect being incumbent on me, the seller’) is encountered. The construction τῆς βεβαιώσεως ἐξακολουθούσης is restored in a petition from Augustan Alexandria: BGU III 1001.12 (30 BCE-14 CE). It is securely attested in the petition P.Mich. V 232.26-27 from 36 CE Tebtynis and in a quitclaim contract composed two years earlier—P.Mich. V 266.16-17—that rules out the bebaiosis. In the following Arsinoite evidence, the formulation is used to record a preexisting bebaiosis (P.Mich. V 326.59-60 (48 CE, Arsinoites): κατὰ μηδὲν τῶν προγεγραμμένων τεσσάρων Μάρωνος καὶ Ἡρώιδου καὶ Διδύμου καὶ Ἡρακλείδου τοῦ καὶ | ⁶⁰ Λούριος ἐλαττουμένων ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐξακολουθούσης τῷ Ἡρακλείδηι πρεσβυτέρωι βεβαιώσεως (‘… and the four persons aforesaid, Maron and Herodes and Didymos and Herakleides, also called Lourios, shall not in any way incur any loss with respect to the guarantee devolving upon Herakleides the elder’). In the second half of the first century, the construction is acculturated into the scheme of the sale contact—cf. P.Oxy. I 83.20.19-21 (83 CE, Oxyrhynchos)—and then recurs sporadically throughout Egypt, from Prosopites to Panopolis. The evidence, however, accumulates especially in documentation from Kellis and the Hermopolite nome, where it is still incorporated in SB XVIII 13173.67-70, a slave sale from 629 or 644 CE).

[Type3] In the genitive absolute, primarily in leases of the Roman period and largely from the Oxyrhynchite nome, the formulation βεβαιουμένης τῆς μισθώσεως (‘… on the lease being guaranteed’), later also βεβαιουμένης τῆς ἐπιδοχῆς [Cf. Rupprecht (1982b): 474-476, (1983): 624]. Bεβαιουμένης τῆς μισθώσεως is used in six Ptolemaic documents from the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. In the Roman period, on the other hand, it becomes standard in the Oxyrhynchites. Initially, it is added to the independent bebaiosis clause, as in P.Oxy. II 277.11-12 (19 BCE, Oxyrhynchos): [βεβα]ιούτωι δὲ Δι[ονύσιος τὴν μίσθωσιν] | ¹² πάσηι [β]εβαι[ώσει], [βεβαιου]μένης δὲ α[ὐτῆς (‘… and let Dionysios warrant the lease with every form of warranty. As long as the lease is subject to warranty ….’). The earliest Oxyrhynchite evidence of the independent use of the genitive absolute is P.Oxy. VIII 1124.8.1-10 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Oxyrhynchite evidence abounds in ensuing centuries; the latest attestation is P.Oxy. XIV 1695.25 of 360 CE Oxyrhynchos.

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-41; Waszyński (1905): 82-90 [lease]; 188; Partsch (1909): 344-358; Mitteis (1912): 188; Schwarz (1920): 171-178; Woeß (1924): 278-289; Wolff (1946): 63-65; Pringsheim (1950): 356-370, 441-444; Taubenschlag (1955): 325-326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160; Rupprecht (1982a): 464-477; (1982b): 243-244; (1983): 618-624; Müller (1985): 227-236; Straus (2004): 142-145.

Structure of the entries: [contract; type of clause; type of apo: type of liability]

BGU I 71.18-19 (189, Kar) [sale; 1]; 87.16-18 (144, SokN) [sale; 1]; 94.11-12 (289, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.]; 100.9 (159, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.23-25 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 177.11-13 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 193.16-18 (136, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 227.18-20 (151, ArsN) [lease; 1; d.p., d.eid.]; 228.8-9 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 233.9-12 ? (161-169, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., p.art.naub., d.tel.; opheilem.; c] ; 282.38-39 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 350.8-12 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; 1; a: p.d.idiot., laog., empoi.]; II 427.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1]; 446.18 (169-177, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 453.12-14 (154, SokN) [sale; 1]; 468.15-18 (150, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: p.d.]; 469.10 (156-160, UP) [sale; 1]; 526.22-23 (86, SokN) [lease; 1]; 542.15-16 (165, Athenas Kome) [sale; 2]; 584.6-7 (44, UP) [sale; 1]; 666.18 (177, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.tel., p.eid.]; 667.11-12 (222, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.: laog., idiot., p.empoi.] ; III 709.13-14 (138-161, Kar) [sale; 1]; 806.8 (1, UP) [sale; 1]; 825.9-11 (190/1, ArsN) [sale; 2; πλὴν δρασμοῦ]; 859.11-13 (161-163, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 883.8-10 (II, Kar) [sale; 1; a: art.naub.arith., p.eid.; c]; 887.4-5,11,15-17,19-20 (151, Side) [sale; 1; ἐκ διατάγματος]; 901.1-3 ? (II/III, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi.]; 906.19-21 (34/5, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.; c]; 910.1.8-10 (70, SokN) [sale; 1]; 912.31 (33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 913.11-12 (206, Myra) [sale; 2 (βεβαίωσις πράξεως)]; 917.18-19 (348, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: idiot., zet.] ; 937.18-19 (250, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 986.17 (117-138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 987.7-9 (19/45, ArsN) [sale; 1; πλὴν δρασμοῦ]; 1002.13 (55^A, Herm) [sale; 1; a]; IV 1048.11-14 (100/1 or 110/1, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., epib.-kom., katakr.]; 1049.13-15 (342, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 1059.12-13 (30^A-14, Alex) [sale; 1];1118.50-51 (22^A, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1119.46-50 (6/5^A, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1120.46-48 (5^A, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1130.19-24 (4^A, Alex) [sale; 2]; VI 1262.21 (216/5^A, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1264.26-27 (215/4^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1266.32-35 (203/2^A, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1267.17-21 (before 266/5^A or 228/7^A, OxN) [lease; 1]; 1270.22-23 (191^A, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1271.2 (180^A-145^A, Phil/Thead) [lease; 3]; VII 1643.11-13 (II, Phil) [sale; 1]; VIII 1731.12 (68/7^A, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 1732.10-12 (80^A-30^A, Herak) [sale; 1]; 1735.18-19 (98^A, Herak) [sale; 1]; X 1943.16-17 (215/4^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1944.15-16 (214/3^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1948.f (213/2^A, Tholthis) [lease; 1]; 1949.6-9 (221^A-205^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1950.5-9 (221^A-205^A, OxN) [lease; 1]; XI 2049.14-15 (II, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 2050.19 (106, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2052.8-9 (II, Herakleia?) [sale; 1]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [sale]; 2055.15-16 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 2095.24-25 (83, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 2112.4-5 (I^m, ArsN) [sale; 1]; XIII 2335.9-11 (42/3, UP) [sale; 1]; 2340.16-17 (III^e, Ox) [lease; 3]; 2341.10 (II, Kar) [lease; 1]; XIV 2383.13-15 (215/4^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2384.14-16 (215/4^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2388.22-23 (191^A, Takona) [lease; 1]; 2389.28-29 (scr.ext.) (72^A, HerakN) [lease; 1]; 2390.25-29 (160/59^A, HerakN) [lease; 1] [3]; 2395.26-29 (221^A, Takona) [loan; 1]; XV 2477.2-3 (I, Ars) [sale; 1]; 2478.8-9 (90-96, Kar) [sale; 1]; 2482.6-9 (191, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2698.20-21 (VII, Herm) [sale; 1]; XIX 2830.14 (309/10, Herm) [sale; 2]; 2831.15-16 (VI^f, Herm) [sale; 3]; CPR I 2.5-10 (II/III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 3.10 (ΙΙΙ^m, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 4.15-18 (52, Herakleia) [sale; 1; c]; 63.21 (223-235, HerakN) [sale] ?; 64.24-27 (227, Peenamis) [sale; 1]; 89.12-13 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 103.23 (III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 113.10 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 122.7-15? (III^f, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 123.5 (III^f, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 133.1 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 137.5-6 (c. 200, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 138.1-2 (III^f, Herak) [sale; 1]; 140.1 (c. after 221, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 141.8-9 (III^f, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 142.4-5 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 144.4-5 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 146.2-3 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.7-9 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 158.5-6 (193-211, ArsN) [sale]; 162.15-17 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 175.18 (III^f, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 179.13? (I/II, PtolEu?) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d.]; 187.8-11 (145, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 198.8-11 (138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 203.5 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 204.7? (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 206a.10-12 (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d., idiot.chreo., laog.]; 206b.10-12 (138-161, ArsN) [sale: 1; a: opeilema.d.idiot., laog.]; 207.26- (II, ArsN); 211.1 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 216.1-2 (I/II, SokN) [sale; 1]; VI 2.22-24 (144, Kerkesoucha) [sale; 1]; 73.28 (222-235, HerakN) [sale; 1]; VII 14.15-16 (305, Herm) [sale; 2]; 36.10-12 (331, Herm) [sale; 1; b]; 48.8-9 (V, HerakN) [sale; 2; a: analom., zemiom. (future)]; VIII 18.9-11 (III, Ox) [sale; 1]; XV 1.15-16 (3^A, SokN) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synal.p., p.eid.]; 2.6 (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 47.4-5 (46/7, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIIa 5a.8-10 (316, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.log.idiot.polit.; b]; 17a.8 (321?, Herm) [sale; 2]; XVIIb 3.17-27, l. 23 (184, Panop) [loan; 1]; 6.11 (184/5, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 18.15-31, ll. 26-27 (217/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 36.8 (217/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 39.8 (217/8 , Panop) [sale; 1]; P.Abinn. 60.15-18 (346, Dionysias) [sale; 1; b]; 64.22-26 (337-350, Alex or Phil) [sale; 1]; P.Amh. II 95.9-10 (109, Herm) [sale; 2]; 96.8 (213, Herm) [sale; 2]; 102.15-16 (180, PtolEu) [sale; 2]; P.Amst. I 1.41-44, ll. 33-34 (10^A, PtolEu) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; P.Athen. 19.16 (153, ArsN) [lease]; 25.13-14 (61, Kar) [sale; 1]; 27.20-22 (150, Kar) [sale; 1]; P.Bad. II 19a.9-10 (110, HermN) [sale; 1]; P.Bagnall 47.26-30 (I^l/II^e, Ieme) [sale; 2]; P.Bas. 5.8 (III, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 7.19-20 (117-138, ArsN) [loan; 1]; P.Batav. 10.17-19 (136, Bac) [sale; 1]; 16.11-12 (346/7, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Berl.Leihg. I 20.16-17 (149, OxN) [lease; 3]; 21.9-11 (309, KynopN) [sale; 2]; P.Bingen 52.1-6 (I^A, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 60.10 (46, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 61.10-11 (56, Teb) [sale; 1]; 75.4-5 (III^b, Ox?) [sale; 1]; P.Bodl. I 44.5-7 (310, UP) [sale; 2]; 45.19-21 (c. 610, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; P.Brem. 68.9-10 (99, Herm ?) [loan; 2]; P.Brook. 7.16-18 (152, SokN) [sale; 1]; 97.15 (II, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 13.10-11 (341, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Isid. 83.9-13 (III^s, UP) [sale; 2]; 86.6-7 (309, Kar) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097^r.30-45, 58-64 (571/2, Aphr) [sale, ed.: ἑτοίμως ἔχω βεβαιώσασθαί σ̣ο̣ι̣ κ̣α̣ὶ̣ καθα̣ροπο̣ι̣ή̣σ̣ασθαι]; 67098.28-30 (540-565, Aphr?) [sale; 1; b]; II 67169.53-54 (569, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; P.Col. VII 181.10-11 (342, Kar) [sale; 1]; VIII 219.14-16 (140, Alex) [sale; 1]; 222.31, 2.59-63 (160/1, Upper Egypt) [sale; πωλεῖ καὶ βεβαιοῖ]; 232.17 (III, Ox) [lease; 3]; 254.7-13 (129, Ox?) [sale; 3]; 263.12-15 (178, Memphites) [sale; 1; b]; 264.13-15 (178, Pitos) [sale; 1; b]; X 273^r.9 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 284.17 (311, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Coles 27.15 (IV^b, UP) [antikatallage]; P.Coll.Youtie I 19.16-20 (44, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.sitik.argyr., epigr.p., p.eid.] ; II 68.26 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 70.21-22 (272/3 or 279/89, Ox) [lease; 3]; 71.30-31 (281, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 75.8-9 (III, Herm) [sale; 2]; 80.19-20 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; 83.16-17 (353, Ox) [will; 2]; P.Corn. 13.19-22 (311, Ox) [sale; 2]; P.Daris 27.16 (363, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Dime III 8GH.6-7 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13GH.5-6 (23, SokN) [1]; 14GH.5 (29, SokN) [1]; 16GH.4-5, 11 (34?, SokN) [1]; 21GH.4-5 (45, SokN) [1]; 27GH.8-9 (54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 28GH.8 (55, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35GH.3-4 (41, SokN) [sale; 1]; 37 GH.7 (20/1, SokN) [diairesis; 1]; P.Diog. 24.13-14 (138-161, Phil) [sale; 1]; 28.8-9 (223, Phil?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Duk. inv. 728.8-11 (518-527?, UP) [gift; 1; b]; P.Dura 26.22-25 (227, Sachare) [sale, unique]; 27. a,b (225-240, Dura Europos) [sale; unique]; P.Erl. 63.2 (III, UP) [loan; 1]; 72.2 (IV, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Fam.Tebt. 3.18-24 (92 , PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p.sitik.arg., katakr., p.eid.; c]; 5.16-17 (98, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 23.13-14 (123, Teb) [sale; 1]; 27.17-18 (132, Teb) [labour; 2]; P.Fay. 92.19 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Flor. I 1.8 (153, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; 20.29-30 (127, Thead) [lease; 1]; 22.22-23 (177, PtolEu) [sale; 1; b]; 25.10-15 l. 13 (III^m?, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 29.1-2 (IV, HermN?) [sale; 2]; 40.7-16, ll. 12-14 (162/3?, HermN) [sale; 2]; 47a.13-14 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; 1 (part.)]; 51.10-14, l. 14 (138-161, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 81.15 (103, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; III 380.6,17-18 (203/4, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Fouad I 40.22-25 (35, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.teles.p.; p.eid.]; 43.38-39 (189/90, Phoboou) [lease; 3]; P.Frankf. 1.40-42 (213^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2.29-34 (215/4^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Freib. II 8.19 (144, UP) [sale; 1]; III 34.32 (173^A, Phil) [3]; P.FuadUniv. 19.7?-8? (145/6, UP) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., opheile.p.d.idiot., eid.p.]; 20.4-8 (III, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Gen. I 29.14-15 (137, SokN) [sale; 1]; 30.13-15 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35.10 (161, ArsN?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Genov. I 22.17-18 (345, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Giss. I 39.4-5 (205^A/180^A, Thebes) [sale; 1; a: syng., synal.]; 49.19-20 (III^m, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Grenf. I 60.34-35 (582?, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; II 46.16 (137, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 74.15-17 (302, Kysis) [sale; 1]; P.Hamb. I 15.10-11 (209, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 28.7-12 (II^A, ArsN) [loan; 1]; 30.16-19 (89, Phil) [loan; 1]; 38.11-13 (182, LetopN) [sale; 1; b]; 64.26-27 (103, Euh) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 97.12-13 (104/5, Phil) [sale]; III 217.12-13 (I^f, Ox ?) [sale]; 218.5-7 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; 2]; P.Harr. I 80.30-31 (249, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Herm. 32.17-18 (VI, UP) [sale; 1: b: epileus.antipoi.]; P.Hib. I 90.17-18 (222^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Horak 23.2-4 (148/9?, ArsN) [loan; 1; a: p.opheilem.] ; P.Iand. III 35.8-11 (181/213, Phil) [sale; 1]; IV 54.13-14 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Ifao I 1.27-29 (27, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 22.23-25 (113, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 33.17? (163/4, ArsN) [sale]; III 31.28 (73/4, Teb) [1]; P.Jena II 1.9 (298/9, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Kell. I 4.11-13 (331, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 8.9-10 (362, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 30.19-20 (363, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 34.9-10,14-15 (315, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 35.11-14? (IV, Kellis) [sale; 1]; 36.2-3,6-7 (308, Kellis) [sale; 1] [2]; 38a.14-16 (333, Kellis) [2]; P.Köln III 149.23-24 (after 212, OxN) [lease; 3]; 150.9-10 (226/242, OxN) [lease; 3]; 155.10-11 (VI, UP) [sale; 1]; IV 193.5-6 (V/VI, Antin ?) [sale; 1; b]; V 232.13-14 (330/338, Terenythis) [sale; 2]; VI 275.1-4? (104/3^a or 101/100^A, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: basil.idiot.opheilem.]; P.Kron. 10.21-23 (116, Teb) [lease; 1]; 19a.17 (145, Teb) [lease; 1]; 20.22-26 (146, Teb) [lease; 1]; 34.33-34 (135, Teb) [lease; 1]; 48.12-23 (35, Teb) [sale; 1; d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., pleon., epib.-kom., all.p.apait.]; P.Laur. IV 165.10-11 (305, Ox) [3]; P.Lips. I 3.12-13 (256, Herm) [sale; 2]; 4.18-20 (293, Herm) [sale; 2]; 6.2.14 (306, Herm) [sale; 2]; 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 2.1-2 (178, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; P.Lond. II 140.14-17 (69-79, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.teles.p., idiot.p.empoi.]; 154.11-13 (68, Kar) [sale; 1]; 168.13-14 (162, Psenharpsenesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 229.7-10 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [sale; stipulatio]; 262.6- (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 282.18-20 (69, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 303.24 (142, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 320.19 (157/8, SokN) [sale; 1]; 333.28 (166, SokN) [sale; 1]; 339.12-14 (179, UP) [sale; 1]; 438.16 (134/5, Kar) [lease; 1]; 466.19 (143, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; III 842.19 (140, Apias) [lease; 1]; 870.14-16 (IV, Panop) [loan; 1; b]; 909a.9-11 (136, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 977.34-37 (330, Antin) [sale; 1]; 1132b.10 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1164c.22-26 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164e.15-17 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164f.24-29 ? (212, Antin) [sale; 2 (unique)]; 1168.8 (44, Herm) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot.]; V 1686.36-39 (565, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 1724.46-51 (578, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 1734.5-6 (578-582, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; P.Louvre I 9.33 (47/8, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 10.12 (I^l?, SokN) [sale; 1]; 11.17-19 (26-33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13.14-17 (29, SokN) [sale; 1]; 14.16-17 (44, SokN) [sale; 1]; II 109.5-9 (123/4 or 136/7, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Mert. I 10.25-26 (21, Phil) [lease; 1; a: d]; 17.32-33 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; 19.9 (173, Ox) [sale; 1]; II 68.33-34 (136, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 76.15-16 (181, Ox) [lease; 1 (GA)]; III 120.2-3 (I/II, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Meyer 12.28-29 (115, Thead) [lease; 1]; 13.16-17 (141, Apias) [sale; 1]; P.Mich. II 121^r.2.9 (42, Teb) [sale; 1]; III 188.12-16 (120, Bac) [loan; 1]; 189.17-19 (123, Bac) [loan; 1]; V 241 1-14, ll. 6-7 (46, Teb) [sale; 1]; 249.4 (18, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 250.5-6 (18, Teb) [sale; 1]; 251.14-15, 35-36 (19, Talithis) [sale; 1]; 252.5-7 (25/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.epigr., artab., naub., arith., all.p.eid., idiot.p.empoi]; 253.10-12 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p.eid.]; 254.4-7 (29/30, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epigr.p., p.eid., idiot.empoi.]; 256.5-9 (29/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p; epigr.; naub., artab., time-g., all.p.apait.; idiot.empoi.]; 257.8-9 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid.]; 258.8-13 (32/3 or 33/4, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid. (past); idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 259.14-18 (33, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 262.20-25 (34/5 or 35/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p., artab., naub., arith., time-g., epib.-kom., pleon., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 263.15-22 (35/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 264.11-14 (37, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi. πλὴν δρασμοῦ]; 267.9-13 (41/2, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., pleon., time-g., epib., prostim., all.p.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 269.3-4,9-10, 19-20 (42, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 272.6-9 (45/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., apom., eparour., geom., naub., all.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 273.6-9 (46, ArsN) [sale; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., time-g., prostim., all.p.apait., idioit.empoi.]; 274.9-13 (46/7 or 47/8, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 276.7-8 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 277.4-6 (48, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 278.5-6 (c. 30, ArsN) [sale: 1; πλὴν δρασμοῦ καὶ ἱερᾶς νόσου]; 280.5-6 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 281.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; πλὴν δρασμοῦ]; 282.6-7 (I, Teb) [sale; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 290.11-12 (37?, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 291.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 293.6 (I^e, Teb/Theog) [sale; 1]; 294.7-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 296.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 297.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; b]; 298.12-14 (I, ArsN) [sale]; 299.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., idiot.]; 300.9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 301.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 304.8-10 (42, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 305.13-15 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 306.12-13 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p.eid.]; 307.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 308.5 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.eid.]; 309.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 310.16-17 (26/7, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.idiot.p.]; 311.22-24 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 312.43-44 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 326.58-62 (48, Teb) [2; unique]; 328.1.5-6 (29/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 332.11-15 (47/8, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 335.1.8-10 (c. 56, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; VI 428.6-7 (154, Kar) [sale; 1]; IX 550.17-20 (99, Kar) [sale; 1]; 551.22 (103, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 552.12 (131, Kar) [sale; 1]; 553.2-3 (284, Kar) [sale; 2]; 563.21-22 (128/9, Kar) [lease; 1; a: d.opheilem., p.eid.]; 564.15-17 (150, Kar) [lease; unique]; 570.14 (105/6, Kar) [loan; 1]; X 583.13-15 (78, Bac) [sale; 1]; 585.13-20 (87, Bac) [loan; 1]; 586.17-18 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 3]; XI 605.10-13 (117, Bac) [loan; 1]; 610.24-27 (282, Ox) [lease; 3]; XII 633.29-31 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 634.21-23 (25/6, Teb) [lease; 3]; 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [loan; 1]; 636.12-13 (302, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; XIII 663.20-23 (VI, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 664.31-32 (585/6 or 600/1, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; XV 707.13-15 (185, Ox?) [sale; 1]; XVIII 788.26 (173, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Michael. 40.44-45 (544/559, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 41.50-51 (539-554, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 45.59-60 (540, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 52G.22-24 (VI/VII, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; P.Mil. I 55.13-14 (307, Ox) [3]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 26.14-15 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teloum.d.sitik.arg., a.tel.p. (past); idiot., p.empoi.]; II 78.18-20 (138/9, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; 104.34-36 (127, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 105.25-28 (132/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.];106.32-34 (134, Teb) [1; a: d.p.]; 107.16-18 (153/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; III 140.41-42 (176, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 186.9-11 (99, Teb) [sale; 1]; IV 220.29-30 (132/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 238.31-32 (143/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 239.15-16 (156, Teb) [lease; 1]; 241.17-18 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; VI 267.30-32 (125/6, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 270.11-12 (129, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 290.34-35 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 291.27-29 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; P.Monts.Roca IV 77.9-10, 31-33 (148^A, Hephaistias) [1]; 78.16-18 (49-54, Ox) [1]; 79.16-18 (37-69, SokN) [1]; P.Münch. I 4.2.43 (581, Sy) [sale; 1]; 9.70-71 (585, Sy) [sale]; 11.43-44 (586, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 12.34-35 (590/1, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 13.37-40 (594 Sy) [sale; 1; b]; III 84.14-15 (211, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Narm.2006 6.8-9 (106/7, Thead?) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epigr.p., p.eid.; idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph. 29.18-21 (III/IV, HerakN) [sale; 1]; P.NYU II 13.13-19 (198, OxN) [sale] (sui generis); P.Oslo III 138.10-11 (323, Ox) [3]; P.Oxf. 11.13-15 (149, Hiera Nesos) [loan; 1]; P.Oxy. I 94.19-21 (83, Ox) [sale; 2]; 95.30-34 (129, Ox) [sale; 2]; 99.9-10 (55, Ox) [sale; 1]; 100.13-15 (133, Ox) [sale; 1]; 101.25-26 (142, Ox) [lease; 3]; 102.18 (306, Ox) [lease; 3]; 103.16 (316, Ox) [lease; 3]; II 263.15-16 (77, Ox) [sale; 1]; 264.10-12 (54, Ox) [sale; 1]; 277.12 ? (19^A, Ox) [lease; 1; 3]; III 499.24-25 (121, Senepta/Ox) [lease; 3]; 501.34-35 (186, Ox) [lease; 3]; 502.24-25 (164, Ox) [lease; 3]; 577.40-41 (117/8, Ox) [sale; 1]; IV 719.22-25 (193, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.oph., apog.-and., eid.all.]; 730.21-22 (130, Senepta/Ox) [lease; 3]; VI 910.29 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [lease; 3]; 912.15-16 (235, Ox) [lease; 3]; VII 1036.21-22 (272, Ox) [3]; VIII 1124.7-8 (26, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1125.15-16 (II, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1127.13-14 (183, Ox) [lease; 3]; IX 1207.11-12 (175/6 ?, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1209.22-25 (252, Ox) [sale; 1: ed.: πωλεῖ καὶ [βεβαιοῖ];]; X 1270.36-46 (159, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak., p.eid., aperg.-chom., d.tel.]; 1277.13-14 (257, Ox) [sale; 1: βεβαιώσω καὶ ἐπηρώτημαι]; XII 1475.30-32 (267, Ox) [sale; 1]; XIV 1631.28-29 (280, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1632.19-20 (353, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1638.26-28 (282, Ox) [diairesis; 1; a: oph., katoch.p., teloum.d., tel.p., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1641.8-9 (68, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 1689.26-27 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1691.16 (291/2, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1695.25 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1707.12-15 (204, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 1708.15-17 (311, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XVII 2109.37-38 (261, Ox) [3]; 2136.8-10 (291, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 2137.31 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; XVIII 2188.2 (107, Ox) [lease; 3]; XX 2284.b.1 (258, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXII 2349.27-38 l. 33 (70, Ox) [labour; 2]; 2351.42-43 (112, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXI 2584.17-20 (211, Ox) [lease; 1]; 2585.15-16 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIII 2676.26 (151, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIV 2720.21-22 (41-54, OxN) [sale; 1]; XXXVI 2777.31-33 (212, Ox) [sale; 1]; 2795.17-18 (250, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXVIII 2846.14-15 (I^s, OxN) [sale; 1]; 2874.24 (108, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLI 2951.1-5 (267, Ox) [sale; evictio, Latin]; 2974.23-24 (162, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLIII 3143.17 (305, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 3144.12 (313, Ox) [sale] [1; b]; 3145.18-24 (IV^e, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XLIV 3200.13-14 (II/III, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLV 3257.13 (318, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3260.19-20 (323, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVI 3270.17-18 (309, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVII 3354.35-36 (c. 257, Nomou Epoikion or Senepta) [lease; 1; b]; 3386.19-20 (338, Ox); XLIX 3488.39-40 (70/1, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3489.28 (72/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; L 3589.18 (II, OxN) [lease; 3]; 3596.28 (240-255, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3597.27-28 (260, Ox) [lease; 3]; LVIII 3915.15 (30/30, Ox) [sale; 1]; LXIII 4359.7-8 (324, Ox) [sale; unique]; LXVII 4586.23-25 (III, Nesmimis) [sale; 1; a: apog.-and., georg.basilik.ousiak.ge., p.eid.]; 4594.14-15 (228, Senao/Ox) [lease; 3]; 4595.28-29 (261, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXIX 4739.16-17 (127, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4745.28-29 (202, Ox) [3]; 4746.3-4 (244-249, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4747.14-15 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4748.13-16 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4750.16-18 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4751.11-12 (310, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4752.14-17 (311, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4753.20 (341, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXI 4827.26-27 (173/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXV 5058.28-34 (257/8, Ox) (ext.) [sale]; LXXXVI 5550.17-18 (84/87/89/90, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels. 34.17-18 (101, Ox) [sale; 1]; 41.33 (223/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; 42.6-8 (279-282, OxN); P.Palau Rib. 7.23-24 (137/8 or 158/9 or 181/2, OxN) [3]; P.Panop. 20.10-13 (310, Panop) [loan; 1; a]; P.Par. 21.39-45 (616, This) [sale; 2]; 21 bis.21-28 (592, This) [sale; 2]; P.Petaus 17.24-34 ll. 32-33 (184, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 18.21-33 ll. 31-32 (185, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 22.26-40 ll. 37-39 (after 185, Syron Kome) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 23.21-24 (185/6, Pharbaithos) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; P.Prag. I 53.1-2 (430, UP) [sale; 1]; II 155.14-15 (188/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Princ. III 149.9-10 (177/8, Bac) [sale; 1; b]; P.Rein. I 42.23 (I/II Thead) [1; a: p.empo.]; P.Ross.Georg. II 14.9-10 (81-95, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; 15.18-21 (98-102, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 19.36 (141, Ox) [lease; 3]; 23.5 (156, Memphites) [sale; 1]; 30.19-21 (130/1 or 151/2 or 174/5, Memphis or Delta) [loan; 2]; 32.13-14 (II, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; III 27.12 (234/5, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Ryl. II 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [sale; 1]; 160.5-6 (28/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160a.5-6 (15-36, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160b.4-5 (37, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160c1.8-9 (32, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160d1.7 (42, SokN) [1]; 161.13-17 (81, SokN) [1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p.empoi.; c]; 162.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p.; c]; 163.10 (140, HermN) [sale; 2]; 164.15 (171, HermN) [sale; 1]; 312.12-15 (82-96, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p., laog., apog., d.idiot., p.empoi.; c]; IV 582.13-15 (42^a, OxN) [sale; 1]; 709.9-10 (294-296, UP) [sale]; P.Sakaon 59.10-11 (305, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 60.11-12 (306, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 62.9 (328, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Sarap. 8.6 (102/3, MagdMir) [sale; 1]; 9.10-11 (115/6, HermN) [sale; 1]; 11.10-11 (128, Herm) [sale; 1]; P.Sijp. 46.4-5 (332, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Soter. 2.37-38 (71 Thead) [1; a: d.]; 5.32-34 (94, Thead) [lease; 1]; 27.24-25 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Stras. I 14b.13-18 (211, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 52.9-10 (151, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.idiot., p.hapl.]; II 92.20-22 (244/3, OxN) [1]; III 144.14-15 (245, HermN) [sale; 2]; 151.15-19 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; IV 201.24-28 (162, Dionysias) [sale; 1]; 264.16 (279-282, Ox) [sale; 1]; 265.F21-22 (41-54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 370.21-23 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 1; p.opheilem.d., empoi.]; VI 504.14 (106, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 505.23-26 (107-115, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.]; 534.12 (before 161, Ox) [lease; 3]; 583.10-15 (115/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: eid., geomet., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 585.9 (153, Herm) [sale; 2]; VII 672.20 (289, Herm) [2]; VIII 704.22-25 (82/3, Hephaistias) [1; a: ekphor.p., pht.episp.]; 732.14 (228/9, Herm) [loan; 1]; IX 812.3-8 ll. 7-9 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 812.15-20 l. 20 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: p.eid.]; 826a.a.8-9 (96-98, SokN) [loan; 1]; 831.15-18 (162/3, Teb) [sale; 1; katakr.p., p.eid.; c]; 886.12 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Tebt. I 105.29-30 (103^A, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1]; 107.6-8 (112^A, ArsN) [lease; 1]; II 311.26-29 (134, Theog) [lease; 1]; 373.10-11 (110/1, Teb) [lease; 1]; 375.31-32 (140, PtolEu) [lease; 1; d.]; 379.15-16 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a d., idiot.]; III.1 817.21 (182^A, Krok) [loan; 1]; III.2 819.9-11, 34-37 (171^A, Oxyrhyncha) [lease; 1]; 970.19-20 (II^eA, Krok) [loan; 1]; P.Tebt.Wall. 9.13-16 (33, Teb); P.Thomas 4.19-22 (41-54, Teb) [loan: 1]; 7.7-9 (69, UP) [sale; 1]; 28.17-18 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [antikatallage; 1; b: epeleus.antipoi]; P.Trier I 12.43-46 (179^A, Herak) [1; lease]; P.Turner 22.11-12 (142, Side) [1; ἐκ διατάγματος]; 25.26-27 (161, Ox) [3]; P.Vat.Aphrod. 5.c.3-4 (VI, Aphr); P.Vind.Bosw. 6.16-17 (hyp.) (250, Herm) [sale; 2]; 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [sale; 1]; P.Vind.Tand. 25.7-8 (51, SokN) [sale; 1] ; 25a.24-25 (II, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 26.10-12 (143, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., idiot.empoi.; c]; P.Vind.Worp 9.12-14 (158, SokN?) [sale; 1]; P.Warr. 11.13-16 (98, Kar) [lease; 1; a: ekphor.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 12.2-4 (IV, UP) [sale; 2]; P.Wisc. I 5.17-18 (185, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7.28-29 (259/60, Ox) [lease; 3]; 9.24-30 (183, Ox) [sale; 1: a: geom.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.aperg.hydroph.d.chom., p.all., teloum.d., tel.p. (past)]; II 58.11-12 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 59.12-13 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Yadin 22.20-23 (130, Maoza) [sale: ed.: ἐμοῦ καθαραποιοῦντός (l. καθαροποιούσης) σοι]; P.Yale I 67.17-18 (31, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 70.3-4, 6-8 (229/30?, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI I 38.14-16 (101, Herm) [sale; 1]; 66.25-26 (V?, HermN) [2]; 79.17-18 (216/7, Ox) [sale; 1]; III 178.5-6 (291, Ox) [lease; 3]; 182.26-29 (234, Ox) [sale; 1]; 187.17-18 (274/5, 280/1 or 289/90, Ox) [lease ;3]; IV 316.15-16 (328, Ox) [lease; 3]; V 467.11-13 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 468.18-19 (200, Ox) [lease; 3]; 469.17-18 (334, Ox) [lease; 3]; VI 704.29-30 (II, ArsN ?) [sale; 2]; 707.15 (351, Ox) [3]; 729.a.3-4 (77?, UP) [sale, Latin]; VII 739.16-17 (163, Ox) [lease; 3]; VIII 882.5-6 (337, OxN?) [sale; 1]; 908.1.9-12 (42/3, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi]; 909.6-7 (44, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 915.8-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., p.empoi.]; 918.5-6 (38/9, Teb) [sale; 1; d.tel.p., epigr.p., geom., idiot., p.empoi.]; IX 1031.25-26 (134, Thead) [sale; 1]; 1036.17 (192, OxN) [3]; 1069.22-23 (246, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1071.20 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; X 1098.16-18 (51^A, Teb) [lease; 1; a: bas.idiot.opheilem.]; 1119.37-38 (156, Ox) [sale; 1]; 1124.30-31 (150, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 1129.16-18 (24/3^A, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1130.16-17 (26, Teb) [sale; 1]; 1134.25-26 (91, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1143.22-24 (164, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; XII 1228.19-20 (188, OxN?) [sale; 2]; 1239.16-17 (430, Antin) [sale; 1]; XIII 1319.1.17-18 (76, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1320.10-13 (82-88, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p. empoi.; c]; 1330.12 (after 3.272, Ox) [1] ; 1338.14 (299, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1341.14-15 (V^b, Antin) [antikatallage; 1(GA) b: epeleus., antipoi.]; XIV 1405.15-19 (133, ArsN) [sale; 1; b: epeleus.]; 1438.11 (II/III, UP) [sale]; XV 1546.1-27 ll. 19 (222, HerakN) [sale; 1]; XVII 1697.9-11 (after 117, UP); 1699.14-15 (173/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI Congr. XX 6.7-10 (41, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.eid.]; 14.11-12 (III, UP) [sale; 1: πωλεῖ καὶ βεβαιοῖ]; SB I 4370.36-37 (229, HerakN) [loan; 1]; 5112.52-53 (618 Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5113.19-21 (VII, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5114.34-35 (630-640, Apol) [sale]; 5246.15-16 (3/2^A, SokN) [sale]; 5247.21-22 (47, SokN) (hyp.) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synall.p., p.eid.]; 5252.30 (65, Nilopolis) [lease; 1; c]; III 6016.31-34a (154, Alex) [sale]; 7188.33-35 (154^A, ArsN) [lease; 1]; IV 7443.16-17 (285, Ox) [3]; 7444.8-9 (327, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7814.28-29 (256, Ox) [lease; 3]; 8007.8-9 (IV^f, Herm) [sale; 1, 2] (unique); VI 9109.2-6 (31, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot.p.empoi.]; 9110.23-25 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 9214.23-24 (311, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9219.18-19 (319, Herm) [sale; 2]; 9575.8-10 (II, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 9618.13-14 (192 , PtolEu) [sale; 1]; VIII 9829.19-21 (after 272, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9830.29 (84-96, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 9831.13 (I^l, ArsN) [sale; 1?]; 9873.9-10 (244, Oasis Magna) [labour; 1; b]; 9906.16-18 (193/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 9918.16-17 (179/80, OxN) [lease; 3]; 9919.4 (III^l, OxN) [lease; 3]; X 10249.30-32 (58/9, Ox) [Loan; 2]; 10263.19-20 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10531.17-20 (36, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 10532.20-21 (87/8, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10571.13-14 (194, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10573.12-14. 14-15 (10^A, ArsN or, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; XII 10780.26-27 (172/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10784.14-15 (330-340, Oasis Magna?) [sale; 2]; 10942.21-22, 22-23 (4^A, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; 11060 (246-223^A, OxN ?) [1]; 11061.18-19 (218^A, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 11228.29-30 (204, OxN) [loan; 1]; 11229.10-11 (161 or 177-179, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; XIV 11278.7-8 (316, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11279.37-38 (44, Thead) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11281.17 (172, Ox) [lease; 3]; 11431.13-14 (95/6, Kerkeesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 11432.13-14? (271/2, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11487.23-25 (91/2, Teb) [lease; 1]; 11533.1.17-18, 2.17-18 (102, Ars) [sale; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 11703.1-5 (III^l, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 11705.11-12 (213, ArsN) [loan; 2]; 11718.22-23 (141, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11843.23-25 (95, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11895.4 (45, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 12021.15 (377, Ox) [sale; 1; c]; XVI 12263.8-10 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 12373.18-19 (158^A, ArsN) [lease] ?; 12539.26-27 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 12559.20 (155, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; 12612.14-17 (203, SokN) [sale; 1; b]; 12784.5 (III^lA, HerakN or OxN) [lease; 1]; 12957.10-12 (103-114, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 13006.36-41 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13010.34-35 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13041.6-7 (I/II, Ox) [loan; 1]; 13042.14-15 (29, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 13072.18-19 (155, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIII 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [3]; 13154.1 (II^A/I^A, UP) [loan; 1]; 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [lease; 2]; 13173.67-70 (629/644, Herm) [sale; 2]; 13320.81-83 (613-641, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 13579.3 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13866.16 (138-161, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13897.18 (111, Teb) [sale; 1]; XX 14199.13-14 (179, Ox) [sale; 2]; 14293.16-19 (383, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 14336.1-5, 20-21 (hyp.) (91/2 or 107/8, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak.hier., het.eid.]; 14337.19 (103, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14338.6 (120, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14464.21-23 (II, Ox) [lease; 1]; 14983.15-16 (220-260, OxN) [lease; 3]; 14984.9-10 (140-210, OxN) [lease; 3]; XXII 15326.10-11 (222-235, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15328.7-8 (275-296, Kar) [sale; 2]; 15472.13-14 (134, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 15612.1-10 ? (199, UP) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epim., epiklas.]; 15613.24-25 (hyp.) (111, Teb) [lease; 1?]; 15637.13-14 (130, Thead) [sale; 1]; XXIV 15965.11-12 (III/IV, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15966.12-13 (III^end/IV^f, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15969.26-27 (491-518, Herm) [sale; 1]; 16002.12-14 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 16054.7-8 (145^A, Teb) [1; a: p.opheilem.basil.idiot.]; XXVIII 16904.12-15 (90, SokN) [sale; 2; a: d.idiot.p., laog., idiot., p.empoi.]; 17081.17-18 (75, SokN) [sale; 1]; 9922.16-17 (159, Theog) [lease; 1; b]; XXX 17623.15-16 (293, Herm); SPP I pp. 7-8, ll. 21-23 (454, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; III 25.6 (VI/VII, HerakN); XX 1.14-15 (83/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10.15-17 (168, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 29.33-35 (227, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 47.18-19 (238, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 50.16-17 (168/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; 1]; 71.14-15 (269/70, Herm) [sale; 2]; 72.13-14 (271/2, Herm) [sale; 2]; 74.16 (hypogr.) (after 276 ?, Herm) [sale; 2]; 110.19-20 (425-450 or 408-422, Herm) [sale; 2]; 117.8-11 (411, Koba) [sale]; 121.29-30 (439, Herm) [sale]; XXII 16.7-9 (217, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 20.9-10 (3?, UP) [sale; 1]; 22.17-19 (142, Philopator alias Theogenous) [sale; 1; b]; 30.11-15 (158, ArsN) [sale; 1; b]; 48.29-32 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 170.21-22 (145, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; T.Varie 2.7-8 (VII, UP) [sale; 1; b]; ZPE 200 (2016) 336-346 (163, Ophis (Ox)) [Lease; 3].

3. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis

Category: Warranty, Penalty

Link to Synallagma

The clause that introduces a penalty for failing to perform bebaiosis excludes other types of penalty clauses and vice versa. It never appears in one document together with the ‘general penalty clause’, a clause that introduces penalty for bringing suit, and the one relating to failure to defend. A clause that prescribes a penalty for the alienator’s failure to perform the bebaiosis is recorded in 67 documents—a relatively small group, especially in comparison with the 795 documents that attest the bebaiosis itself. Among these 67 documents, 45 are Ptolemaic, 15 Roman (I–IV CE), and 17 Byzantine. Most of the Ptolemaic attestations are in leases, while the clause in Roman and Byzantine usage appears almost exclusively in sales. The clause dealing with the consequences of a failed bebaiosis follows, lexically and structurally, the characteristics evident in other types of penalty clauses: the protasis, of course, anticipates first and foremost the case of non-bebaiosis (ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βεβαιώσῃ κατὰ τὰ γεγραμμένα), but occasionally any type of breach (P.Tebt. I 105.33-36 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris): [ἐὰν δ]ὲ ‹αὐ›τοὺς μὴ βεβαιοῖ καθὰ γέγραπται ἢ ἄλλο τι παρασυγγραφῆι τῶν προγεγραμμένων). In the apodosis, the list of fines and compensations is introduced by the verb ἐκτίνω but much more commonly ἀποτίνω (33) [ἀποτεισάτω]. In addition, most types of sanctions are prescribed: timê (14), epitimon (32), expenses (21), damages (12), and payment to the fisc (13). As in the case of the penalty clause, scribes sometimes extend the compensation by an hemiolion (9 cases, all for the consideration) or by a duplum (9 on expenses, 5 on the price). The document also asserts the continued validity of the legal act. However, some peculiarities appear as well. The first is the predominance of the epitimon; it is recorded in 25 documents and in 17 of them it is the sole penalty. Following it, at some distance, are the provisions concerning damage (16), expenses (12), and, finally, payment to the fisc (14). Thirty documents affirm the continued validity of the contract. In these instruments, however, the clause also exhibits some peculiarities: no clause dealing with the consequences of thwarted bebaiosis introduces the prostimon; because the alienator’s fault is one of omission (not performing the bebaiosis), there are just three declarations of the invalidity of a conflicting act (the akyros formula). Cf., e.g., BGU XIV 2390.27-29 (160/59 BCE, Herakleopolites): ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βεβαιοῖ καθὰ γ[έ]γραπται ἢ κωλύῃ τις Πολυηράτω̣[ι] | ²⁸ σπείρειν ἢ ἀν̣α̣φέρεσθα[ι] ἀποτεισάτωι Διζά̣[ο]λος Π[ολ]υηράτωι ἐπίτιμον χαλκοῦ νομίσματος τάλαντα πέντε καὶ τὰς προ̣γ[ε]|²⁹[γρ]αμ̣μ̣ένας τεσσαρ̣άκοντα πέντε ἀρτάβας τῶν π[υρ]ῶ̣ν καὶ μηδὲν ἧσσο̣ν ἡ μίσθωσις ἥδε κυρία ἔστω (‘If he does not warrant as written above, or if someone prevents Polyeratos from sowing or harvesting, let Dizaolos compensate Polyeratos by means of a penalty five talents of bronze currency as well as the aforesaid forty-five artabae of wheat, and let nonetheless the act of lease be valid’).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 160 [lease]; Schwarz (1920) 170-184; Pringsheim (1950): 310-313, 367-368, 445; Taubenschlag (1955): 326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160, 242-243; Hennig (1967): 73; Rupprecht (1982a): 473, (1982b): 245.

BGU VI 1264.27-30 (215/4^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1266.35-38 (203/2^A, Takona) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1267.18-20 (before 266/5^A or before 228/7^A, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1280.17-18 (210^A, UP) [70 dr., epit.]; X 1943.18-20 (215/4^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1944.10-13 (214/3^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1949.6-9 (221^A-205^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1950.7-9 (221^A-205^A, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1964.4-11 (221^A-214^A, Tholt) [akyr., epit. per suit]; XI 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [parachoretikon: dipl., taxes, exp.]; XIV 2383.14-15 (215/4^A, Tholt) [epit.]; 2384.16-18 (215/4^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2390.27-29 (160/59^A, HerakN) [epit., 45 artabae., kyria]; 2395.29-35, 76-83 (221^A, Takona) [daneion: hemiolion, tokon: haploun, praxis]; XV 2478.14 (90-96, Kar); CPR I 206a.14-18 (138-161, PtolEu) [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam., exp., fisc., kyria]; 206b.14-15 (138-161, ArsN) [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam. and exp.: dipl., fisc., kyria]; VII 48.10 (V, HerakN) [kyria]; P.Batav. 10.23-26 (136 Bac) [price: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67098.30-31 (540-565, Aphr?) [thrice the price, kyria]; II 67169 (569, Antin) [thrice the price, ποινῆς τῆς παραβάσεως, exp., kyria]; P.Frankf. 1.42-45, 96-100 (213^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2.31-34, 77-80 (215/4^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.Freib. III 34.24-28 (173^A, Phil) [epit., prodoma: hemiolion, praxis]; P.Grenf. I 60.39-42 (582?, Apol) [price, akyr.]; P.Herm. 32.19-21 (VI, UP) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Hib. I 90.18-20 (222^A, Thôlthis) [epit., unless kolyma]; 91.5-8 (244/3^A, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.Köln IV 193.6-8 (V/VI, Antin?) [price: double, fisc., exp.: dipl.]; VI 275.4-7 (104/3^a or 101/0^A, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.Lond. II 154.16-17 (68, Kar) [dam., exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; III 977.37-42 (330, Antin) [price: dupl, fisc., dam., exp.: dipl., kyria]; V 1686.39-43 (565, Aphr) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; ; P.Mich. XIII 662.49-53 (615, Aphr [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 663.23-25 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 664.32-34 (584/5 or 600/1, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Michael. 40.46-47 (544 or 559, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 45.56-59 (540, Aphr) [twice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 52.G.24-26 (VI/VII, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Monts.Roca IV 77.10-12, 33-36 (148^A, Hephaistias) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.Münch. I 4.2.33-42 (581, Sy) [price: dipl.; akyr.]; P.Oxy. II 264.11-12 (54, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam.]; XVII 2136.12-13 (291, PtolEu) [rent: hemiolia, taxes, exp.: dipl., fisc.]; XXXI 2584.19-20 (211, Ox) [price: dipl., praxis]; LVIII 3915.16-18 (30, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam., epit., fisc.]; P.Ryl. II 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [price: dipl., epitimon, fisc.]; IV 582.15-18 (42^A, OxN) [epit., hosidchre., fisc., kyria]; P.Stras. II 92.22-24 (244/3^A, OxN) [epit., kyria]; IV 265.23-26 (41-54, SokN) [dam., exp.:dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; IX 831.19-21 (162/3, Teb) [kephal.: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria] ; P.Tebt. I 105.33-36 (103^A, Kerkeosiris) [epit., dam., kyria]; III 819.11-12, 37-40 (171^A, Oxyrhyncha) [epit., kyria]; P.Trier I 12.46-50 (179^A, Herak); P.Vat.Aphrod. 5.c.5-6 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; PSI X 1098.18-20 (51^A, Teb) [received amount: hemiolion, epit., dam.]; XII 1239.17-19 (430, Antin) [price: dipl., fisc., exp.: dipl., kyria]; SB I 5114.40-44 (630-640, Apol) [παρασχεῖν: price: dipl., exp., kyria] III 7188.35-40 (154^A, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; XII 11060.1-2 (246-223^A, OxN) [unless kolyma]; 11061.19-21 (218^A, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; XVI 12758.17-19 (88, PtolEu) [taxes: dipl., epit. hosidchre.]; 12784.5 (III^lA, HerakN/OxN) [unless kolyma]; 13041.8-10 (I/II, Ox) [enoikismos, fisc.]; 13220 (613-641, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; XXIV 16054.8-11 (145^A, Teb) [price: hemiolion, fisc., kyria]; SPP I pp. 7-8, ll. 24-27 (454, Antin) [price: dipl. exp.: dipl. kyria].

4. Basilikon Kolyma

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

In lease contracts from the Ptolemaic period, the basilikon kolyma (‘royal hindrance’) creates an exception to the rules introduced in the clause that deals with the case of a thwarted bebaiosis (cf. ‘non-bebaiosis’): it subjects the lessor to a penalty for failing to defend the lessee’s possession unless he is impeded from doing so by a ‘royal hindrance’. In three cases, the scribe considers an event in which the bebaiosis is indeed obviated by a royal hindrance and imposes a payment in cash on the lessor—the return of the prodoma (a sum of cash given by lessee to the lessor as a loan) in two cases (P.Frank. I 1.45-49 and P.Freib. III 34.29-31) and compensation in kind in the third (P.Hib. I 91.8-13). Cf., e.g., P.Frank. 1.42-49: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βεβαιώσῃ | ⁴³ κατὰ̣ τὰ γεγραμμέ[να, ἀπ]οτε̣ι̣σ̣ά̣τω Ἀπολλώνιος̣ Νεοπτολέμωι | ⁴⁴ ἐπίτ̣ιμον ἀργυρί[ου δρα]χμὰς χιλίας, ἐὰμ μή [τ]ι βασιλικὸν | ⁴⁵ κώλ̣[υμ]α γέν[η]ται· [ἐὰν δέ τι βασιλικὸν κώλυμα γ]ένηται, ἀπο | ⁴⁶ δότ[ω] Ἀπ[ο]λλ[ώ]νιος Ν[εο]πτολέμ[ωι τὰς ἑξήκοντα δρα]χ̣μὰς τὸ πρό̣|⁴⁷δομα̣ [κ]αὶ ἄ̣ν [τι] ἄλλο π̣[ροσοφ]ειλήσῃ [παραχρῆμα·ἐὰν δ]ὲ̣ μ̣ὴ ἀ̣π̣οδῶι, | ⁴⁸ ἀποτ[ει]σάτω̣ [ἡ]μιόλι[ον καὶ ἡ π]ρ̣ᾶ̣ξ[ις ἔστω Νεοπτολέμ]ωι παρὰ | ⁴⁹ Ἀπολλωνί[ου] πράσσ̣[οντι κατὰ τὸ διάγραμμα (‘If he does not perform the bebaiosis as prescribed, let Apollonios pay Neoptolemos in compensation a penalty (epitimon) in the amount of a thousand drachms unless a royal hindrance occurs. If a royal hindrance occurs, let Apollonios forthwith return to Neoptolemos the sixty drachms of the prodoma and whatever he happens to owe in addition. And if he does not pay, let him pay hemiolion as compensation and let Neoptolemos be entitled to employ the execution, acting in accordance with the diagramma’).

Bibl.: Waszyński (1905): 135-136; Herrmann (1958): 156-157, 172-173; Geginat (1964): 28-33.

P.Frank. I 1.45-49 (213^A, Tholt); P.Freib. III 34.29-31 (173^A, Phil); P.Hib. I 91.8-13 (244/3^A, OxN).

5. Surrender of Purchased Object

Category: Penalty, Surrender

Link to Synallagma

The term ‘surrender clause’ is used here to denote the act by which the object of the purchase is surrendered to the buyer. The clause is used in connection with every type of commodity: immovables, slaves, wine, grain crops, and animals. The surrender clause is not universally attested in any type of sale document; it appears in just 184 of the 725 Greek documents from Egypt that record the sale of immovables. When we weed out the Ptolemaic katagraphai, the ratio is a bit more favorable but still relatively low: 173 of 556. In 30 cases the document records the delivery of animals, mostly camels and donkeys—a small part of a corpus of 159 documents that record animal sales. The surrender clause appears in 50 of 80 documents recording the sale of a slave/slaves.

The surrender clause is one of a cluster of clauses that, together with the bebaiosis and the capacity clauses, embodies the conveyance of title. While the bebaiosis clause is rarely omitted, however, the other two are not. Thus, of 293 documents involving the sale of immovables that record the bebaiosis, only 88 include the surrender clause as well, whereas 205 do not. Surveying the evidence from the other direction, only 95 documents record only the surrender and not the bebaiosis, but in most of these cases, the bebaiosis finds expression in the surrender clause, as is commonly the case in Roman Oxyrhynchos. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1698.17-18 (269 CE?, Oxyrhynchos): ἅπερ καὶ ἐπάναγκον παρ|¹⁸[έξομαί σοι βέβαια διὰ παντὸς] ἀπὸ πάντων πάσῃ βεβαιώσει (ʽ… which perforce I shall surrender to you warranted at all times of all things with every form of warranty’). In other words, bebaiosis occurs without surrender but rarely does surrender manifest without bebaiosis.

Within the clause, we identify two elements: the act of surrender, which may be denoted through a variety of verbs, and the quality of the object upon delivery. The verb used to denote the act of surrender varies considerably, depending on the object being surrendered. Παρέχομαι is used most commonly in cases of land and slaves; it always relates to a future act and thus takes the imperative, the future indicative, or the infinitive. Παραλαμβάνω appears in regard to slaves and animals and its tense is always aorist or perfect. In one example (SB XXIV 16002: 186-190 CE, Karanis), παραλαμβάνω is attested in the same document as the clause with παρέχομαι (ll. 10 and 13–15 respectively), thus stressing a qualitative difference between the two terms. The aorist indicative of παραδίδωμι (παρέδωκεν) is invoked in cases of slaves and animals; the future tense of the same verb appears primarily for the surrender of land in land sales from the Hermopolite nome, and more rarely for slaves and fungibles.

Apart from this thematic distinction, each verb elicits different constructions: in the case of παραλαμβάνω, which always focuses as indicated on slaves and animals, the object is introduced by the verb and is predicatively qualified by the construction ταύτην τοιαύτην ἀναπόρριφον (‘this slave, such as she is not refundable’); in the case of slaves, said construction may be followed by πλὴν ἱερᾶς νόσου καὶ ἐπαφῆς (perhaps: ‘except for the event of epilepsy and leprosy’). An alternative variant, ἀσυκοφάντητον πλὴν ἱερᾶς νόσου καὶ ἐπαφῆς, appears in only two documents (‘without blemish except for epilepsy and leprosy (?)’).

The surrender of landed property is described through παραδίδωμι in the Hermopolite nome and παρέχομαι everywhere else. In Alexandria, the object is the act of conveyance (parachoresis); elsewhere, it is the purchased object (see examples below). In the Hermopolite nome, the object is qualified by σπόριμος (‘sown’) and καθαρός (‘free’). In Alexandria, the qualifiers are ἀνέπαφος (‘not liable to seizure’), βέβαιος (‘warranted’), and καθαρός (‘clear’). In the Oxyrhynchite nome, the object is described as βέβαιος and καθαρός. In the Arsinoites, finally, the object is qualified through ἀνέπαφος (‘untouched’, ‘unharmed’), ἀνενεχύραστος (‘not liable to distraint’), ἀνεπιδάνειστος (‘not mortgaged’), ἀνεξαλλοτρίωτος (‘unalienated’), and καθαρός; in the Herakleopolites, through καθαρός only. The adjectives βέβαιος and καθαρός may be followed by additional constructions: in the former by the formulation διὰ παντὸς ἀπὸ πάντων πάσῃ βεβαιώσει (‘at all times, of all things, by every form of warranty’).

Much more detailed and elaborate are the constructions deriving from the adjective καθαρός. The adjective is followed by the preposition ἀπό, introducing nouns in the genitive that aim to encompass all possible liens and liabilities to which a piece of landed property may be subject. They may be divided into four main groups: [1] nouns that denote any type of lien, private or public: διεγγύημα (2), εἶδος (29), κατοχή (11: Oxy.), ὀφειλή (40: Oxy.), ὀφείλημα (34: Ars); these nouns are further qualified by adjectives. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.19-21 (240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): ἀπὸ ὀφειλῆς καὶ κα]|²⁰τοχῆς [παντοίας δημοσ]ίας τε καὶ ἰδιωτικῆς καὶ πολι[τικῆς καὶ γεουχικῆς(?)] | ²¹ καὶ ἀπὸ π̣[αντὸς οὑτινοσοῦν ἄλλου (‘… free of all debt and lien of all types, public, private, of the city and the estate, and of all other types whatsoever’); [2] terms signifying private liabilities only: ἐμποίησις (28: Ars.), ἐπελευσέμενος (24: Ars., Oxy., Herak.), ἰδιωτικά (31: Ars.), οἰκονομία (35. Ars.+Herak.), παραχώρησις (16: Herak., Ars.), πρᾶσις (24: Ars., Herak.), ὑποθήκη (4: Ars.); [3] terms signifying taxes: ἀννώνη (1: Ars.), ἀριθμητικά (7: Ars.), ἀρταβία (6: Ars.), γεωμετρία (1: Ars.), διοίκησις (1), ἐπιγραφή (9: Ars., Herak.)?, ἐπικλασμός (1: Oxy.), λαογραφία (2: Ars.), ναυβία (9: Ars.), παραγραφή (4: Ars.), πλεονασμός (2: Ars.), στέφανος (4: Ptol. Herak.) τέλεσμα (44: Ars., Oxy.) τελούμενα δημόσια (10: Oxy.); [4] services exacted from the landowners by the state: ἀπεργασία καὶ ὑδροφυλακία χωμάτων (4: OxN); ἀπογραφὴ ἀνδρῶν (12: OxN); γεωργία βασιλική (12: OxN.); ἐπιβολὴ κώμης (6: Ars.), ἐπιμερισμός (8: Oxy.); οὐσιακὴ γῆ (40: OxN).

As indicated by the foregoing list, each region exhibits its own unique vocabulary and formulation. The Hermopolite P.Vind.Bosw. 6 (250 CE, Hermopolis) stresses primarily (3), the absence of liabilities to the state: καθαρ(ὰς) ἀπὸ βασιλ(ικῆς) καὶ παντὸς ἁπλῶς εἴδους (‘free of royal land and every type of liability whatsoever’). In the Herakleopolites, the late Ptolemaic BGU VIII 1733.13-15 (80-30 BCE, Herakleopolis) first enumerates all types of liabilities to which the land may be subject and then records conflicting acts of conveyance: π̣α̣ρ̣έξ̣εσθα̣[ι] δὲ καθαρὰς ἀ̣πὸ βασιλικῶν πάντων καὶ [ἰδι]ωτικῶν [ὀ]φιλημ̣ά̣[των] | ¹⁴ καὶ στεφάνων καὶ ἐπιγ[ρα]φῶν τῶν ἐκ τῶν ἐπάνω χρόνων μέχρι τῶν τῆς μ[ετ]επ[ιγρα]|¹⁵φῆ[ς] χρόνων, ἀπὸ δ̣ὲ ἄ̣λ̣λ̣ων παραχωρήσεων ἐπὶ τὸν ἀεὶ χρόν[ο]ν βεβαιῶν πάσῃ βεβαιώ[σει] (‘… and he shall surrender them (i.e., the arouras) clear of all debt, royal and private, crown taxes, imposts, from all past time until the time of the conveyance of title, and from other acts of conveyance, for all time, warranting the conveyance by every form of warranty’). Some terms of this Ptolemaic text are still attested in the Herakleopolites in the third century CE. In CPR I 64.21-24 from 227 CE Peenamis, the absence of another conflicting act of conveyance is evidenced: καὶ παρέξεται [αὐ]|²²τὰς καθαρὰς ἀπό τε [ἄλλων πράσε]ων ἢ ἑτέρων οἰκ[ονομιῶν] | ²³ καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ ἐπελευ[σομέν]ου ἢ ἐμποιησομ[ένου ἀπὸ τοῦ] | ²⁴ νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅ[παντα] χρόνον (‘… and he shall surrender them clear of other acts of sales or other contracts or of all future challenger or claimant from now to all time’). The documents from the Roman Arsinoites exhibit two main schemes. One, closely related to the contemporary Herakleopolite text, stresses the absence of conflicting acts of conveyance: CPR I 89.10-13 (III CE, Arsinoites): παρέξε]ται α[ὐτὰ καθαρὰ] | ¹¹ [ἀπό τε ἄλλων] παραχωρήσεων ἢ ἑτέρων οἰκονομι|¹²[ῶν καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς ἐπελ]ευσομένου ἢ ἐμποιησομένου ἀπὸ τοῦ | ¹³ [νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον] (‘… and he shall surrender them clear of all other acts of conveyance and all other contracts, and all challenger and claimant from now to all time’). Another formulation, the most common, occurs in SPP XX 1.15-17 (83/4 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis). Πᾶν ὀφείλημα is an umbrella term that is divided into public and private liabilities in subsequent lines. The record of public liabilities is detailed; of the private, it is much more succinct. The text does not address the issue of a challenge by a third party: καθαρὰ ἀπὸ παντὸς ὀφειλήματος ἀπὸ μὲν δημοσίων τελεσμάτων | ¹⁶ π[ά]ντων καὶ [ἐπιγραφῶν πα]σῶν καὶ ἀρταβίων [κα]ὶ ναυβίων καὶ [ἀ]ριθμητικῶν καὶ ἐπιβολῆς κώμης καὶ κατακριμάτων πάντων καὶ παντὸς εἴδους ἀπὸ τῶν ἔνπροσθεν χρόνω̣ν̣ μέχρι τοῦ | ¹⁷ δι[εληλυ]θότος δ[ευτέρου ἔ]τους καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ δευτέρου ἔτους Αὐτοκράτ[ο]ρος Καίσαρος Δομιτιανοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Γερμανικοῦ, ἀπὸ δὲ ἰδιωτικῶν καὶ πάσης ἐνποιήσεως ἐπὶ τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον (‘… clear of all debt, of all government taxes and all imposts, and artaba-taxes and naubia and numeration taxes and land assigned to the village and all fines of all types, from former times to the preceding second year and to the same second year of Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, and of all private debts and every type of claims to all time’). Finally, the Oxyrhynchite SB VI 8971.11-13 (284/5 CE, Oxyrhynchos) deals with the possibility of a corvee and then uses the terms ὀφειλή κατοχή, with adjectives, to address public and private liabilities alike: ἣν παρεξόμεθά σοι καθαρὰν ἀπό τε γεωργίας] | ¹² [βασιλικῆς καὶ οὐσια]κῆς γῆς καὶ παντὸς εἴδους καὶ ἀπὸ ὀφ‹ε›ιλ[ῆς καὶ κατοχῆς πάσης δημοσίας τε καὶ ἰδιωτικῆς καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπὲρ ἄλλων τελουμένων δημοσίων καὶ ἐπικλασμῶν καὶ ἐπι] | ¹³ [μερισμῶν παντοίων ἕ]ω̣ς τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτο[ς πρώτου ἔτους (‘… which we shall surrender to you clear of (liability to cultivate) royal or estate domain land from every obligation or debt or lien of any kind, public and private, and for taxes paid on other charges and extraordinary imposts and compulsory cultivation of any kind up to and including the present first year’).

For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968) no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6.

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 465; Wollf (1956b): 16; Zauzich (1968): 135; Rupprecht (1983): 620; Kränzlein (1989): 326-331; Straus (2004): 86-88.

A: Animals L: Land S: Slave GCh: genus chattel H: House

BGU I 13.7-8 (289, ArsN) [A; acharak., hyg., asin.]; 94.13-15 (289, PtolEu) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 153.17-20 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 177.13-18 (47, ArsN) [L; anep.; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 193.18-20 (136, PtolEu) [S]; 233.9-12 (161-169, ArsN) [L; anecher., kathar.: d.tel., naub., all.eid., opheilem.]; 240.24-26 (167-169?, SokN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.]; 316.19-20 (359, Askalon) [S; παρέδωκεν]; II 427.15-18 (159, SokN) [A]; 468.10-12, 18-21 (150, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 542.16-18 (165, Athenas Kome) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 666.18-23 (177, ArsN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 667.12-15 (222, PtolEu) [H; anap., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., laog., idiot., empoi.]; III 709.14-17 (138-161, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: parag., katakr.]; 859.15- (161-163, ArsN) [S]; 901.1-3 (II/III, ArsN) [L; idiot., empoi.]; 917.13-14 (348, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., kathar.: opheilem.]; 937.10-12 (250, Herak) [S; anapor. plienep.]; 987.9-11 (19 or 45, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., idiot.]; 1002.13 (55^A, Herm) [H]; IV 1049.15-17 (342, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilema., d. tel. sitik. krith. argyrik. annon., graph., epib.]; 1059.8-9 (30^A-14, Alex) [S; sykoph., plienep.]; 1127.14-19 (18^Α, Alex) [H; beb., anepaph., kathar.: enoikion, idiot., epeleus.]; 1129.30-33 (13^A, Alex) [L]; VII 1642.10-11 (II, Phil) [L; kathar.]; VIII 1731.9-12 (68/7^A, Herak) [L; ed.: [ἐ]φ̣ʼ [ὧι] π̣αρέξεται; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., all.p, all.parach.]; 1733.13-15 (80-30^A, Herak) [L]; 1734.9-11 (80-30^A, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas., parach.]; 1735.16-19 (98^A, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.p.idiot.opheilem., all.parach.]; 1739.16-19 (72^A, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., p.steph.*, epigr.p.*, p.parachor., oikonom.p.]; 1740.8-10 (80^A-30^A, HerakN); XI 2050.19-24 (106, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anenchyr., anepidan., kathar.*: opheilem.d.*, naub., artab., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.*]; 2051.11-14 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [L; sitik.arg., artab., naub., arith.]; 2052.10-11 (II, Herakleia?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, d.p.*]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan.*, kathar.*: d.tel.p., artab., naub.*, arith., epib.-kom., p.eid.]; 2055.16-20 (II, Nilopolis) [L; anepaph., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel., epigr.p., pleon., παλαιοὶ λόγοι, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 2095.26-27 (83, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenech., anepidan., kathar.*]; 2113.7-9 (178/9, Herm) [L; παραδώσω: sporim., pler., kathar.: βασιλικῆς*, p.eid.*]; 2114.5-6 (II, Herm) [L; παραδώσω: sporim., pler., kathar.: ed.: βα[σιλικῆς;, p.eid.]; XV 2478.9-10 (90-96, Kar) [H; anepaph.*, kathar.: opheilem.d., idiot.*]; XX 2843.10-12 (72^A, Herak) [L; kathar.: p.bas., idiot.opheilem., p.steph., epigr.p., all.parach., oikonom.p. (οἰκονομίας πάσης)]; CPR I 3.6-9 (ΙΙΙ^m, HerakN) [kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 4.18-21 (52, Herakleia) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 64.21-24 (227, Peenamis) [L; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 76.20-23 (222-235, HerakN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 88 + 132.1-2 (III^f, ArsN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 89.10-12 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleu.empoi.]; 90.20-23 (III^f, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.parachor.*, het.oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 103.20-23 (III, HerakN) [L: kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 108.7-8 (III^f, HerakN) [L; kathar.: epeleus.empoi.]; 109.7-8 (III, ArsN) [S; kathar.: het.oikonom.]; 113.7-10 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar.: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 120.6 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*, all.pras.]; 122.4-7 (III^f, HerakN) [L; all.pras.]; 123.3-4 (III, HerakN) [kathar.: all.pras., epeleus., empoi.]; 125.2-5 (III^f, ArsN) [L; kathar.: ousiak., bas.ge, all.parach., het.oikonom.]; 126.8-12 (250-270, ArsN) [L; all.pras.*]; 130.1-3 (III^f, ArsN) [L?; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., empoi., epeleus.]; 131.11-13 (III^f, HerakN) [H; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 139.1-3? (II, HerakN/ArsN) [H]; 141.7-8 (III^f, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 142.2-4 (III^f, ArsN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 143.1-4 (III^f, ArsN) [L; parach., oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 144.2-4 (III^f, ArsN) [L; kathar.: pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 153.5-7 (III^f, ArsN) [kathar.; parach.*, epeleus., empoi.*]; 158.3-4 (193-211, ArsN) [kathar.]; 172.10-12 (118?, ArsN) [kathar.: p.opheilem.d.]; 175.18-21 (III^f, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenech., kathar.*: naub., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.]; 179.14-15 (I/II, PtolEu?) [H; opheilem.d]; 181.4-6 (II, ArsN); 186.5-13 (II, ArsN) [L; epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.empoi.]; 188.13-17 (106/7, ArsN) [L; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., epigr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 189.16 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar., all.pras., het.parach.]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [L]; 204.7 (II, ArsN) [L?]; 220.6-8 (I, SokN) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth., p.diengyema.d.idiot.]; 223.17-19 (117-37, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem., idiot., p.empoi.*]; VI 73.25-27 (222-35, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.pras., parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; VII 14.11-12 (305, Herm) [L; parad.: spor., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 46.20-24 (VI, Herm) [L; παραδέδωκα αὐτῇ τὴν πρᾶσιν]; VIII 18.3-5 (III, Ox) [S; παρείληφεν: anapor., plienep.]; X 24.3-5 (522/3, ArsPol); P.Abinn. 60.18-22 (346, Dionysias) [A; παρέλαβεν, anapor.]; P.Bastianini 25.14-15 (V/VI, Narmouthis) [L; kath.: oph.]; P.Batav. 10.19-23 (136, Bac) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., p.empoi., pantoi.katoikik.logister., p.eid.]; P.Bingen 49.3 (I^A, HerakN); 52.1-6 (I^A, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach.]; 60.11-13 (46, PtolEu) [L; anep., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 75.5-8 (III^b, Ox?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan.]; P.Cair.Isid. 86.8-9 (309, Kar) [A; παρέλαβεν, anapor.]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097^r.45-48 (571/2?, Aphr) [L]; 67120.1-6 (c. 567/8, Aphr) [S]; P.Col. VII 181.11-13 (342, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.: d.tel., annon., epib.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VIII 222.53-56 (160/1, Ox) [S; παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; P.Coll.Youtie II 75.4-5 (III, Herm) [S; παραδέδωκα: anapor., plienep.]; P.Diog. 24.14-15 (138-161, Phil) [H; anepaph., anenech., kathar.: opheilem.d., idiok., p.empoi.]; 31.15 (II/III, Phil);P.Dura 26.13-14 (227, Sachare) [L; ἔδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἔχειν κτλ.]; P.Euphrates 6.16-19 (249, Markopolis) [S; παρέδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἔχειν κτλ.]; 8.21-24 (251, Beth Phuraia) [S; παρέδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἔχειν κτλ.]; 9.18-20 (252, Beth Phuraia) [S; παρέδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἔχειν κτλ.]; 10.15-17 (250, Karrhai) [A; παρέδωκεν: hyg.]; P.Fam.Tebt. 23.14-16 (123, Teb) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., artab., naub., p.d.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Flor. I 22.18-19 (177, PtolEu) [A; παρέλαβεν, anapor.]; III 380.3-4, 11-12 (203/4, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.FuadUniv. 19. 5-8?, 13? (145/6, UP) [L; kathar.: bas.]; 21.20-27 (253-260, UP) [L; beb., kathar.: oisiake.ge, p.aperg.hydroph., d., pantoi.]; P.Gen. II 116.43-47 (247, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak.ge., p.eid., epib., katoch.* p.d.idiot., teloum.d., epiklas.pantoi.*]; P.Giss. I 28.4-5 (142/3, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim.pler.]; 51.8-18 (202, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.apog.-and.; p.d.opheilem.idiot., p.all.eid., d., tel.p., merism.pantoi.]; 100.19-22 (after 1/3/272, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak., heter.eid., p.d.oph.idiot.]; P.Hamb. I 15.11-13 (209, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.*.d., laogr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 63.4 (125/6, Thebes?) [S]; III 218.7 (29/30 Oxyrhyncha) [H; ed.: καὶ παρέξεται Θέ]ω̣ν̣ μηθένα̣ κω̣λύον̣τ̣α;]; P.Heid. X 447.19-21 (98-117, Ankyron) [kathar.*: p.oph.]; P.Iand. IV 54.6-7 (II, ArsN) [S; anapor., plienep.]; P.Ifao I 33.17? (163/4, ArsN) [L; sitik.p]; P.Jena II 1.9 (298/9, PtolEu) [S; anepaph.]; P.Köln III 155.3-6 (VI, UP) [H; kathar.: all.pras., oikonom.]; V 232.9-10, 15-16 (330/338, Terenythis) [S; anepidan., d.idiot.hieratik.]; XIII 535.4-6 (III, OxN) [beb., kathar.: apog.p., georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p., exp.., ked.]; P.Laur. III 74.17-21 (III^l, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; P.Leid.Inst. 50.1-6 (211/2?, OxN) [L; kathar.: hydroph.-d.chom., p.all., d.p., epim.]; P.Lips. I 4.1.18-20 (293, Herm) [S]; 6.2.5-8 (306, Herm) [H; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Lond. II 229.15-16 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [L; et tradedisse ei mancipium s(upra) s(criptum) Eutychen bonis condicionibus]; 320.14-15 (157/8, SokN) [A; anapor.]; III 1132b.8-10 (142, SokN) [A; παρέλαβες: anapor.]; P.Mich. II 121^r.2.9 (42, Teb); V 252.3 (25/6, Teb) [L; parad. (ind.fut.)]; 265.14 (37, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., , kathar.]; 287.12 (I, Teb) [H+L; kathar.]; VI 428.7-8 (154, Kar) [H; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VII 451.3-5 (206, UP) [S; ed.: Eutyches Tislavọṣ accẹp[ -ca.?- ] | ⁴ ab Petronia Demetr[ia -ca.?- ] | ⁵ Imsus· servọs Umeṇ[ -ca.?- ];]; X 583.15-16 (78, Bac) [H+Y; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: d.idiot., opheilem.]; XII 636 (302, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anench., anepidan., kathar.: tel.p.]; XV 707.11, 15-17 (185, Ox?) [S; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Münch. III 84.16-18 (211, ArsN) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph. 29.14 ? (III/IV, HerakN) [H+L]; 33.10-13 (330-340, HerakN) [S; αὐτόθι παραδέδωκα]; 41.5 (IV, UP) [anap.]; P.NYU II 15a.10-12 (68, OxN) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; P.Oxy. I 95.17-20 (129, Ox) [S; παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; II 375.14-16 (79, Ox) [S; αὐτόθεν παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; 380.10-11 (79, Ox) [αὐτόθεν παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; III 504.22-26 (II^e, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: p.d., all.tel.p.]; 505.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.]; 577.41-42 (117/8, Ox) [H; kathar.: apogr.p., georg.bas.,ousiak., p.eid.]; IV 794.1-7 (85/6, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.]; 809.19-22 (98-117, Ox?) [S; αὐτόθεν παρείληφεν, anapor. plienep.]; IX 1200.29-33 (266, Ox) [PT; beb., kathar.: apogr.andr., georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheile, katoch.d.idiotik.]; 1208.19-22 (291, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheilem., katoch.p.d.idiot.polit., bouleut., p.all.eid., aperg., hydroph.chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1209.17-19 (252, Ox) [S; αὐτόθι παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; X 1276.14-17 (249, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.pantoi., p.eid.]; XII 1475.29-30 (267, Ox) [H+L; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., epeleus.]; XIV 1634.15-17 (222, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and.*, georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge.*, p.eid., oph.,p., p.all.]; 1635.12-13 (44^A-37^A, Ox) [L; beb.*, kathar.: bas.]; 1636.19-23, 26-31 (249, Ox) [L; epan., beb., onomat., epeleus.; teloum.d.epim.pantoi.]; 1696.14-18 (197, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ge.ousiak., p.eid., p.all.]; 1697.22-29 (242, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas.ge., ousiak., p.eid., oph.pantoi., p.all.]; 1698.17-21 (269, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph., katoch.,pantoi.d.idiot.polit.geouch.*, p.all.]; 1699.17-21 (240-280, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch. pantoi. d.idiot.polit.geouch.?, p.all.]; 1700.13-21 (III^l, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot.; ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., τὰ μὲν σιτικὰ καὶ ἀμπελικὰ ἐδάφη: aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.tel., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1702.10-14 (290, Ox) [PT; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., ed.: ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ ἐξ ὀνόματός μου ἐπ[ελευσομένου;]; 1705.11-12 (298, Ox) [loom; βαστάξεις]; 1706.18-20 (207, Ox) [S; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; XIX 2236.29-34 (III^e, Ox) [L; kathar.: apog.-and.*, bas.georg., ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p.d.*idiot., p.all.]; XX 2270.7-9 (V/VI?, Ox) [epan., beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XXXIV 2723.22-23 (III, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge]; XXXVI 2777.21-25 (212, Ox) [S; αὐτόθι παρείληφε, anap., plienep.]; XLI 2972.36-39 (72, Ox) [epan.]; 2989.16-22 (ΙΙΙ, Ox) [L; hydrophyl., d.]; 2998.14-17 (III^l, Ox) [A; ἐντεῦθεν παρείληφας, anapor., anepilempt.]; XLIII 3143.14-16 (305, Ox) [A; ἐντεῦθεν παρείληφας, anapor.]; 3145.15-18 (IV^e, Ox) [A; ἐντεῦθεν παρείληφας; anap., anepil.]; XLIX 3482.11-12 (73^A, Ox) [L; ἐφʼ ᾧ παρέξεται, kathar.: bas.p.]; 3498.27-32 (274, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.d.idiot.polit.,bouleut., p.all., aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epimer., pantoi.]; LXVII 4586.25-28 (III, Nesmimis) [PT; kathar.: apog.-and., geom.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.all.]; P.Palau Rib. 11.5-9 (III, Ox?) [L; epan., beb., kathar.*: apog.-and., georg.bas., p.eid., p.all., oph.]; P.Pintaudi 35.15-16 (III, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p.katoch.pantoi.]; P.Prag. I 44.11-15 (466 (?), ArsN) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p., katoch.pantoi.]; II 156.4-6 (V, HermN) [H; anepaph., kathar.]; P.Ryl. II 159.21-27 (31-32, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.p]; 164.5-8 (171, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: p.eid.]; 165.16-18 (266, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Sakaon 59.11 (305, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 60.12-13 (306, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 61.16-19 (299, Thead) [An]; 62.9-11 (328, Thead) [A; ἐντεῦθεν παρέλαβεν, anapor.]; P.Stras. I 14.14-17 (211, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 79.6-7 (16/5^A, Sy) [S; anapor.*, plienep.]; IV 184.6-8 (II^m, Ox) [Trees; παρέδωκα]; IV 264.12-13 (279-282, Ox) [S; αὐτόθι παρείληφεν, anapor., plienep.]; 266.2-8 (c. 100, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.p., georg.bas.ousiak.hiera., het.eid.]; V 331.13-15 (98-117, UP) [L; epig., paragr.*]; VI 505.17-19 (107-115, Teb) [S; παρειληφ̣έναι, anapor., plienep.] ; 543.10-11 (II^f, SokN) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., p.empoi.]; VII 670.1 (III, Alex) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.]; IX 811.9-10 (II^f, UP) [anepidan., kathar.]; 861.5-6 (I, UP) [L] [H; anepeph.]; P.Stras.Inv. nr. G 2341b (293/4, Herm); P.Tebt.Wall 10.10-11? (II^e, Teb) [L; anenechyr.*, anepidan.]; P.Thomas 7.1-4 (69, UP) [A; anpor.]; P.Vind.Bosw. 6.4-5 (250, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.): sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 7.22-24 (221, Koites) [S; kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.]; P.Vind.Tand. 26.16-17 (143, SokN) [H; παρεξάσθω: anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth.,p., diengyema.d.idiot.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 15.9-10 (V^l, UP) [H; epan., beb., exp., ked.*]; P.Wisc. I 9.22-24 (183, Ox); II 58.12-14 (298, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 59.13-14 (298, PtolEu) [H: anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI I 38.12-14 (101, Herm) [A; αὐτόθεν παρείληφας]; 79.10-12 (216/7, Ox) [A; αὐτόθι παρέλαβες*, anapor.]; III 182.19-21 (234, Ox) [S; ἀυτόθι παρείληφεν, anapor. plienep.]; IV 300.18? (324, Ox) [H]; IV 320 + P.Mich. XVIII 784.b.7-12 (18, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; VI 729.a.5-6 (77?, UP) [An]; VII 771.15-16 (321, Ox) [H]; VIII 882.1-3 (337, OxN?) [An]; 897.2.76-82 (93, Ox) [L]; 946.34-37 (III, Ox) [H+L]; X 1118.17-22 (25/6, Ox) [L]; 1153.3 (112/3, PtolEu) [L]; XV 1533.29-31 (III^e?, OxN) [epan., beb.*]; 1546.1-27.17-19 (222, HerakN) [L; oikonom., p.eleus., bebai.]; 1550.17-26 (III^f, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all., oph.katoch.pantoi., aperg.hydroph.-chom., teloum.p.; epim., epiklas.pantoi.]; XVI 1635.16-18 (c. 258-260, Ox) [ed.: ἐ]πα̣φῆς;]; XVII 1715.15-16 (37, Teb) [idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI Congr. XX 14 (III, UP) [S; πλὴν ἱερᾶς νόσου καὶ ἐπαφῆς]; 15.18-20 (III/IV, Ox) [S; ἐκτὸς ἱερᾶς νόσου καὶ ἐπαφῆς]; 16.18-20 (330-340?, Ox?) [H; epan., beb., oph.*, p.d.idiot., epeleus.empoi.(v)]; SB III 6304.7-9 (151, Ravenna) [S (latin in Greek letters)]; V 8007.4-5 (IV^f, Herm) [S; ed.: ἣν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν παραδ|⁵δωκά σοι ‹ἰ›δ[ίᾳ πίσ]τ‹ε›ι καὶ καλῇ αἱρέσει, πισ[τὴν κ]αὶ ἄδραστον οὖσαν ἐκτὸς [ἱ]ερᾶς νόσου καὶ ἐπαφῆς [κ]αὶ ἀνεπίλημπτον ἀπὸ δαίμονος;]; VI 8971.11-13 (284/5, Ox) [L; kathar.: georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge., p.eid.*, oph.*, katoch.p.d.idiot.*, teloum.d.*, epiklas.,* epim.pantoi.]; 9145.17-19 (184-92, ArsN) [S]; 9214.20-23 (311, Ox) [A; ἐντεῦθεν παρείληφας, anapor., anepilempt.]; 9618.14-16 (192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d., artab., naub., arith., epigr.p., paragr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.d.eid.]; 9829.11-13 (after 3.272, Ox) [A; αὐτόθι παρείληφας, anapor.]; 9831.10 (I^l, ArsN) [H; opheilem.d.]; 9906.18-21 (193/4, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.artab., naub., arith., epib.-kom., katakr.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; X 10571.15-17 (194, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idioit., p.empoi.]; 10728.16-18 (318, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: oph.,katoch.p.d.idiot.polit.bouleut., p.all.]; XII 11015.11-13 (III, Ox?) [A; αὐτόθι παρείληφας, anapor.]; XIV 11277.16-18 (225, Nilopolis) [S; anapor. χωρὶς ἱερᾶς]; 11703.1-5 (III^l, HerakN) [L; all.parach., het.oikonom., p.eleus.empoi.(v)., beb.]; XVI 12333.15-18 (189-93, Ox?) [L; epan.*, beb., kathar.: chom., all.teloum.pantoi.]; 12612.8-9 (203 SokN) [A; παρέλαβεν, anapor.]; 12752.12 (14, Talithis) [A; anapor.]; 12758.12-14 (88, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: katakr.p., p.eid.*, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 12946^v.14-16 (474, Antin) [PT; epan.: beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XVIII 13764.18-22 (148-161, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anecher, anepidan.kathar.: d.tel., artab, naub., arith., epig., paragr., katakr., epib.-kom., idiot., empoi.]; XX 14199.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kath.; apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all.]; 14681.19-23 (III^l, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph.p., katoch.pantoi., p.all.]; 14997.6-9 (70^A/41^A, Ox?) [Η: kathar.: bas., all.tel.]; XXII 15326.11-13 (222-235, Kar) [L; anapor., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: p.opheilem.*]; 15472.14-15 (134, PtolEu) [H; anep; anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: diegguem.d.idiot., p.empoi]; 15612.1-10? (199, UP) [L; d.tel., epim, epiklasm.]; 15618.14-16 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.idiot.oph., katoch., all.]; 15637.4-8 (130, Thead) [Trees: anapor.]; XXIV 15965.12-17 (III/IV, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: epigr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 15702.12-14? (63, PtolEu) [S; anapor., plienep.]; 15703.12-14 (65, PtolEu) [An.: anapor., plienep.]; 15966.13-14 (III^end/IV^f, Kar) [ed.: καθαρὰ ἀπὸ πάση]ς̣ ζητήσεως διὰ π[αντός;]; 16002.14-15 (186-190, PtolEu) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: empoi.]; XXX 17622.10-12 (293, Herm) [S; παρέδωκεν: anap., plienep.]; 17623.19-20 (293, Herm) [S; παρέδωκεν: anap., plienep.]; SPP XX 1.15-17 (834, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel.; epigr., artab., naub., arit., epib.-kom., katakr., idiot., empoi.]; 47.16-18 (238, HerakN) [L; kathar.: ousiak.+bas.g.; epigraph., parachor., oikonom., epeleus.]; 50.17-19 (168/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel., epigr., artab., naub., arith., d.tel., epigr; art., naub., arith., epib.-kom., empoi.]; 71.8-10 (269/70, Herm) [S; anepor., plienep.]; XXII 20.10-15 (3?, UP) [An.: anepaph., anenech., anepidan.; μὴ ὄντα ἀπὸ κλοπῆς]; 48.22-25 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.].

6. Surrender of Pledged Object

Category: Penalty, Surrender

Link to Synallagma

The clause discussed here records the debtor’s surrender of an object pledged to the creditor. It is particularly common in Oxyrhynchite loans with the menein arrangement: six cases in all. As a rule, the surrender takes place in the future and is routinely expressed through the future indicative or aorist/future infinitive of παρέχομαι, all formally denoting a future act. However, the clause is generally set in connection with the restraint clause and seems to introduce a lien whenever the restraint clause is absent. Cf., in particular, P.Oslo II 40a.14-18 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos): παρέξομαι δὲ σοὶ καὶ τοῖς παρὰ σοῦ τὴν | ¹⁵ [δούλ]ην καὶ τὰ ἐσόμενα ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἔκγο[να] βέβαια πάσῃ βεβαιώσει οὐκ ἐξόν|¹⁶[τος] μοι, \ἐ/ὰν μ̣ὴ̣ πρότερον ἀποδῶ τὰς δραχμὰς ἑξακοσίας καὶ τοὺς τόκους, πωλεῖν | ¹⁷ [οὐδὲ] ὑ̣π̣ο̣τ̣ί̣θε̣σ̣θ̣αι οὐδʼ ἄλλως καταχρηματίζειν τὴν δούλην Ἰσαροῦν οὐδὲ τὰ ἐσόμενα | ¹⁸ [ἐξ αὐ]τῆς ἔκγονα (‘… and I shall furnish you and your representatives with the slave and her offspring born to her from now on, warranted by every form of warranty, me not being allowed to sell, mortgage, or dispose in any other manner of the slave Isarous and her offspring before I return the six hundred drachms and the interest’). Thus, the clause pertains not to the future actual conveyance of the object but to the making of the object available (Ger.: bereitstellen) to the creditor. This Bereitstellung is immediate, of course, but does not immediately affect the debtor’s possession of the object. An actual conveyance is recorded only in P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.37-39 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): [ἥνπ]ερ [ν]ομ̣ή̣ν [σο]ι ἀ̣κ̣ερ̣αίαν ἐ̣ντεῦ̣θεν̣ [ἤδη] | ³⁸ παραδέδωκα ἐπὶ τῷ π̣ρ̣ο̣κ̣[ειμ]έ̣ν̣ῳ μ̣όνῳ χρ̣έει [τῶν αὐ]τ̣ῶ̣ν ἓξ [νομ(ισμάτων)] (‘… a possession that I have already granted you perfect on account of the above sole debt of the same six solidi’). As such it signals a possessory mortgage. Compare capacity of pledgee.

P.Bas. 7.21-23 (117-138, ArsN) [παρέξομαι; hypotheke]; P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.37-38 (569, Antin) [παραδίδωμι νομήν (perf.); hypotheke]; P.Coll.Youtie I 50.14-17 (II^e, Ox) [παρέξομαι; menein]; P.Erl. 62.13-17 (II, UP) [παρέξομαι; hypallagma]; P.Flor. I 28.5-6 (117/8/9, Herm) [παραδίδωμι (fut.); hypallagma]; P.Hamb. I 28.7-12 (II^A, ArsN) [παρεχέσθω; hypotheke]; 30.19-20 (89, Phil) [παρέξομαι; enoikesis]; P.Mert. III 109.16-19 (II, OxN); P.Mich. XII 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [παρέξομαι; enoikesis]; P.Oslo II 40a.14-15 [παρέξομαι; menein]; 40b.44-47 (both: 150, Ox) [παρέξομαι; menein]; P.Oxy. II 270.38-42 (94, Ox) [παρέξομαι βεβαίας καὶ καθαράς]; III 506.35-39 (143, Ox) [παρέξασθαι; menein]; XVII 2134.22-24 (170, Ox) [παρέξομαι; menein]; XXXIV 2722.29-34 (154, Ox) [παρέξομαι; menein]; LXIII 4395.64-68 (499, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels. 31.18-21 (86, Ox); P.Stras. I 52.5-6 (151^A, Herm) [παραδίδωμι (fut.); hypotheke]; IX 826.a.9-10 (96-98, SokN); P.Tebt. III.1 817.22-23 (182^A, Krok) [παρεχέσθω; hypotheke]; III.2 970.20-23 (II^eA, Krok) [παρεχέσθω; hypotheke]; SB XIV 11705.6-9 (213, ArsN).

7. Surrender of Object of Lease

Category: Penalty, Surrender

Link to Synallagma

The surrender of the object of a lease is reported in four documents only. BGU III 912.13-18 (33 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), recording the lease of a donkey, records the past receipt of the animal. In P.Oxy. XLI 2973.26-27 (103 CE, Oxyrhynchos), a land lease, the scribe records the future surrender of the misthosis rather than of the object of the lease itself: τὴν δὲ Ἀθηναροῦν βεβαίαν αὐτῷ καὶ | ἀναφα[ίρ]ετον παρασχέσθαι τὴν μίσθωσιν ἐπὶ τὸν χρόνον (‘And Athenarous shall surrender to him the lease warranted and irrevocable’). Cf. BGU IV 1116.33-36 (13 BCE, Alexandria) and BGU VI 1280.14-15 (210 BCE, Unknown Provenance).

8. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis and Thwarted Surrender

Category: Warranty, Penalty

Link to Synallagma

This clause, used in the context of land and slave sales, deals with the contravention of two particular obligations of the vendor, bebaiosis and the surrender of an object without encumbrance. It seems to be in use solely in the Arsinoite nome. In the only possible exception, P.Mich. XV 707.19-20 (185 CE), perhaps from Oxyrhynchos, it is entirely restored. In diachronic terms, the clause seems restricted to the first two centuries CE. The array of consequences that it specifies is identical to that found in the general penalty clause, viz., affirmation of the continued validity of the contract and the pecuniary consequences. As in the penalty clause, it is introduced by the composite verb (προσ)-αποτισάτω for the return of the consideration, increased by half or doubled, compensation for damages and expenses (possibly duplum), the epitimon, and a penalty to the fisc. BGU I 193.24-28 (136 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis) yields a relatively complete text: ἐὰν δὲ [μ]ὴ βεβαιοῖ ἢ μὴ παρέχητ[αι] καθαρὸ[ν] ἀπο|²⁵τισάτω ἡ Σεγᾶθις [τ]ῇ Θεανῶ, ἣν ἀπείληφεν τ[ιμ]ὴν μεθʼ ἡ[μ]ιολ[ίας]| ²⁶ [ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ καὶ ἀ[ν]ηλωμένα δ[ι]πλᾶ καὶ ἐπιτι[μον] ἀργυρ[ίου] δραχ[μὰ]ς | ²⁷ [ἑ]πτακοσί[ας καὶ] εἰς τὸ δ[ημό]σιον τὰς ἴσας χωρὶς [τοῦ μένειν] | ²⁸ κύρ[ι]α τὰ προγεγ[ρ(αμμένα)] (‘If she (scil. the vendor) fails to warrant (the purchaser’s title) or surrender the object unencumbered, let Segathis pay Theano as compensation the price that she has received from him increased by a half, double the amount of the exp., a penalty of seven hundred silver drachms and the same amount to the fisc, without prejudice to the continuing effect of the provisions of the contract recorded above’).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127; Rupprecht (1982a): 473.

BGU I 193.24-27 (136, PtolEu) [price: hemiolia, exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; 282.39-41 (175-180, ArsN) [price: hemiolia, dam., exp., horis.prostim., ked.]; CPR I 223.23-25 (117-137) [kyria, price: hemiolia, dam., exp., epit. hosidchre., kyria]; P.Bingen 60.14-16 (46, PtolEu) [parachoretikon kephalaion: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie I 19.26-29 (44, PtolEu) [akyr., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Diog. 24.17-21 ? (138-161, Phil) [dipl., kyria]; P.Hamb. I 28.12-13 (II^A, ArsN); P.Mich. X 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [akyr., dam., price: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; XV 707.19-20 (185, Ox?) [price, dam., exp., epit.]; P.Ryl. II 161.18-20 (81, SokN) [dam., exp., epit., fisc.]; 312.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [price: dipl., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; 313.19-20 (82-96, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Tebt. III.1 817.23-27 (II^eA, Krok) [return of the loan]; III.2 970.23-28 (II^eA, Krok) [return of the loan]; PSI XIII 1320.15-16 (82-88, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., prostim.].

9. Costs involving Court Action

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

The costs of legal measures arising from the defaulted settlement of a debt are addressed in only one text: P.Köln III 156.5-10 (582-602 CE, Antinoopolis?)—εἰ δὲ κατόπειν γένωμαι περὶ τὴν | ⁶ [λύσι]ν καὶ ἀπόδοσιν τῶν αὐτῶν τ̣ε̣σ̣σ̣ά̣ρων νο̣μισ̣μ̣α̣τ̣ί[ων] καὶ τῆς παραμυθ̣[εία]ς̣ καὶ | ⁷ [ἀν]α̣γκασθείης δικαστήρια κατʼ ἐμοῦ κιν̣εῖν καὶ ἀναλώματα ποιεῖν, ἑτοίμω̣ς ἔχω καὶ τὰ | ⁸ [σ]υ̣μβησόμενά σοι διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν ἀναλώματα ἢ [κ]αὶ ζημιώματα ἐν δικαστηρίοις | ⁹ [ἢ] ἐ̣κτ̣[ὸ]ς δ[ι]καστηρίων ὁμολογῶ τῇ σῇ π[ ̣ ̣] ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣]ει ἀποκαταστῆσαί σοι πρὸς τῷ με καὶ τὸ | ¹⁰ π̣ρ̣ο̣γ̣ε̣[γ]ρ̣[αμμένον χρέος ἀπο]δ̣οῦναι καὶ ἐν ἅπασι ἀζήμιόν σε ποιῆσ[α]ι·(‘Should I be in delay in the settlement and payment of said four solidi and interest, and (as a consequence you) are compelled to take action against me and incur expenses, I am prepared to reimburse you for expenses or damages that may befall you on this account in the future, both in court and elsewhere; I acknowledge that I shall reimburse you in addition to being obligated to repay the aforesaid debt and to render you without loss in every respect’).

10. Defension

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

The defension clause is recorded in 122 documents. It is already in use in Augustan Alexandria, in Greek translations of Demotic documents preserved in the archive of Satabous son of Herieus from early first century CE Soknopaiou Nesos, as well as in the formulary of slave sales first attested in papyrus in P.Stras. I 79.7 from 16/5 BCE Syene, where following the clause in which the slave is said to be surrendered ἀναπόριφο]ς πλὴν ἐπαφῆς, the text runs: ἐὰν δέ τις ἐπαφὴ γ̣έ̣ν̣η̣τ̣α̣ι, ἐγδικήσει ὁ ἀποδόμενος | [- ca.20 – ἢ ἐ]κτείσει ἣν εἴληφε τειμὴν ἁπλῆν καὶ τὰ βλάβη καὶ τὰ δαπανήματα (‘If an epaphe takes place, let the vendor vindicate (the purchaser’s title?) or pay as indemnity the simple price, as well as compensation for the damages and expenses’). Cf. also, in the same context, P.Turner 22.21-23 (142 CE, Side).

In this document, following the vendor’s affirmation of the slave’s good health in the clause stipulating the disclosure of material defects, which lists all different possible defects in detail, the text runs ἐὰν δέ τι τούτων ᾖ ἢ μὴ ᾖ ὑγιὴ‹ς› ᾒ ἐπαφὴ αὐ̣τ̣̣[οῦ] | ²² [ἢ ἐκ μέρους γένη[τ̣α̣ι̣ καὶ ἐκνικηθῇ, τότε διπλῆ̣ν τὴ̣ν̣ τε̣[ι]μὴ̣[ν] χω̣ρ̣ὶ̣[ς] π̣α̣|²³[ραγγελίας (‘and if should happen anything of that, or if (she) be not healthy or, if there be epaphe of hers or of her part and be it successful (the seller has promised with his good faith) to give the double price without further notice.’) (transl.: Urbanik (2010): 244).

Routinely attested in sale documents from Mesopotamia published in P.Euphrates, it is also sporadically used in Greek documents from the chora in the first and second centuries but becomes regular in the last decade of the second century CE only. In the subsequent two centuries, it appears primarily in documents from the metropoleis (Oxyrhynchos and Ptolemais Euergetis). It endures down to the Byzantine period.

In the defension clause, the vendor assumes the obligation to ward off (in earlier documentation) any challenger to the purchased object. Cf., e.g., P.Freib. II 8.19-21 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance): καὶ πάν̣τα | ²⁰ τὸ̣ν ἐπελευσόμενον ἢ ἐνποιησόμενον τῶν δούλων Ἀσκληποῦτος καὶ Οὐνιῶνος ἢ̣ μέρους αὐτῶν αὐτο̣ύς, Ἰούλιον Οὐαλερι|²¹ανὸν καὶ τὴν Ἰουλίαν Ἀφροδοῦν, κατὰ τὸ δίμοι[ρ]ον μέρος ἀποστήσειν παραχρῆμα τοῖς ἰδίοις δαπανήμασιν (‘And let Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous forthwith repel, by two-thirds, at their personal expense, anyone who proceeds or lays claim on account of the slaves Asklepous and Ounion or any part of them’). The most common term in Egypt is ἀφίστημι, which may take both the present and future tense down to the third century and the future tense only in the Byzantine period.

Outside Egypt, in the documents from third-century Mesopotamia (P.Euphrates), the vocabulary, and phrasing are different: P.Euphr. 7.12-16 (249 CE, Markopolis): καὶ ἀναδέχεται | ¹³ ἵνʼ ἐάν τις ἀντιποιηθῇ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δούλου ἢ μέρους | ¹⁴ αὐτοῦ, στᾶσαν τὴν ἀποδομένην διεκδικήσειν καὶ | ¹⁵ καθαροποιήσειν καὶ ἀπολύσειν τὸν ἀ̣ντειποιού|¹⁶μενον·(‘…and she (the vendor) makes pledge that if anyone lay claims to said slave or part thereof, the vendor will stand, vindicate, clear, and repel the challenger’). The verbs ἐκδικέω (‘LSJ: avenge or vindicate’) and καθαροποιέω (‘clear’) then penetrate the Egyptian vocabulary from the late third century onward, to which one adds other verbs in line with the general Byzantine circumlocution: ἀποσοβέω (‘keep off’) and ἀποτρέπω (‘avert’). The direct object of the verb is the challenger, for whom the most common term by far is the future participle of ἐπέρχομαι (‘proceed against’): ἐπελευσόμενος which may then be followed, in Augustan Alexandria, by the purchaser, introduced by ἐπί + acc. Less common but still well attested is the participle ἐμποιησόμενος (‘lay claims’), later (fifth century) superseded by ἀντιποιησόμενος (‘lay counterclaims’). A participle of a third verb, ἐγκαλέω (‘bring a charge or accusation’), is rare. The object appears in the genitive and is introduced by περί, ἕνεκεν, χάριν or both, as is the case in the formula τούτου ἕνεκεν ἢ μέρους χάριν. As the commonly used adverb παραχρῆμα (‘forthwith’) shows, the defension obligation should become effective immediately. Indispensable in all times is the vendor’s requirement to pay for the defension (ἰδίοις ἡμῶν ἀναλώμασιν καὶ δαπανήμασιν). In four Byzantine documents—P.Grenf. I 60.35-39 (582 CE?, Apollonopolis); P.Oxy. LXIII 4395.68-77 (499 CE, Oxyrhynchos) ; SB I 5112.53-57 (618 CE, Apollonopolis); 5113.21-25 (VII CE, Apollonopolis)—he must also ward off a challenger ‘at his own expense and risk in accordance with the practice/law in cases of sale and bebaiosis’: ἰδίοις μου ἀναλώμασι καὶ κινδύνῳ κατὰ τὸν περὶ πράσεως καὶ βεβαιώσεως νόμον. In documents from the third and fourth centuries, the vendor must undertake the defension καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης.

The defension clause shares some functions of the bebaiosis. In particular, whenever the bebaiosis clause is meant to protect the purchaser from a future challenge by a third party (ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ ἐπελευσομένου), it is functionally identical to the defension clause. Due to this functional overlap, in 56 documents that use the defension clause, bebaiosis is dispensed with. Such in particular is the case in the Euphrates papyri and also, to a large extent, in Augustan Alexandria. However, 66 documents exhibit both clauses and it is not always clear why one scribe omits the bebaiosis while the other, in the same region and at the same time, does not. An excellent example is provided by P.Münch. I 12 and P.Lond. V 1733, concerning house sales from 590/1 and 594 CE Syene respectively. In the former, the defension clause is introduced (ll. 34-37) by the bebaiosis clause, while in the latter (ll. 59-63) it is not. An accumulative use of functionally identical bebaiosis and defension clauses occurs, e.g., in SB I 5114.33-39 (630-640 CE, Apollonopolis Magna): καὶ βεβαιώσω σοι ταύτην τὴν πρᾶσιν [καὶ ἀποσοβήσω] | ³⁵ διὰ παντὸς ἀπὸ παντὸς το(ῦ) ἐπελευσομένου ἢ ἀντιποιησ[ομένου. τὸν δὲ] | ³⁶ ἐπελευσόμενον ἢ ἀντιποιησόμενον παραχρῆμα ἐγὼ ὁ π[επρακὼς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] | ³⁷ἢ καὶ πάντας τοὺς μετʼ ἐμοῦ οἰκονομησάντων ἐκστήσω [καὶ ἐκδικήσω] | ³⁸καὶ ἀποσοβήσω καὶ καθαροποιήσω ταύτην τὴν [π]ρ[ᾶσιν ἰδίοις μου] | ³⁹ ἀναλώμασι καὶ κινδύνῳ κατὰ τὸν περὶ πράσεως καὶ βεβα[ιώσεως νόμον] (‘I will warrant this sale for you and at all times will keep away any person who proceeds against you or lays claim to the object. And the person who shall proceed or lay claims I the vendor, alongside those acting on my behalf, will repel, vindicate, keep away, and clear this sale at my own expense and risk according to the law on sale and bebaiosis’). For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968): no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6-7.

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 27; Schwarz (1920): 170-184; Lüddeckens (1960): 327-328; Zauzich (1968): 137-141; Rupprecht (1982b): 241-242; (1982a): 471-472; (1983): 623; Rodríguez Martín (2017): 114-119.

BGU I 13.12-16 (289, ArsN) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp., ked.]; 94.19-20 (289, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 282.37-38 (175-180, ArsN) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 316.21-27 (359, Askalon) [eperch., antipoi. (conj.aor.); performers: vendor and heirs, beb.: exp.]; II 542.14-15 (165, Athenas Kome) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; performers: vendor and bebaiotes; ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., exp.]; III 1002.13-14 (55^A, Herm) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ἐκστήσω]; IV 1049.21-22 (342, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 1110.14-15 (5^A, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp. {crossed out}]; 1127.17-19 (18^A, Alex) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., exp.]; 1129.33 (13^A, Alex); 1130.20-21 (4^A, Alex) [ἀφιστάνειν; eperch. (part.fut.); exp.]; 1131.1-32, l. 25 (13^A, Alex) [epeleus.; aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; 1153.1.7-9 (14^A, Alex): [wet-nurse: eperch. (part.fut.), parasyng. (part.praes.).; parachr., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 1170.50-60 l. 58 (10^A, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; XI 2054.17-18 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [eperch. (part.fut.)*, ἀφιστάνειν*]; XVII 2698.21-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; 2698.23-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; XIX 2828.8-11 (VII^b, Herm) [cond.sent.: συμβαίη κωλῦσαι λαβεῖν τοὺς καρπούς; ὁμολογῶ διδόναι: eight solidi; no excuse, kind.]; CPR I 109.9-10 (III, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; parachr., exp.]; 121.20-21 (II, ArsN?) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.; kyria]; 156.7-8 (III^f, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; 168.12-14 (III^f, ArsN) [parachr., exp.]; 189.20-21 (II, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., exp.]; 191.10 (after 212, ArsN) [aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 218.17 (II, SokN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; ἀφιστάνειν]; VII 47.14?-16 (c. 645, HerakN) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XV 1.13-14 (3^A, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; 2.5-6 (11, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; XVIIb 3.1-16, l. 12 (184/5, Panop); XIX 44.1-5 (V/VI, Alex) [exp.; kata nomon?]; O.Berenike II 125.6-10 (61, Berenike) [cond.sent. enkal. (conj.aor.); epeleus., ephist. (fut.), epan., exp.]; P.Abinn. 64.1-4 (337-350, Alex/Phil) [aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Bagnall 47.23-26 (I^l/II^e, Ieme)?; P.Bastianini 25.14-15 (V/VI, Narmouthis) [empoi.]; P.Bodl. I 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekhist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi. (all fut.); exp., kind.; kata nomon]; P.Cair.Isid. 105.11-12 (297, Kar) [diairesis; aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.); exp.]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097^r.53-58 (571/2?, Aphr) [ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν ἀποστρέψαι, ἀποστῆσαι*; eperch., antipoi. (fut.); exp.; kind.]; II 67169.31-36 (569, Antin) [eperch. (fut.).; ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν ἀποσοβῆσαι καὶ ἀποτρέψαι; exp.]; III 67298.21-29 (527-565, Antaiopolis/Tentyris) [ἀποστρέψαι*; eperch. (fut.), kyria (unique formulation)]; P.Col. VII 181.17-19 (342, Kar) [eperch., empoi.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price with hemiolia; taxes; exp.: dipl.: kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie I 50.17-19 (II^e, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Diog. 31.12-14 (II/III, Phil) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Dubl. 32.11-12 (512, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); empoi. (fut.); parachr.; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 33.13-14 (513, ArsPol) [eperch., antipoi. (both fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); katharopoi.; nomê; parachr.; exp.]; P.Euphrates 6.19-22 (249, Markopolis) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi., apoly. (both fut.); antipoi. (part.praes.)]; 8.24-27 (251, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.), enkal. (conj.aor.); diekdik., katharopoi., parad. (all fut.)]; 9.20-23 (252, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi.*, apoly. (all fut.); empoi. (part.praes.)]; 10.17-18 (250, Karrhai) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik. (fut.)]; 11.17-23 (232, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); [ed.: ‹σ›{τ}ταθῶ , ῥύσωμ[αι];]; P.Flor. III 323.15-17 (525, Herm) [aposob., eperch., antipoi. (part.fut.)]; P.Freib. II 8.19-21 (144, UP) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; P.Gen. II 116.47-48 (247, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.), parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Giss. I 39.2-4 (205^A-180^A, Thebes) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 51.19-21 (202, OxN) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Grenf. I 60.35-39 (582?, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr., ekist., ekdik., katharopoi.* (all ind.fut.); exp., kind., kata nomon]; P.Herm. 32.15-17 (VI, UP) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Jena II 1.15 (298/9, PtolEu) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; P.Köln III 155.8-10 (VI, UP) [eperch., antipoi.; aphist., ekist. (both fut.); exp.]; V 232.14-15 (330/338, Terenythis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; XIII 535.3 (III, OxN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.*, aphist.* ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Laur. III 74.21 (III^l, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Lond. III 991.16-19 (481, UP) [epeleus., empoi.]; 1015.9-10 (VI, Herm) [ἑτοίμως ἔχω ἀποσοβῆσαί σοι; antipoi. (fut.)]; 1164c.26-29 (212, Antin) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 1164e.17-18 (212, Antin) [eperch.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; V 1686.36-38 (565, Aphr) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ekist. or aphist.; exp.]; 1722.42-45 (530, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., katharopoi..; exp.]; 1733.59-63 (594, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); ekist, katharopoi. (fut.), exp.]; 1734.11-12 (578-582, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist. (fut.), * katharopoi., exp.]; 1735.15-17 (VI^l, Sy?) [eperch. (fut.); aposob. (fut.), katharopoi.]; P.Lond. inv. 2917.8-10 (V^end/VI^b, Ta Memnonia) [antileg., antipoi., enkal. (part.)]; P.Mich. XII 636.18-19 (302, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 663.18-20 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; XIII 664.29-31 (584/5 or 600/1, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Michael. 40.40-44 (544 or 559, Aphr); 45.56-58 (540, Aphr); 52.g.20-22 (VI/VII, Aphr); P.Mil.Vogl. I 26.15-16 (128, Teb); P.Münch. I 4.2.31-33 (581, Sy); 9.84-87 (585, Sy); 11.44-47 (586, Sy); 12.36-37 (590/1?, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., katharopoi. (both fut.); exp.]; 13.57-60 (594, Sy) [eperch. (fut.), ἀντιποιηθῆναι ἐπιχειροῦντα; ἐκστήσω, καθαροποιήσω; exp.]; 15.10-12 (493, Sy) [enkal., antipoi., aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 16.36-38 (V^l, Sy) [enkal., antipoi.; aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Neph. 33.15-16 (c. 330-340, HerakN) [exp.]; P.Oxy. IX 1208.23-24 (291, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV 1698.21-23 (269, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1699.21-22 (240-280, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1700.22-24 (III^l, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1704.18-19 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1707.15-17 (204, Ox) [cond.sent.: ἐπιλάβηται; aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XIX 2236.34-38 (III^e, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX 2270.9-11 (V/VI?, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XLI 2989.25-28 (III, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIII 3143.18-20 (305, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); epan.; parachr.; ked.]; 3144.12-15 (313, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIX 3498.33-36 (274, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr., exp.; ked.]; LXIII 4395.68-77 (499, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; debtor and surety; aphist. ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; kathair. (ind.fut.)]; LXVII 4586.28-30 (III, Nesmimis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; exp.; ked.]; LXIX 4751.12-15 (310, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.) parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Palau Rib. 11.10-11 (III, Ox?) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Par. 21.45-52 (616, This) [exp.; aphist., aposob. (fut.); eperch. (fut.), antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Pintaudi 35.17-18 (III, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Prag. I 41.5-6 (VI/VII, HerakN) [exp.]; II 156.10-11 (V, HermN?) [aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Princ. II 85.8-18 ? (V?, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Ryl. II 95.12-14 (71/2, Ox?) [eperch. (conj.aor.), aphist. (ind.fut.)*]; II 163.10-11 (140, HermN) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.]; 313.16-17 (82-96, SokN); P.Sakaon 59.14-15 (305, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; P.Vat.Aphrod. 5.c.2-3 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Vind.Bosw. 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Wash.Univ. I 19.12-14 (287, Ox) [aphist. (inf.aor.); eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Wisc. II 58.6-18 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 59.17-19 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; PSI IV 300.20-22 (324, Ox) [cond.sent.: eperch. (ind.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; VIII 882.6-8 (337, OxN?) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.)*; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XVII 1697.11-16 (after 117, UP) [eperch., (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; ektin. (praes.); epit., fisc., kyria]; PSI Congr. XX 16.20-22 (330-340?, Ox?) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; ked.]; SB I 4370.37-38 (229, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 4777.4-5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (conj.aor.); exp.]; 5112.53-57 (618, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5113.21-25 (VII, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5114.35-39 (630-640, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik.*, aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5166.15 (II/III, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.)]; 5246.13-15,16-17 (3/2^A, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 5320.22? (VI/VII, ArsN) [exp.]; V 8034.25-28 (52, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; VI 8971.13-14 (284/5, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 8987.32-35 (644/5, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ὁμολογοῦμεν ἀποστῆσαι; exp.]; 9214.24-27 (311, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 9219.23-24 (319, Herm) [aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.]; 9765.22-27 (after 13.9.81, Ox) [ektin. (praes.); ed.: κα[θʼ ἑκάστην] ἔ̣φοδον; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9829.21-25 (after 272, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; X 10571.20-21 (within the penalty clause) (194, PtolEu) [eperch.; ἀφιστάνειν; parachr., prosektin. (fut.): price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 10728.18-19 (318, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV 11277.26-29 (225, Nilopolis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; bebai. (part.)]; 11278.8-11 (316, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 11578.14-17 (V?, UP) [katharop.; δεσποτείαν καθαροποιῆσαι]; XVI 12946^v.16-19 (474, Antin) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist., ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX 14681.23-25 (III^l, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XXII 15618.16-17 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; διπλώνω τὴν τιμὴν ὡς ἴδιον χρέως]; XXIV 15996.16-17 (III^e/IV^f) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; 16002.19-20 (within the penalty clause) (186-190, PtolEu) [eperch., ἀφιστάνειν; prosapotin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; SPP XX 10.13-15 (168, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); ἀφιστάνειν; parachr.; exp.]; 29.36-38 (227, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 117.11-12 (411, Koba) [empoi., eperch. (fut.); epan.; parachr.; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 145.5-6 (VI^s, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; katharopoi. (ind.fut.)]; UPZ II 175.26-27 (145^A, Thebes); 177.35-36 (136^A, Thebes?) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); aphist. (ind.fut.)].

11. Consequences of Thwarted Defension

Category: Penalty, Warranty

Link to Synallagma

Among the 158 sale documents that introduce the duty of defension, 22 discuss only the vendor’s failure to comply. It is first recorded in a Greek document from Egypt in P.Stras. I 79.6-7 (16/5 BCE, Syene): ἐὰν δέ τις ἐπαφὴ γ̣έ̣ν̣η̣τ̣α̣ι, ἐγδικήσει ὁ ἀποδόμενος | [- ca.20 – ἢ ἐ]κτείσει ἣν εἴληφε τειμὴν ἁπλῆν καὶ τὰ βλάβη καὶ τὰ δαπανήματα (‘If the slave is vindicated by a third party, the vendor shall defend the purchaser’s title [ – – ] or else pay as indemnity simply the amount of the consideration which he has obtained, as well as compensation for damages and expenses’). The text goes back to the Latin Vorlage as recorded in P.Lond. II 229.7-12 of 166 CE Seleukia Pieria: et si quis eum puerum | ⁸ partemue quam eius euicerit, simplam pecuniam | ⁹ sine denuntiatione recte dare stipulatus est Fabul|¹⁰lius Macer, spopondit Q(uintus) Iulius Priscus: id fide sua | ¹¹ et auctoritate esse iussit C(aius) Iulius Antiochus, mani|¹²pularius (triere) Uirtute. Apart from this text, the clause is also evidenced in one Augustan document from Alexandria, six of these documents are Mesopotamian (P.Euphrates 6-11), and the rest are Byzantine, stemming from Syene, Aphrodite, Arsinoe, Apollonopolis Magna, and Hermopolis. The violation may be expressed through a protasis denoting omission (e.g., εἰ δὲ μὴ τοῦτο ποιήσουσιν) or, in the Byzantine period, inability to perform the act: εἰ δὲ ἀσθενήσοιμεν περὶ τὴν ἐκδίκησιν καὶ καθαροποίησιν ταύτης τῆς πράσεως (‘If we should be weak in regard to the vindication and clearance of this sale’), or εἰ δὲ μὴ δυνηθείημεν τὴν ἐκδίκησιν καὶ τὴν καθαροποίησιν ταύτης ἕνεκεν τῆς πράσεως (‘If we should be unable to perform the vindication and clearance on account of this sale’), or a manifestation of carelessness: εἰ ἧττον φροντίζω (‘if we show disregard’). The result, in the apodosis, is naturally the delivery (διδόναι, ἐπιγνῶναι, παρασχεῖν), or the payment as indemnity (ἐκτίσειν, προσεκτείσειν), of the consideration along with a proportional fine and compensation for damage and expenses for the maintenance and improvement of the object of the sale. Cf., most extensively, P.Dubl. 32.12-13 (512 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): εἰ δὲ μὴ τοῦτο ποίησωσιν (l. ποίησουσιν), προσεκτισωσιν (read προσεκτείσειν) ἥνπερ εἴληφεν ὁ πεπρακὼς Εὐλόγιος καὶ ἐγγεγραμμένην τιμὴν διπλῆν | ¹³καὶ πάντα τὰ ἀναλώματα καὶ δαπανήματα τὰ φανησόμενα γεγενημένα εἰς τὴν τούτου φιλοκαλίαν ἢ καὶ ἀνοικοδομίαν ἢ καὶ προφάσει αὐτοῦ ζημιώματα ἐν δικαστηρίῳ ἢ ἐκτὸς δικαστηρίου, καὶ αὐτὰ πάντα διπλᾶ (‘If they fail to do this, they will pay as a penalty double the price stated herein, which the vendor Eulogios has received, and double all the expenses and costs that arise, as are incurred in repairing or rebuilding the property, and double the fines incurred on its behalf, in court or out of court’.) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 171).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 130-131.

BGU III 887.5-7 (151, Syde); IV 1170^v.50-60, ll. 58-59 ? (10^A, Alex) [kyria; ἐκτίνειν; kephal. + tok.; ked.]; XVII 2698.24-28 (VII, Herm) [διδόναι: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; O.Berenike II 125.9-12 (61, Berenike) [ἐκτίσω; parachr., price; fisc.]; P.Abinn. 64.4-6 (337-350, Alex/Phil) [ἐκτείσειν; parachr., price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bodl. I 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [prot.: ἀσθενήσοιμεν; ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν παρασχεῖν; price: dipl.; exp.; kyria]; P.Dubl. 32.12-13 (512, ArsPol) [prot.: μὴ ποίησουσιν; προσεκτείσειν: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; 33.14-16 (513, ArsPol) [prot.: μὴ ποίησουσιν; προσεκτείσειν: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; P.Euphrates 6.22-23 (249, Markopolis) [ἐκτίσει; price, dam.]; 8.27-28 (251, Beth Phuraia) [prot.: μὴ καθαροποιήσῃ; ἀποτίσει: price, dam.; kyria]; 9.23-25 (252, Beth Phuraia) [ἐκτίσει; price: dipl.]; 10.19 (250, Karrhai) [ἐκτίσει; price, dam.]; 11.24-25 (232, Beth Phuraia) [ed.: δώ̣[σω; price]; P.Lond. III 991.19-22 (481, UP) [ἐκτίσω: price: four times; dam.; exp.]; 1015.10-11 (VI, Herm) [παρέξω: λόγῳ προστίμου καὶ παραβάσεως]; V 1733.63-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: μὴ δυνηθείην; ἐφʼ ᾧ ἐμὲ καταβάλλειν: price: dipl.]; 1735.15-17 (VI^l, Sy ?) [ἐπιγνῶναι: price: dipl., dam., exp.]; P.Münch. I 13.60-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: μὴ δυνηθείημεν; ἐφʼ ᾧ ἡμᾶς διδόναι; λόγῳ καταδίκης καὶ παραβάσεως; kyria; dam.; exp.]; SB I 5112.57-63 (618, Apol) [μὴ ἀσθενήσοιμεν?; ἑτοίμως ἔχομεν παρασχεῖν: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 15618.3-8 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [price: dipl.]

12. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis and Thwarted Defension

Category: Warranty, Penalty

Link to Synallagma

In P.Freib. II 8.21-23 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance), following the bebaiosis and the defension clauses, vendors are subject to a penalty if they fail to perform the bebaiosis or defend the purchaser against a challenge by a third party: the consideration is increased by half, and they should also cover damages, defray expenses, and pay the fixed penalty. βεβαιοῦν τε αὐτόν τε Μᾶρκον Ἰούλιον Οὐαλεριανὸν καὶ Ἰουλίαν Ἀφροδοῦν καὶ ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν Δημα̣ρ̣ίῳ, καὶ πάν̣τα | ²⁰ τὸ̣ν ἐπελευσόμενον ἢ ἐνποιησόμενον τῶν δούλων Ἀσκληποῦτος καὶ Οὐνιῶνος ἢ̣ μέρους αὐτῶν αὐτο̣ύς, Ἰούλιον Οὐαλερι|²¹ανὸν καὶ τὴν Ἰουλίαν Ἀφροδοῦν, κατὰ τὸ δίμοι[ρ]ον μέρος ἀποστήσειν παραχρῆμα τοῖς ἰδίοις δαπανήμασιν ἤ, χωρὶς τοῦ κύρια | ²² μένειν τὰ συνκεχωρημένα, ἔτι καὶ ἐκτείνειν αὐτοὺς ἐξ ἀλληλενγύης τὸ τῆς τιμῆς κεφάλαιον σὺν ἡμιολίᾳ καὶ τὰ | ²³ βλάβη καὶ δαπανήματα καὶ τὸ ὡρισμένον πρόστ{ε}ιμον καθάπερ ἐγ δίκης (‘Let Marcus Julius Valerianus, Julia Aphrodous, and either of the two warrant (the purchased object) for Demarion, and let them, Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous, immediately keep away at their own expense, by half a share, anyone who in the future proceeds against her or lays claim to the slaves, Asklepous and Onion, or to any part thereof, or else, leaving in effect everything stipulated, let them pay as compensation, by mutual surety, the amount of the price increased by a half, the damages, costs and the prescribed penalty as if following a court action’). See also CPR I 170.19-21 (103-117 CE, Arsinoites).

13. Injunction against Lawsuit

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

An injunction against bringing suit is commonly inserted in Roman-period contracts recording the sale of landed property and slaves (239). It is also common in mortgage loans in anticipation of the foreclosure of land or slaves by the creditor (18), in wills (18), and in diaireseis (34).The most common form of the verb is the infinitive following the verb ὁμολογέω that introduces the entire contract. Among the best-attested verbs, the future infinitive of ἐπέρχομαι—ἐπελεύσεσθαι [65] and the variant ἐπελεύσασθαι [12] are the most common, followed by the future infinitive of ἐγκαλέω (ἐν- or ἐγκαλέσειν) [45] and the present infinitive of the same verb (ἐν- or ἐγκαλεῖν) [38]. The future infinitive of (δι-)αμφισβητέω is attested 14 times, as are the medial infinitive of ἐπιπορεύω and the active infinitive of κακoτεχνέω, both 11 times.

The use of each verb results in a different syntax. [Type1] the verb ἐπέρχομαι, if used alone, elicits the formulation that indicates the vendor, or those acting on his behalf in the accusative (the subject of the infinitive), the purchaser, and those acting on his behalf introduced by ἐπί, in the accusative, and the object, introduced by περί, in the genitive. Cf., e.g., SB V 8007.9-10 (IV^f CE, Hermopolis): καὶ μὴ ἐπελεύσεσθαί με μηδʼ ἄλλον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ ἐπὶ σὲ τὴν ὠνουμένην μηδὲ ἐπὶ | ¹⁰ [τοὺς παρὰ σοῦ περὶ μη]δενὸς [τῆσδε τῆς πράσεως] τρόπῳ μηδενί (‘And neither I nor anyone else on my behalf will proceed against you the purchaser, or against your representatives, in any matter relating to the sale in any manner’). The clause is especially common in the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite documentation from the Roman period.

[Type2] the cumulative use of various verbs denoting lawsuit, with no indication of the object and, frequently, not even of the purchaser. E.g., PSI XIII 1320.13-15 (82-88 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): καὶ μηδὲν τὴν ὁμολογοῦσ̣α̣ν̣ | ¹⁴ Τα[βοῦν μήτε τοὺς] παρʼ αὐτῆς ἐνκαλεῖν μηδ[ὲ ἐ]νκαλέσ‹ε›ιν μηδὲ ἀμφισβητήσ‹ε›ιν μηδὲ ἐπελεύσεσθαι [τ]ρόπῳ μηδ[ε]ν̣ὶ ὅτι δʼ ἂν τῶν προγεγραμ|¹⁵μέ[νων παρασυγγρα]φῶν (‘And neither the acknowledging party, Tabous, nor her representatives shall make, now or in the future, no claim and shall neither dispute nor attack in any way violating any of the aforesaid provisions’). Type2 is especially common in the Arsinoite hinterland (Tebtynis: eight, Soknopaiou Nesos: six documents) and also, later, with a different formulary, in Byzantine Syene (11 of 16 documents). P.Münch. I 13.51-55 (594 CE, Syene): ἡμεις (l. ἡμῶν) δὲ αι (l. τῶν) προγεγραμμεναι (l. προγεγραμμένων) Τσώνη καὶ Τσεῦρε ἀδελφη (l. ἀδελφῶν) αὐτῆς αι (l. τῶν) πεπρακοτες (l. πεπρακυιῶν) | ⁵² ἢ καὶ μηδενὸς τέκνων ἢ ἐγγόνων ἢ ξένων ἢ οἰκείων πρὸς πατρὸς ἢ πρὸς μητρὸς μὴ δυνομένων (l. δυναμένων) μηδὲ | ⁵³ δυνησομένων ἐπελεύσασθαι (l. ἐπελεύσεσθαι) ὑμῖν ἢ τέκνοις ὑμῶν ἢ ἐγγόνοις ἢ διαδόχοις ἢ διακατόχοις ἢ ἐνάγειν ἢ | ⁵⁴ ἐγκαλεῖν ἢ ἐγκαλέσειν ταύτης ἕνεκεν τῆς πράσεως ἢ παραβῆναι ἢ παρασαλεῦσαι ταύτην ἡμῶν τὴν | ⁵⁵ πρᾶσιν ἐν τῷ νῦν καὶ ἐν μηδενὶ καιρῷ ἢ χρόνῳ κατὰ μηθένα (l. μηδένα) τρόπον ἀφορμῇ μηδεμιᾷ διὰ τὸ ὡς προ|είπαμεν ἀπεσχηκέναι ἡμιν (l. ἡμᾶς) παρʼ ὑμῶν τελείαν τὴν προτεταγμένην τιμὴν ἐν νομισματίῳ ἑνὶ τρίτῳ | ⁵⁶ ζυγῷ Συήνης (‘We, the aforesaid Tsone and Tseure her sister, the sellers, and any children or descendants or guests or family on our father’s or mother’s side, are not and shall not be able to proceed against you or your children or descendants or successors or assigns, bring action, or sue you, now or in the future, on account of this deed of sale, or violate or undermine this, our deed of sale, now or on any occasion, in any way or on any pretext, since, as we have said earlier, we have received from you in full the designated price of one and one-third solidi in the weight of Syene’) (transl.: Porten (1996): 532 with some modifications).

[Type3] the verb ἐπιπορεύομαι is followed by ἐπί with the accusative, recording the object of the sale; the purchaser is not mentioned. BGU I 282.36-37 (175-180 CE, Arsinoites): τὴν δὲ [Δ]ιδυμάριον μὴ ἐπιπορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ ταῦτα μηδʼ ἄλλον | ³⁷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς μηδένα κατὰ μηδένα τρόπον (‘and Didymarion nor anyone else acting on her behalf, shall not proceed against these objects in any way’). The formulation is particularly common in the Roman period in the documentation from Ptolemais Euergetis: 7 of the 15 Roman documents of this group, of which the place of composition is certain, were drafted in that city. The object of the transaction (rather than the purchaser) also receives the focus in the construction introduced by ἀντιποιέω or ἐκποιέω [Type3a]. This type is already attested in the parachoresis P.Oxy. 3482.12-14 (73 BCE, Oxyrhynchos). Seven of the remaining 12 documents are Byzantine and stem from the village of Aphrodite. Cf., e.g., P.Michael. 52.18-20 (VI/VII CE, Aphrodite): μηδενὸς ὑμῖν̣ | ¹⁹ [ἀντιποιησομ]έ(νου) τῶν μετʼ ἐμὲ κληρονόμων ἢ συνκληρονόμων (l. συγκληρονόμων) ἢ τῶν̣ | ²⁰ [ἐκ κένους (l. γένους) μο]ι ἀνηκόντων ἢ ἀγχιστευόντων (‘And you shall be free from opposition present or future from any of those who are heirs or co-heirs after me, or of my relations by birth or my connections’).

[Type4] The verb ἐνκαλέω is also used outside the Type2 ‘cluster’; cf., e.g., SB XII 11063.7-8 (167/8/9 CE, Unknown Provenance): καὶ οὐδέ̣ν σο̣ι̣ | ⁸ [ἐγκαλ]ῶ. It is recorded in 16 documents from the Roman period. No regional pattern is evident.

[Type5] The participial construction (e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.15-17: 240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): μ[ηδεμιᾶς] | ¹⁶ ἡμῖν μηδʼ ἄλλῳ μηδενὶ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐφόδου καταλειπομένης ἐπʼ [αὐτὰ ἢ ἐπὶ μέ]|¹⁷ρος αὐτῶν κατὰ μηδένα τρόπον (‘and neither we nor anyone else acting on our behalf shall maintain the right to make a claim upon it or any part of it in any way whatsoever’) is used in 21 documents, at least 11 of which originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos and date to the first three centuries CE.

The ‘non-prevention’ formulation [Type6] prohibits the vendor from interfering with the purchaser’s management of the purchased object. It is recorded in 22 documents, all but one stemming from the Arsinoite nome, particularly (7 of 13 cases that have a definite specified origin) from the city of Ptolemais Euergetis, and all dating to the first three centuries CE. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. X 585.16-20 (87 CE, Bacchias): καὶ παρεχέσθω ὁ ὁμολογῶ(ν) | ¹⁷ μηδένα κωλύ[οντα] τ̣[ὸ]ν Ἑρμᾶ̣[ν] μηδὲ τοὺς παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐνοικ(οῦντας) | ¹⁸ ἐν τῶι σημαιν[ομένῳ καὶ] ἑτέρους ἐνοικίζοντας καὶ τὰ ἐνοίκ(ια) | ¹⁹ ἀποφερομένους κ[αὶ χρωμένο]υς τοῖς τούτων χρηστηρίοις πᾶσι | ²⁰ ἀδιακωλύτω[ς (‘And let the party of the first part see to it that no one prevents Hermas and his representatives from occupying the designated property, lodging others therein, collecting the rents, and using all its appurtenances without hindrance’ (transl.: editio princeps, p.35).

[Type7] In 10 documents from the first centuries BCE and CE, all agoranomic and relating to the conveyance of allotment land, the vendor pledges to avoid ‘dealing fraudulently’ (κακοτεχνέω) or breaching the contract (παρασυγγραφέω). The context of these improprieties is procedural, at least in BGU VIII 1736.14-17 (78 BCE, Herakleopolis): καὶ] μηδὲ[ν κακοτεχ]νήσειν τῶν δ̣[ιὰ τῆς συγγραφῆς ἢ ἐν τῆι] | ¹⁵ [χειρογραφίᾳ γεγραμμένων] μηδὲ κατάστα̣σ[ιν ποιήσειν σοί τε καὶ] | ¹⁶ [τοῖς παρὰ σοῦ μηδʼ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]υ̣ μηδʼ ἄλλον [ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπὶ μηδενὸς κρι]|¹⁷[τηρίου περί τι τῶν κα]τ̣ὰ̣ τῆς γῆς τα[ύ]τη̣[ς (‘… and I shall neither deal fraudulently in relation to any of the terms recorded through the document or in the declaration of oath, nor initiate litigation against you and your representatives [ – – ], nor through anyone else acting on my behalf in any court regarding any of the rights relating to this land’).

[Type8] In two documents, both from Augustan Sokopaiou Nesos, the vendor is denied kyrieia over the object of the purchase. One is CPR XV 2.5 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): κα̣ὶ̣ οὐκ̣ ἐ̣ξέσται μοι οὐδʼ ἄ̣λλω[ι] οὐδενὶ ἁπλῶς κυ̣ριε[ύ]ειν αὐτῶν πλὴν σοῦ ἀπὸ τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ σ̣ήμ̣ερον ἡμέρας ἐπὶ τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον (‘And neither I nor anyone else shall have the right to control them but you from this very day to all times’). The text is a translation of the Egyptian clause bn-i͗w rḫ rmṯ nb n pꜣ tꜣ inky mi͗t.t i͗r sḫy n-i͗m=w bnr=k n ṯꜣy n pꜣ hrw r ḥry of P.Dime III 5.6. The procedural context is not certain but is likely in view of the following clause.

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-42; Schwarz (1920): 197-201; Kunkel (1928): 287; Weber (1932): 182-184; Lüddeckens (1960): 328; Düwel (1969): 36-42; Zauzich (1968): 136-137; Rupprecht (1971): 15-17, 32-33, 37, 42, 49-50, 52, 54, 94-103; (1982a): 235, 240-241; Straus (2004): 147-149.

BGU I 13.11-12 (289, ArsN) [1]; 94.18-19 (289 , PtolEu) [3]; 193.21-23 (136 , PtolEu) [6]; 233.13 (161-169, ArsN) [6]; 241.38-40 (177, Kar) [1]; 282.36-37 (175-180, ArsN) [3]; 350.14-15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph.]; II 542.13-14 (165, Athenas Kome) [3]; 666.26-27 (177, ArsN) [1]; III 806.6-8 (1, UP) [4: enkal.]; 825.6-9 (190/1, ArsN) [3]; 883.11 (II, Kar) [1/2]; 906.8-9 (34/5, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 917.19-20 (348, PtolEu) [3*]; 987.11-15 (19/45, ArsN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 993.3.12-13 (127^A, Hermonthis) [3a]; 998.2.7-9 (101^A, Path) [1]; IV 1013.20-21 (41-68, ArsN) [ἀθετῆσαι]; 1049.20-21 (342, PtolEu) [3]; 1053.2.21-25 (13^A, Alex) [1]; 1110.17-18 (5^A, Alex) [4]; 1112.11-15 (after 4^A, Alex) [1]; 1129.28-30 (13^A, Alex) [3a: antipoi., epitel.]; 1130.16-19 (4^A, Alex) [5]; 1170.50-60 ll. 57-58 (10^A, Alex) [1]; VI 1260.13-16 (101^A, Path) [1]; 1643.13-14 (II, Phil) [6] [7]; VIII 1732.9-10 (80-30^A, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1733.11-13 (80-30^A, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1734.14-16 (80-30^A, Herak) [1]; 1736.14-17 (78^A, Herak) [7: kakotech., katastas.]; 1738.21-27 (72^A, Herak) [7]; 1740.12-15 + P.Bingen 51 (80^A-30^A, Herak) [7: parasyng., kakotech.*, katastas.*]; XI 2051.15-18 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [6, 2: enkal.p., diamph., kakotech., epel.]; 2052.11 (II, Herakleia ?) [6]; 2095.28 (83, PtolEu) [6]; XV 2478.13 (90-96, Kar) [3*]; 2481.16-18 (138-161, Themistos Meris) [4]; XIX 2830.17-19 (309/10, Herm) [1]; 2831.19-21 (VI^f, Herm); 2833.8 (249, Herm) [1]; CPR I 4.21-25, 25-26 (52, Herakleia) [6, 2: ed.: μὴ ἐ̣ν̣κ̣α̣λ̣ε̣ῖν̣ μηδὲ ἐ̣γ̣κ̣α̣λ̣έ̣σ̣α̣ι̣;]; 11.26-28 (108, PtolEu) [1]; 139.6 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [1?]; 168.10-11 (III^f, ArsN) [1?]; 170.17 (103-117, ArsN) [6]; 175.21 (III^f, PtolEu) [6]; 179.16-17 (I/II, PtolEu ?) [6]; 181.7 (II, ArsN) [3?]; 187.12-14 (145, PtolEu) [6,2: enkal.p., amph.*]; 188.17-20,21 (106/7, ArsN) [6,2: enkal., amph., epel.]; 189.19-20 (II, ArsN) [3]; 191.8-9 (after 212, ArsN) [6,3]; 206 B.14 (138-161, ArsN) [2]; 218.9-13 (II, SokN) [4?]; 220.1-6 (I, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 223.20-23 (117-137, PtolEu) [6]; VII 14 (after 7.8.52, Herakleia) [1]; XV 2.4-5 (11, SokN) [8]; XVIIa 17a.8-9 (321?, Herm) [1]; 21.5 (217/8, Panop) ?; M.Chr. 361.14-16 (355, Eleph) [3: ἀντιλέγειν]; P.Amh. II 95.10 (109, Herm) [1]; 96.8-9 (213, Herm) [1]; 99a.21-22 (179, Herm) [5?]; P.Ammon II 48.a.6 (after 9.12.348, Alex?) [ed.: ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ς ἀ̣μ̣φ̣ι̣σβή̣τη̣σιν μ̣η̣δ̣ε̣μ̣ί̣αν ἐντεῦθ(εν) ἔχε̣ι̣ν̣ [ -ca.?- ];]; P.Bagnall 34.22-23 (I/II, Memphis?) [3]; 47.19-23 (I^l/II^e, Ieme) [3]; P.Bas. II 28.5 (II, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, diamph.*, epel.*]; P.Bingen 60.14 (46, PtolEu) [2: enkal., diamph.*, epel.]; P.Bodl. 68.2-4 (II/III^e, UP) [1]; P.Cair.Goodsp. 13.11-12 (341, Herm) [1]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67097^r.48-53 (571/2?, Aphr) [2 (GA)]; 67115.3-14 (527-565, Aphr) [2: ed.: ὁμ[ολογῶ] ἑτ[οίμως ἔχ(?)]ε̣ι̣ν μ̣[ηδ]εν̣ὸ̣ς | ⁴ ο̣ὔ̣[τε] ἐμοὶ ο(ὔ)[τε τινὶ ἐμ]ῶν [υἱ(?)]ῶν | ⁵ σφ[ά(?)]λ̣μα;]; II 67158.23-25 (568?, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]; 67163.26-31 (569, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]; III 67299.41-43 (527-565, Antin) [ἀναπαλαῖσαι, ὑπεναντίον χωρεῖν]; 67312.92-99 (567, Antin) [unique]; P.Col. VII 181.16-17 (342, Kar) [3]; 188.23-24 (320, Kar) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Coles 27.14 (IV^b UP); P.Coll.Youtie I 19.22-23 [6]; 50.12-14 (II^e, Ox) [5]; II 75.9-10 (III, Herm) [1]; P.Corn. 12.30-31? (283, Antin) [6]; P.Diog. 24.15-17 (138-161, Phil) [6]; P.Duk.Inv. 728.6-7 (518-527?, UP) [3a]; P.Dura 17.6-9 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [2: ἀθετήσει*]; 26.18-22 (227, Sachare) [5: ἀντίρρημα]; P.Eleph. 3.3-4 (282^A, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; 4.3-5 (282^A, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; P.Erl. 63.4-5 (III, UP)? [5]; P.Fam.Tebt. 23.16 (123, Teb) [2: enkal.f, amph., epel.]; P.Flor. I 29.2-5 (IV, HermN?) [1]; 40.7-16 l. 14 (162/3?, HermN) [1?]; 96.1-2 (337, HermN) [1]; III 380.5-6, 16-17 (203/4, Herm) [1]; P.Fouad I 33.25-27 (I, UP) [3a: μεταπορεύεσθαι]; 38 (I, OxN) [7: kakotech.]; 39.4-5 (244-249, Ox) [5]; P.Freer 6.2-4 (VI^l/VII^e, UP); P.Freib. II 8 (144, UP) [5]; 10.7-8 (196, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p., epel.]; P.FuadUniv. 19.9 (145/6, UP) [1]; 20.2-3, 9 (III, UP) [5]; P.Gen. IV 187.b.3-7 (VI, Herm); P.Gen.Inv. 442.11-13 (II^A, HerakN) [7: συστήσασθαι: δίκη, κακοτεχνία]; P.Genov. I 32.3-11-14 (155, Antin) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Giss. I 28.10 (142/3, Herm) [1]; 39.1-3 (205^A-180^A, Thebes) [4: enkal.]; P.Grenf. I 27.3.2-3 (109^A, KrokPat) [1]; 62.5-12 (535, Herm?) [1: anteip., antipoi. (med.).*, enant. (aor.pass)*]; II 25.16-19 (103^A, Path) [1]; II 28.14-17 (103^A, Path) [1]; 33.9-12 (100^A, Path) [1]; P.Gron. 10.13-14 (VI?, UP) [ed.: μηδενὸς ἑτέρου σκοπο[ῦ] | ἢ ἑτέρου {ἢ} ἐγγράφου τὴν παροῦσαν γνώμην ἀνατρέπειν δυνησομένου;]; P.Hamb. I 15.13 (209, PtolEu) [6]; 30.20-24 (89, Phil) [6]; III 217.11 (I^f, Ox?) [5]; 218.10-13 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [2]; 218.11-29 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [4]; P.Harr. I 138.3.11-29, ll. 28-29 (92, Ox) [μὴ ἐνκαλεῖν]; P.Herm. 25.15-17 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [enag.]; 32.13-15 (VI, UP) [2 (GA): antipoi.p.+f.]; P.Horak 23.7-8 (148/9?, ArsN); P.Iand. IV 54.14-15 (II, ArsN) [6]; P.Köln III 157.15-22 (589, ApolHept); V 232.12-13 (330/338, Terenythis) [5]; XI 459.12 (436?, OxN); XIV 587.4 (V^f, Ox); P.Lips. I 3.13 (256, Herm) [1]; 4.26-27 (293, Herm) [1]; 6.14-15 (306, Herm) [1]; P.Lond. I 77.40-50 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [2: epel., enkal.p.+f. et mult.al.]; 154.13-15 (68, Kar) [6]; 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [1]; 483.59-71 (615/6, ApolHept) [1: epizet., dyn., aphair. (aor)., aposp.v. (aor.)]; 932.5-6 (211, Herm) [1: ὁμολογεῖ μὴ ἐπέρχεσθαι]; 951^r.4-6 (249, UP) [5: ὁμολογῶ μηδεμίαν ἀγωγὴν ἔχειν]; 1015.6-8 (VI, Herm); 1171^vb.14 (41/2, Herm) [4: enkal.p.]; V 1722.39-42 (530, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1724.55-59 (578, Sy) [2: epiphy., diait.kin.]; 1727.38-40 (583/4, Sy) [2: epel., enkal.p., logoth. (aor.)]; 1733.55-59 (594, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1734.7-11 (578-582, Sy) [2: epel., enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.] ; 1735.12-15 (VI^l, Sy) [2: enag., enkal.p., epel.]; P.Lond. inv. 2917.6-8 (V^end/VI^b, Ta Memnonia) [4: ἐνκαλεῖν ἢ ἐγκαλέσαι]; P.Mich. III 186.25-26 (72, Bac) [2: enkal.f.]; 187.24-26 (75, Bac) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; V 241.1-14 l. 12 (46, Teb) [2]; 254.8 (29/30, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 258.14-16 (32/3 or 33/4, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 262.28-29 (34/5 or 35/6, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 269.5, 10-11 (42, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 283.7-15 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 323.20 (47, Teb) [3]; 326.56-57 (48, ArsN) [1]; 328.2.16 (29/30, ArsN) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 332.15-16 (47/8, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; VI 428.8-10, 10 (154, Kar) [6, 2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; X 583.17-18, 20-21 (78, Bac) [6] [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 585.16-20 (78, Bac) [6]; XII 635 (71, Bac) [3]; 636.17-19 (302, PtolEu) [3]; XIII 663.16-18 (VI, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 664.27-29 (584/5 or 600/1, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 671.19 (VI^m, Aphr); 672.3-4 (557?, Aphr); XV 707.17 (185, Ox?) [3a: empoi. (part.)]; P.Michael. 40.38-40 (544 or 559, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 41.46-50 (539 or 544, Aphr) [2: metan.p., metam.aor.]; 45.50-52 (540, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 52.g.18-20 (VI/VII, Aphr) [3a: antipoi. (GA)]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 26.13 (128, Teb) [5]; P.Monts.Roca IV 76.11-12 (182^A, Krok) [7: parasyngr.]; P.Münch. I 8.26-30 (c. 540, Sy) [brothers: epel., antipoi.; vendor: metam. ἕτερον γράμμα θέσθαι ἀντικείμενον]; 9.79-84 (585, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., epiphy., parab., parasal.]; 11.51-55 (586, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., μηδενὸς δυνησομένου: enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.]; 12.40-46 (590/1?, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., μηδενὸς δυνησομένου: enkal.p, antipoi., parab., parasal.]; 13.36-37, 51-57 (594, Sy) [3: ἐπεξερχόμεθα] [2: epel., enag., enkal.p.+f., parab., parasal.]; 15.8-10 (493, Sy) [3a: enkal.p.+f.]; 16.33-36 (V^l, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Nekr. 10.2.8-10 (244, Hibis) [2: meteleus., gramma.prosph.]; 11.8-10 (274, Kysis) [μετελθεῖν]; 12.7-9 (245-247, Kysis) [μετελθεῖν]; P.NYU II 15a.9-10 (68, OxN) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Oslo II 40a.14 (150, Ox) [5]; 40b.43-44 (150, Ox) [5]; III 129.10-11 (III, Antin) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Oxy. II 270.34-37 (94, Ox) [5: λόγος]; 272.19-21 (66, OxN) [4]; III 489.11-12 (117, Ox) [1]; 503.21 (118, Kerkethyris) [4]; 504.19-21? (II^e, Ox) [7: parasyng. (part.)]; 509.19-20 (II^l, Ox) [4]; IV 722.27-30 (91/107, Ox) [apait.poi.]; IX 1200.28-29 (266, Ox) [1]; 1205.11-13 (291, Ox) [μηδεμίαν ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν]; 1208.19 (291, Ox) [5: epibain.]; XIV 1634.17-19 (222, Ox) [4: enkal.p.*]; 1635.11-12 (44^A-30^A, Ox) [7: parasyng.*, kakotech.*, enkal.f.*]; 1638.12-13 (282, Ox) [5]; 1699.15-17 (240-280, Ox) [5]; 1702.8-10 (290, Ox) [1]; 1704.15-16 (298, Ox) [5]; XIX 2236.27-29 (III^e, Ox) [1]; 2583.11-12 (II, Ox) [4]; XXXIV 2722.29 (154, Ox) [5]; XXXVI 2771.9-10 (323, Kos) [6: zet.]; XXXVIII 2843.21-25 (86, Ox) [apaites.poi.]; XLI 2989.14-15? (III, Ox) [4]; XLIX 3482.12-14 (73^A, Ox) [3a: empoi., kakotech.]; 3498.25-27 (274, Ox) [5]; LXVII 4586.22-23 (III, Nesmimis) [3]; LXXIX 5209.14-15 (267, Ox) [1: meteleus.]; P.Oxy.Hels. 31.17-18 (86, Ox) [5]; 44.23-24 (324, Ox) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Petr.² I 3.38-63, ll. 48-49 (238/7^A, Krok) [manumission: 3: epilamb. (aor.)]; P.Phil. I 11.14-16 (141, Berenikis Aigialou) [1]; P.Prag. II 155.13-14 (188/9, SokN) [4]; 156.9 (V, HermN?); P.Princ. II 85.5-9 (V?, UP) [1]; P.Rain.Cent. 62.14-15 (II, SokN) [4: enkal.p.]; P.Rein. I 42.24 (I/II, Thead) [4?: enkal.p]; P.Ryl. II 156.14, 18-19 (I, Ox) [2: enkal.f., epeleus.]; 159.19-21 (31/2, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech., enkal.f.]; 161.17-18 (81, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 179.4-24 (127, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 312.16-17 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 313.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; IV 709.11 (294-296, UP); P.Sakaon 59.11-12, 13-14 (305, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [3]; P.Sijp. 11a.13-15 (390, Kellis); 46.5 (332, Herm) [1]; P.Sorb. I 15.6-12 (c. 266^A, HerakN) [3]; P.Stras. II 83.21-25 (114^A, Path) [1]; 85.25-26 (113^A, Path) [1]; 122.13 (161-169, Euh) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; III 144.15-16 (245, HermN) [1]; IV 238.14-18 (177/8, PtolEu) [4]; 266.1-2 (c. 100, Ox) [7: kakotech.]; V 331.16 (98-117, UP) [6]; VI 555.16-17 (289, Herm) [1]; 556.13-14 (289, Herm) [1]; 583.15 (115/6, ArsN) [6]; VII 666.16-19 (145, Nilopolis) [1]; 672.20-21 (289, Herm) [1]; VIII 705.9-10 (I^s, UP) [5]; IX 831.18-19 (162/3, Teb) [6]; P.Tebt. I 164.23-24 (105^A, Kerkeosiris) [1]; II 319.30-34 (248, Teb) [1]; 380.24-30 (67, Teb) [1]; 383.38-39 (46, Teb) [3]; 510.14 (114/5?, Teb?) [1?]; III.1 820.9-10, 29-30 (201^A, Samaria) [1]; P.Tebt.Wall 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [2: parab.(aor)., epel.]; P.Tor.Choach. 2.9-14, 29-34 (118^A, Hermonthis) [4]; P.Turner 19.8-9 (101, Ox) [1]; 26.10-13 (195-198, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 40.18 (215, UP); P.Vat.Aphrod. 4.6-7 (VI^l, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f. (gen.)]; P.Vind.Bosw. 6.17 (250, Herm) [1]; P.Vind.Tand. 26.15-16 (143, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Wisc. II 58.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 59.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; P.Worp. 18.15-21 (139?, Theog) [2: enkal., eperch.]; 20.11-17 (155, Antin) [4]; PSI I 66.26-29 (V?, HermN) [4]; IV 320 + P.Mich. XVIII 784.b.4-6 (18, Ox) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; VI 704.28 (II, ArsN?) [1]; VIII 897.1.26-28 (93?, Ox) [7]; 909.10 (44, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 915.12-13 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 918.7 (38/9, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 946.32-34 (III, Ox) [1]; IX 1019.9-11 (110^A, PathN) [2: empoi., epel.]; X 1118.15-17 (25/6, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech.]; XIII 1320.11-13 (82-88, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.]; XVII 1697.13-15 (after 117, UP) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.] ; SB I 4489.3-8 (584, ArsN) [parerch.aor., diakol.aor.]; 5246.11-13 (3/2^A, SokN) [8]; IV 7375.20-23 (222-235, Panop) [4]; V 8007.9-10 (IV^f, Herm) [1]; VI 9219.19 (319, Herm) [1]; 9402.15-20 (VI/VII, Kerkesis) [2: exel.aor., antipoi.p.] [5: antileg., parasal.aor., parab.]; 9590.14-15 (VI/VII, Herak) [2]; 9618.17-18 (192, PtolEu) [2,6: enkal.p.*, epel.]; VIII 9831.12 (I^l, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; XII 11063.7-8 (167/8/9, UP) [4]; XIV 11277.21-23 (225, Nilopolis) [1]; 11578.12-14 (V?, UP) [2: meterch.aor., aitiaz.aor., kategor.]; XVI 12758.15 (88, PtolEu) [6]; 12957.12-13,16-18 (103-114, SokN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; XVIII 13168.19-20 (123^A, Path) [1*]; 13173.70-75 (629/644, Herm) [1]; XX 13320.21-24 (613-641, Aphr) [6]; 13764.21-24 (148-161, ArsN) [epel., enkal.f.*, amphi.*]; 14285.31-32 (59, Ox) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 14379.26-27 (320, Kar) [2: [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 14461.5-6 (148?, UP) [4]; 14681.18-19 (III^l, Ox) [5]; 14997.4-6 (70^A/41^A, Ox?) [7: kakotech.]; XXII 15472.15-16 (134, PtolEu) [3a: ἐμποιήσεσθαι*]; 15618.14 (427/8?, Alabastrine) [3]; XXIV 15966.14-16 (III^end/IV^f, Kar) [6]; 15969.28-30 (491-518, Herm) [1]; 16288.11-12 (600, ArsPol); XXVI 16550.1-4 (198-211, Bac); 16559.5 (II^sA, Path) [1]; XXVIII 16895.19-24 (IV^f, HermN); 16904.15-16 (90, SokN) [2: enkal.p., amphi., epel.]; 16905.16-17 (82-86, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, amph.,* epel.]; 17080.18-19 (69-79, ArsN) [6]; XXX 17623.15-16 (293, Herm); SPP I p. 6f., ll. 25-26 (c. 460, Antin) [5: ἐξουσίας οὐκ οὔσης οὐδενὶ ἀντιλέγειν]; III 422.5-6 (VI/VII, ArsN) [1]; XX 1.17-18, 20 (83/4, PtolEu) [6, 2: enkal., diamph., epel.]; 10.11-13 (168, ArsN) [3]; 71.16-17 (269/270, Herm) [1]; 72.14-15 (271/2, Herm) [1]; 74.17 (after 276?, Herm) [1]; 110.20-22 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [1]; 121.30-32 (439, Herm) [1]; 269.5-9 (VI/VII, UP) [5: μηδένα λόγον ἔχειν]; T.Varie 14.16-19 (VI, Taamorou) [5: οὐκ ἔχις πρᾶγμα]; UPZ II 175.25-26 (145^A, Thebes) [4]; 177.34 (163^A, Thebes) [4].

14. Compliance with Terms of Contract

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

The earliest attestation of the clause is in the royal oath BGU VIII 1735.10—ἐνμενεῖν [κ]αὶ ποιήσειν σοί τε καὶ τ[ο]ῖ̣ς̣ παρὰ σοῦ π[άντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν συγγραφήν]—submitted in connection with the conveyance of allotment land in 99 BCE Herakleopolis. The clause is then integrated, in the Roman period, into the formulary of the diairesis, where it is inserted after the clause that records the allotment of individual shares, sometimes together with a capacity clause and before a penalty clause that subjects the former partners to penalty. Paradigmatic is P.Mich. X 584.28-33 (84 CE, Bacchias): ἐνμενέτωσαν οὖν οἱ ὁμολογοῦντες | ²⁹ καὶ ἑκάτερος αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ παρʼ αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ μεταλημψόμενοι ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τήνδε τὴν διαίρεσ(ιν) | ³⁰ ταύτην σημαινο̣[μ]έν[ο]ις, καὶ μὴ ἐ̣ξ̣έ̣σ̣τ̣ω τ̣ ̣ ̣ διʼ αὐτῆς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ῆσθαι, ἐὰν δέ τις αὐτῶν μὴ | ³¹ ἐνμίνῃ̣ (l. ἐμμείνῃ), ἀποτισάτ̣ω̣ [ὁ] π̣αραβὰς αὐτῶν τ̣ῷ̣ ἐνμέ[νοντι] τ̣ά̣ τ̣ε̣ βλά̣β̣η̣ καὶ δ̣α̣π̣α̣ν̣ή̣μ̣ατα δ[ιπλᾶ] | ³² καὶ ἐπίτιμον ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς χειλείας (l. χιλίας) καὶ εἰς τὸ δημόσι[ον] τὰς ἴσας χωρὶς τοῦ καὶ τὰ διομολ(ογημένα) (l. διωμολ(ογημένα) μένειν | ³³ κύρια (‘Accordingly, let the contracting parties, each and their representatives and their heirs, abide by the terms set forth in accordance with this division, and let it not be permissible to . . ., and if any of them does not abide by the division, let the transgressor pay the party who abides by it double the amount of the damages and expenses and a fine of one thousand silver drachmai, and the same amount to the treasury, and nevertheless the terms of the contract shall remain valid’). A different vocabulary is used in sale document P.Oxy. XX 2270.12-14 (V/VI CE?, Oxyrhynchos): εἰ δὲ ἐμ (l. ἐν) μετανοίᾳ γενώμεθα̣ ἐπὶ τῇ διαπράσει ἢ αὐτὸς ἐμ (l. ἐν) μετανοίᾳ γενομενον (l. γενῇ) ἐπὶ τῇ ἀγορασίᾳ | ἐπάναγκες τὸν ἐμ (l. ἐν) μετανοίᾳ γενόμενον παρασχεῖν τῷ ἐμμένοντι μέρ‹ε›ι λόγῳ προστίμου | χρυσοῦ ο[ὐγκί]α[ν] μ̣ίαν (‘And if we change our mind with regard to the sale or if you, yourself, change your mind with regard to the purchase, he who changes his mind is bound to pay the party who abides by the agreement, by way of penalty, one ounce of gold’) (transl.: editio princeps, p. 147 and Wolff (1956a): 21-22). Here the regret is formulated positively rather than negatively.

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 58-60, 180 [diairesis]; Kreller (1919): 88.

BGU VIII 1735.8-10 (98^A, Herak); CPR I 11.23-25 (108, PtolEu) [diairesis]; 222.15-16 (142/3 or 152/3, ArsN) [diairesis]; P.Aberd. 53.2.9 (10/1, UP) [diairesis]; P.Cair.Isid. 82.11-14 (318, Kar) [labour, negative: ἀλλάξαι τὸν ἕτερον ἢ παραβῆναι]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67032.63-74 (551, Constantinople) [contract of labour, representation in court, very detailed]; P.Gen. Inv. 442.8-9 (II^A, HerakN) [oath; negative: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Ifao. I 29.11 (II^f, UP) [diairesis]; P.Kell. I 30.20-21 (363, Kellis) [diairesis]; P.Lond. II 293.20-21 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis]; P.Mich. III 186.19-22 (72, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; 187.18-20 (75, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; IX 558.19 (101-113, Kar) [diairesis]; X 584.28-30 (84, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.?]; P.Michael. 55.2-7 (582-602, Aphr) [diairesis, oath, hypenant.chor.]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 23.17 (108, Teb) [diairesis]; II 99.15-16 (119, Teb) [diairesis, with negative]; 101.28 (118, Talei) [diairesis]; P.Monts.Roca IV 76.11-12 (182^A, Krok) [parachoresis]; P.Oslo. II 31.20-21 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis: no athet.]; P.Stras. VII 672.19 (289, Herm); P.Tebt. II 382.2.1.20-25 (31^A, Teb) [diairesis]; P.Tebt.Wall. 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [diairesis, but also with challenging]; SB XII 11225.6-7 (425-450, UP) [diairesis]; XVIII 13793.26 [diairesis, with negative].

15. Challenging the Disposition

Category: Warranty

Link to Synallagma

Apart from the ‘no lawsuit’ clause, expressing direct challenge to the disposition and resulting rights, authors of wills and diaireseis introduce an injunction against contravening the terms of the instrument in general. The construction is mostly impersonal. The verbs commonly used to denote the contravention are παραβαίνω, which is commonly used in any type of penalty clause, and παρεγχειρέω and ἀθετέω, which seem unique to this type of clause. In wills, the clause is primarily recorded in second-century documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, and is followed by a stipulation of sanction for non-compliance: e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.27-29 (165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): π̣α̣ρὰ δὲ ταῦτα μὴ οὔσης μηδενὶ τῷ καθόλου ἐξου|²⁸σίας παραβαίνει[ν, τὸν] δὲ παραβησόμενον ἐκτίνειν τῷ ἐμμένοντι τό τε βλάβος καὶ ἐπίτειμον | ²⁹ ἀργυρίου τάλαντα δύο καὶ εἰς τὸ δημόσιον τὰ ἴσα καὶ μηδὲν [ἧ]σσον μένειν κύρια τὰ προκείμενα (‘Beyond this, no one shall have power to disobey it, and, anyone who does so shall forfeit to the party abiding by it the damages and a fine of two talents of silver and to the treasury an equal sum, the above provisions remaining nonetheless valid’). (transl.: editio princeps, p. 205). In diaireseis, it still appears in the Byzantine period and regularly takes the infinitive of the aorist tense. Cf., e.g., P.Bingen 130.10-11 (526-548 CE, Aphrodite): μὴ ἐν οὐ̣δενὶ | ¹¹ παραβῆνα̣ι τὰ προγεγραμμένα̣.

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 108-113; Berger (1911): 231-234; Kreller (1919): 371-372, 387; Amelotti (1966): 155-157.

CPR VII 44.27-28 (V/VI, UP); P.Abinn. 62.13-14 (350, Phil) [diairesis; exesti: parab. (aor.)]; P.Bingen 130.10-11 (526-548, Aphr) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.156-160 (570, Antin) [will; μὴ δύνασθαι ἐκποιῆσαι ἢ μεταλλάξαι]; P.Col. X 281.16-18 (287, Phil) [parab. (aor.)]; P.Flor. I 47a.15-16 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; exestai: parab. (aor.), no sanction]; P.Gascou 30.27-31 (565-579, Aphr) [labour, liturgy; exeinai: parab.]; P.Gen. IV 186 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; μ̣ὴ̣ παραβῆναι]; P.Gron. 10.9 (VI?, UP) [will; dyn. (GA): athet., no sanction]; P.Kell. I 13.8 (335, Kellis) [diairesis; exestai: parab.]; P.Köln II 100.17 (133, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Lips. I 29.8-14 (295, Herm) [will; exeinai: very detailed, no sanction]; II 149.18-20 (199, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Lond. III 978.15-16 (331, Herm) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Oslo. II 31.21-23 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; exeinai: athet., enkal.f., epeleus.]; P.Oxy. I 105.7 (118-138, Ox) [will; exeinai: παρενχιρεῖν]; III 491.10-12 (126, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; 492.9 (130, Ox) [will; parab.]; 493.9-12 (99, Ox); [will; exous.: athet.: πρὸς ἀθέτησιν ἄγειν; ὑπεναντίως ποιεῖν*]; 494.27-29 (156, Ox); [will; exous.: parab.]; 495.16-17 (182-189, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: παρενχιρεῖν]; 634.9-10 (126, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: παρενχιρεῖν]; 646.12 (117-126?, Ox); 652.8 (II^e, Ox); IX 1206.14-16 (335, Ox) [adoption; parab.]; XVI 1901.42-48, 53-54 (VI, Ox) [will; dyn.: athet.(aor.)]; XX 2270.12-14 (V/VI?, Ox) [metanoia]; XXII 2348.38-40 (224, Ox); XLIII 3092.10 (217, Ox) [partnership, tax concession; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; LXVI 4533.7 (I^l/II^e, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; P.Oxy.Hels. 37.9 (176, HerakN) [freight contract; parab.]; P.Par. 20.33-34 (600, Panop) [diairesis; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Prag. III 216.24 (III^f, PtolEu) [diairesis; exous.: parab. (aor.)]; P.Sijp. 43.14-15 (119/20, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Thomas 28.17-19 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [sale; ed.: ὑπεναντίο]ν πώποτε χωρεῖν;]; P.Wisc. I 13.8 (II^e, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; PSI III 240.14-16 (II, Oxy) [will; exous.: parab.*]; XII 1263.9-11 (166/7, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab. (aor.)]; SB I 5267.8-13 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale; λόγῳ προστίμου]; XIV 11410.20 (106^A, Haueris) [diairesis; athet. (aor.)]; XVIII 13305.29-32 (271, Kar) [ἀλλάξαι, παραβῆναι]; XVIII 13793.26 (101, Teb) [diairesis; exeinai: parab. (aor.), epeleus.]; XXIV 16320.14-15 (293-304 Kellis) [παραβαίνειν*].

16. Penalty for Bringing Suit

Category: Penalty, Warranty

Link to Synallagma

A penalty clause dealing exclusively with the event of a lawsuit is registered in 53 documents: 29 deeds of sale (commonly of landed property); 9 wills, 4 diaireseis, 5 contracts of labour, and 1 loan. It is first introduced in P.Eleph. 3 and 4, from 285 and 282 BCE Elephantine, respectively, and remains in use throughout the Ptolemaic period in another 11 documents from the Pathyrite as well as the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. The Roman evidence (down to the end of the fourth century), 26 documents in all, is spread across all parts of well-documented Egypt: from Alexandria through Hermopolis. The Byzantine period yields ten documents. The verbs that designate the act of bringing a claim, ἐπέρχομαι and ἐνκαλέω, are already used in the no-suit clause and may recur in the clause that introduces a sanction. In its most extensively found version, the verb appears in the protasis which elaborates on the circumstances under which the penalty will apply. The nouns ἔφοδος, or more rarely ἔγκλησις, serve as the subject of the formula that declares the challenge void (akyros). The adjective akyros is recorded in 37 documents; it is then stated that notwithstanding the suit the sale remains in effect (kyrios: 26 documents). Apart from the suit being void, the claimant is then subject to fines identical in nature to those found in other types of penalty clauses: payment of compensation denoted through ἐκτίνω—2 cases, ἀποτεισάτω: 5, προσαποτεισάτω, which seems especially common in this type of penalty clause—attested in 12 documents. The most commonly recorded object of the verb is the epitimon, recorded in 36 documents. In 28 documents, the epitimon is matched by the payment of an equal amount to the fisc. Compensation for damages (blabos, blabe) is recorded in 19 documents and for expenses in 9 (all of which also record compensation for damages). The price is recorded in 9 documents; in 3 it is extended by a hemiolia, and in another three by a diplon. The single Alexandria document also records the horismenon prostimon.

The order is identical in most times and places: the clause opens by declaring the challenge ineffective and ends by stressing the validity of the present act. In between, the order varies as do some of its contents. Thus, in PSI IX 1019.11-14, from 110 BCE Pathyris, the order is akyron; epitimon; damages; fisc.; kyria. It recurs with very minor changes in the Oxyrhynchite P.Oxy. II 271.23-27 of 56 CE: akyron; damages; epitimon; fisc.; kyria. In the contemporary Arsinoites, the same scheme is encountered, the key difference being that in the Arsinoite text the price, which should be returned increased by an hemiolia or duplum, is also specified. The duplum is also used here for damages and expenses. Cf., e.g., P.Fam.Tebt. 23.16-19 (123 CE, Tebtynis): akyron; price: hemiolia; damages: duplum; epitimon; fisc.; kyria. Still in the Arsinoites, in P.Mich. V 262.28-32 (34-36 CE, Tebtynis), the formula ὡς ἴδιον χρέος stands for the epitimon: πρός τε τὰ προκείμενα μηδὲν ἐνκλαέσειν μηδὲ διαμφισβητήσειν | ²⁹ [μηδʼ ἐ]πελεύσεσθαι τρόπῳ μηδενὶ ἤ, χωρὶς τοῦ πᾶν τὸ ὑπεναντίως ἐπιτελεσθησόμενον ἄκυρον εἶναι, προσαποτε(ισάτω) | ³⁰ [ὁ Δίδυ]μος Ἡροῖ παραχρῆμα τήν τε τοῦ κλήρου τιμὴν μεθʼ ἡμιολίας καὶ τόκων (l. τόκον) καὶ ὡς ἴδιον χρέος ἀργυρίου ἐπισήμου (δραχμὰς) Β | ³¹ [καὶ τὸ β]λάβος καὶ ‹ε›ἰς τὸ δημόσιον τὰς ἴσας καὶ μηδὲν ἧσσον ἡ θʼ ὁμολογία ἥδε καὶ αἱ τῆς μετεπι̣γραφῆς καὶ παραχω(ρήσεως) οἰκονομίαι κύριαι ἐστω (l. ἔστωσαν) | ³² [ἐπὶ τὸ]ν ἅπ̣α̣ντα χρόνο̣[ν] (‘… and that they will neither bring claims against the aforesaid conditions nor dispute or attack them in any way. Otherwise, in addition to the invalidation of everything undertaken against them, Didymos shall immediately pay Hero the price of the allotment increased by one half and with interest, and as a private debt 2,000 drachmai and the damages, and an equal amount to the public treasury. Moreover, this agreement and the documents of the transfer and cession shall remain valid forever’) (transl.: editio princeps, pp. 155-156).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127, 184; Litinas – Triantafyllou (2019): 255.

BGU III 906.9-11 (34/5, ArsN) [sale; exp.; price; epit.; kyria]; 917.20-21 (348, PtolEu) [sale]; 998.2.9-12 (101^A, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV 1110.18a-24 (5^A, Alex) [labour; kyria; dam.; horism.prostim.; tropheia: hemiolia]; 1157.21-24 (11/10^A, Alex); VI 1260.16-21 (101^A, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc; kyria]; VII 1643.14-16 (II, Phil) [sale; price]; VIII 1731.14-18 (68/7^A, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.]; 1732.13-16 (80-30^A, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; 1733.17-22 (80^A-30^A, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; XI 2051.19-21 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; XIX 2831.19-21 (VI^f, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; CPR I 4.26-29 (after 7.8.152, Herakleia) [sale; kyria; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 188.27 (106/7, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Abinn. 62.14-15 (350, Phil); P.Bagnall 34.28-30 (I/II, Memphis?) [testamentary; dam., kyria]; P.Cair.Masp. II 67163.31-35 (569, Antin) [sale; pecuniary penalty]; P.Eleph. 3.4-5 (285^A, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; 4.5-6 (282^A, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; P.Fam.Tebt. 23.16-19 (123, Teb) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Fouad I 33.27-28 (I, UP) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Freib. II 10.8-10 (196, PtolEu) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Giss. I 28.10-11 (142/3, Herm) [sale; dam.; exp.]; P.Grenf. I 27.3.3-6 (109^A, KrokPath) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 62.18-26 (535, Herm?) [will; disinheritance]; II 25.19-25 (103^A, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 28.17-21 (103^A, Path) [cession; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 33.12-14 (100^A, Path) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb. III 218.10-13 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; akyr.; epit.: price: hosidchre.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Köln III 157.29-34 (589, ApolHept); P.Lond. I 77.50-56 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [will; enochos horko; epitimia; λόγῳ προστίμου καὶ παραβάσεως; kyria]; II 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; hosidchre. (=epit.); fisc.; kyria]; V 1727.47-55 (583/4, Sy) [will; disinheritance; λόγῳ προστίμου; kyria]; P.Mich. V 262.28-32 (34/5 or 35/6, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia + interest; hosidchre. (=epit.); dam.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Nekr. 10.2.10-12 (244, Hibis) [sale; akyr.]; P.Oxy. II 271.23-27 (56, OxN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III 489.11 (117, Ox) [will; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 492.9-10 (130, Ox) [will; kyria; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ryl. II 156.20-21 (I, Ox) [fisc., kyria]; P.Sijp. 11a.15-17 (390, Kellis) [antikatallage; δίδοται]; 46.5-7 (332, Herm) [akyr.; prosapotin. (aor.); dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.]; P.Stras. II 122.14 (161-169, Euh) [will; akyr.]; IV 238.18-22 (177/8, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Tebt. III.1 820.11-13, 30-34 (201^A, Samaria) [sale; epit.; akyr.]; P.Turner 26.13-15 (195-198, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; PSI IX 1019.11-14 (110^A, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.; kyria]; SB I 4489.8-10 (584, ArsN) ? [παρέλθωμεν; labour; prostim.]; VI 9590.17-18 (VI/VII, Herak) [prostim., kyria]; XVIII 13168.20-22 (123^A, Path) [will; akyr.; epit.]; 13173.75-86 (629/644, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; kyria]; XXIV 16288,18-19 (600, ArsPol); XXVI 16559.6-8 (II^sA, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.(?)]; XXVIII 16895.25-27 (IV^f, HermN) [sale; fisc.; kyria].

17. Penalty for Challenge and Thwarted Bebaiosis

Category: Penalty, Warranty

Link to Synallagma

Deriving from the general penalty clause are clauses, penalizing specific types of conduct. In the case of documents recording the sale of land or slaves, the key duties of the vendor are the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the performance of the bebaiosis, defending the purchaser from challenges by others, and avoiding challenging his title (the anti-lawsuit injunction). Some documents also penalize such conduct by type: one or several. In the present case, particularly common in documents from the Roman Hermopolites, the text treats the event of a claim and the vendor’s failure to perform the bebaiosis. The clause is attested from first-century BCE Herakleopolites (BGU VIII 1734: 80-30 BCE, Herakleopolis) to late sixth-century CE Arsinoites (SPP XX 145: VI^s CE, Arsinoiton Polis). The array of sanctions is identical to that in the general penalty clause and the penalty-for-claim clause: the challenge is invalidated (akyros), the present act is upheld (kyrios), and the vendor must pay compensation for damages and expenses (blabe, dapanemata/analomata) as well as the contractually fixed penalty of the epitimon, double the amount of the consideration, and a payment to the fisc. Unique to this type of clause, as developed in the Hermopolite documentation, is the record of the epitimon not as an independent category but one set in relation to consideration + duplum. The wording ὡς ἴδιον χρέος, common in the Hermopolite context, recurs in the clause penalizing claim in the Arsinoite nome. In the Hermopolites, it describes the vendor’s liability for the price. SPP XX 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450 CE, Hermopolis) exhibits all elements: ἐὰν δὲ ἐπέλθω | ²³ ἢ μὴ βεβαιῶ ἥ τʼ ἔφοδος ἄκυρος ἔστω καὶ προσαποτίσω ἢ ὁ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ | ²⁴ ἐπελευσόμενός σοι τῷ ὠνουμένῳ ἢ τοῖς παρὰ σοῦ τά τε βλάβη καὶ | ²⁵ δαπανήματα καὶ ἐπιτίμου ὡς ἴδιον χρέος διπλῆν τὴν τιμὴν καὶ εἰς τὸ | ²⁶ δημόσιον τὸ ἴ[σ]ον καὶ μηδ̣ὲ̣[ν] ἧ[σσον] ἡ πρᾶσις κυρία καὶ βεβαία (‘If I proceed against you or do not warrant the sale, let the proceedings be invalid and let me or the person proceeding on my behalf pay you, the purchaser, or those acting on your behalf, compensation for damages and expenses, and as a penalty as a private debt twice the amount of the price and the same amount to the fiscus, and notwithstanding that, the act of sale is valid and firm’).

Byzantine documents address the same issue but in completely different terminology. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1724.59-67 (578 CE, Syene): εἰ δὲ ὅπερ ἀπεί‹η› ἀσθενή|⁶⁰σωμεν περὶ τὴν ἀποσόβησιν καὶ καθαροποίησιν ταύτης | ⁶¹ ἡμῶν τῆς βεβαίας πράσεως ἐφʼ ᾧ ἡμᾶς ἐπιγνῶναι | ⁶² τὴν ἐγκειμένην τιμὴν ἐν̣ διπλῷ μετὰ καὶ τοῦ | ⁶³ ἐπάναγκες ἐρρῶσθαι τὴν παροῦσαν βεβαίαν πρᾶσιν | ⁶⁴ ἥνπερ ἐθεμην (l. ἐθέμεθα) ὑμῖν κυρίαν οὖσαν καὶ βεβαίαν καὶ ἀρραγῆ | ⁶⁵ καὶ ἀσάλευτον καὶ ἔννομον ἁπανταχοῦ προφερομένην | ⁶⁶ μεθ’ ὑπογραφῆς τοῦ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ὑπογράφοντος κ(αὶ) τῶν | ⁶⁷ ἑξῆς μαρτυρούντων (‘But if—may it not happen!—we should be too weak concerning the defension and the cleansing of our warranted deed of sale on this account, we shall pay double the set price in addition to leaving the present sale, which he has drawn up for you, in force, being valid, firm, unbreakable, unshakable, and lawful wherever brought forward, with the subscription of the signatory of the document on our behalf and of the witnesses below’).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127.

BGU VII 1642.13-14 (II, Phil) [sale]; VIII 1734.18-23 (80^A-30^A, Herak) [also no defension; sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.(?); dam.]; XIX 2830.15-16 (309/10, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 2833 (249, Herm) [sale; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; CPR XVIIa 17a.9-11 (321?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 17b.11-12 (321,, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Amh. II 95.10-11 (109, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 96.9-10 (213, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ant. II 101.b.2-4 (231-235, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Cair.Goodp. 13.12-15 (341, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie II 75.10-13 (III, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Flor. I 29.5-11 (IV, HermN?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 40.7-16, ll. 14-15 (162/3?, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 96.2-4, 10-11 (337, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; III 380.3-4, 18-19 (203/4, Herm) [sale; akyr.; bebaiosis; hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria] [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb. III 218.14 (29/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; price; epit.]; P.Lips. I 3.13 (256, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 4.27-30 (293, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 6.2.15-18 (306, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Lond. V 1724.59-67 (578, Sy) [sale; price: dipl.; kyria]; P.Mich. VI 428.10-12 (154, Kar) [sale; akyr.; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.NagHamm. 2.4 (late III early IV, UP);; P.Stras. III 144.16-18 (245, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VI 585.10-11 (153, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VII 672.22-24 (289, Herm) [akyr., epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Vind.Bosw. 6.17-19 (250, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; PSI I 66.29-33 (V?, HermN) ) [dam., exp.; epit.: price: dipl., fisc., kyria]; SB V 8007.10-11 (IV^f, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria];VI 8974.30-37 (I^bA, Bousiris); [marriage; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9219.19-21 (319, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII 9831.13-14 (I^l, ArsN) [sale]; XXIV 15969.30-36 (491-518, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; XXX 17623.16-18 (293, Herm); SPP XX 10.17-20 (168, ArsN) [sale; kyria; kephal. (price): hemiolia; dam.; exp.; horism.prostim.]; 71.17-19 (269/70, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.]; 72.15-17 (271/2, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 74.17-18 (after 276?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 121.32-35 (439, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 145.7 (VI^s, ArsPol) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.].

18. Consequences of Challenge, Non-performance of Bebaiosis and failed Defension

Category: Penalty, Warranty

In BGU IV 1170.50-60, ll. 58-59 (10 BCE, Alexandria), recording the conveyance of the right of execution, the alienor is prohibited from challenging the conveyance and from allowing a third party to do so on his behalf. He is also obliged to surrender the daneion, here probably meaning the document recording the loan, and to defend the conveyee against any challenge to his person. Should the vendor transgress any of these imperatives, he must pay the debt with interest as if it were imposed by a court verdict: [τ]ὸν δὲ Πετεφνοῦθιν μὴ ἐ̣π̣ε̣λ̣ε̣ύ̣(σεσθαι) ἐπὶ τὴ(ν) συγχώρη(σιν) μη[δʼ] ἄλ(λον) | ⁵⁹ μηδένα, παρέχεσθαι δὲ τ[ὸ δ]άνη(ον) ἀπερίλ(υτον) κ̣α̣ὶ̣ ἔ̣τ̣ι̣ τὸν ἐ̣[πε]λ(ευσόμενον) ἀποσ(τήσειν) παραχ(ρῆμα) τοῖς ἰδί(οις) [δ]απ(ανήμασιν) ἢ χω|⁶⁰ρὶς τ(οῦ κύρια εἶ)ναι τ(ὰ) σ(υνκεχωρημένα) ἐκτίν(ειν) τὸν Πετε[φνο(ῦθιν) τὸ κ]εφάλ(αιον) σ̣ὺ̣ν̣ τ̣ο̣ῖ̣ς̣ τόκ(οις) καθ(άπερ) ἐγ δίκ(ης) (‘… and said Petephnouthis shall not proceed against the terms of the synchoresis, nor shall anyone else, but shall surrender the loan unobliterated and shall fend off the challenger immediately at his own expense, or else, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis remaining valid, said Petenoutis shall pay as indemnity the principal together with interest as if resulting from a court verdict’).

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127.

19. General Penalty Clause

Penalty Clause

Link to Synallagma

While 1,026 documents record a penalty for breach of contract, only 242 texts feature a clause that penalizes the contracting parties for breaching any term of the contract. The clause already appears sporadically in documents from the beginning of the Ptolemaic period (Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zenon I 59133.16-17 (256 BCE, Philadelphia): ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ποιῶμεν κατὰ τὰ γεγρ̣α̣[μμ]έ̣ν̣[α, ἀποτείσομεν] | ¹⁷ ὃ ἂν λαβόντ̣ε̣ς παρὰ Ζήνωνος α̣π̣ε̣[ -ca.?- ]) (‘And if we commit anything in contravention of the terms of the contract, we shall pay as indemnity the [ – – ] that we having received from Zenon [ – – ]’) (cf. Reekmans (1968): 160). It first manifests systematically, however, only in the first century BCE, in parachoresis-documents drawn up at the agoranomeia of the Herakleopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes. The conveyor pledges to refrain from challenging the possession of the alienee in person and should also protect him from third-party challenge. The following penalty clause penalizes the conveyor for infringing upon any of these rules. Cf., e.g., BGU VIII 1738.27-32 (72 BCE, Herakleopolis): ἐὰν δέ τι παραβαίνωμεν τῶν διὰ τῆς συγγραφῆς | ²⁸ ἢ τῶν ἐν τῆι χειρογραφίᾳ ταύτῃ γεγραμμένων, ἡ μὲν | ²⁹ πα[ρα]χώρησις κυρία ἔστω καὶ ἡ πρᾶξις ἔστω σοί τε καὶ | ³⁰ τοῖς παρὰ σοῦ τῶν καθʼ ἡμῶν ἐπιτ{ε}ίμων ἀκ[ο]λ̣ού|³¹θως τῆι συγγραφῆι, αὐτοὶ δʼ ἔνοχοι εἴημεν τῷ̣ ὅ̣ρ̣[κῳ] | ³² ὁπηνίκʼ ἂν εὐθ̣υνθῶμεν (‘And should we violate any of the terms recorded in the document or those recorded in this very written testimony of oath, let the parachoresis be valid and let you and your representatives possess the right to execution for the epitima in pursuance of the document, and may we be liable to the oath as soon as we are prosecuted’) [cf. Scheuble-Reiter (2014): 38].

In the Roman period (I–IV cent. CE), the penalty clause is commonly incorporated into documents recording the conveyance of land, be it by sale, hereditary disposition or diairesis, composed at a grapheion or an agoranomeion. In regional terms, 15 acts of sale with the penalty clause originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos; Ptolemais Euergetis yields 14. Many of the other 20 Arsinoite documents, the exact provenance of which is uncertain, may well have been composed in that city as well. With land sales presenting the most significant category, it is easiest to report the threads of the penalty clause within that particular documentary context. In contracts that document sales of land and slaves, the purchaser has already paid the consideration and, therefore, is subject to no future obligation. The vendor, by contrast, is liable to four obligations: the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the bebaiosis, defension, and avoidance of suit. While some contracts feature a clause dealing with the infringement of just one of these requirements (cf., penalty for thwarted bebaiosis, thwarted defension, lawsuit, thwarted surrender, and sometimes a combination of several of these), as stated, scribes who draw up conveyance-of-land documents are inclined, perhaps for the sake of brevity, to consider their contravention en bloc.

As already shown in the Ptolemaic texts cited above, the clause consists of a protasis, in which the breach is reported, and an apodosis relating to its consequences. In the protasis, the verbs παραβαίνω, παρασυγγραφέω, and μὴ ποιέω κατά are regularly encountered. In the apodosis, the scribe may affirm the validity of the present act notwithstanding its violation and the resulting penalty (88 attestations) as well as the invalidity of any conflicting act. The pronouncement of invalidity, however, is generally rare—recorded in just 17 documents, primarily from the Oxyrhynchite nome.

The contract also introduces four types of financial consequences:

[1] Refund of the consideration: ἣν εἴληφεν τιμήν. This element is almost exclusively Arsinoite and dates to the early Roman period (46 attestations). As part of the repayment process, the vendor must not only refund the consideration but may also be liable to the payment of hemiolia (27) or dipl. (10 attestations).

[2] Compensation for ensuing damages (βλάβος but more commonly βλάβη). This is recorded in 68 documents, expenses (ἀναλώματα or δαπανήματα) in 59, and taxes (τέλη) in 10, virtually all originating in the city of Ptolemais Euergetis. In 38 documents, compensation for damages, expenses, or taxes is doubled.

[3] Fixed fines: [a] the ἐπίτιμον, an amount commonly set out in the document (the payment is always of the simplex), recorded in 122 documents and not region- or time-specific. In 18 acts of sale drawn up at the Herakleopolite agoranomeia in the second and third centuries, the transgressor is subject τῷ ὡρισμένῳ κατὰ τῶν παρασυγγραφούντων ἐπιτίμωι. See, in particular, CPR I 64.24-27 = W.Chr. 108 (227 CE, Peenamis): ἐνέ]|²⁵χεσθαι δὲ τὸν παραβάντα τῷ ὡ[ρισμένῳ κατὰ τῶν] παρ[ασυγγρα]|²⁶φούντων ἐπ[ιτίμω]ι καὶ μηδὲ[ν ἦσσον τὰ διωμολογ]ημέ[να κύρια] | ²⁷ εἶναι (‘and let the party who has violated the terms of the contract be subject to the epitimon enjoined against the violators of contracts, and let nonetheless the terms of the agreement be valid’). [b] The πρόστιμον is recorded in documents from Augustan Alexandria; its amount has been set outside the document (τὸ ὡρισμένον πρόστιμον), probably by law. In the Byzantine period, the prostimon becomes the default term for recording payment in kind (four texts).

[4] Payment to the fisc of an amount equal to the total of the above categories; this is recorded in sixty documents.

The penalty clause recurs in other types of documents, especially wherever and whenever it is common in sales. In diaireseis (11 cases), all former partners are exposed in a case of breach to compensation for damages, expenses, epitimon, and payment to the fisc (Cf., e.g., P.Mich. III 186.26-29: 72 CE, Bacchias). In some labour contracts, those who are to perform the labour are ordered to remit, in addition to the above, their hitherto received salary increased by half (32 documents). This is most notably the case in wet-nurse contracts. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1058.37-42 (13 BCE, Alexandria): ἐὰν δέ τι τού|³⁸των παραβαίνη ἐκτ‹ε›ίνιν αὐτὴν ὃ εἴληφεν | ³⁹ τῶν τροφήων (l. τροφείων) κεφάλαιον σὺν ἡμιολίᾳ | ⁴⁰ καὶ τὰ βλάβη καὶ δαπανήματα καὶ ἄλλο | ⁴¹ ἐπίτιμον ἀργυ(ρίου) (δραχμὰς) φ καὶ τὸ ὡρισμένoν πρόσ|⁴²τιμον (‘If she (the owner of the wetnursing slave) transgresses any of these conditions, she is to pay the amount she took for the nursing along with a penalty of half and damages and expenses, another 500 drachmas as a fine, and the penalty prescribed by law’) (transl.: Rowlandson, Women and Society (1998): p. 276, with some modifications).

In loan contracts, the clause is introduced when the creditor is entrusted with a piece of property as a form of reimbursement or security, and the clause is meant to vouch for his uninterrupted disposal of this object. It is thus functionally identical to the penalty clause in contracts of sale. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy XIV 1641.10-16 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). In leases (23 documents), the penalty is directed against the lessee. Cf., e.g., P.Soter. 2.34-38 (71 CE, Theadelphia): ἐὰν | ³⁵ δέ τι τούτων παραβῇ ὁ μεμισθομένος (l. μεμισθωμένος), ἀπ[οτει]σατο (l. ἀπ[οτει]σάτω) τά τε | ³⁶ βλάβη καὶ τὰ δαπανήματα διπλᾶ καὶ επίτιμον χαλκοῦ τ̣ά̣λ̣α̣ν̣|³⁷τα πένται (l. πέντε) καὶ μηδὲν ἧσσον ἐφʼ οἷς καὶ βεβαι̣ο[ύ]τω{ι} ἡ Θερμου|³⁸θάριον τὴν μίσθωσιν καὶ ἀπὸ δημοσίων· ἡ σ[υγ]γραφὴ κυρία̣ ἔστ̣ω{ι̣} (‘If the lessee violates any of these terms, let him pay as indemnity double the amount of the damages and expenses, and an epitimon in the amount of five bronze talents and let, on these terms, Thermoutharion also warrant the lease of all taxes. The document shall be valid’). In P.Köln III 147.13-17 (30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance), instead of subjecting the lessee to a penalty, the lessor is allowed, in the case of breach of contract, to sublet (μεταμισθῶσαι) the object to others (P.Köln III 147.13-17: 30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance): ἐὰν δέ τι παρασυγγραφῶ, ἐξέστω σοι ἐγβάλλοντά με | ¹⁴ ἐκ τῆς μισθώσεως ἐνχρόνου οὔσης ἑτέρῳ μεταμισθῶσαι καὶ εἰσ|¹⁵πράσσειν τὸ ἐσόμενον ἀφεύρεμα παρὰ τὴν ἐξαναμίσθωσιν | ¹⁶ ὑ̣π̣ὲ̣ρ̣ ὧν καὶ ἐν ἡμέραις χρ̣ημα̣τι̣ζούσαις πέντε ἀφʼ ἧς ἐάν μοι προ|¹⁷[είπῃς – ca.18 -]τ̣ὴ̣ν̣ ἀσφ[άλ]ειαν ἀνυπερθέτως (‘And if I violate the terms of the contract in any manner, you will be allowed to cast me out of the lease before it comes to an end, lease it out to another, and exact from me the future deficiency in addition to the new lease on account of which [ – – ] within five business days, of the day on which you gave me notice […] the security without delay’). (Cf. also metamisthosis).

The penalty clause is commonly introduced into contracts from Augustan Alexandria. In Alexandria, some documents place the transgressor in the position of an agogimos, who is liable to detention until he pays the penalty. (Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1121.30-34: 5 BCE, Alexandria and Pringsheim (1924): 488-499). In most cases, however, the Alexandrian scribe employs, with slight modifications, the same text as his counterparts from the chora. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1129.33-36 (13 BCE, Alexandria): ἐὰν δέ τι | ³⁴ τούτων παραβῇ, χωρὶς τοῦ κύρια εἶναι τὰ συνκεχωρη(μένα) ἔτι καὶ προσεκ(τίνειν) | ³⁵ αὐτὸ(ν) ὃ εἴλ(ηφεν) [παραχω(ρητικὸν) κεφ(άλαιον) σὺν ἡμιο]λίαι [καὶ ἄλλας] ἐπίτιμο(ν) ἀργυ(ρίου) (δραχμὰς) Α | ³⁶ κ̣α̣ὶ̣ τ̣ὸ̣ ὡ[ρισμ(ένον)] π̣ρ̣[ό(στιμον)] κ̣α̣θ̣ά̣π̣ε̣ρ̣ ἐ̣γ̣ δ̣ί̣κ̣η̣ς̣ (‘If he violates any of these terms, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis remaining valid, he will pay in addition to the cession-fee (prochrestikon kephalaion) increased by a half, an additional amount of 1,000 silver drachms as epitimon and the established prostimon as if resulting from a court action’).

Some kind of penalty clause is attested in 178 Byzantine documents. In most cases, however, the clause treats a specific type of breach; the general penalty clause discussed here is recorded in just 23. The concept of a ‘breach’, already developing in the Herakleopolite documentation of the Roman period in connection with the κατὰ τῶν παρασυγγραφούντων ἐπίτιμον, has now taken mature form in the terms παράβασις and παραβασία. The πρόστιμον, used to denote a fixed (ὡρισμένον) fine in earlier times, is now set by the parties. In P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.28-30 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), the penalty clause is embedded in a declaration of oath. In the apodosis, the stipulatio poenae, the penalty clause, is restated: καὶ] εἰς ἀσφάλειαν πά̣ν̣των̣ τ̣ῶ̣ν̣ προδ̣ι̣ω̣μολογηθέντων (l. προδιομολογηθέντων) παρʼ ἡ̣[μ]ῶν, ἐπωμ̣οσάμεθα τὸν φ̣ρικωδέστατο[ν] ὅρκον ἐν οὐδενὶ μὴ παραβῆναι, καὶ πρόστιμον | ²⁹ [κατὰ τοῦ παρ]αβαίνειν ἐπιχειρή[σον]τος ἐπικεῖσθαι χρυσο(ῦ) νομισματί[ω]ν̣ ἓξ εὐστάθμων καταβλη̣θ̣ῆναι, ὥστε \τα̣[ύτ]α/ τ[ῷ] ἐμμένοντι καὶ στοιχοῦντι μέρει ἐξ ἐπερωτήσεω\ς/ | ³⁰ [δοθῆναι, μετὰ] κ̣[(αὶ)] τ̣ο(ῦ) αὐτὸν τὸν παρα̣βάτην ἄκοντα ἐμμεῖναι τοῖς ἐγγεγραμμ(ένοις) [συ]μ̣φώνοις (‘And to secure all that we agreed upon above, we swear a most awful oath, not to violate the terms of the contract in any respect, and that a penalty shall be imposed against the one who commits a breach, to pay as compensation for damage six solidi of correct weight, so that the compensation will be given pursuant to interrogation to the party who abides by these terms, along with future abidance by the violator himself under the constraint of the above-written terms’).

Bibl.: e.g., Berger (1911): 170-173, 230; Préaux (1939): 405-409; Lewis (1945): 126-139; Herrmann (1957/8): 128-129, 131, (1958) 148-149; Hennig (1967): 75-98; Rupprecht (1982b): 473; Müller (1985): 256, 284-289; Bergamasco (1995): 120-122; Rodríguez Martín (2017): 93-101.

BGU I 197.29-30 (17, Dionysias) [lease]; 233.17 (161-169, ArsN) [sale; exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 350.15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dilp.; exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; II 638.2.15-16 (143, ArsN) [labour; no penalty]; 667.17-18 (222 , PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III 709.19-20 (138-161, Kar) [sale; price; fisc.; kyria]; 896.8 (161-169, ArsN) [will]; 901.6-7 (II/III, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; fisc.; kyria]; 987.15-17 (19 or 45, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV 1051.33-35 (30^A-14, Alex) [marriage; dowry; horism.prostim.]; 1052.31-33 (13^A, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1058.37-47 (13^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1059.13-16 (30^A-14, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.; fisc.]; 1062.24 (236, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; 1098.52-53 (19^A-15^A, Alex) [marriage, horism.prostim.]; 1101.18 (13^a Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1106.35-45 (before 13^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1107.19-23 (before 13^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1108.18-22 (5^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1109.23-26 (5^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1110.18-24 (5^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1112.15-17 (after 4^A, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); kyria]; 1115.27-33 (c. 13^A, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; 1116.26-30 (13^A, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1117.29-43 (3^A, Alex) [lease; agogimos; rent: hemiolia; value of withheld object; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1118.41-49 (22^A, Alex) [lease; rent; prochresis; interest for default]; 1119.32-38 (6/5^A, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.]; 1120.40-42 (5^A, Alex) [lease; rent; interest for chresis; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1121.30-37 (5^A, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; epit.; metamisthosis]; 1122.24-27, 30-33 (13^A, Alex) [labour; misthos: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1126.16-18, 26-27 (9^A, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest; dam.; exp.; epit. (?)]; 1127.22-28 (18^a Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit. (?); dam.; prostim.]; 1129.33-36 (13^A, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit.; prostim.]; 1130.24-27 (4^A, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epitimon (?); prostim.]; 1156^v.29-36 (14/3^A Alex); VI 1282.16-18 (II^A/I^A, ArsN?) [lease; fisc.]; VIII 1736.17-19 (78^A, Herak) [parachoesis; kyria]; 1737.18-21 (78/77^a Herak) [parachoresis]; 1738.27-31 (72^A, Herak) [parachoresis; epit.; kyria]; 1739.25-29 (72^A, Herak) [parachoresis; kyria; epit.]; 1740.15-16 (80^A-30^A, Herak) [parachoresis]; XI 2041.14-17 (201, ArsN) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 2050.25 (106, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; exp. + dam.: dipl.]; 2054.17-19 (184-192, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.]; XVII 2696^..28-34 (616, Herm) [value of the commodity]; XX 2843.12-14 (72^A, Herak) [kyria, enochoi]; CPGr I 13.22-25 (30^A-14, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit. (?)]; CPR I 3.10-12 (ΙΙΙ^m, ArsN) [enechesthai: epit.; kyria]; 11.28-30 (108, PtolEu) [dam.; exp.; epit.; kyria]; 76.26-30 (222-235, HerakN); 88 + 132.2-4 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 89.13-15 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 103.24-26 (III, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 108.9 (III^f, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 123.6 (III^f, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 124.1-2 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 133.1-3 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 135.2-3 (III^f, ArsN) [sale: kyria]; 138.2-4 (III^f, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 139.4-5 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 141.9-10 (III^f, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 142.5-6 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 143.4-6 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 144.5-6 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 150.3 ? (III^f, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 151.1 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 152.1 (III^f, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 175.24-27 (III^f, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; horism.epit.]; 179.18-21 (I/II, PtolEu?) [sale; price: hemiolia]; 187.14-15 (145, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 198.15-18 (138, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 203.6-7 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 204.11-13 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; fisc.]; 206a (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolion; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc., kyria]; 210.6 (II, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 213.4 (II, ArsN) [sale; taxes + exp.: dipl.]; 214.4-5 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; fisc.; kyria]; 220.8-11 (I, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 222.16-18 (142/3 or 152/3, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 226.1-2 (IV/V, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; VI 73.28-31 (222-235 HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; P.Aberd. 53.11-13 (10/1, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 55.10-12 ? (117-138, SokN?) [sale; epit.?]; P.Athen. 15.7-10 (83-96, Alex) [lease; ??: dipl.; dam.; exp.; epit.]; P.Bad. II 22.1-4, 12 (126, Alex) [labour; wages: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.], [loan; epit.]; IV 86.22-33, 33-39 (99, Hibeh) [labour; wages; tropheia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; P.Bas. II 28.6-7 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bingen 49.5 (I^A, HerakN) [parachoresis; kyria]; 75.10-13 (III^b, Ox?) [exp.*: dipl.]; P.Bodl. 68.5-7 (II/III^e, UP) [sale (parachoresis); price: hemiolia; fisc.; kyria]; P.Bour. 14.24-27 (126, ArsN) [labour; salary: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Brook. 97.20-21 ? (II, UP) [loan; kyria]; P.Cair.Isid. 80.13-16 (296, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; 81.25-28 (297, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; P.Cair.Masp. I 67032.80-83 (551, Constantinople) [noncompliance]; II 67158.28-30 (568, Antin) [labour; prostimon; kyria]; 67159.38-41 (568, Antin) [labour; pecuniary penalty]; P.Cair.Zen. I 59133.16-17 (256^A, Phil) [labour]; P.Col. VIII 244.1-3 (VI, ArsPol) [sale?: dipl.; kyria]; X 281.18-22 (287, Phil) [compensation ἐπιτίμου καὶ ἐπηρείας λόγου]; P.Corn. 4.13-17 (111^a Path) [labour]; P.Dime III 38GH.8 (42, SokN) [diairesis; epit.]; P.Eleph. 2.11-13 (284^A, Eleph) [account of specific duties]; P.Fay. 91.27-38 (99, Euh) [loan; arrhabon: dipl.]; P.Flor. I 51.1-6 l. 6 (138-161, ArsN) [labour]; III 310.11-12 (425-450, HermN) [dam.; exp.]; P.Fouad I 38.7-11 (I OxN?) [kyria]; 39.9-11 (244-249, Ox) [ed.: ἅπερ ἐὰν συμβῇ παραπεσ̣[εῖν ἢ δια]¹⁰φθαρῆναι, μὴ προσδέεσθα̣[ι ἑτέρας εὐδοκήσεως] ἀρκουμένῃ τῇδε τῇ ε̣ὐ̣[δοκήσει;]; 44.20-22 (44, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; P.FuadUniv. 19.10 (145/6 UP) [sale; dam.; exp.; epit. hosidchre.; price: dipl.?]; P.Gascou 30.31-36 (565-579, Aphr) [ed.: ἔσ̣ομ̣α̣ι̣ ‹ἔνοχος› τῷ τ̣ῆ̣ς̣ ἐ̣π̣ι̣ο̣ρ̣κ̣[ία]ς̣ ἐ̣γ̣κ̣λήματι καὶ τῇ τῶν νόμων̣ |³⁵ ἐπιτιμίᾳ̣ κατὰ τῶν παραβαινόντων τὰς ἐνομώτ̣ο̣υ̣ς̣ | ³⁶ συνθή̣κα̣[ς;]; P.Gen. IV 186.27-30 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; prostimon and parabasis; kyria]; P.Gen. inv. 442.13-15 (II^mA, HerakN) [praxis, enochos]; P.Genov. I 21.16-19 (320, Oasis Magna) [partnership; compensation for lost objects]; P.Giss. I 56.25 (VI, HermN) [lease]; P.Hamb. I 15.14-15 (209, PtolEu) [kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 63.4-5 (125/6, Thebes?) [sale; stipulatio poenae]; III 217.13-14 (I^f, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.]; P.Herm. 25.17-20 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [sale; epit., στέρξαι καὶ ἐμμεῖναι]; P.Köln II 100.17-18 (133, Pim[ ]) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; 147.7-13, 13-17 (30^A-15, UP) [lease; dam.; debt πρὸς τὰ τῶν ναύλων: hemiolia; epit.?; hosidchre.; fisc.; kyria, μεταμισθῶσαι*]; 155.11-12 (VI, UP) [sale; parabasia; stipulatio poenae?]; SB XXXVIII 17080.24-25 (69-79, ArsN) [sale, epit.]; P.Lond. II 293.22-25 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; V 1698.8-10 (VI, Aphr) [lease; kyria]; P.Louvre II 109.12-14 (123/4 or 136/7, ArsN ?) [sale; price; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Lund VI 3.25-30 (139?, UP) [marriage; capital: hemiolia]; P.Mert. III 109.16-21 (II, OxN) [loan; akyr.; capital: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.; interest for default]; P.Mich. III 186.26-29 (72, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 187.26-30 (75, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; V 276.11-14 (47, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; interest; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 287.13-14 (I, Teb) [sale; epit.; fisc.]; 323.21-27 (47, Teb) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit., fisc.; kyria]; IX 558 (103-111, Kar) [diairesis]; X 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [with bebaiosis and surrender; sale; akyr.; dam.; price: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 584.30-32 (84, Bac) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XI 604.25-26 (223, Ox) [labour]; P.Michael. 41.52- (539-554, Aphr); P.Mil. I 49 2-5 l. 5 (I, ArsN) [labour]; P.Mil.Vogl. I 23.19-21 (108, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; II 99.16-17 (119, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III 143.20-22 (170/1, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Monts.Roca. 78.20-25 (49-54, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; P.Münch. I 11.56-59 (586, Sy) [sale; λόγῳ προστίμου παραβάσεως: price: dipl.; akyr.]; III 84.21-28 (211, ArsN) [sale; price]; P.NYU II 15a.12-14 (68, OxN) [akyr., dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Oslo. II 31.23-25 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.*, fisc*]; P.Oxy. I 95.34-36 (129, Ox) [sale]; II 270.42-49 (94, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III 504.28-32 (II^e, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 634.10 (126, Ox) [will]; 646.12-13 (117-126?, Ox); IV 725 (183, Ox) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 794.7-13 (85/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIV 1641.10-13 (68, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolion; interest for default; fisc.]; XVII 2134.26-28 (170, Ox) [loan; akyron, dam. + taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; XXXI 2586.48-50 (264, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; XLI 2977.45-49 (239/40, Ox) [apprenticeship: epit.]; XLIII 3095.30-33 (217/8, Ox) [labour; epit.]; XLIII 3092.11-14 (217, Ox) [partnership; pecuniary compensation; fisc.; kyria]; XLVI 3267.48-50 (37-41, Ox) [lease; no penalty]; XLIX 3482.14-16, 24-26 (73^A, Ox) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; LXXIV 5014.26 (III, Ibion Ammoniou) [labour]; LXXIX 5209.15-21 (267, Ox) [labour; ὑπὲρ λόγου ἐπηρείας]; P.Prag. II 160.9-10 (VI^m, Herm) [lease; prostimon]; P.Rain.Cent. 131.2 (c. 630-645, ArsN) [lease]; P.Rein. II 103.25-29 (26, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Ross.Georg. III 28.15-17 (343 or 358, ArsN) [marriage; ὑπὲρ ἐπιτίμου καὶ στροφῆς καὶ ἐπηρείας]; P.Ryl. II 159.27-32 (31/2, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 162.30-33 (159, SokN) [price: dipl.; exp.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Sakaon 63.1-3 (302/3, Thead) [loan]; P.Soter. 2.34-37 (71, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Stras. I 14.b21-c28 (211, PtolEu) [sale]; IV 266.9-14 (c. 100, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; V 331.19-20 (98-117, UP) [sale; fisc.]; 341.28-31 (85, SokN) [labour; epit., fisc.]; 370.19-20? (175-180, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; VI 583.17-19 (115/6, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.]; VII 670.3-4 (III, Alex) [sale; dam.; exp.]; 678.13-17 (568/9, Herm) [labour; ed.: λ̣ό̣γῳ π̣ροσ̣τ̣ί̣[μ]ο[υ];]; IX 861.10 (I, UP) [sale]; 886.2-3 (100, SokN) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Tebt. II 383.39-42 (46, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III.1 815.d^r.1.46-55, ll. 52-53 (223/2^A, Teb) [lease; rent; per aroura fine]; 815.e^r.10-27, l. 26 (223/2^A, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Tebt.Wall 9.17-19 (33, Teb) [epit.]; 10.14 (II^e, Teb) [sale; epit.]; 12.26-27 (101, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; kyria]; P.Tor.Choach. 2.11-13, 30-33 (118^A, Hermonthis); P.Trier I 12.51-56 (179^A, Herak) [lease]; P.Vind.Tand. 26.17-20 (143, SokN) [sale; price + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Warr. 11.17-19 (98, Kar) [lease; epit.; fisc.]; PSI III 203.11-12 (87, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV 320 + P.Mich. XVIII 784.b.13-22 (18, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII 897.2.82-85 (93, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; X 1118.22-25 (25/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIII 1341.17-18 (V^b, Antin) [antikatallage; ed.: τὸν παραβῆναι θ[ελ]ήσοντα ἐπιγνῶναι | ¹⁸ τῷ ἄλλῳ οὐ προστίμου χάριν ἀλλʼ ἐξ ἐπερωτήσεως καὶ συμφώνου χρυσίου οὐγκίας δύο πρὸς τὸ βεβαίαν καὶ ἰσχυρὰν ἡμῖν εἶναι διὰ παντὸς | ταύτην τὴν ἀντικαταλλαγήν;]; XV 1546.1-27, ll. 19-20? (222, HerakN) [sale; epit.; kyria]; SB I 4414.17-18 (143, Kar) [cession; epit., fisc.]; 4661.13-15 ? (VI/VII, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 4777.5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale]; 4847 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [lease; λόγῳ προστίμου]; 5244.10-12 (8^A, SokN) [loan]; 5679.11-14? (307, Oasis Magna); VI 8987.35-39 (644/5, Ox) [sale; price; exp.]; 9109.7-9 (31, Teb) [akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 9618.19-21 [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII 9906.23-26 (193/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; X 10571.20-22 (194, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XII 11229.12-14 (161-168 or 177-179, Ox) [sale]; XIV 11279.35-36 (44, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 11703.3-5 (III^l, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 11933.36-41 (27^A, PtolEu) [lease]; 12056.13? (III, UP) [sale; price: hemiolia]; XVI 12957.18-20 (103-114, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 13041.8-10 (I/II, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13042.16-20 (29, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13072.19-22 (155, SokN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.+ exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XVIII 13154.2-4 (II^A/I^A, UP) [loan; daneion: hemiolia; interest for default]; 13305.32-34 (271, Kar) [apprenticeship; epit.]; 13764.24-28 (148-161, ArsN) [sale; epit.; capital: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 13961.1-3 (630-645, ArsN) [labour; ed.: [ἄμισθον ἀναχ]ω̣ρῆσαι;]; XX 14336.5-11 (91/92 or 107/8, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 14997.9-12 (70^A/41^A, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII 15326.14-16 (222-235, Kar) [sale; parachoretikon: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.*: dipl.]; 15472.18-19 (134, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 15538.10-11 (13^A, Alex) [labour; salary: hemiolia; epit.]; XXIV 16002.18-20 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 16320.15-16 (293-304, Kellis) [epit.]; XXVIII 16904.16-19 (90, SokN) [with bebaiosis, sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; SPP XX 1.20-21 (83/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 47.19-21 (238, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 50.20-21 (168-169, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII 69.14-17 (VI/VII, UP) [sale; λόγῳ προστίμου].

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1. Propoletes

2. Bebaiosis

3. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis

4. Basilikon Kolyma

5. Surrender of Purchased Object

6. Surrender of Pledged Object

7. Surrender of Object of Lease

8. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis and Thwarted Surrender

9. Costs involving Court Action

10. Defension

11. Consequences of Thwarted Defension

12. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis and Thwarted Defension

13. Injunction against Lawsuit

14. Compliance with Terms of Contract

15. Challenging the Disposition

16. Penalty for Bringing Suit

17. Penalty for Challenge and Thwarted Bebaiosis

18. Consequences of Challenge, Non-performance of Bebaiosis and failed Defension

19. General Penalty Clause

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