{"id":30,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:15","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-4\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T19:38:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T17:38:59","slug":"chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-4\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 4: Security","rendered":"Chapter 4: Security"},"content":{"raw":"

The clauses documented in this section are recorded in the context of loan contracts. As such, they serve to secure the repayment of a debt, the principal in particular. By their nature, the security clauses are closely associated with the institutions enumerated in the preceding section. This connection is most explicit in Ptolemaic loan contracts, which record the appointment of a surety obligated to intervene in the event of default and to provide indemnity for the original debt and any penalties. In the course of the late Ptolemaic period, the surety clause ceased to record security posted by a third party and became outdated. By the Roman period, sureties were primarily appointed in contracts with the state or with state-like bodies. In general, security in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt is real rather than personal. The restraint clause (no. 3) sets the framework for all well-established types of securities. The means employed is simple: the debtor is enjoined against performing all activities that derive from proprietary status. The restraint is then combined with different types of security. In the hypotheke<\/em> (no. 4), it is preceded by a clause in which a specific object (mostly land and slaves) is hypothecated and is followed by the foreclosure clause (no. 10), which sets out the measures by which the creditor may appropriate the object in the case of the debtor\u2019s default. In the case of hypallagma<\/em> (no. 6), the restraint clause is preceded by a clause that records the act of mortgaging and by a praxis<\/em> clause, in which the same object is subordinated to preferential execution. In the case of the menein<\/em> clause, the document records no act of mortgaging but only a foreclosure clause, which spells out the appropriation procedure. The creditor\u2019s acquisition of title, unlike the hypotheke<\/em>, is said to come about in lieu of the defaulted debt. Thus, only the menein<\/em> clause introduces collateral substitution (Ersatzpfand<\/em>) expressis verbis<\/em>. The same concept is brought to bear in the sole document in our possession that records a security for a dowry (no. 8) and in those recording enechyrasia<\/em> (no. 11). In all the foregoing cases, the debtor posts a specific single asset as security. The last two entries (nos. 14, 15) depart from this rule; in both the institution of the apostasion<\/em> and proprasis<\/em> and the hypotheca generalis<\/em>, the debtor posts his entire property as security for the claim. In both cases, the document appears without the restraint and foreclosure clauses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

1. Surety<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Two different clauses are used to record sureties, one from the Ptolemaic period and the other primarily from the Byzantine period. In the former, which appears at the end of the document, the surety is noted by name and is labelled \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u2018surety for the purpose of paying indemnity\u2019 [Type1]<\/strong><\/a>. This formulation fits well with the text of the document in its entirety: this scheme, always recording a loan, ensures indemnity in the event of default, even though the composite verb used in it is frequently not \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 but rather \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 or \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9. The document then records, in the genitive, what the indemnity is meant to serve: the contract [e.g., P.Amh. 50.22 (106 BCE, Pathyris): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd], the document itself [P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I 59001.17 (274\/3 BCE, Pitos): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75\u03bd; P.Sorb. I 17.19 (257 BCE, Mermertha): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd], or the object of the indemnity [P.Dion. 23.29 (108 BCE, Hermopolis): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2].<\/p>\r\n

In the late second century BCE, the concept of collateral surety among multiple debtors emerges; the debtors are declared to be each other\u2019s surety [Type1a<\/strong><\/a> and Cantarella (1965):<\/span> 7-17; Yiftach (2012):<\/span> 377-379]<\/span>. In this particular case, the surety clause is followed by the praxis<\/em>\u00a0which is said to be directed against them all. In P.Amh. II 50.21-27 (106 BCE,<\/span> Pathyris), the clause reads thus: \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 22<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1(\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9), \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 | 24<\/sup> \u1f18\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2] | 25<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd[\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0(\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1] | 27<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2] (\u2018The borrowers themselves are sureties for each other for the payment of all the liabilities of this loan, and Erienouphis shall have the right of execution upon them together or singly or upon whichever he pleases and upon all their property, as if in accordance to the court sentence \u2019) (transl.: P.Amh. I, p. 60).<\/p>\r\n

The phrase \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, denoting a surety for the payment of indemnity, continues to appear in some Roman-period documents. Now the person who serves as surety affirms this responsibility him\/herself, autographically. See, e.g., P.Sakaon 49.19-20 (314 CE, Theadelphia): \u0391\u1f50\u03c1(\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9) \u1f08\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2] \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4(\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3(\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc[\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> [\u1f21]\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018We, the Aurelii Arion and Sakaon, guarantee as stated above the return of the wheat and the barley with an interest of fifty per cent as stated above\u2019) (transl.: P.Sakaon, p. 126). In documents from the Roman period, however, the identity or appointment of the surety is generally recorded not in a special clause but in other contexts: commonly the designation of the obligors as co-sureties in the creation clause, the delivery clauses, or in the clause anticipating the praxis<\/em>. In particular, their designation \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, as well as the formula \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2, persists well into the Byzantine period.<\/p>\r\n

The term \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 is used, at least in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, primarily for the designation of sureties involved in a person\u2019s liability toward the state. The earliest papyrological evidence is the revenue laws [P.Rev.Laws, e.g., 11-12 (259\/8 BCE, Arsinoites?)] but the non-papyrological, the epigraphical, and the literary sources abound (cf., e.g., Partsch<\/span> (1909): 94-100). This is also largely the case in legal documents. Still within the same context, one encounters the formula \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, most commonly embedded, in the infinitive, in a homologia<\/em> or an act of oath [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>. P.Oxy. I 136.34-39 (584 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u1f00\u03b3\u1f7c \u0392\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 | 35<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc{\u03c5}\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 36<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u2019\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 37<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c6(\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | 38<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 39<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u1fc3 (\u2018I, Victor, surety, do further agree to become surety and bail for the aforesaid Serenus, deacon and administrator, in the discharge and fulfilment of his stewardship; and if he is shown to be in arrears in comparison with his cheques and receipts, to discharge the debt and satisfy your magnificence out of my own private means, renouncing the privilege of sureties, and contrary to the new ordinance issued about sureties and persons accepting responsibility\u2019) (Transl.: P.Oxy. I, p. 216). The object of the surety is, in this case, the primary obligor.<\/p>\r\n

The appointment of a surety in the context of state enterprise may also be reported from the viewpoint of the obligor [Type3]<\/strong><\/a>. A common formulation is \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd. See, e.g., P.Leit. 12.20-24 (210\/1 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u0323[\u03b3]\u03b3\u0323\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 23<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 24<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018And I have furnished as my surety, with his consent and approval, Pasion son of Petairis, whose mother is another Kephalous, of said city\u2019). Type2<\/strong> and Type3<\/strong> are commonly used in the same document: the former in the hypographe<\/em> and the latter in the body of the text (e.g, P.Cair.Isid. 80.16-21, 28: 296 CE, Arsinoites)<\/strong>. The same terminology infiltrates contracts among private persons in the Byzantine period. See, in particular, the formulation \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, e.g., in the address clause of P.Eirene II 28.6-9 (557 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): [\u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb]\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c5\u0323\u1f31\u0323\u1f78\u03c2 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3|7<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03c5]\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7|8<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 9\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03a0]\u03ad\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039d\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323 (\u2018I, Aurelios Serenos, son of Kyrikos, with Aurelios Petros son of Neilos, a jar-potter, surety and guarantor for the repayment detailed in the following.\u2026\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Partsch (1909): 208-218; Taubenschlag (1955): 411-417; Wollf (1956b): 24-25; Cantarella (1965): 45-77; Pr\u00e9aux (1966a): 354-360; Yiftach: (2012).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1175.14-15 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1a, GA]; X<\/strong> 1964.12-14 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-214A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [1]; 1966.4-5 (246A<\/sup><\/span>-221A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1]; 2390.37-39 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1]; CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 14.285-286 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1]; 16.333-336 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1]; 24.34-35 (232A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1a]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 50.21-23 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 17.10-12 (548\/9, HermN) [2]; P.Bagnall<\/strong> 33.16-18 (496,<\/span> Ox) [2a]; P.Cair.Isid. <\/strong><\/span>80.16-21, 28 (296, ArsN) [3][2]; P.Cair.Masp. III<\/strong> 67305.23-24 (568, Antin); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59001.16-19, 43-46 (274\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Pitos) [1]; II<\/strong> 59173.16-19?, 40-44 (255A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; III<\/strong> 59340.16-17 (247A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.23-24 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1a]; P.Dion.<\/span><\/strong> 16.29-31 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Akoris) [1a]; 23.28-30 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 24.27-29 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 25.33-35 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 27.24-26 (113\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 384.108-112 (489?, Herm); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 12b.13-16 (172A<\/sup><\/span>-162A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 18.22-24 (131A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 20.14-16 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; II<\/strong> 17.7-8 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [1]; 18.18-22 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 27.16-19, 19-21 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24 (223A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1a]; 38.13-15 (182, LetopN) [2]; 58.5-6 (83A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [2]; II<\/strong> 185.6-9 (245A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [2]; 186.8-13 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, OxN) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 218.13-14 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]; 232.19-20 (330\/380, Terenythis) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 350.39-42 (143A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; XVI<\/strong> 642.18-19 with 643.11-12 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN?) [1]; P.Kron.<\/strong><\/span> 38.15-21 (137, Teb) [3]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.33-34 (293, Herm) [2];\u00a0P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.23-25 (149, Herakleia) [2]; V<\/strong> 1711.77-96 (566-573, Antin) [2]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 800.17-18 (354, Ox) [2]; 809.12-14, 16-21 (372, Ox) [2]; 813.15-17, 19-20 (373, Ox) [2]; 814.12-15, 16-17 (373, Ox) [2]; 815.11-13, 13-15 (365?, Ox) [2]; P.Mil.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.22-24 (38, Thead) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 136.34-39, 45-48 (583, Ox); IV<\/strong> 836.22-25 (66\/5a<\/sup> or 15\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1a]; VI<\/strong> 905.16-18 (170, OxN) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 1976.23-24 (582, Ox) [2, hypographe]; XLIX<\/strong> 3485.17-18 (38, Ox) [1a, GA]; LXIII<\/strong> 3495.107-117 (499, Ox) [2, hypographe]; LVIII<\/strong> 3952.40-46, 54-58 (288, Ox) [2]; LXI<\/strong> 4530.12-17, 21-23, 33-36, 42-43 (288?, HerakN) [3][2]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5474.46-48 (617\/8, Ox) [2]; P.Oxy.Elmagh.<\/span><\/strong> 11.24-30 (266?, Ox) [3]; P.Paramone<\/span><\/strong> 18.27-29 (620A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [2]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 55a.16-18 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 163.4-6 (222, UP) [3]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 123.24 (478, Phebichis) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 586.27-30 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; 587.19-20 (87A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1a]; 601.31 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [2a]; P.Sorb.<\/span> I<\/strong> 17.17-18 (scr.int.), 18-20, 23-25 (scr.ext.) (257A<\/sup><\/span>, Merertha) [1] [1] [2]; P.Stras.<\/span> I<\/strong> 40.38-50 (569, Antin) [2, but different formulation]; VI<\/strong> 557.27-28 (291, Herm) [2]; P.Tebt.<\/span> I<\/strong> 109.25-26 (93A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1a]; III.1<\/strong> 815 2r<\/sup>.2.48-51, ll. 48-50 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.1.1-14 ll. 11-14 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.1.15-22, l. 22 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.2.30-40, ll. 36-39 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 4r<\/sup>.1.23-29, ll. 28-29 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 389.7-8 (243A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; VII<\/strong> 802.6-8 (85\/6, Herm) [2, with egrapse];<\/u> VIII<\/strong> 799.5-8 (VI, Herm) [2]; 963.30-32 (579, Ox) [2]; 964.14-18, 23-26 (520\/1, 535\/6 or 550\/1, OxN) [2, unique]; IX<\/strong> 1037.38-39 (301, Ox) [2, hypographe]; XII<\/strong> 1249.57-60 (265, Ox) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 1311.10-11, 32-33 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Berenikis Thesmophorou) [2]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5252.31-33 (65, Nilopolis) [2]; III<\/strong> 6709.6,17 (259, Birta?) [1]; 7169.6-26, l. 16 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]\/[1a]; V<\/strong> 7532.19-20 (74A<\/sup><\/span>, Nilopolis) [1]; VI<\/strong> 9226.1-10 (II\/III, SokN) [2]; XII<\/strong> 11058.12 (244A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; 11059.9-10 (244A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; XVI<\/strong> 12486.21-24 (470, HermN) [2, hypographe]; XVI<\/strong> 12716.20-21 (129A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 12812.12 (255, Phil) (?); 12986.9-10 (131A<\/sup><\/span>-113A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [1a]; XXII<\/strong> 15240.27-30 (156A<\/sup><\/span>, Ammonias) [1] (and bebaiotes); XXX\u00a0<\/strong>17328.13-14 (546\/561, Herak) [2, hypographe]; 17622.20-21 (293, Herm) [2, hypographe]; 17623.19 (293, Herm) [2, hypographe]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 139.19-21 (531, ArsPol) [2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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2. No Surrender of Debtor by Surety<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the loan contract BGU IV 1145.40-44 (5 BCE, Alexandria), a female surety is to surrender the debtors to the creditor \u2018in open court\u2019 in the event of default. If she fails to do so, she herself becomes liable to seizure and detention until she settles the debts with interest: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f74\u03bd] | 41\u00a0<\/sup>\u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bb(\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6) \u1f10\u03bd\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd) \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03bc\u03b7(\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78] | 42\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bf\u03bd) (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9(\u03bf\u03bd)) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb(\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9) \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323 \u03b1\u0323[\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2)] | 43<\/sup>\u00a0\u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7(\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc7) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0(\u03b5\u03c1) \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f67\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] | 44\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03ba(\u1fc3) (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba(\u1fc3)) \u03c0\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0(\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3(\u03b7\u03c2) (\u2018Should Didyme not surrender the aforesaid Lyka and Dionysios to Achilles in open court, let her be liable to seizure and detention until she defrays said debt and interest, and let Achilles have the right of execution against Didyme herself and from all her assets, as if resulting of a court action, rendering all deeds of protection or any form of shelter inapplicable'.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

3. Restraint Clause<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Capacity, Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The restraint clause is attested from the early Roman to the Byzantine period. Although most evidence stems from the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite nomes, as well as from Augustan Alexandria, it is also attested in the Arsinoites. The clause is recorded in one lease contract (P.Lond. III 1166.17-19: 43 CE, Hermopolis) and several Oxyrhynchite wills (e.g., P.Oxy. III 489.10-11: 117 CE, Oxyrhynchos, and below) but is best attested in loan contracts, where it is used to encumber an asset in order to secure a debt. The restraint clause is commonly recorded in connection with a hypallagma<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., BGU IV 1151.2.42-44: 3 BCE, Alexandria, and below), hypotheke<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., P.Bas. 7.15-17: 117-138 CE, Arsinoites, and below), the menein<\/strong><\/em> clause (e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 31.21-23: 86 CE, Oxyrhynchos, and below), and the antichresis<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., BGU I 101.15-23: 115 CE, Arsinoites). The restraint clause, however, may be introduced independently, creating the encumbrance per se<\/em> (P.Mich. IX 566.14-19: 86 CE, Hiera Nesos, and below).<\/p>\r\n

Within the clause, two formulations are attested. The first [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is introduced by the prohibition formula, which in this context is always \u03bc\u1f74 \/\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 followed by infinitives reporting the prohibited acts (e.g., P.Flor. I 1.8-9: 153 CE, Hermopolis, below). The most common verbs here signify the conveyance of title to the object: sale (\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9), mortgage (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f77\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9), and, more generally, any type of disposition (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). Other verbs, such as \u2018lease further out\u2019 (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) or to \u2018take away\u2019 (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), are rare. Cf., e.g., P.Oslo II 40a.15-18 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos), is paradigmatic: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd|16<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \\\u1f10\/\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 17<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72] \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018It will not be allowed for me, unless I first return the six-hundred drachms and the interest, neither to sell, nor to mortgage, nor to undertake anything else with regard to the slave Isarous or to her future offspring\u2019). The second type [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is composed of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\/\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u1f71\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 + the object in the accusative + adjectives recording the unencumbered state of the object (e.g., P.Flor. I 28 (177\/8\/9 CE, Hermopolis) and below); especially common, in the Roman period, is the combination \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018unalienated and not encumbered with debt\u2019) (e.g., BGU IV 1147.26-28: 14\/3 BCE, Alexandria). A more detailed account, derived from the list of verbs mentioned above, is recorded in P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.33-37 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 | 34<\/sup> \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ce \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03c3\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u1ff3 | 36<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u0323\u03bd \u03bf\u1f35\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f40\u03c6\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 | 37<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u1ff3 [\u03c4\u03b5] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 (\u2018And I and all my heirs (be they of whatever category) shall keep possession and ownership under your control, clear, not subject to sale, mortgage, use as security for another loan or as a hypallagma,<\/em> and not already subject to any\u00a0 public or private debt whichsoever\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 26-35; Manigk (1910a): 34; Schwarz (1911): 56-58; Wollentin (1961): 49; Pestman (1983): 295-297; Rupprecht (1997): 871-875; Yiftach (2021a): 169.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 101.15-23 (115, ArsN) [1, antichresis]; III<\/strong> 741.36-41 (143, Alex?) [2, hypotheke]; IV<\/strong> 1053.52-55 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [see van Minnen ZPE (2016)] [independent]; 1147.26-28 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [2, independent]; 1151.2.42-44 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [2, hypallagma]; 1167.37-74, ll. 59-63 (13\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, hypallagma]; XI<\/strong> 2043.16-19 (150, SokN) [2, independent]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.4-6 (316, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; XVIIb<\/strong> 4.1-8, ll. 3-4 [1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 21.17-22 (131, Kar) [1, independent]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.15-17 (117-138, ArsN) [1, hypotheke]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67309.33-37 (569, Antin) [2, hypotheke]; P.Charite<\/strong><\/span>\u00a034.19-20 (318\/348, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Erl.<\/strong><\/span> 62.8-13 (II, UP) [2]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.8-9 (153, Herm) [1, hypotheke]; 28.6 (177\/8\/9, Herm) [2, hypotheke]; 81.15-17 (103, Herm) [1, hypotheke]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 49.17-19 (100, Teb) (?); P.Genov. <\/strong><\/span>I<\/strong> 32.14-15 (155, Antin) [2, independent]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 330.1-4 (VI\/VII, Ox) [hypotheke?]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>. III<\/strong> 156.1-5 (582-602, Antin?) [2]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.40-2.1 (178, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.13-14 (149, Herakleia) [1, hypallagma]; III<\/strong> 870.11-14 (IV, Panop) [1, hypotheke]; 1166.17-19 (43, Herm) [1]; 1168.9-10 (44, Herm); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 321.21-22 (42, Teb); IX<\/strong> 566.14-19 (86, Hiera Nesos) [1, independent]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.15-18 (150, Ox) [1, menein]; 40b.15-18 (150, Ox) [1, menein]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 11.15-17 (149, Hiera Nesos) [2<\/span> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*), hypotheke?]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 489.10-11 (117, Ox) [1]; 491.7-8 (126, Ox) [1]; 492.7-9 (130, Ox) [1]; 506.39-42 (143, Ox) [1, menein]; 507.28-32 (146, Ox) [1, independent]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.34-38 (154, Ox) [1, menein]; XLVII<\/strong> 3355.11-14 (535, Ox) [1, hypotheke]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.21-23 (86, Ox) [1, menein]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.20-21 (315, Panop) [1, hypotheke]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong>2<\/sup> I 25.8-38, ll. 33-35 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, will]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 177.10-11 (246, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 732.8-10 (228\/9, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; 740.5-9 (VI, Herm) [2]; 746.9-10 (II, ArsN) [hypallagma]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 10.13-16 (143\/4, SokN?) [1, hypallagma]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-27 (591\/2, Ox) [1, hypotheke]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 239.27-31 (601, Ox) [independent]; V<\/strong> 470.10-12 (103, Herm) [2, hypotheke]; XIII<\/strong> 1340.14-16 (420, Petne) [1, hypotheke]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4703.26 (VII, ArsN) [independent]; 5285.36-43 (607, PanopN) [1, hypotheke]; XVIII<\/strong> 13234.12-15 (98\/9, Haueris) [1, independent];<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11705.6-9 (213, ArsN) [2, hypotheke]; XVI<\/strong> 13042.12-13 (29 CE, Ox) [1, enoikesis]; XXX<\/strong> 17667.14-17 (603, HerakN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

4. Hypotheke<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The placement of an object as hypotheke<\/em> elicits the insertion of several clauses into the loan contract. Apart from an account of the hypotheke<\/em> itself, the document may record: (1) the restraint<\/a> imposed on the debtor\u2019s disposition of the object, (2) the terms and modalities of foreclosure<\/a> by the creditor in the case of default, (3) an account of the creditor\u2019s right to dispose<\/a> of the object in the event of a possessory pledge, and (4) a clause anticipating the registration of the hypotheke<\/em> with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em>. Not all clauses appear in each and every document. A clause anticipating the foreclosure of the asset by the pledgee is inserted into documents from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods but not into their Byzantine counterparts. The registration of the pledge with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em> is, naturally, only recorded as long as this archive existed (viz., between the mid-first and the early fourth century CE). By contrast, the clause entitling the pledgee to dispose of the object immediately is recorded only in documentation from the Byzantine period.<\/p>\r\n

This sweeping change between the Roman and Byzantine periods in the elements of the document relating to the hypotheke<\/em> is manifested in the clause that records the hypotheke<\/em> itself. In all periods, the hypotheke<\/em> is recorded immediately after the description of the loan, but we do observe a watershed at the end of the third century if not before. Until then, a description of the pledged object is appended to the clause recording the loan, which is said to have been given \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 with the object following (initially) in the dative or (later) in the genitive. The scribe would then exert himself to give an extensive account of the object. In doing so, he would rely on the method of identification employed in sales: neighbouring village or town for land (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77 + acc.), village or town for the location of buildings (\u1f10\u03bd + dat.), type of administrative category, productivity status, dimensions (in the case of building and city plots), and abutters. The last-mentioned seem especially indispensable; they are absent in only one document, P.Oxy. II 270.16-26 (94 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Typical and well-preserved cases are P.Tebt. III.1 817.12-17 (182 BCE, Krokodilopolis, Arsinoites), recording a house and a yard, and P.Oxy. XVII 2134.14-18 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos) recording land.<\/p>\r\n

P.Tebt. III.1 817.12-17 (182 BCE, Krokodilopolis, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 14\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f08\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6[\u03bd] | 15<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c0\u03ae\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ae\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323[\u1f72] | 16\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03bd]\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1fe5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5] | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1, \u2039 \u203a \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03b9 (..... \u2018on the security of the house belonging to him and courtyard and all appurtenances situated at Apias in the division of Themistos, of which the measurements are, from south to north twenty cubits, from west to east twenty cubits, and the adjacent areas, on the south the house of Sopatra, on the north and east streets, on the west the house of Harpalos and Sostratos belonging to them on the date written above\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 317). P.Oxy. XVII 2134.14-18 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> (hand 2) \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (hand 1) \u1f10\u03be [\u1f40]\u03c1\u03b8[\u03bf]\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a7\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03b3\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f45\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 | 17\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0[\u03c1]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u1fd6\u03b2\u0323\u03b9\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5[\u03af\u03c1\u03b9]\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u1f45\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c1\u03bd]\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 | 18\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba[\u03b1]\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f45\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018On the security of four arourae<\/em> in full, of rectangular shape, out of five arouras<\/em> of catoecic corn-bearing arable concessional land in the holding of Pausanias belonging to me near said Chysis in the Hermopolite nome and forming part of a total of twenty arouras<\/em> held jointly and indivisibly with Chesphibis son of Petosiris and others, the areas adjacent to all that are on the south a field, on the north the property of the heirs of Satornilus, on the east the boundary of the holdings, on the west the property of the said heirs of Satornilus.\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 247).<\/p>\r\n

As indicated by the foregoing passage, the traditional formulation focuses on the encumbrance of landed property. It is perhaps for this reason that in P.Genov. II 62 from 98 CE Oxyrhynchos, the only early Roman document recording an encumbrance of chattel, the scribe uses a different formulation. The debtor pledges sodium carbonate as security. In this case, rather than appending the description of the mortgage to the clause recording the loan, it is recorded in an independent clause introduced by the verb \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f77\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u1f77 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, with the encumbered object in the accusative. P.Genov. II 62.10-16 (98 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 11\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 | 12\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u1ff3 | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9(\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7) \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4(\u03bf\u03c5) | 14\u00a0<\/sup>\u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c1\u03b7\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u1ff7 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 | 15<\/sup>\u00a0\u03bf\u1f57 \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03a4\u03b1\u03b1\u03c1]\u03c0\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 16\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2018For the security of these objects I have mortgaged for you two artabae of Greek nitron<\/em> and of a different nitron<\/em> four talents by weight stored in a room in the east gate-house of the house of Taarpaesis in the quarter of the South bank [....] a room that has been sealed by me and you\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

While the older clause had focused on the encumbrance of landed property and slaves, in the case cited above and in others from the late Roman and Byzantine periods, a new formulation is commonly used for the posting of chattels and persons as security as well. Concurrently, in SB I 4370.19-32 (229 CE, Herakleopolites) the same formulation is invoked to record the encumbrance of a piece of land. The new formulation is then applied across-the-board in the Byzantine period. In the Byzantine period one encounters much flexibility in the choice of the encumbered object that is not evident in the older formulation: slaves, free-persons, species and genus chattels, and the right of possession (cf., e.g., P.Warr. 10.19-23: 591\/2, Oxyrhynchos). P.Panop. 21.11-19 (315 CE, Panopolis), recording the encumbrance of 6 arouras<\/em> of arable land, reverts to the means of description of the encumbered object used in earlier counterparts: location, area, legal category, productivity, and abutters of the land in question. These elements, however, are now embedded into a structure of the type recorded two centuries earlier in P.Genov. II 62: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1]\u1f78\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0[\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 | 12<\/sup> \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03cd\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c2] \u1f13\u03be \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7[\u03c4]\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u0323[\u03bd] | 13<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5[(\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2)] \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03af(\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03db\u0323, \u1f67\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf[\u03c5]\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03ba]\u1ff6\u0323[\u03bd] | 14<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03b4]\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 [\u03b4\u1f72] \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3|15<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5] \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3[\u1fc6]\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd]\u03b1\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0[\u1f76] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u1f50\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bd[\u03bd]\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f18\u03c0\u03b5\u1f76\u03c6 \u03ba\u03b2 \u03b4\u03b9(\u1f70) \u1f08\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1(\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5) | 18<\/sup> \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9|19<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) (\u2018And for the security of the same money, I encumber to you the six grain-bearing arouras<\/em> that belong to me near the metropolis in Pmouchis district of the klerouchic category in parcel number 136, of which grain producing arouras<\/em> I received two by inheritance and the remaining four by exchange that was conducted with my brother Hierakion in the foregoing consulship of Volusianus and Annianus, on the 23rd<\/sup> of the month of Epeiph through Artemidoros, the municipal scribe, in accordance with the document that I hold, and records of their neighbours conducted on site\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 28-34; Schwarz (1911): 17-29; Manigk (1911): 275-285; Tenger (1993): 106-110; Rupprecht (1995a): 426-428; (1997): 293-298; Yiftach (2019): 155-164.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.15-22 (143, Alex?) [1, land]; VI<\/strong> 1279.1-7 ? (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, UP) [land]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 119.1-10 ? (II, ArsN) [land]; XVIIb<\/strong> 36.1-3 (217\/8, Panop) [land]; 38.6? (217\/8, Panop) [land?]; O.Bankes<\/span><\/strong> 1.4-6 (123, Eleph) [1, house]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 98.14-15 (211, Herm) [1, house]; P.Amst.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 45.12-15 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2, land]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 29.7-13 (117-138, ArsN) [1, house]; P.Brem.<\/span><\/strong> 68.5-6 (99, Herm?) [1, land]; 69.5-6 (98, Herm) [1, land]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.263-264 (570, Antin) [2, cash]; III<\/strong> 67309.20-30 (569, Antin) [2, house]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.28-32 (569, Antin) [2, person]; P.David<\/span><\/strong> 3.7 ? (175A<\/sup><\/span>-170A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 25.5-10 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [2, house]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17.4-6 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [1, land]; P.Edfou<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 2.8-9 (619, Apol) [2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.4-5 (153, Herm) [1, oil-press]; 81.6-9 (103, Herm) [1, land]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 36.1-8 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1?, land]; P.Genov.<\/span> II<\/strong> 62.10-16 (98, Ox) [2, nitron]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.6-7 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1, slave]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.15-17 (552, Ox?) [2, land]; P.Hever<\/span><\/strong> 66.6-8 (99\/109, Phil, Arabia?); P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 27.13-18 (603\/4, Herak) [2, house]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.16-27 (374 or 387, Kellis) [2, house]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 322.6-10 (VII, HerakN) [2, vineyard]; P.Laur.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.6 (138-160, HermN) [1, house]; 76.2-5 (IVm<\/sup>, UP); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 390.5 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7] \u03c4\u0323\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u1f45\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd;]; III<\/strong> 870.6-11 (IV, Panop) [2, house]; 1319.4-7 (544, Herm) [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; V<\/strong> 1719.13-15 (556, Thebes) [2, jewellery]; 1723.11-15 (577, Sy) [2, house]; 1737.13-16 (613, Sy) [2, jewellery]; P.Mich.<\/strong> IX<\/strong> 568.8-21 (90, PtolEu); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 42a.7-21 (566, Aphr) [2, land]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.16-26 (94, Ox) [1, land]; III<\/strong> 508.18-20 (102, Ox) [2, land, not specific]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.14-18 (170, Ox) [1, land]; XLVII<\/strong> 3355.2-7 (535, Ox) [2, house]; LXIII<\/strong> 4397.21-26 (545, Ox); P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.11-19 (315, Panop) [2, land]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 86.12-15 (381, HerakN) [2, bowl et al.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.4-5 (151, Herm) [1, land]; VII<\/strong> 636.9? (III, Herm) [2?, slave?]; VIII<\/strong> 720.6-8 ? (VI, UP); IX<\/strong> 882.8-11 (c. 180A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil?) [1]; 898.3-5 (III, UP) [2?, land]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.12-17 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, house]; III.2<\/strong> 970.11-14 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, KrokArs) [1, slave]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 20714.9-13 (Vl<\/sup>\/VI, Herak) [2, land]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-23 (591\/2, Ox) [2, land]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 11.3-6 (scr.int.), 15-20 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [1, yard]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.11-14 (II, Ox?) [2, slave]; XIII<\/strong> 1340.9-13 (420, Petne) [2, land]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.19-32 (229, HerakN) [2: \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]\u03c4[\u03af]\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9, land]; 4772.a (IV-VII, ArsN); 4781.9? (566-622, ArsN); 5285.21-33 (607, PanopN) [2, house]; VI<\/strong> 9190.9-20? (131, Talao) [1 (\u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3), land]; XIV<\/strong> 11705.2-4 (213, ArsN) [1, house + facilities]; XVI<\/strong> 12472.14-21 (525\/6, OxN) [2, land]; XVIII<\/strong> 13167.4-15 (IIm<\/sup>, UP); 16656.10-14 = P.Euphr.<\/span><\/strong> 13 (243, Beth Phuraia).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

5. Destruction or Debasement of Hypothecated Property<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In eight loan contracts with hypothekai<\/em> from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, the text discusses the destruction or debasement of the mortgage, e.g., the Ptolemaic P.Tebt. III.1 817.23-27 (IIe<\/sup>, BCE,<\/span> Krokodilopolis) runs \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 | 24<\/sup> \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f24\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f61\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1fa1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|28<\/sup>\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 29<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018If he (viz., the debtor) does not guarantee the security or produce it as stated or if any risk occurs with regard to this security in whole or part in any way, Sostratos shall repay this debt to Apollonios forthwith within the year; and if he does not repay it as stated, Sostratos shall forthwith forfeit to Apollonios the loan increased by one half and for the overtime interest at the rate of 2 drachmas per mina<\/em> per month\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 317, with minor modifications).<\/p>\r\n

In some Roman counterparts of this document, the view that the lender forfeits his ability to collect the debt upon the loss of the hypotheke<\/em> is challenged. See in particular SB XIV 11705.12-16 (213 CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd\u0323, \u1f43 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf], \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f15|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0]\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9] \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7|14<\/sup>\u03b4\u1f72\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03b5\u1f36]\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78\u03bd] \u039f\u1f50\u03b1[\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323[\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4]\u03ac\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a[\u03c2] \u03c4\u0323\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323|15<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f74[\u03bd \u03c0]\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9[\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03ba\u03af\u03bd|16<\/sup>\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd]\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u1f74\u03bd] [\u03b3\u03b5]\u03b3\u0323\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And if\u2014may it never be the case!\u2014 any accident or reduction or anything else at all happens to the mortgaged property or any part of it, neither the loan nor the interest will in any way be the responsibility of Valerius, who will retain the right of execution against all the property of the debtor because the loan is guaranteed against all risks\u2019) (transl.: Gignac (1976): 96<\/span>).<\/p>\r\n

Hermopolite texts stress the creditor\u2019s right to compensation for the conveyance tax he paid on account of the hypotheke<\/em>, and related expenses. Cf., e,g., P.Flor. I<\/span> 1.9-11 (153 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 [\u03b3]\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u1fa1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1]\u03c0\u03b5|10<\/sup>\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\\\u03b1\/\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba [\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c3|11<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And if any accident occurs to this mortgage as a whole or in any part in any way, let the borrower immediately repay the lender or those acting on her behalf all that is owed, as well as each month an interest of one drachm per mina for overtime after the expiration of the debt, and all taxes to which the creditor shall be liable on account of the mortgaged property, and all costs that she shall incur, all of which with interest, the lender and her representatives having the right of execution from the borrower and the mortgaged asset and all her other properties as if resulting from a court action\u2019). Compare D. 20.6.8pr: Sicut de re corporali extincta, ita et usu fructu exstincto pignus hypothecave perit.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Manigk (2010b): 290-292; Schwarz (1911): 21-23; Pringsheim (1950): 456-461; Wollentin (1961): 27-29, 37-54;<\/span> Kaser (1971):<\/span> 469 n. 69; Rupprecht (1995a): 427, 429; (1997b): 293-294; Yiftach (1919): 157.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.32-36 (143, Alex?); P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I 1.9-11 (153, Herm); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 507.32-36 (146, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.10-12 (151, Herm); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.23-27 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); \u0399\u0399\u0399.2<\/strong> 970.23-28 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok); SB<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11705.12-16 (213, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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6. Hypallagma<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The hypallagma<\/em> (lit.: \u2018substitution\u2019) is a special type of security posted for landed property or slaves. In its earliest form, evidenced in the source material from Augustan Alexandria, the hypallagma<\/em> is recorded in, or appended to, the praxis<\/em> clause. Recorded in a special instrument that the debtor gives the creditor for the duration of the debt, it documents the object of the mortgage and is then followed by a restraint clause. BGU IV 1147.20-28 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria): [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 21<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u0395\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd| 22 <\/sup>[\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7(\u03c2), | 23<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03c4\u03b9] \u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f38\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u1fc3 | 24<\/sup> \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f18\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f27\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u0394[\u03b9\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd\u0323 \u1f14\u03c7\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 | 26<\/sup> \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad|27<\/sup>\u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 28<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf]\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4(\u03bf\u03bd). (\u2018Dionysios shall have the right of execution from Eirene herself and all her holdings as if resulting from a court action, and beyond this against Eirene\u2019s slave Erotion, in whose regard Eirene surrendered to Dionysios himself as a mortgage the declaration of [birth?] she possesses\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The documentation from the Chora exhibits two formulations. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is recorded in the source material from the Arsinoite, dates to the late first and second centuries CE, and reads \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 (\u2018X has given in substitution and pledge\u2019): the object given in security is in the accusative, and the debt in the genitive, following \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9. [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is Hermopolite and dates to the late second through early fourth centuries CE, with the construction \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 with \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 or \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 in the accusative and the debt in the genitive. The clause commonly states the immediacy of the effect of the security (\u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd) and notes that it is created by means of this document. Cf., e.g., P.Lips. I 10 1.5.-2.11 ll. 11-13 (178 CE, Hermopolis) it runs \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00]\u03c3\u0323[\u03c6\u03ac]\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03b9[\u03b1]\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03c7\u03b5]\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc[\u03bf\u03b9] \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9|[\u03c3\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9]\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018And as a security for the aforementioned principal I assign to your benefit as hypallagma<\/em>, by virtue of this cheirographon<\/em>, the half-share belonging to me of the catoecic arouras<\/em> reported below .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u2019). The clause is absent from Oxyrhynchite documents, leading us to speculate that it was functionally identical to the menein<\/em> clause, which appears only in documents from that nome.<\/p>\r\n

In one document, P.Vars. 10.2.28-31 (155 CE, Ptolemais Drymou), the debtor is allowed to record the hypallagma<\/em> with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em>: \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac[\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 29<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd [\u03b2]\u03b9\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf|30<\/sup>\u03b8\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9[\u03ba\u03b9]|31<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2026\u2018to assign as hypallagma<\/em> through the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em> two arouras<\/em>, etc.\u2019). The registration of the hypallagma<\/em> is also recorded in contemporary applications to the bibliophylakes<\/em>. E.g., P.Kron. 18.11-20 = SB VIII 9880 (before 14.1.144 CE, Tebtynis). A typical feature of the hypallagma<\/em> is the restriction imposed on the debtor\u2019s right to dispose of the object for the duration of the debt (see \u2018restraint clause<\/a>\u2019). This restriction is attested in 13 documents containing the hypallagma<\/em> clause.\u00a0In most documents, the creditor is also allowed to choose, in the event of default, to direct the praxis<\/em> against the encumbered object or against the debtor\u2019s estate in general. Unlike the hypotheke<\/em> or the menein<\/em> security, the hypallagma<\/em> does not entail foreclosure.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 35-42; Manigk (1910a): 33-34; Schwarz (1911): 4-17; Wollentin (1961): 45-48; Pestman (1983): 281-302; Tenger (1993): 101-106; Rupprecht (1995a): 428-429; (1997b): 298-299; Alonso (2008): 24-27.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1147.23-28 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [in the praxis clause, slave]; 1149.24-28 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, slaves]; 1151.2.37-42 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [in the praxis clause, manufactory]; CPR<\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.1-4 (316, Herm) [\u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; XVIIb<\/strong> 4.1-8, ll. 1-3 (184\/5, Panop) (?); P.Charite<\/span><\/strong>\u00a033.7-10 (331\/2 or 346\/7, Herm) [2, house]; 34.11-18 (318 or 348, Herm) [2]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 11.1.3-13 (108, Teb) (?); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.4-6 (177\/8\/9, Herm) [2, land]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 80.8-9 (154, SokN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7d]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10 1.5.-2.11, ll. 11-35 (178, Herm) [2, land]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.9-13 (149, Herakleia) [1, land and slaves]; III<\/strong> 1166.17-19 (43, Herm) [general-hypallagma]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 177.7-10 (246, Herm) [2, house]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 437.18-22 (121, Bac) [1, land]; VI<\/strong> 525.15-20 (98-117, Bac) (?); VIII<\/strong> 732.7-8 (228\/9, Herm) [1, livestock (?)]; 746.4-8 (II, ArsN) [1, slaves]; 826a.5-7 (96-98, SokN) [1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/strong> 1.17-21 (98-138,<\/span> Teb) (?); P.Vars. <\/strong><\/span>10.1.15-17 (155, Ptolemais Drymou) [in the clause praxis, land]; 10.2.28-36 (155, Ptolemais Drymou) [\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd; land]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 10.8-16 (143\/4, SokN) [1]; SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10786.15-19 (133, Teb) [2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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7. Menein<\/em> Clause<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security, Capacity<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In no more than five loan contracts, all from second-century CE Oxyrhynchos, the debtor grants (\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6) the creditor, within the framework of a clause dealing with the consequences of default, the \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1 and \u03ba\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 over a piece of property indicated in the genitive. This entitlement arises as a substitute for the unrecovered principal and accrued interest (P.Oxy. III 506.21 (143 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018in return for the principal and all interest that you have not obtained\u2019) and is permanent (\u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd). The \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause is the first location in the document in which the object is reported. Accordingly, the scribe offers a detailed account of its qualities. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 31.10-14 (86 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6] | 11<\/sup> \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03bf]|12<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5]|13<\/sup>\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7]|14<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018And if she does not repay the loan as is written, the borrower agrees that the lender and his successors, in lieu of the principal, from the time when the payment falls due, shall retain in perpetuity power and control of the share falling to her in the house in said metropolis of the Oxyrhynchite nome and over its appurtenances and all entrances and exits\u2019). Next, the scribe reports the consequences of the creditor\u2019s position. In P.Oxy.Hels. 31.15-17 (86 CE, Oxyrhynchos), the formulation \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd is followed by six infinitives: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9[\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70] | 16<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c0\u0323[\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf]|18<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 [\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018It will be possible for the lender to pay the taxes, to own it and to receive all the income, to sell it to others and to have the use and disposition of it as he chooses, no right of legal process remaining to the borrower and to his deputies in any way\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 120).<\/strong> The first infinitive, in the aorist, relates to the payment of taxes pertaining to the conveyance: \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 (\u2018pay the taxes\u2019). Among the following present infinitives, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd denotes title (cf. in particular P.Oslo II 40B.42 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018to master it as if an act of sale was composed to your benefit\u2019). The scribe then applies \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018to take the yields\u2019) to record the right of usufruct, \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018to sell to others\u2019) to an act of sale, and \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018use and administer\u2019) to any other type of disposition. The \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause is followed by the clause of no-suit, the surrender of the encumbered object, the restraint clause, and finally, also the ekloge<\/em>, a clause allowing the creditor to choose, in case of default, between appropriating the encumbered object and applying the praxis<\/em>.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Schwarz (1937): 246-248; Rupprecht (1995a): 434-435; (1997b): 299-300; Alonso (2016): 239-246.<\/span>\r\n

P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.4-9 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.8-13 (150, Ox); 40b.36-43 (150, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 506.19-31 (143, Ox); XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.16-28 (154, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.10-17 (86, Ox); SB<\/strong><\/span> VI<\/strong> 8974.11-16 ? (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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8. Dotal Security (Greek)<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the marriage document SB VI 8974.33-38 (Ib<\/sup> BCE, Bousiris), in connection with the \u2018death clause\u2019, the wife retains kyrieia<\/em> over her dead husband\u2019s estate until his heirs return her the dowry. This is not unique to this document (cf. the discussion in P.Oxy. III 496 on the death clause<\/a>). The distinction in this case is that the estate becomes hers\u00a0 if the heirs fail to return the dowry within the specified period of time: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u039d\u03ad]\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f10\u03c0[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03ba]\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u03c5|13<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7]\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3 [\u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc|14<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9,] \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74[\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7]\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9. | 15<\/sup> [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6]\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03c4[\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 || 16<\/sup> (frag. 3,2) [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u0323[\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> [\u0396\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9(?) \u1f45\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u02bc \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd] \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, \u03bf\u1f57 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd] | 18<\/sup> [\u039d\u03b5\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03b9 - ca.13 - (\u2018If Nearchos dies before returning this very dowry, (the wife) shall keep [ - - ] and the title (kyrieia<\/em>) to all possessions that Nearchos leaves behind, as she wishes, until his heirs return her the dowry. And if they fail to do so within sixty days, all his possessions and all that Nearchos leaves behind shall stand in lieu of the dowry, which she will control together with Zosios in any way whatsoever that she chooses, in no way being prevented, provided that what she has assigned to Nearchos....\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Wolff (1939): 104-117; H\u00e4ge (1968): 99-104; Yiftach (2003): 240-242.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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9. Enechyron<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Only five documents, all Byzantine, record the posting of chattels as objects in an enechyron<\/em> (pledge). The enechyron<\/em> is introduced at the end of the document, in P.Mich. XI 607.28-31 (569 CE, Antinoopolis), as late as the stipulation clause: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc | 29\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f61\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 \u2627 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0(\u1f72\u03c1) \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 | 30<\/sup>\u00a0[\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f40\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f40\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | 31\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018Having been interrogated in relation to everything I have acknowledged, and it is understood that on this account I have turned over to you in pledge a garment made in Egypt after the Tarsian fashion and an undergarment-shirt (?)\u2019.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Tenger (1993): 110; Rupprecht (1995a): 425-426; Russo (1999): 97-105.<\/span>\r\n

P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 64.3-4 (VII\/VIII, UP); P.Leipz.<\/span><\/strong> 10.7 (III, Mem); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 607.29-31 (569, Antin); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LXIII<\/strong> 4395.28-39 (499, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1427.16-23 (565, Ox).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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10. Foreclosure<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security, Capacity<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The foreclosure clause is recorded only in the case of a hypotheke<\/em>. It is attested in 17 documents, from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. In Egypt, the evidence stems from all well-documented regions. It is also recorded in P.Yadin 11.6-7, 22-23 from 124 En-Gedi in the Judaean Desert. While we may assume that the procedure was essentially identical everywhere, there were marked regional peculiarities. In P.Flor. I 1.6-8 (153 CE, Hermopolis), the clause reports the following four elements: [1]\u00a0<\/strong>the undertaking of necessary procedures for the conveyance of title\u2014the payment of the conveyance tax (below: tax.) and the performance of the epikatabole<\/em> (below: epikatab.): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u03b9 | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018If she (viz., the debtor) does not repay the debt immediately, when it is due, to the lender or to those acting on her behalf, they will not be in need of an act of renewal, writ, or anything else whatsoever, but having paid the charges needed for the conveyance tax, they will undertake the distraint of the mortgage as stated above, amounting to one and a quarter bikos<\/em>\u2019); [2]<\/strong>\u00a0the act of acquisition of the mortgaged asset: \u03ba\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u2039\u03bd\u203a \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f40]\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc]\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd (\u2018The lender and those acting on her behalf shall possess the mortgage with full title in lieu of the debt and will enter upon it\u2019); unique to the acquisition of a mortgaged asset is the verb \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018enter upon\u2019); [3]<\/strong>\u00a0an account of the consequences of acquiring title, viz., free disposition of the asset: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018...establish oneself in the asset, receive rents, let out, collect all its accruing yields for their own use and perform all acts of disposal and administration in its regard in whatever form they wish in perpetuity\u2019); [4]\u00a0the end of any claim by the debtor to the asset: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f51\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1]\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018there remaining neither for the debtor, nor for anyone else on her behalf in the future any ground or pretext\u2019). Among these elements, [1] and [2] are unique to the acquisition of a mortgaged asset, while [3] and [4] are common in any type of acquisition, marking out the capacities<\/a> of the new owner. Such an extensive account is typical of loans with hypotheke<\/em> from the Hermopolite nome of the second century CE (P.Flor. I 1.6-8 (153 CE, Hermopolis); 81.10-14 (103 CE, Hermopolis); P.Stras. I 52.6-9 (151 CE, Hermopolis), as well as in SB I 4370.32-36 (229 CE, Herakleopolites), the only document that has come down to us from the Herakleopolite nome. Elsewhere, scribes address only some of these elements. In the Arsinoites, of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods alike, primarily the acquisition procedure is encountered: an account of the epikatabole<\/em>, or (in the case of kleroi katoikikoi<\/em>) the metepigraphe<\/em>, as well as the payment of the conveyance tax, e.g., P.Bas. 7.17-19 (138 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u03ad \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u0323\u03b9 \u1f21 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03a4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03c0]\u03b9\u1fb6\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 [\u1f10]\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f41\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3|18<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3, \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9]\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 | 19<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6[\u03c2] \u03bd\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018If Tapiamis, the acknowledging party, does not pay back the debt in due time, let Pakysis and those acting on his behalf, with neither writ nor notice, perform the epikatabole<\/em> after paying the charges in pursuance of the laws of mortgage\u2019.) In the Oxyrhynchites, the acquisition of title [2]<\/strong> and its consequences [3]<\/strong> are stipulated. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XVII 2134.21-22 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 | 22<\/sup> \u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And if I do not return the loan as stipulated you shall become the owner, in lieu of this debt, of the aforementioned arourae<\/em> and it will become permissible for you to undertake any act of disposal or administration in their regard as you see fit\u2019). P.Mert. III 109.3-11 (II CE, Oxyrhynchites) is the only Oxyrhynchite document that also records the embadeuein<\/em>.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: e.g., Weiss (1909): 20-21; D\u00fcwel (1969): 90-97. Rupprecht (1997b): 292-300.<\/span>\r\n

apopher.<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd; choris<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 ; chr.<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 ; desp.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u1fc6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd ; diam.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd; dioik.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; embad.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f71\u03c2; enoik<\/strong>.: \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u00a0; epikatab.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; epikrat.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; epit.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; karp.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; kta.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; kyr.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd; nom.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1; oikonom.<\/strong>: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd; prosd.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2; tax.<\/strong>: \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7<\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.27-31 (143, Alex) [nom.]; VII<\/strong> 1651.4-13 (II, Phil) [epikatab.; nom.]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.17-19 (117-138, ArsN) [choris; epikatab.; tax.; \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.6-8 (153, Herm) [prosd.; tax.; epikatab., kta., embad., enoik., \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; 81.10-14 (103, Herm) [prosd.; tax.; epikatab.; kta., embad., karp., diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; P.Genov.<\/span> II<\/strong> 62.19-28 (98, Ox) [\u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.9 (148\/9, ArsN) [epikatab. (verb)]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.3-11 (II, OxN) [embad., krat., apopher.]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-20 (c. 92, OxN); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.28-38 (94, Ox) [kyr.: \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2; apopher., pol., chr.]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.21-22 (170, Ox) [kyr., chr., oikonom.]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.22-26 (315, Panop) [kyr., epikrat., despoz.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.6-9 (151, Herm) [prosd.; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, kta., embad., \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.19-20 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [epikatab. \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9]; III.2<\/strong> 970.16-19 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 11.7-8 (scr.int.), 22-24 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [kta., chr., pol., dioik.; choris]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.32-36 (229, HerakN) [embab., krat., kyr., despoz., epitel. prosd.: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 11705.9-11 (213, ArsN) [embad., dioik., epit.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13167.15-23 (IIm<\/sup>, UP).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

11. Enechyrasia<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security, Penalty<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In loans given in the context of an association, the creditor may seize the debtor in the case of non-payment: \u2018If I do not repay you, you may seize me with impunity in any manner you choose\u2019. Cf., e.g., SB XXIV 16296.9-13, ll. 12-13 (182\/158 BCE, Unknown Provenance):<\/span> \u1f18\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74\u0323 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u1ff6, \u1f10\u03be\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7[\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5] | \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u2039\u03c9\u03b9\u203a \u1f67\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd{\u03bd} \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6, \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bd\u0323(\u03c9\u03b9).<\/p>\r\nBibl. Martinez\/Williams (1997): 259-263.<\/span>\r\n

SB<\/span> XXIV<\/strong> 16296.1-2 ll. 1-2; 16296.3-8 ll. 5-7; 16296.9-13 ll. 12-13 (182A<\/sup><\/span>\/158A<\/sup><\/span>, UP).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

12. Redemption of Pledge<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In a loan contract that records a chresis<\/em>, the debtor expects to redeem an object by repaying the loan. The creation of the security is recorded nowhere in the document, so that its present or past creation is only implied. SPP XXII 41.8-21 (208 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u0323[\u03bd]\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u0323[\u1fb6]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 | 10<\/sup> \u03b8\u03b5[\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5] \u039d\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u0323\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 11<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd|12<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03c2\u0323 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5 [\u03bf\u1f50]\u03bb\u1f74 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1[\u03c7\u03ae]\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1[\u03b9\u03c3]\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u1fe6\u03c3]\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd|14<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9[\u03c2] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5[\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b9[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf[\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4]\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3[\u03b9]\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf]\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1|16<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2] \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5[\u1f34]\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[\u03b2]\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd[\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u03a3\u03b5]\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce|18<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1(\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc]\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 [\u03bb\u03c5]\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 19<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51]\u03c0[\u03ac\u03c1]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd [\u1f21]\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4[\u1fc7] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u2039\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03ce|20<\/sup>\u03bc\u1fc3 [\u03a3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d]\u03ae\u03c3\u1ff3 \u1f25[\u03bc]\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1]\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018Sempronios son of Panas, grandson of Sempronios, a priest of the gods of the village of Soknopaiou Nesos, age approximately thirty, scar in the middle of his forehead, and his brother Stotoetis, aged approximately 25, with a scar on the left part of his neck, acknowledge to Pakysis son of Pakysis, a fellow priest of the same gods, that they, the acknowledging parties, have received from him a loan (chresis<\/em>) of one hundred twenty silver drachmas, on the condition that they, having received from the representatives of Sempronios the hundred twenty drachmas, shall redeem the half a share of paternal house that belongs to us (sic!) in the aforesaid village of Soknopaiou Nesos\u2019). Cf. also BGU IV 1156v.46-48 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

\r\n

13. Failure to Return Pledge<\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security, Termination<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The creditor\u2019s right to dispose of the debtor\u2019s assets is limited to the period of the contract, after which he must return them or face sanctions. SB XVIII 13154.7-14 (II\/I BCE, Unknown Provenance): \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u0323\u02bc \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u03bd \u1f41 \u0394\u03b9\u03bd\u03cd(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5(\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6) \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 | 8<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6) \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb[\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1(\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2)] \u03bb \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u0323\u1f57\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 9<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4[\u03cc]\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) | 10<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f03\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7(\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b8\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6(\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9(\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd) | 11<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6)] (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd(?)) \u03ba \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u0323\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b9(\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0393 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b2 | 12<\/sup> [- ca.12 - \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc]\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af(\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0392 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 | 13<\/sup> [- ca.16 -]\u03bb\u03c5( ) \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6 (\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b9 (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac(\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5) | 14<\/sup> [\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1(\u03c6\u1fc7) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 (\u2018But if Dionysios, having received his own, does not vacate, together with his representatives, the house within another 30 days from the day in which he has recovered the debt, let him return the house (topoi<\/em>) to Olympias or to her representatives, clear of all dirt and the five doors and five keys intact, and let him pay as a penalty twenty talents (?) of bronze for failing to vacate, and the amount of 3,000 bronze drachms for each door that he has not returned, and 2 talents for the door facing the street - - and a misthos<\/em> of 2,000 bronze drachms for not cleaning and let him nonetheless be evicted from the house\u2019). In BGU IV 1115.51-53 (13 BCE, Alexandria), the creditor, who resides on the debtor\u2019s premises during the period of the debt, must surrender it to him unimpaired after its settlement. Otherwise, he becomes agogimos<\/em> and is subject to the prescribed prostimon<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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14. Apostasion<\/em> and Proprasis<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In eiromena<\/em> drafted at the grapheion<\/em> of the village of Tebtynis, recording the contents of an Egyptian alimentary contract, the husband\u2019s apostasion<\/em> (\u2018contract of surrender\u2019) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n w\ua723y<\/em>) and proprasis<\/em> (\u2018preliminary sale\u2019) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n \u1e0fb\ua723 \u1e25\u1e0f<\/em>) of specified assets, along with his present and future acquisitions, are documented. Introduced by the preposition \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71, the assets are recorded in the genitive case. Within the account, the scribe first specifies currently available concrete assets. Reported are the nature of the object (e.g., house, yard), its village of location, former owners, and how the husband acquired title to the asset\u2014all elements that are also common in contemporary acts of sale. Unlike in sales, however, is the absence of a description of the abutters. The scribe then takes into consideration future acquisitions. The vocabulary, aiming at drawing up an exhaustive list of all possible types of assets that the husband may acquire (see in particular the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9), will later become typical of the hypotheca generalis<\/em><\/a>, hypallagma<\/em><\/a>, and praxis<\/em><\/a> clauses. In the early first century, when this clause is attested,\u00a0the extensive enumeration is unprecedented, at least in the Greek evidence. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. II 121r<\/sup> col. III 7 ll. 1-3 (42 CE, Tebtynis?): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b3\u03c1(\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf(\u03c2) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n s\ua725n\u1e2b<\/em>)\u00a0\u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf(\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u1f45\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03c5) \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03b2\u03c4(\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9) \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9(\u1fb7) \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1fd6\u03b4(\u03b9) (\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f48\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf(\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u1f69\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03b3\u03c7\u03b9(\u03bf\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb(\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd | 2<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b5\u03b2\u03c4\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae(\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5(\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4(\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0(\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf(\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd)) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf(\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd) \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b5\u1f34\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5) \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f57 | 3<\/sup> \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018Alimentary contract for silver of the value of 21 pieces of gold and the contract of surrender and preliminary sale, concerning the whole house, which belongs to me, and the courtyard and the plot of ground in Tebtynis in one parcel formerly belonging to Orsenouphis, son of Horouanchis, and concerning the shares that come to me from my father of another house and courtyard likewise in Tebtynis, and concerning whatever property I may acquire from the present time onward, including allotments and vineyards and groves and building sites and cattle of all sorts and slaves and movables and household furnishings and all that is owed to me in any way whatsoever, or may come to me from any source whatsoever\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 53). The same contents are conveyed in the context of homologia<\/em> in P.Mich. V 347.12-14 (21 CE, Tebtynis), as well as in the heavily damaged Oxyrhynchite P.Ifao I 13.13-15 (23 BCE, Oxyrhynchos).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1930): 50-56; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 321-323; Pestman (1961): 115-117, 133-136; Lippert (2008): 106-108.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 8GH.10-14 (23, SokN); 14GH.8-11 (29, SokN); 16GH.13-16 (34?, SokN); 21GH.6-9 (45, SokN); 27GH.13-21 (54, Nilipolis\/SokN); P.IFAO<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.13-15 (23A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.3.1.1-2 (42, Teb); 121r<\/sup>.3.7.1-3 (42, Teb?); 121r<\/sup>.3.12.1-2 (42, Teb?); 121r<\/sup>.4.4.1 (42, Teb); V<\/strong> 347.12-14 (21, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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15. Hypotheca Generalis<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Security<\/p>\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Quite frequently, the creditor of a debt in default is allowed to collect it from the debtor\u2019s entire property. This right is most commonly introduced in the praxis<\/a><\/em> clause. A different path to the same goal passes through the hypotheca generalis<\/em>. Here (1)\u00a0the right is recorded independently, in a different clause; (2)\u00a0the clause records the creation of the encumbrance, using the same terminology as in a regular hypotheke<\/em><\/a>; (3) the object of the encumbrance is the entire property of the declaring party, present and future alike. Before the Byzantine period, the closest parallel to such a construct is in the apostasion<\/em> and proprasis<\/em> clause<\/a>, which records, in a grammatically independent clause, the \u2018sale\u2019 of the husband\u2019s present and future assets to his wife. The terminology, however, is that of sale, not of mortgage, and the clause is recorded only in the Arsinoite sources dating to the first century CE. Later texts composed outside Egypt anticipate some aspects of the future hypotheca generalis<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

A \u2018primitive\u2019 form of the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is attested in loan documents from Dura Europos: P.Dura 22.6-7 (133\/4 CE, Dura Europos): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76] | \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, as well as in the Judean marriage document P.Yadin 18.16-18, 51-54 (128 CE, Ma\u2018oza), in which the husband\u2019s present and future assets are posted as security for the provision of the dowry: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 52\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u039a\u03af\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b5]\u03c1\u0323\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u0323\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd|53<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7\u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc7\u0323 [\u03c0\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 54\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03ac\u0323[\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9[\u03c2 (\u2018Upon the said Judah Cimber\u2019s good faith and peril and [the security of] all his possessions, both those which he now possesses in his said home village and here and all those which he may in addition validly acquire everywhere.\u2019) (transl.: P.Yadin, p. 80). The earliest precisely datable document from Egypt is CPR VII 40 (492 CE, Hermopolites). After this date, the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is recorded in 88 documents in the categories studied here, as well as repeatedly in dialyseis<\/em> and contracts of surety (e.g., P.Oxy. XLIV 3204.24-26 (588 CE, Oxyrhynchos); P.Cair.Masp. II 67122.1-4 (VIm<\/sup> CE, Aphrodite), both surety contracts). The evidence stems from all well-documented nomes\u2014Hermopolites (34), Antaiopolites (13), Arsinoites (13), and Oxyrhynchites (13)\u2014 as well as in papyri from Nessana and from Constantinople.<\/p>\r\n

In the Byzantine evidence, we discern three main types. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> (19 texts) is closest in phrasing to the coeval clause that records the creation of an encumbrance (hypotheke<\/em>) of a concrete item. In these texts, the vendor\/debtor is recorded as the subject, the verb \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 appears as the predicate, and the object of the mortgage, viz., the present and future possessions of the declaring party, is couched in the accusative. The purchaser\/creditor stands, as beneficiary, in the dative case. E\u1f30\u03c2 + acc. designates the purpose. Common adverbial additions include the expressions \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 and the phrase \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (cf., Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou (2019) 104<\/span>). [Type1]<\/strong> is employed outside Egypt (Constantinople, Nessana) and, in Egypt, primarily in the Arsinoite and Oxyrhynchite nomes; it is especially common in documents that record land conveyance by sale or in the context of a secured loan. Cf., e.g., P.Dubl. 32.13-14 (512 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 14<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03a0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And the vendor Eulogios has pledged to the purchaser Pousis, for the confirmation and assured freedom from encumbrances of this sale, all his possessions, present and future, severally and generally, by way of guarantee and with the force of a mortgage as though by decree of court\u2019) (transl. P.Dubl.,<\/span> p. 171).<\/p>\r\n

[Type2<\/a><\/strong>], with a total of 38 texts, is best attested in the Hermopolite and Antaiopolite evidence and is employed primarily in loans and wine sales. In a genitive-absolute construction, the present and future possessions of the declaring party stand as the subject and are followed, predicatively, by \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd with the \u2018silent\u2019 party in the dative. All other elements are those used in Type1<\/strong>. Cf., e.g., P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.54-58 (544 or 559 CE, Aphrodite): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 55<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 56\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf|57<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 |58\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And for all that is herein written and for the guarantee of confirmation of this sale and for its freedom from encumbrances all my possessions present and future, movable, immovable and livestock, generally and severally, in every class and kind are submitted to you as a pledge and with the force of a mortgage as though by decree of court\u2019) (transl., editio princeps<\/em>, p. 79).<\/p>\r\n

[Type3]<\/strong><\/a> In nine documents\u2014six from the Hermopolite nome and two from Aphrodites Kome\u2014all recording loans or sales of fungibles, the clause is identical to Type2<\/strong> except that instead of \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, the scribe uses \u1f51\u03c0\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 as the subject. Cf., e.g., SB XVI 13037.19-20 (522\/3 CE, Hermopolites): \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf{\u03c5}\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (.... \u2018encumbering all my property for this debt as if on the strength of a legal decision\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The vocabulary of the clause in other contexts<\/u>: In the Byzantine period, the vocabulary of the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is also used in the repayment clause, particularly when the debtor must repay the debt. This is evidenced especially in the Oxyrhynchite formulation \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf (e.g., P.Coles 29.10-11: VI\/VII CE, Oxyrhynchos?). The vocabulary is also integrated, in the same nome, into the praxis<\/em> clause; see, e.g., P.Oxy. VI 914.14-18 (486 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 15<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9]\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|16<\/sup>[\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4]\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 | 17<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af]\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 | 18<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 (\u2018You shall have the right of execution upon me and all my property, which is mortgaged for the repayment of this debt, as security and lawful pledge\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 268). Emperor Justinian, addressing this particular usage, recognized it as a valid hypotheke<\/em> in contrast to earlier ordinances. Compare also C. 8.16 (17).9 (528 CE).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Schwarz (1911): 50; Taubenschlag (1955): 280-281; Wolff (1956a):<\/span> 25 n. 62; Kaser (1975): 316-317; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 162-163, 329 [<\/span>fungible sales]; Papadatou (2008): 213; van Hoof (2017): 486-487;<\/span> Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017) 88-92; 101-107; Yiftach (2021a): 172-175.<\/span><\/p>\r\nIn [--]: the purpose of the execution.<\/strong>\r\n

BGU<\/span> XII<\/strong> 2152.12-14 (512?, Herm) [2; misthosis]; 2172.20-21 (489 ?, Herm) [2; misthosis]; 2185.15-16 (512?, Herm) [2]; 2197.18-20 (537, Herm) [2; grammateion]; 2198.22-25 (545\/560, Herm) [2]; 2201.9-10 (565, Herm) [2; chreos]; 2206.26-29 (591-602, Herm) [2; chreos]; XVII<\/strong> 2687.1 (Vb<\/sup>, Herm) [2]; 2698.28-32 (VII, Herm) [1]; XIX<\/strong> 2836.10-12 (V?, Herm) [2; chreos]; 2837.21-23 (582, Herm) [2]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 30.b (VI\/VII, Herak) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 14.17-19 (475, HerakN) [2]; VII<\/strong> 40.20-22 (492, HermN) [2; grammation?]; 45.10-12 (507?, HermN) [3]; IX<\/strong> 26.24-26 (545\/6, Herm) [2; misthosis]; X<\/strong> 23.9-11 (520\/1?, ArsPol) [2]; XIX<\/strong> 10.19-21 (522, HermN) [3; chreos]; 31.12-14 (ll. 10-20) (Vs<\/sup>, HermN) [2; grammation]; 44.5-7 (VI\/VII, Alex?) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 151.16-18 (610-619\/629-641, Herm) [2]; P.Amst.<\/strong> I 44.1 (VIb<\/sup>, Herm); P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.27-28 (557, Lenaiou, ArsN) [2; chreos]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 6.12-15 (VI, HermN) [3; chreos]; 12.2-4 (VI, HermN) [2]; P.Bodl.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 60.17-20 (553, Herm) [2; misthosis and ektisis]; 82.13-14 (533, Herm) [3]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.59-60 (571\/2?, Aphr) [3]; 67116.6-7 (548, Aphr) [3; ektisis and apodosis]; 67122.2-4 (525-575, Aphr) [2]; II<\/strong> 67125.13-15 (525, Aphr) [3]; 67126.23-29 (541, Constantinople) [1; asphales]; 67127.16-19 (544, Aphr) [2]; 67129.26-27 (549, Aphr) [3; \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; 67158.31 (568, Antin) [1]; 67159.44-48 (568, Antin) [2]; 67162.28-29 (568, Antin) [2]; 67169.43-44 (569, Antin) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; III 67305.25 (568, Antin) [1]; 67310.12-13 (566-573, Antin) [1]; 67314.46-49 (569\/70, Antin) [1; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 244.4-7 (VI, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1]; P.Dubl.<\/strong><\/span> 32.13-14 (512, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; 33.16-17 (513, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17d.42 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.6-7 (121, Paliga); 22.3-4 (133\/4, Dura Europos); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 280.21-23 (514, Aphr) [3]; 323.17-19 (525, Herm) [2]; 384.100-104 (489, Herm) [2]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 190.18-20 (522\/3?, HermN) [2; chreos]; P.Gen. Gr.<\/span><\/strong> 82.21-22 (VI, ArsN) [1]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V 356.2-5 (V\/VI, HermN) [2; chreos]; 357.18-21 (507, HermN) [3; chreos]; 361.31-32 (613, ArsPol) [4]; P.Herm.<\/strong><\/span> 32.27-30 (VI, UP) [2]; 65.13-16 (553\/4, HermN) [1; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 17.21-23 (515?, Herm) [2; chreos]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 156.13-14 (582-602, Antin?) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 589.4 (VI, Antin) [2]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.15-18 (VI, Herm) [1; bebaiosis]; V<\/strong> 1660.43-47 (c. 553 AntaioN) [2]; 1661.20-23 (553, Aphr) [1]; 1687.15-16 (523, Aphr) [3]; 1711.25-26 (566-573, AntinN) [3]; V<\/strong> 1716.9-12 (570, Antin) [3]; 1772.21-24 (VI, HermN) [2; chreos]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 125.7-9 (VI, OxN) [1; dikaion]; P.Mich.<\/span> XI<\/strong> 607.24-26 (569, Antin) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 662.57-61 (615, Aphr) [2]; 663.31-35 (VI, Aphr) [2]; 664.37-39 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [2]; 671.14-17 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr) [3]; 672.7-9 (557?, Aphr) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 34.11-13 (VI, UP) [1]; 40.54-58 (544 or 559, Aphr) [2; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; 52.g.33-36 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [2]; 55.c.11-12 (582-602, Aphr) [1]; 56.4 (VI, Aphr) (?) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span> I<\/strong> 136.39-41 (583, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 138.33-37 (610\/1, Ox) [1; dikaion tes homologias]; XVI<\/strong> 1890.16-17 (508, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; 1895.14-15 (554, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; XIX<\/strong> 2239.20-23 (598, OxN) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LI<\/strong> 3641.19-21 (544, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LVIII<\/strong> 3952.47-49 (610, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 3958.32-34 (614, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LXIII<\/strong> 4394.235-237 (494 Alex) [1]; LXXXIII<\/strong> 5370.5-6 (VI, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; 5380.b-c.2 (580, Ox) [1?]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5473.b.2-4 (561, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 5474.46-48 (617\/8, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; P.Prag.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 41.7-8 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [2]; 46.15-17 (522, Antin) [2]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 123.17-19 (478, Phebichis) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 32.12-14 (504, ArsPol) [2]; 37.8-11 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.8-9 (VI\/VII, UP) (1); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 493.7-9 (c. 525, HermN) [2]; VII<\/strong> 658.6? (VI, HermN); 696.14-15 (VI, Herm) [3]; VIII<\/strong> 799.4-5 (VI, Herm) [2]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 4.9-13 (VIs<\/sup>, Aphr) [2; bebaiosis, katharopoiesis]; 5.12-14 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-20 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 15300.17-18 (VIl<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; 20714 (Vl<\/sup>\/VI, Herak) [2]; P.Warr. 10.28-29 (591\/2, Ox); P.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 30.4-6 (V\/VI, Herm) [2]; 31.4-6 (c. 500, Herm) [2; chreos]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 18.16-18 (128, Maoza); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.10-11 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); 799.4-5 (VIend<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.18-19 (584, ArsN) [1]; 4504.24-25 (613, This) [3]; 4687.6 (VI, ArsN); 4756.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN); V<\/strong> 7758.28-30 (497, MagdBou) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 9770.9-10 (511, ArsN) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 12050.28-29 (498, Herm) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 13037.19-20 (522\/3, HermN) [3; chreos]; XVIII<\/strong> 13173.90-95 (629\/644, Herm) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; 13298.13-14 (566-570, Antin) (?); 13320.91-94 (613-641, Aphr) [2]; XVIII<\/strong>\u00a0 13885.19-20 (547 or 562, ArsPol) [2]; XX<\/strong> 14240.12-13 (VI, Aphr) [3]; 15043.8-9 (VI\/VII, Herm) [2; chreos]; XXX<\/strong> 17328.9-10 (546\/561, Herak) [2]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 25.6 (VI\/VII, HerakN); XX<\/strong> 139.17 (531, ArsPol) [2]; 145.7-8 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [1; bebaiosis, katharopoiesis]; 261.11-12 (570, HermN) [2]; 227.6-7 (VII, HerakN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

The clauses documented in this section are recorded in the context of loan contracts. As such, they serve to secure the repayment of a debt, the principal in particular. By their nature, the security clauses are closely associated with the institutions enumerated in the preceding section. This connection is most explicit in Ptolemaic loan contracts, which record the appointment of a surety obligated to intervene in the event of default and to provide indemnity for the original debt and any penalties. In the course of the late Ptolemaic period, the surety clause ceased to record security posted by a third party and became outdated. By the Roman period, sureties were primarily appointed in contracts with the state or with state-like bodies. In general, security in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt is real rather than personal. The restraint clause (no. 3) sets the framework for all well-established types of securities. The means employed is simple: the debtor is enjoined against performing all activities that derive from proprietary status. The restraint is then combined with different types of security. In the hypotheke<\/em> (no. 4), it is preceded by a clause in which a specific object (mostly land and slaves) is hypothecated and is followed by the foreclosure clause (no. 10), which sets out the measures by which the creditor may appropriate the object in the case of the debtor\u2019s default. In the case of hypallagma<\/em> (no. 6), the restraint clause is preceded by a clause that records the act of mortgaging and by a praxis<\/em> clause, in which the same object is subordinated to preferential execution. In the case of the menein<\/em> clause, the document records no act of mortgaging but only a foreclosure clause, which spells out the appropriation procedure. The creditor\u2019s acquisition of title, unlike the hypotheke<\/em>, is said to come about in lieu of the defaulted debt. Thus, only the menein<\/em> clause introduces collateral substitution (Ersatzpfand<\/em>) expressis verbis<\/em>. The same concept is brought to bear in the sole document in our possession that records a security for a dowry (no. 8) and in those recording enechyrasia<\/em> (no. 11). In all the foregoing cases, the debtor posts a specific single asset as security. The last two entries (nos. 14, 15) depart from this rule; in both the institution of the apostasion<\/em> and proprasis<\/em> and the hypotheca generalis<\/em>, the debtor posts his entire property as security for the claim. In both cases, the document appears without the restraint and foreclosure clauses.<\/p>\n

\n

1. Surety<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Two different clauses are used to record sureties, one from the Ptolemaic period and the other primarily from the Byzantine period. In the former, which appears at the end of the document, the surety is noted by name and is labelled \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u2018surety for the purpose of paying indemnity\u2019 [Type1]<\/strong><\/a>. This formulation fits well with the text of the document in its entirety: this scheme, always recording a loan, ensures indemnity in the event of default, even though the composite verb used in it is frequently not \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 but rather \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 or \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9. The document then records, in the genitive, what the indemnity is meant to serve: the contract [e.g., P.Amh. 50.22 (106 BCE, Pathyris): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd], the document itself [P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I 59001.17 (274\/3 BCE, Pitos): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75\u03bd; P.Sorb. I 17.19 (257 BCE, Mermertha): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd], or the object of the indemnity [P.Dion. 23.29 (108 BCE, Hermopolis): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2].<\/p>\n

In the late second century BCE, the concept of collateral surety among multiple debtors emerges; the debtors are declared to be each other\u2019s surety [Type1a<\/strong><\/a> and Cantarella (1965):<\/span> 7-17; Yiftach (2012):<\/span> 377-379]<\/span>. In this particular case, the surety clause is followed by the praxis<\/em>\u00a0which is said to be directed against them all. In P.Amh. II 50.21-27 (106 BCE,<\/span> Pathyris), the clause reads thus: \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 22<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1(\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9), \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 | 24<\/sup> \u1f18\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2] | 25<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd[\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0(\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1] | 27<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2] (\u2018The borrowers themselves are sureties for each other for the payment of all the liabilities of this loan, and Erienouphis shall have the right of execution upon them together or singly or upon whichever he pleases and upon all their property, as if in accordance to the court sentence \u2019) (transl.: P.Amh. I, p. 60).<\/p>\n

The phrase \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, denoting a surety for the payment of indemnity, continues to appear in some Roman-period documents. Now the person who serves as surety affirms this responsibility him\/herself, autographically. See, e.g., P.Sakaon 49.19-20 (314 CE, Theadelphia): \u0391\u1f50\u03c1(\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9) \u1f08\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2] \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4(\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3(\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc[\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> [\u1f21]\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018We, the Aurelii Arion and Sakaon, guarantee as stated above the return of the wheat and the barley with an interest of fifty per cent as stated above\u2019) (transl.: P.Sakaon, p. 126). In documents from the Roman period, however, the identity or appointment of the surety is generally recorded not in a special clause but in other contexts: commonly the designation of the obligors as co-sureties in the creation clause, the delivery clauses, or in the clause anticipating the praxis<\/em>. In particular, their designation \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, as well as the formula \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2, persists well into the Byzantine period.<\/p>\n

The term \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 is used, at least in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, primarily for the designation of sureties involved in a person\u2019s liability toward the state. The earliest papyrological evidence is the revenue laws [P.Rev.Laws, e.g., 11-12 (259\/8 BCE, Arsinoites?)] but the non-papyrological, the epigraphical, and the literary sources abound (cf., e.g., Partsch<\/span> (1909): 94-100). This is also largely the case in legal documents. Still within the same context, one encounters the formula \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, most commonly embedded, in the infinitive, in a homologia<\/em> or an act of oath [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>. P.Oxy. I 136.34-39 (584 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u1f00\u03b3\u1f7c \u0392\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 | 35<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc{\u03c5}\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 36<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u2019\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 37<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c6(\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | 38<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u2019\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 39<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u1fc3 (\u2018I, Victor, surety, do further agree to become surety and bail for the aforesaid Serenus, deacon and administrator, in the discharge and fulfilment of his stewardship; and if he is shown to be in arrears in comparison with his cheques and receipts, to discharge the debt and satisfy your magnificence out of my own private means, renouncing the privilege of sureties, and contrary to the new ordinance issued about sureties and persons accepting responsibility\u2019) (Transl.: P.Oxy. I, p. 216). The object of the surety is, in this case, the primary obligor.<\/p>\n

The appointment of a surety in the context of state enterprise may also be reported from the viewpoint of the obligor [Type3]<\/strong><\/a>. A common formulation is \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd. See, e.g., P.Leit. 12.20-24 (210\/1 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u0323[\u03b3]\u03b3\u0323\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 23<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 24<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018And I have furnished as my surety, with his consent and approval, Pasion son of Petairis, whose mother is another Kephalous, of said city\u2019). Type2<\/strong> and Type3<\/strong> are commonly used in the same document: the former in the hypographe<\/em> and the latter in the body of the text (e.g, P.Cair.Isid. 80.16-21, 28: 296 CE, Arsinoites)<\/strong>. The same terminology infiltrates contracts among private persons in the Byzantine period. See, in particular, the formulation \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, e.g., in the address clause of P.Eirene II 28.6-9 (557 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): [\u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb]\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c5\u0323\u1f31\u0323\u1f78\u03c2 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3|7<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03c5]\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7|8<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 9\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03a0]\u03ad\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039d\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323 (\u2018I, Aurelios Serenos, son of Kyrikos, with Aurelios Petros son of Neilos, a jar-potter, surety and guarantor for the repayment detailed in the following.\u2026\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Partsch (1909): 208-218; Taubenschlag (1955): 411-417; Wollf (1956b): 24-25; Cantarella (1965): 45-77; Pr\u00e9aux (1966a): 354-360; Yiftach: (2012).<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1175.14-15 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1a, GA]; X<\/strong> 1964.12-14 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-214A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [1]; 1966.4-5 (246A<\/sup><\/span>-221A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1]; 2390.37-39 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1]; CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 14.285-286 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1]; 16.333-336 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1]; 24.34-35 (232A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1a]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 50.21-23 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 17.10-12 (548\/9, HermN) [2]; P.Bagnall<\/strong> 33.16-18 (496,<\/span> Ox) [2a]; P.Cair.Isid. <\/strong><\/span>80.16-21, 28 (296, ArsN) [3][2]; P.Cair.Masp. III<\/strong> 67305.23-24 (568, Antin); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59001.16-19, 43-46 (274\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Pitos) [1]; II<\/strong> 59173.16-19?, 40-44 (255A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; III<\/strong> 59340.16-17 (247A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.23-24 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1a]; P.Dion.<\/span><\/strong> 16.29-31 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Akoris) [1a]; 23.28-30 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 24.27-29 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 25.33-35 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; 27.24-26 (113\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [1a]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 384.108-112 (489?, Herm); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 12b.13-16 (172A<\/sup><\/span>-162A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 18.22-24 (131A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 20.14-16 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; II<\/strong> 17.7-8 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [1]; 18.18-22 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 27.16-19, 19-21 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24 (223A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1a]; 38.13-15 (182, LetopN) [2]; 58.5-6 (83A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [2]; II<\/strong> 185.6-9 (245A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [2]; 186.8-13 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, OxN) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 218.13-14 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]; 232.19-20 (330\/380, Terenythis) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 350.39-42 (143A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; XVI<\/strong> 642.18-19 with 643.11-12 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN?) [1]; P.Kron.<\/strong><\/span> 38.15-21 (137, Teb) [3]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.33-34 (293, Herm) [2];\u00a0P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.23-25 (149, Herakleia) [2]; V<\/strong> 1711.77-96 (566-573, Antin) [2]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 800.17-18 (354, Ox) [2]; 809.12-14, 16-21 (372, Ox) [2]; 813.15-17, 19-20 (373, Ox) [2]; 814.12-15, 16-17 (373, Ox) [2]; 815.11-13, 13-15 (365?, Ox) [2]; P.Mil.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.22-24 (38, Thead) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 136.34-39, 45-48 (583, Ox); IV<\/strong> 836.22-25 (66\/5a<\/sup> or 15\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1a]; VI<\/strong> 905.16-18 (170, OxN) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 1976.23-24 (582, Ox) [2, hypographe]; XLIX<\/strong> 3485.17-18 (38, Ox) [1a, GA]; LXIII<\/strong> 3495.107-117 (499, Ox) [2, hypographe]; LVIII<\/strong> 3952.40-46, 54-58 (288, Ox) [2]; LXI<\/strong> 4530.12-17, 21-23, 33-36, 42-43 (288?, HerakN) [3][2]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5474.46-48 (617\/8, Ox) [2]; P.Oxy.Elmagh.<\/span><\/strong> 11.24-30 (266?, Ox) [3]; P.Paramone<\/span><\/strong> 18.27-29 (620A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [2]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 55a.16-18 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 163.4-6 (222, UP) [3]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 123.24 (478, Phebichis) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 586.27-30 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; 587.19-20 (87A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1a]; 601.31 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [2a]; P.Sorb.<\/span> I<\/strong> 17.17-18 (scr.int.), 18-20, 23-25 (scr.ext.) (257A<\/sup><\/span>, Merertha) [1] [1] [2]; P.Stras.<\/span> I<\/strong> 40.38-50 (569, Antin) [2, but different formulation]; VI<\/strong> 557.27-28 (291, Herm) [2]; P.Tebt.<\/span> I<\/strong> 109.25-26 (93A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1a]; III.1<\/strong> 815 2r<\/sup>.2.48-51, ll. 48-50 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.1.1-14 ll. 11-14 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.1.15-22, l. 22 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 2v<\/sup>.2.30-40, ll. 36-39 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 815 4r<\/sup>.1.23-29, ll. 28-29 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 389.7-8 (243A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; VII<\/strong> 802.6-8 (85\/6, Herm) [2, with egrapse];<\/u> VIII<\/strong> 799.5-8 (VI, Herm) [2]; 963.30-32 (579, Ox) [2]; 964.14-18, 23-26 (520\/1, 535\/6 or 550\/1, OxN) [2, unique]; IX<\/strong> 1037.38-39 (301, Ox) [2, hypographe]; XII<\/strong> 1249.57-60 (265, Ox) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 1311.10-11, 32-33 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Berenikis Thesmophorou) [2]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5252.31-33 (65, Nilopolis) [2]; III<\/strong> 6709.6,17 (259, Birta?) [1]; 7169.6-26, l. 16 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [1]\/[1a]; V<\/strong> 7532.19-20 (74A<\/sup><\/span>, Nilopolis) [1]; VI<\/strong> 9226.1-10 (II\/III, SokN) [2]; XII<\/strong> 11058.12 (244A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; 11059.9-10 (244A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1]; XVI<\/strong> 12486.21-24 (470, HermN) [2, hypographe]; XVI<\/strong> 12716.20-21 (129A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1a]; 12812.12 (255, Phil) (?); 12986.9-10 (131A<\/sup><\/span>-113A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [1a]; XXII<\/strong> 15240.27-30 (156A<\/sup><\/span>, Ammonias) [1] (and bebaiotes); XXX\u00a0<\/strong>17328.13-14 (546\/561, Herak) [2, hypographe]; 17622.20-21 (293, Herm) [2, hypographe]; 17623.19 (293, Herm) [2, hypographe]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 139.19-21 (531, ArsPol) [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

2. No Surrender of Debtor by Surety<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the loan contract BGU IV 1145.40-44 (5 BCE, Alexandria), a female surety is to surrender the debtors to the creditor \u2018in open court\u2019 in the event of default. If she fails to do so, she herself becomes liable to seizure and detention until she settles the debts with interest: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f74\u03bd] | 41\u00a0<\/sup>\u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bb(\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6) \u1f10\u03bd\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd) \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03bc\u03b7(\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78] | 42\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bf\u03bd) (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9(\u03bf\u03bd)) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb(\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9) \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323 \u03b1\u0323[\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2)] | 43<\/sup>\u00a0\u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7(\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc7) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0(\u03b5\u03c1) \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f67\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] | 44\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03ba(\u1fc3) (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba(\u1fc3)) \u03c0\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0(\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3(\u03b7\u03c2) (\u2018Should Didyme not surrender the aforesaid Lyka and Dionysios to Achilles in open court, let her be liable to seizure and detention until she defrays said debt and interest, and let Achilles have the right of execution against Didyme herself and from all her assets, as if resulting of a court action, rendering all deeds of protection or any form of shelter inapplicable’.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3. Restraint Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Capacity, Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The restraint clause is attested from the early Roman to the Byzantine period. Although most evidence stems from the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite nomes, as well as from Augustan Alexandria, it is also attested in the Arsinoites. The clause is recorded in one lease contract (P.Lond. III 1166.17-19: 43 CE, Hermopolis) and several Oxyrhynchite wills (e.g., P.Oxy. III 489.10-11: 117 CE, Oxyrhynchos, and below) but is best attested in loan contracts, where it is used to encumber an asset in order to secure a debt. The restraint clause is commonly recorded in connection with a hypallagma<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., BGU IV 1151.2.42-44: 3 BCE, Alexandria, and below), hypotheke<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., P.Bas. 7.15-17: 117-138 CE, Arsinoites, and below), the menein<\/strong><\/em> clause (e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 31.21-23: 86 CE, Oxyrhynchos, and below), and the antichresis<\/strong><\/em> (e.g., BGU I 101.15-23: 115 CE, Arsinoites). The restraint clause, however, may be introduced independently, creating the encumbrance per se<\/em> (P.Mich. IX 566.14-19: 86 CE, Hiera Nesos, and below).<\/p>\n

Within the clause, two formulations are attested. The first [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is introduced by the prohibition formula, which in this context is always \u03bc\u1f74 \/\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 followed by infinitives reporting the prohibited acts (e.g., P.Flor. I 1.8-9: 153 CE, Hermopolis, below). The most common verbs here signify the conveyance of title to the object: sale (\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9), mortgage (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f77\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9), and, more generally, any type of disposition (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). Other verbs, such as \u2018lease further out\u2019 (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) or to \u2018take away\u2019 (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), are rare. Cf., e.g., P.Oslo II 40a.15-18 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos), is paradigmatic: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd|16<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \\\u1f10\/\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 17<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72] \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018It will not be allowed for me, unless I first return the six-hundred drachms and the interest, neither to sell, nor to mortgage, nor to undertake anything else with regard to the slave Isarous or to her future offspring\u2019). The second type [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is composed of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\/\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u1f71\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 + the object in the accusative + adjectives recording the unencumbered state of the object (e.g., P.Flor. I 28 (177\/8\/9 CE, Hermopolis) and below); especially common, in the Roman period, is the combination \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018unalienated and not encumbered with debt\u2019) (e.g., BGU IV 1147.26-28: 14\/3 BCE, Alexandria). A more detailed account, derived from the list of verbs mentioned above, is recorded in P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.33-37 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 | 34<\/sup> \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ce \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03c3\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u1ff3 | 36<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u0323\u03bd \u03bf\u1f35\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f40\u03c6\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 | 37<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u1ff3 [\u03c4\u03b5] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 (\u2018And I and all my heirs (be they of whatever category) shall keep possession and ownership under your control, clear, not subject to sale, mortgage, use as security for another loan or as a hypallagma,<\/em> and not already subject to any\u00a0 public or private debt whichsoever\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 26-35; Manigk (1910a): 34; Schwarz (1911): 56-58; Wollentin (1961): 49; Pestman (1983): 295-297; Rupprecht (1997): 871-875; Yiftach (2021a): 169.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 101.15-23 (115, ArsN) [1, antichresis]; III<\/strong> 741.36-41 (143, Alex?) [2, hypotheke]; IV<\/strong> 1053.52-55 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [see van Minnen ZPE (2016)] [independent]; 1147.26-28 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [2, independent]; 1151.2.42-44 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [2, hypallagma]; 1167.37-74, ll. 59-63 (13\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, hypallagma]; XI<\/strong> 2043.16-19 (150, SokN) [2, independent]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.4-6 (316, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; XVIIb<\/strong> 4.1-8, ll. 3-4 [1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 21.17-22 (131, Kar) [1, independent]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.15-17 (117-138, ArsN) [1, hypotheke]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67309.33-37 (569, Antin) [2, hypotheke]; P.Charite<\/strong><\/span>\u00a034.19-20 (318\/348, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Erl.<\/strong><\/span> 62.8-13 (II, UP) [2]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.8-9 (153, Herm) [1, hypotheke]; 28.6 (177\/8\/9, Herm) [2, hypotheke]; 81.15-17 (103, Herm) [1, hypotheke]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 49.17-19 (100, Teb) (?); P.Genov. <\/strong><\/span>I<\/strong> 32.14-15 (155, Antin) [2, independent]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 330.1-4 (VI\/VII, Ox) [hypotheke?]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>. III<\/strong> 156.1-5 (582-602, Antin?) [2]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 1.40-2.1 (178, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.13-14 (149, Herakleia) [1, hypallagma]; III<\/strong> 870.11-14 (IV, Panop) [1, hypotheke]; 1166.17-19 (43, Herm) [1]; 1168.9-10 (44, Herm); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 321.21-22 (42, Teb); IX<\/strong> 566.14-19 (86, Hiera Nesos) [1, independent]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.15-18 (150, Ox) [1, menein]; 40b.15-18 (150, Ox) [1, menein]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 11.15-17 (149, Hiera Nesos) [2<\/span> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*), hypotheke?]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 489.10-11 (117, Ox) [1]; 491.7-8 (126, Ox) [1]; 492.7-9 (130, Ox) [1]; 506.39-42 (143, Ox) [1, menein]; 507.28-32 (146, Ox) [1, independent]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.34-38 (154, Ox) [1, menein]; XLVII<\/strong> 3355.11-14 (535, Ox) [1, hypotheke]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.21-23 (86, Ox) [1, menein]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.20-21 (315, Panop) [1, hypotheke]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong>2<\/sup> I 25.8-38, ll. 33-35 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, will]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 177.10-11 (246, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 732.8-10 (228\/9, Herm) [2, hypallagma]; 740.5-9 (VI, Herm) [2]; 746.9-10 (II, ArsN) [hypallagma]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 10.13-16 (143\/4, SokN?) [1, hypallagma]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-27 (591\/2, Ox) [1, hypotheke]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 239.27-31 (601, Ox) [independent]; V<\/strong> 470.10-12 (103, Herm) [2, hypotheke]; XIII<\/strong> 1340.14-16 (420, Petne) [1, hypotheke]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4703.26 (VII, ArsN) [independent]; 5285.36-43 (607, PanopN) [1, hypotheke]; XVIII<\/strong> 13234.12-15 (98\/9, Haueris) [1, independent];<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11705.6-9 (213, ArsN) [2, hypotheke]; XVI<\/strong> 13042.12-13 (29 CE, Ox) [1, enoikesis]; XXX<\/strong> 17667.14-17 (603, HerakN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

4. Hypotheke<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The placement of an object as hypotheke<\/em> elicits the insertion of several clauses into the loan contract. Apart from an account of the hypotheke<\/em> itself, the document may record: (1) the restraint<\/a> imposed on the debtor\u2019s disposition of the object, (2) the terms and modalities of foreclosure<\/a> by the creditor in the case of default, (3) an account of the creditor\u2019s right to dispose<\/a> of the object in the event of a possessory pledge, and (4) a clause anticipating the registration of the hypotheke<\/em> with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em>. Not all clauses appear in each and every document. A clause anticipating the foreclosure of the asset by the pledgee is inserted into documents from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods but not into their Byzantine counterparts. The registration of the pledge with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em> is, naturally, only recorded as long as this archive existed (viz., between the mid-first and the early fourth century CE). By contrast, the clause entitling the pledgee to dispose of the object immediately is recorded only in documentation from the Byzantine period.<\/p>\n

This sweeping change between the Roman and Byzantine periods in the elements of the document relating to the hypotheke<\/em> is manifested in the clause that records the hypotheke<\/em> itself. In all periods, the hypotheke<\/em> is recorded immediately after the description of the loan, but we do observe a watershed at the end of the third century if not before. Until then, a description of the pledged object is appended to the clause recording the loan, which is said to have been given \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 with the object following (initially) in the dative or (later) in the genitive. The scribe would then exert himself to give an extensive account of the object. In doing so, he would rely on the method of identification employed in sales: neighbouring village or town for land (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77 + acc.), village or town for the location of buildings (\u1f10\u03bd + dat.), type of administrative category, productivity status, dimensions (in the case of building and city plots), and abutters. The last-mentioned seem especially indispensable; they are absent in only one document, P.Oxy. II 270.16-26 (94 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Typical and well-preserved cases are P.Tebt. III.1 817.12-17 (182 BCE, Krokodilopolis, Arsinoites), recording a house and a yard, and P.Oxy. XVII 2134.14-18 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos) recording land.<\/p>\n

P.Tebt. III.1 817.12-17 (182 BCE, Krokodilopolis, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 14\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f08\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6[\u03bd] | 15<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c0\u03ae\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ae\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323[\u1f72] | 16\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03bd]\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1fe5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5] | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1, \u2039 \u203a \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03b9 (….. \u2018on the security of the house belonging to him and courtyard and all appurtenances situated at Apias in the division of Themistos, of which the measurements are, from south to north twenty cubits, from west to east twenty cubits, and the adjacent areas, on the south the house of Sopatra, on the north and east streets, on the west the house of Harpalos and Sostratos belonging to them on the date written above\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 317). P.Oxy. XVII 2134.14-18 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> (hand 2) \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 (hand 1) \u1f10\u03be [\u1f40]\u03c1\u03b8[\u03bf]\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a7\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03b3\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f45\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 | 17\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0[\u03c1]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u1fd6\u03b2\u0323\u03b9\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5[\u03af\u03c1\u03b9]\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u1f45\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c1\u03bd]\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 | 18\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba[\u03b1]\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f45\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018On the security of four arourae<\/em> in full, of rectangular shape, out of five arouras<\/em> of catoecic corn-bearing arable concessional land in the holding of Pausanias belonging to me near said Chysis in the Hermopolite nome and forming part of a total of twenty arouras<\/em> held jointly and indivisibly with Chesphibis son of Petosiris and others, the areas adjacent to all that are on the south a field, on the north the property of the heirs of Satornilus, on the east the boundary of the holdings, on the west the property of the said heirs of Satornilus.\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 247).<\/p>\n

As indicated by the foregoing passage, the traditional formulation focuses on the encumbrance of landed property. It is perhaps for this reason that in P.Genov. II 62 from 98 CE Oxyrhynchos, the only early Roman document recording an encumbrance of chattel, the scribe uses a different formulation. The debtor pledges sodium carbonate as security. In this case, rather than appending the description of the mortgage to the clause recording the loan, it is recorded in an independent clause introduced by the verb \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f77\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u1f77 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, with the encumbered object in the accusative. P.Genov. II 62.10-16 (98 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 11\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 | 12\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u1ff3 | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9(\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7) \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4(\u03bf\u03c5) | 14\u00a0<\/sup>\u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c1\u03b7\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u1ff7 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 | 15<\/sup>\u00a0\u03bf\u1f57 \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03a4\u03b1\u03b1\u03c1]\u03c0\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 16\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2018For the security of these objects I have mortgaged for you two artabae of Greek nitron<\/em> and of a different nitron<\/em> four talents by weight stored in a room in the east gate-house of the house of Taarpaesis in the quarter of the South bank [….] a room that has been sealed by me and you\u2019).<\/p>\n

While the older clause had focused on the encumbrance of landed property and slaves, in the case cited above and in others from the late Roman and Byzantine periods, a new formulation is commonly used for the posting of chattels and persons as security as well. Concurrently, in SB I 4370.19-32 (229 CE, Herakleopolites) the same formulation is invoked to record the encumbrance of a piece of land. The new formulation is then applied across-the-board in the Byzantine period. In the Byzantine period one encounters much flexibility in the choice of the encumbered object that is not evident in the older formulation: slaves, free-persons, species and genus chattels, and the right of possession (cf., e.g., P.Warr. 10.19-23: 591\/2, Oxyrhynchos). P.Panop. 21.11-19 (315 CE, Panopolis), recording the encumbrance of 6 arouras<\/em> of arable land, reverts to the means of description of the encumbered object used in earlier counterparts: location, area, legal category, productivity, and abutters of the land in question. These elements, however, are now embedded into a structure of the type recorded two centuries earlier in P.Genov. II 62: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1]\u1f78\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0[\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 | 12<\/sup> \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03cd\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c2] \u1f13\u03be \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7[\u03c4]\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u0323[\u03bd] | 13<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5[(\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2)] \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03af(\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03db\u0323, \u1f67\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf[\u03c5]\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03ba]\u1ff6\u0323[\u03bd] | 14<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03b4]\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 [\u03b4\u1f72] \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3|15<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5] \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3[\u1fc6]\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd]\u03b1\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0[\u1f76] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u1f50\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bd[\u03bd]\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f18\u03c0\u03b5\u1f76\u03c6 \u03ba\u03b2 \u03b4\u03b9(\u1f70) \u1f08\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1(\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5) | 18<\/sup> \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9|19<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) (\u2018And for the security of the same money, I encumber to you the six grain-bearing arouras<\/em> that belong to me near the metropolis in Pmouchis district of the klerouchic category in parcel number 136, of which grain producing arouras<\/em> I received two by inheritance and the remaining four by exchange that was conducted with my brother Hierakion in the foregoing consulship of Volusianus and Annianus, on the 23rd<\/sup> of the month of Epeiph through Artemidoros, the municipal scribe, in accordance with the document that I hold, and records of their neighbours conducted on site\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 28-34; Schwarz (1911): 17-29; Manigk (1911): 275-285; Tenger (1993): 106-110; Rupprecht (1995a): 426-428; (1997): 293-298; Yiftach (2019): 155-164.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.15-22 (143, Alex?) [1, land]; VI<\/strong> 1279.1-7 ? (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, UP) [land]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 119.1-10 ? (II, ArsN) [land]; XVIIb<\/strong> 36.1-3 (217\/8, Panop) [land]; 38.6? (217\/8, Panop) [land?]; O.Bankes<\/span><\/strong> 1.4-6 (123, Eleph) [1, house]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 98.14-15 (211, Herm) [1, house]; P.Amst.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 45.12-15 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2, land]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 29.7-13 (117-138, ArsN) [1, house]; P.Brem.<\/span><\/strong> 68.5-6 (99, Herm?) [1, land]; 69.5-6 (98, Herm) [1, land]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.263-264 (570, Antin) [2, cash]; III<\/strong> 67309.20-30 (569, Antin) [2, house]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.28-32 (569, Antin) [2, person]; P.David<\/span><\/strong> 3.7 ? (175A<\/sup><\/span>-170A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 25.5-10 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [2, house]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17.4-6 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [1, land]; P.Edfou<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 2.8-9 (619, Apol) [2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.4-5 (153, Herm) [1, oil-press]; 81.6-9 (103, Herm) [1, land]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 36.1-8 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1?, land]; P.Genov.<\/span> II<\/strong> 62.10-16 (98, Ox) [2, nitron]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.6-7 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1, slave]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.15-17 (552, Ox?) [2, land]; P.Hever<\/span><\/strong> 66.6-8 (99\/109, Phil, Arabia?); P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 27.13-18 (603\/4, Herak) [2, house]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.16-27 (374 or 387, Kellis) [2, house]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 322.6-10 (VII, HerakN) [2, vineyard]; P.Laur.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.6 (138-160, HermN) [1, house]; 76.2-5 (IVm<\/sup>, UP); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 390.5 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7] \u03c4\u0323\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u1f45\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd;]; III<\/strong> 870.6-11 (IV, Panop) [2, house]; 1319.4-7 (544, Herm) [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; V<\/strong> 1719.13-15 (556, Thebes) [2, jewellery]; 1723.11-15 (577, Sy) [2, house]; 1737.13-16 (613, Sy) [2, jewellery]; P.Mich.<\/strong> IX<\/strong> 568.8-21 (90, PtolEu); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 42a.7-21 (566, Aphr) [2, land]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.16-26 (94, Ox) [1, land]; III<\/strong> 508.18-20 (102, Ox) [2, land, not specific]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.14-18 (170, Ox) [1, land]; XLVII<\/strong> 3355.2-7 (535, Ox) [2, house]; LXIII<\/strong> 4397.21-26 (545, Ox); P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.11-19 (315, Panop) [2, land]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 86.12-15 (381, HerakN) [2, bowl et al.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.4-5 (151, Herm) [1, land]; VII<\/strong> 636.9? (III, Herm) [2?, slave?]; VIII<\/strong> 720.6-8 ? (VI, UP); IX<\/strong> 882.8-11 (c. 180A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil?) [1]; 898.3-5 (III, UP) [2?, land]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.12-17 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, house]; III.2<\/strong> 970.11-14 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, KrokArs) [1, slave]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 20714.9-13 (Vl<\/sup>\/VI, Herak) [2, land]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-23 (591\/2, Ox) [2, land]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 11.3-6 (scr.int.), 15-20 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [1, yard]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.11-14 (II, Ox?) [2, slave]; XIII<\/strong> 1340.9-13 (420, Petne) [2, land]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.19-32 (229, HerakN) [2: \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]\u03c4[\u03af]\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9, land]; 4772.a (IV-VII, ArsN); 4781.9? (566-622, ArsN); 5285.21-33 (607, PanopN) [2, house]; VI<\/strong> 9190.9-20? (131, Talao) [1 (\u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3), land]; XIV<\/strong> 11705.2-4 (213, ArsN) [1, house + facilities]; XVI<\/strong> 12472.14-21 (525\/6, OxN) [2, land]; XVIII<\/strong> 13167.4-15 (IIm<\/sup>, UP); 16656.10-14 = P.Euphr.<\/span><\/strong> 13 (243, Beth Phuraia).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

5. Destruction or Debasement of Hypothecated Property<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In eight loan contracts with hypothekai<\/em> from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, the text discusses the destruction or debasement of the mortgage, e.g., the Ptolemaic P.Tebt. III.1 817.23-27 (IIe<\/sup>, BCE,<\/span> Krokodilopolis) runs \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 | 24<\/sup> \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f24\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f61\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1fa1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|28<\/sup>\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a3\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 29<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018If he (viz., the debtor) does not guarantee the security or produce it as stated or if any risk occurs with regard to this security in whole or part in any way, Sostratos shall repay this debt to Apollonios forthwith within the year; and if he does not repay it as stated, Sostratos shall forthwith forfeit to Apollonios the loan increased by one half and for the overtime interest at the rate of 2 drachmas per mina<\/em> per month\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 317, with minor modifications).<\/p>\n

In some Roman counterparts of this document, the view that the lender forfeits his ability to collect the debt upon the loss of the hypotheke<\/em> is challenged. See in particular SB XIV 11705.12-16 (213 CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd\u0323, \u1f43 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf], \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f15|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0]\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9] \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7|14<\/sup>\u03b4\u1f72\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03b5\u1f36]\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78\u03bd] \u039f\u1f50\u03b1[\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323[\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4]\u03ac\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a[\u03c2] \u03c4\u0323\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323|15<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f74[\u03bd \u03c0]\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9[\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03ba\u03af\u03bd|16<\/sup>\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd]\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u1f74\u03bd] [\u03b3\u03b5]\u03b3\u0323\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And if\u2014may it never be the case!\u2014 any accident or reduction or anything else at all happens to the mortgaged property or any part of it, neither the loan nor the interest will in any way be the responsibility of Valerius, who will retain the right of execution against all the property of the debtor because the loan is guaranteed against all risks\u2019) (transl.: Gignac (1976): 96<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Hermopolite texts stress the creditor\u2019s right to compensation for the conveyance tax he paid on account of the hypotheke<\/em>, and related expenses. Cf., e,g., P.Flor. I<\/span> 1.9-11 (153 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 [\u03b3]\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u1fa1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1]\u03c0\u03b5|10<\/sup>\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\\\u03b1\/\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba [\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c3|11<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And if any accident occurs to this mortgage as a whole or in any part in any way, let the borrower immediately repay the lender or those acting on her behalf all that is owed, as well as each month an interest of one drachm per mina for overtime after the expiration of the debt, and all taxes to which the creditor shall be liable on account of the mortgaged property, and all costs that she shall incur, all of which with interest, the lender and her representatives having the right of execution from the borrower and the mortgaged asset and all her other properties as if resulting from a court action\u2019). Compare D. 20.6.8pr: Sicut de re corporali extincta, ita et usu fructu exstincto pignus hypothecave perit.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bibl.: Manigk (2010b): 290-292; Schwarz (1911): 21-23; Pringsheim (1950): 456-461; Wollentin (1961): 27-29, 37-54;<\/span> Kaser (1971):<\/span> 469 n. 69; Rupprecht (1995a): 427, 429; (1997b): 293-294; Yiftach (1919): 157.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.32-36 (143, Alex?); P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I 1.9-11 (153, Herm); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 507.32-36 (146, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.10-12 (151, Herm); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.23-27 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); \u0399\u0399\u0399.2<\/strong> 970.23-28 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok); SB<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11705.12-16 (213, ArsN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

6. Hypallagma<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The hypallagma<\/em> (lit.: \u2018substitution\u2019) is a special type of security posted for landed property or slaves. In its earliest form, evidenced in the source material from Augustan Alexandria, the hypallagma<\/em> is recorded in, or appended to, the praxis<\/em> clause. Recorded in a special instrument that the debtor gives the creditor for the duration of the debt, it documents the object of the mortgage and is then followed by a restraint clause. BGU IV 1147.20-28 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria): [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 21<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u0395\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd| 22 <\/sup>[\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7(\u03c2), | 23<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03c4\u03b9] \u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f38\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u1fc3 | 24<\/sup> \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f18\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f27\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u0394[\u03b9\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd\u0323 \u1f14\u03c7\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 | 26<\/sup> \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad|27<\/sup>\u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 28<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf]\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4(\u03bf\u03bd). (\u2018Dionysios shall have the right of execution from Eirene herself and all her holdings as if resulting from a court action, and beyond this against Eirene\u2019s slave Erotion, in whose regard Eirene surrendered to Dionysios himself as a mortgage the declaration of [birth?] she possesses\u2019).<\/p>\n

The documentation from the Chora exhibits two formulations. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is recorded in the source material from the Arsinoite, dates to the late first and second centuries CE, and reads \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 (\u2018X has given in substitution and pledge\u2019): the object given in security is in the accusative, and the debt in the genitive, following \u1f10\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9. [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is Hermopolite and dates to the late second through early fourth centuries CE, with the construction \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 with \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 or \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 in the accusative and the debt in the genitive. The clause commonly states the immediacy of the effect of the security (\u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd) and notes that it is created by means of this document. Cf., e.g., P.Lips. I 10 1.5.-2.11 ll. 11-13 (178 CE, Hermopolis) it runs \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00]\u03c3\u0323[\u03c6\u03ac]\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03b9[\u03b1]\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03c7\u03b5]\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc[\u03bf\u03b9] \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9|[\u03c3\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9]\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018And as a security for the aforementioned principal I assign to your benefit as hypallagma<\/em>, by virtue of this cheirographon<\/em>, the half-share belonging to me of the catoecic arouras<\/em> reported below .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u2019). The clause is absent from Oxyrhynchite documents, leading us to speculate that it was functionally identical to the menein<\/em> clause, which appears only in documents from that nome.<\/p>\n

In one document, P.Vars. 10.2.28-31 (155 CE, Ptolemais Drymou), the debtor is allowed to record the hypallagma<\/em> with the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em>: \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac[\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 29<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd [\u03b2]\u03b9\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf|30<\/sup>\u03b8\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9[\u03ba\u03b9]|31<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2026\u2018to assign as hypallagma<\/em> through the bibliotheke enkteseon<\/em> two arouras<\/em>, etc.\u2019). The registration of the hypallagma<\/em> is also recorded in contemporary applications to the bibliophylakes<\/em>. E.g., P.Kron. 18.11-20 = SB VIII 9880 (before 14.1.144 CE, Tebtynis). A typical feature of the hypallagma<\/em> is the restriction imposed on the debtor\u2019s right to dispose of the object for the duration of the debt (see \u2018restraint clause<\/a>\u2019). This restriction is attested in 13 documents containing the hypallagma<\/em> clause.\u00a0In most documents, the creditor is also allowed to choose, in the event of default, to direct the praxis<\/em> against the encumbered object or against the debtor\u2019s estate in general. Unlike the hypotheke<\/em> or the menein<\/em> security, the hypallagma<\/em> does not entail foreclosure.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1909): 35-42; Manigk (1910a): 33-34; Schwarz (1911): 4-17; Wollentin (1961): 45-48; Pestman (1983): 281-302; Tenger (1993): 101-106; Rupprecht (1995a): 428-429; (1997b): 298-299; Alonso (2008): 24-27.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1147.23-28 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [in the praxis clause, slave]; 1149.24-28 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, slaves]; 1151.2.37-42 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [in the praxis clause, manufactory]; CPR<\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.1-4 (316, Herm) [\u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; XVIIb<\/strong> 4.1-8, ll. 1-3 (184\/5, Panop) (?); P.Charite<\/span><\/strong>\u00a033.7-10 (331\/2 or 346\/7, Herm) [2, house]; 34.11-18 (318 or 348, Herm) [2]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 11.1.3-13 (108, Teb) (?); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.4-6 (177\/8\/9, Herm) [2, land]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 80.8-9 (154, SokN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7d]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10 1.5.-2.11, ll. 11-35 (178, Herm) [2, land]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.9-13 (149, Herakleia) [1, land and slaves]; III<\/strong> 1166.17-19 (43, Herm) [general-hypallagma]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 177.7-10 (246, Herm) [2, house]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 437.18-22 (121, Bac) [1, land]; VI<\/strong> 525.15-20 (98-117, Bac) (?); VIII<\/strong> 732.7-8 (228\/9, Herm) [1, livestock (?)]; 746.4-8 (II, ArsN) [1, slaves]; 826a.5-7 (96-98, SokN) [1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/strong> 1.17-21 (98-138,<\/span> Teb) (?); P.Vars. <\/strong><\/span>10.1.15-17 (155, Ptolemais Drymou) [in the clause praxis, land]; 10.2.28-36 (155, Ptolemais Drymou) [\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd; land]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 10.8-16 (143\/4, SokN) [1]; SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10786.15-19 (133, Teb) [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

7. Menein<\/em> Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Security, Capacity<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In no more than five loan contracts, all from second-century CE Oxyrhynchos, the debtor grants (\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6) the creditor, within the framework of a clause dealing with the consequences of default, the \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1 and \u03ba\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 over a piece of property indicated in the genitive. This entitlement arises as a substitute for the unrecovered principal and accrued interest (P.Oxy. III 506.21 (143 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018in return for the principal and all interest that you have not obtained\u2019) and is permanent (\u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd). The \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause is the first location in the document in which the object is reported. Accordingly, the scribe offers a detailed account of its qualities. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 31.10-14 (86 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6] | 11<\/sup> \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03bf]|12<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5]|13<\/sup>\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7]|14<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018And if she does not repay the loan as is written, the borrower agrees that the lender and his successors, in lieu of the principal, from the time when the payment falls due, shall retain in perpetuity power and control of the share falling to her in the house in said metropolis of the Oxyrhynchite nome and over its appurtenances and all entrances and exits\u2019). Next, the scribe reports the consequences of the creditor\u2019s position. In P.Oxy.Hels. 31.15-17 (86 CE, Oxyrhynchos), the formulation \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd is followed by six infinitives: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9[\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70] | 16<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c0\u0323[\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf]|18<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 [\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018It will be possible for the lender to pay the taxes, to own it and to receive all the income, to sell it to others and to have the use and disposition of it as he chooses, no right of legal process remaining to the borrower and to his deputies in any way\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 120).<\/strong> The first infinitive, in the aorist, relates to the payment of taxes pertaining to the conveyance: \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 (\u2018pay the taxes\u2019). Among the following present infinitives, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd denotes title (cf. in particular P.Oslo II 40B.42 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018to master it as if an act of sale was composed to your benefit\u2019). The scribe then applies \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018to take the yields\u2019) to record the right of usufruct, \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018to sell to others\u2019) to an act of sale, and \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018use and administer\u2019) to any other type of disposition. The \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause is followed by the clause of no-suit, the surrender of the encumbered object, the restraint clause, and finally, also the ekloge<\/em>, a clause allowing the creditor to choose, in case of default, between appropriating the encumbered object and applying the praxis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schwarz (1937): 246-248; Rupprecht (1995a): 434-435; (1997b): 299-300; Alonso (2016): 239-246.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.4-9 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.8-13 (150, Ox); 40b.36-43 (150, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 506.19-31 (143, Ox); XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.16-28 (154, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.10-17 (86, Ox); SB<\/strong><\/span> VI<\/strong> 8974.11-16 ? (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8. Dotal Security (Greek)<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the marriage document SB VI 8974.33-38 (Ib<\/sup> BCE, Bousiris), in connection with the \u2018death clause\u2019, the wife retains kyrieia<\/em> over her dead husband\u2019s estate until his heirs return her the dowry. This is not unique to this document (cf. the discussion in P.Oxy. III 496 on the death clause<\/a>). The distinction in this case is that the estate becomes hers\u00a0 if the heirs fail to return the dowry within the specified period of time: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u039d\u03ad]\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f10\u03c0[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03ba]\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u03c5|13<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7]\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3 [\u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc|14<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9,] \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74[\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7]\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9. | 15<\/sup> [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6]\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03c4[\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 || 16<\/sup> (frag. 3,2) [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f03 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u0323[\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> [\u0396\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03b9(?) \u1f45\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u02bc \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd] \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, \u03bf\u1f57 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd] | 18<\/sup> [\u039d\u03b5\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03b9 – ca.13 – (\u2018If Nearchos dies before returning this very dowry, (the wife) shall keep [ – – ] and the title (kyrieia<\/em>) to all possessions that Nearchos leaves behind, as she wishes, until his heirs return her the dowry. And if they fail to do so within sixty days, all his possessions and all that Nearchos leaves behind shall stand in lieu of the dowry, which she will control together with Zosios in any way whatsoever that she chooses, in no way being prevented, provided that what she has assigned to Nearchos….\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Wolff (1939): 104-117; H\u00e4ge (1968): 99-104; Yiftach (2003): 240-242.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

9. Enechyron<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Only five documents, all Byzantine, record the posting of chattels as objects in an enechyron<\/em> (pledge). The enechyron<\/em> is introduced at the end of the document, in P.Mich. XI 607.28-31 (569 CE, Antinoopolis), as late as the stipulation clause: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc | 29\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f61\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 \u2627 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0(\u1f72\u03c1) \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 | 30<\/sup>\u00a0[\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f40\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f40\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | 31\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018Having been interrogated in relation to everything I have acknowledged, and it is understood that on this account I have turned over to you in pledge a garment made in Egypt after the Tarsian fashion and an undergarment-shirt (?)\u2019.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Tenger (1993): 110; Rupprecht (1995a): 425-426; Russo (1999): 97-105.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 64.3-4 (VII\/VIII, UP); P.Leipz.<\/span><\/strong> 10.7 (III, Mem); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 607.29-31 (569, Antin); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LXIII<\/strong> 4395.28-39 (499, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1427.16-23 (565, Ox).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

10. Foreclosure<\/h2>\n

Category: Security, Capacity<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The foreclosure clause is recorded only in the case of a hypotheke<\/em>. It is attested in 17 documents, from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. In Egypt, the evidence stems from all well-documented regions. It is also recorded in P.Yadin 11.6-7, 22-23 from 124 En-Gedi in the Judaean Desert. While we may assume that the procedure was essentially identical everywhere, there were marked regional peculiarities. In P.Flor. I 1.6-8 (153 CE, Hermopolis), the clause reports the following four elements: [1]\u00a0<\/strong>the undertaking of necessary procedures for the conveyance of title\u2014the payment of the conveyance tax (below: tax.) and the performance of the epikatabole<\/em> (below: epikatab.): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u03b9 | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018If she (viz., the debtor) does not repay the debt immediately, when it is due, to the lender or to those acting on her behalf, they will not be in need of an act of renewal, writ, or anything else whatsoever, but having paid the charges needed for the conveyance tax, they will undertake the distraint of the mortgage as stated above, amounting to one and a quarter bikos<\/em>\u2019); [2]<\/strong>\u00a0the act of acquisition of the mortgaged asset: \u03ba\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u2039\u03bd\u203a \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f40]\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc]\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd (\u2018The lender and those acting on her behalf shall possess the mortgage with full title in lieu of the debt and will enter upon it\u2019); unique to the acquisition of a mortgaged asset is the verb \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018enter upon\u2019); [3]<\/strong>\u00a0an account of the consequences of acquiring title, viz., free disposition of the asset: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018…establish oneself in the asset, receive rents, let out, collect all its accruing yields for their own use and perform all acts of disposal and administration in its regard in whatever form they wish in perpetuity\u2019); [4]\u00a0the end of any claim by the debtor to the asset: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f51\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5[\u03c1]\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018there remaining neither for the debtor, nor for anyone else on her behalf in the future any ground or pretext\u2019). Among these elements, [1] and [2] are unique to the acquisition of a mortgaged asset, while [3] and [4] are common in any type of acquisition, marking out the capacities<\/a> of the new owner. Such an extensive account is typical of loans with hypotheke<\/em> from the Hermopolite nome of the second century CE (P.Flor. I 1.6-8 (153 CE, Hermopolis); 81.10-14 (103 CE, Hermopolis); P.Stras. I 52.6-9 (151 CE, Hermopolis), as well as in SB I 4370.32-36 (229 CE, Herakleopolites), the only document that has come down to us from the Herakleopolite nome. Elsewhere, scribes address only some of these elements. In the Arsinoites, of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods alike, primarily the acquisition procedure is encountered: an account of the epikatabole<\/em>, or (in the case of kleroi katoikikoi<\/em>) the metepigraphe<\/em>, as well as the payment of the conveyance tax, e.g., P.Bas. 7.17-19 (138 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u03ad \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u0323\u03b9 \u1f21 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03a4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03c0]\u03b9\u1fb6\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2 [\u1f10]\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f41\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3|18<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3, \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9]\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 | 19<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6[\u03c2] \u03bd\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018If Tapiamis, the acknowledging party, does not pay back the debt in due time, let Pakysis and those acting on his behalf, with neither writ nor notice, perform the epikatabole<\/em> after paying the charges in pursuance of the laws of mortgage\u2019.) In the Oxyrhynchites, the acquisition of title [2]<\/strong> and its consequences [3]<\/strong> are stipulated. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XVII 2134.21-22 (170 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 | 22<\/sup> \u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And if I do not return the loan as stipulated you shall become the owner, in lieu of this debt, of the aforementioned arourae<\/em> and it will become permissible for you to undertake any act of disposal or administration in their regard as you see fit\u2019). P.Mert. III 109.3-11 (II CE, Oxyrhynchites) is the only Oxyrhynchite document that also records the embadeuein<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: e.g., Weiss (1909): 20-21; D\u00fcwel (1969): 90-97. Rupprecht (1997b): 292-300.<\/span><\/p>\n

apopher.<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd; choris<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 ; chr.<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 ; desp.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u1fc6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd ; diam.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd; dioik.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; embad.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f71\u03c2; enoik<\/strong>.: \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u00a0; epikatab.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; epikrat.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; epit.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; karp.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; kta.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; kyr.<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd; nom.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1; oikonom.<\/strong>: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd; prosd.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2; tax.<\/strong>: \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 741.27-31 (143, Alex) [nom.]; VII<\/strong> 1651.4-13 (II, Phil) [epikatab.; nom.]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.17-19 (117-138, ArsN) [choris; epikatab.; tax.; \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.6-8 (153, Herm) [prosd.; tax.; epikatab., kta., embad., enoik., \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; 81.10-14 (103, Herm) [prosd.; tax.; epikatab.; kta., embad., karp., diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; P.Genov.<\/span> II<\/strong> 62.19-28 (98, Ox) [\u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.9 (148\/9, ArsN) [epikatab. (verb)]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.3-11 (II, OxN) [embad., krat., apopher.]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-20 (c. 92, OxN); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.28-38 (94, Ox) [kyr.: \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2; apopher., pol., chr.]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.21-22 (170, Ox) [kyr., chr., oikonom.]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 21.22-26 (315, Panop) [kyr., epikrat., despoz.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.6-9 (151, Herm) [prosd.; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, kta., embad., \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, diam., apopher., chr., oikonom.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.19-20 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [epikatab. \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9]; III.2<\/strong> 970.16-19 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 11.7-8 (scr.int.), 22-24 (scr.ext.) (124, En Gedi) [kta., chr., pol., dioik.; choris]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.32-36 (229, HerakN) [embab., krat., kyr., despoz., epitel. prosd.: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 11705.9-11 (213, ArsN) [embad., dioik., epit.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13167.15-23 (IIm<\/sup>, UP).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

11. Enechyrasia<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Security, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In loans given in the context of an association, the creditor may seize the debtor in the case of non-payment: \u2018If I do not repay you, you may seize me with impunity in any manner you choose\u2019. Cf., e.g., SB XXIV 16296.9-13, ll. 12-13 (182\/158 BCE, Unknown Provenance):<\/span> \u1f18\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74\u0323 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u1ff6, \u1f10\u03be\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7[\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5] | \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u2039\u03c9\u03b9\u203a \u1f67\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd{\u03bd} \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6, \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bd\u0323(\u03c9\u03b9).<\/p>\n

Bibl. Martinez\/Williams (1997): 259-263.<\/span><\/p>\n

SB<\/span> XXIV<\/strong> 16296.1-2 ll. 1-2; 16296.3-8 ll. 5-7; 16296.9-13 ll. 12-13 (182A<\/sup><\/span>\/158A<\/sup><\/span>, UP).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

12. Redemption of Pledge<\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In a loan contract that records a chresis<\/em>, the debtor expects to redeem an object by repaying the loan. The creation of the security is recorded nowhere in the document, so that its present or past creation is only implied. SPP XXII 41.8-21 (208 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u0323[\u03bd]\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u0323[\u1fb6]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 | 10<\/sup> \u03b8\u03b5[\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5] \u039d\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u0323\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 11<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd|12<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03c2\u0323 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5 [\u03bf\u1f50]\u03bb\u1f74 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1[\u03c7\u03ae]\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1[\u03b9\u03c3]\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u1fe6\u03c3]\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd|14<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9[\u03c2] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5[\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b9[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf[\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4]\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3[\u03b9]\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf]\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1|16<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf[\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2] \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5[\u1f34]\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[\u03b2]\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd[\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u03a3\u03b5]\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce|18<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1(\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc]\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 [\u03bb\u03c5]\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 19<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51]\u03c0[\u03ac\u03c1]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd [\u1f21]\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4[\u1fc7] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u2039\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03ce|20<\/sup>\u03bc\u1fc3 [\u03a3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d]\u03ae\u03c3\u1ff3 \u1f25[\u03bc]\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1]\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018Sempronios son of Panas, grandson of Sempronios, a priest of the gods of the village of Soknopaiou Nesos, age approximately thirty, scar in the middle of his forehead, and his brother Stotoetis, aged approximately 25, with a scar on the left part of his neck, acknowledge to Pakysis son of Pakysis, a fellow priest of the same gods, that they, the acknowledging parties, have received from him a loan (chresis<\/em>) of one hundred twenty silver drachmas, on the condition that they, having received from the representatives of Sempronios the hundred twenty drachmas, shall redeem the half a share of paternal house that belongs to us (sic!) in the aforesaid village of Soknopaiou Nesos\u2019). Cf. also BGU IV 1156v.46-48 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

13. Failure to Return Pledge<\/h2>\n

Category: Security, Termination<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The creditor\u2019s right to dispose of the debtor\u2019s assets is limited to the period of the contract, after which he must return them or face sanctions. SB XVIII 13154.7-14 (II\/I BCE, Unknown Provenance): \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u0323\u02bc \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u03bd \u1f41 \u0394\u03b9\u03bd\u03cd(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5(\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6) \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 | 8<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6) \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb[\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1(\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2)] \u03bb \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u0323\u1f57\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 9<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50(\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4[\u03cc]\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) | 10<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f03\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7(\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b8\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6(\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9(\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd) | 11<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6)] (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd(?)) \u03ba \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u0323\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b9(\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0393 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03cd(\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2) (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b2 | 12<\/sup> [- ca.12 – \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc]\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af(\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0392 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9 | 13<\/sup> [- ca.16 -]\u03bb\u03c5( ) \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b6 (\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b9 (\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03b1(\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6) \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac(\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5) | 14<\/sup> [\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5(\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9) \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1(\u03c6\u1fc7) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 (\u2018But if Dionysios, having received his own, does not vacate, together with his representatives, the house within another 30 days from the day in which he has recovered the debt, let him return the house (topoi<\/em>) to Olympias or to her representatives, clear of all dirt and the five doors and five keys intact, and let him pay as a penalty twenty talents (?) of bronze for failing to vacate, and the amount of 3,000 bronze drachms for each door that he has not returned, and 2 talents for the door facing the street – – and a misthos<\/em> of 2,000 bronze drachms for not cleaning and let him nonetheless be evicted from the house\u2019). In BGU IV 1115.51-53 (13 BCE, Alexandria), the creditor, who resides on the debtor\u2019s premises during the period of the debt, must surrender it to him unimpaired after its settlement. Otherwise, he becomes agogimos<\/em> and is subject to the prescribed prostimon<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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14. Apostasion<\/em> and Proprasis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In eiromena<\/em> drafted at the grapheion<\/em> of the village of Tebtynis, recording the contents of an Egyptian alimentary contract, the husband\u2019s apostasion<\/em> (\u2018contract of surrender\u2019) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n w\ua723y<\/em>) and proprasis<\/em> (\u2018preliminary sale\u2019) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n \u1e0fb\ua723 \u1e25\u1e0f<\/em>) of specified assets, along with his present and future acquisitions, are documented. Introduced by the preposition \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71, the assets are recorded in the genitive case. Within the account, the scribe first specifies currently available concrete assets. Reported are the nature of the object (e.g., house, yard), its village of location, former owners, and how the husband acquired title to the asset\u2014all elements that are also common in contemporary acts of sale. Unlike in sales, however, is the absence of a description of the abutters. The scribe then takes into consideration future acquisitions. The vocabulary, aiming at drawing up an exhaustive list of all possible types of assets that the husband may acquire (see in particular the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9), will later become typical of the hypotheca generalis<\/em><\/a>, hypallagma<\/em><\/a>, and praxis<\/em><\/a> clauses. In the early first century, when this clause is attested,\u00a0the extensive enumeration is unprecedented, at least in the Greek evidence. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. II 121r<\/sup> col. III 7 ll. 1-3 (42 CE, Tebtynis?): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b3\u03c1(\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf(\u03c2) (Demotic: s\u1e96\ua723 n s\ua725n\u1e2b<\/em>)\u00a0\u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf(\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u1f45\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03c5) \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03b2\u03c4(\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9) \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9(\u1fb7) \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1fd6\u03b4(\u03b9) (\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f48\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf(\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u1f69\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03b3\u03c7\u03b9(\u03bf\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6(\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb(\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd | 2<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b5\u03b2\u03c4\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae(\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5(\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4(\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0(\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd(\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9(\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf(\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd)) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf(\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd) \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b5\u1f34\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5) \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f57 | 3<\/sup> \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0(\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018Alimentary contract for silver of the value of 21 pieces of gold and the contract of surrender and preliminary sale, concerning the whole house, which belongs to me, and the courtyard and the plot of ground in Tebtynis in one parcel formerly belonging to Orsenouphis, son of Horouanchis, and concerning the shares that come to me from my father of another house and courtyard likewise in Tebtynis, and concerning whatever property I may acquire from the present time onward, including allotments and vineyards and groves and building sites and cattle of all sorts and slaves and movables and household furnishings and all that is owed to me in any way whatsoever, or may come to me from any source whatsoever\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 53). The same contents are conveyed in the context of homologia<\/em> in P.Mich. V 347.12-14 (21 CE, Tebtynis), as well as in the heavily damaged Oxyrhynchite P.Ifao I 13.13-15 (23 BCE, Oxyrhynchos).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1930): 50-56; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 321-323; Pestman (1961): 115-117, 133-136; Lippert (2008): 106-108.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 8GH.10-14 (23, SokN); 14GH.8-11 (29, SokN); 16GH.13-16 (34?, SokN); 21GH.6-9 (45, SokN); 27GH.13-21 (54, Nilipolis\/SokN); P.IFAO<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.13-15 (23A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.3.1.1-2 (42, Teb); 121r<\/sup>.3.7.1-3 (42, Teb?); 121r<\/sup>.3.12.1-2 (42, Teb?); 121r<\/sup>.4.4.1 (42, Teb); V<\/strong> 347.12-14 (21, Teb).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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15. Hypotheca Generalis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Security<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Quite frequently, the creditor of a debt in default is allowed to collect it from the debtor\u2019s entire property. This right is most commonly introduced in the praxis<\/a><\/em> clause. A different path to the same goal passes through the hypotheca generalis<\/em>. Here (1)\u00a0the right is recorded independently, in a different clause; (2)\u00a0the clause records the creation of the encumbrance, using the same terminology as in a regular hypotheke<\/em><\/a>; (3) the object of the encumbrance is the entire property of the declaring party, present and future alike. Before the Byzantine period, the closest parallel to such a construct is in the apostasion<\/em> and proprasis<\/em> clause<\/a>, which records, in a grammatically independent clause, the \u2018sale\u2019 of the husband\u2019s present and future assets to his wife. The terminology, however, is that of sale, not of mortgage, and the clause is recorded only in the Arsinoite sources dating to the first century CE. Later texts composed outside Egypt anticipate some aspects of the future hypotheca generalis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A \u2018primitive\u2019 form of the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is attested in loan documents from Dura Europos: P.Dura 22.6-7 (133\/4 CE, Dura Europos): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76] | \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, as well as in the Judean marriage document P.Yadin 18.16-18, 51-54 (128 CE, Ma\u2018oza), in which the husband\u2019s present and future assets are posted as security for the provision of the dowry: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 52\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u039a\u03af\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b5]\u03c1\u0323\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u0323\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd|53<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7\u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc7\u0323 [\u03c0\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 54\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03ac\u0323[\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9[\u03c2 (\u2018Upon the said Judah Cimber\u2019s good faith and peril and [the security of] all his possessions, both those which he now possesses in his said home village and here and all those which he may in addition validly acquire everywhere.\u2019) (transl.: P.Yadin, p. 80). The earliest precisely datable document from Egypt is CPR VII 40 (492 CE, Hermopolites). After this date, the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is recorded in 88 documents in the categories studied here, as well as repeatedly in dialyseis<\/em> and contracts of surety (e.g., P.Oxy. XLIV 3204.24-26 (588 CE, Oxyrhynchos); P.Cair.Masp. II 67122.1-4 (VIm<\/sup> CE, Aphrodite), both surety contracts). The evidence stems from all well-documented nomes\u2014Hermopolites (34), Antaiopolites (13), Arsinoites (13), and Oxyrhynchites (13)\u2014 as well as in papyri from Nessana and from Constantinople.<\/p>\n

In the Byzantine evidence, we discern three main types. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> (19 texts) is closest in phrasing to the coeval clause that records the creation of an encumbrance (hypotheke<\/em>) of a concrete item. In these texts, the vendor\/debtor is recorded as the subject, the verb \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 appears as the predicate, and the object of the mortgage, viz., the present and future possessions of the declaring party, is couched in the accusative. The purchaser\/creditor stands, as beneficiary, in the dative case. E\u1f30\u03c2 + acc. designates the purpose. Common adverbial additions include the expressions \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 and the phrase \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (cf., Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou (2019) 104<\/span>). [Type1]<\/strong> is employed outside Egypt (Constantinople, Nessana) and, in Egypt, primarily in the Arsinoite and Oxyrhynchite nomes; it is especially common in documents that record land conveyance by sale or in the context of a secured loan. Cf., e.g., P.Dubl. 32.13-14 (512 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 14<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03a0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And the vendor Eulogios has pledged to the purchaser Pousis, for the confirmation and assured freedom from encumbrances of this sale, all his possessions, present and future, severally and generally, by way of guarantee and with the force of a mortgage as though by decree of court\u2019) (transl. P.Dubl.,<\/span> p. 171).<\/p>\n

[Type2<\/a><\/strong>], with a total of 38 texts, is best attested in the Hermopolite and Antaiopolite evidence and is employed primarily in loans and wine sales. In a genitive-absolute construction, the present and future possessions of the declaring party stand as the subject and are followed, predicatively, by \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd with the \u2018silent\u2019 party in the dative. All other elements are those used in Type1<\/strong>. Cf., e.g., P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.54-58 (544 or 559 CE, Aphrodite): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 55<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 56\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf|57<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 |58\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018And for all that is herein written and for the guarantee of confirmation of this sale and for its freedom from encumbrances all my possessions present and future, movable, immovable and livestock, generally and severally, in every class and kind are submitted to you as a pledge and with the force of a mortgage as though by decree of court\u2019) (transl., editio princeps<\/em>, p. 79).<\/p>\n

[Type3]<\/strong><\/a> In nine documents\u2014six from the Hermopolite nome and two from Aphrodites Kome\u2014all recording loans or sales of fungibles, the clause is identical to Type2<\/strong> except that instead of \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, the scribe uses \u1f51\u03c0\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 as the subject. Cf., e.g., SB XVI 13037.19-20 (522\/3 CE, Hermopolites): \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf{\u03c5}\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (…. \u2018encumbering all my property for this debt as if on the strength of a legal decision\u2019).<\/p>\n

The vocabulary of the clause in other contexts<\/u>: In the Byzantine period, the vocabulary of the hypotheca generalis<\/em> is also used in the repayment clause, particularly when the debtor must repay the debt. This is evidenced especially in the Oxyrhynchite formulation \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf (e.g., P.Coles 29.10-11: VI\/VII CE, Oxyrhynchos?). The vocabulary is also integrated, in the same nome, into the praxis<\/em> clause; see, e.g., P.Oxy. VI 914.14-18 (486 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 15<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9]\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|16<\/sup>[\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4]\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 | 17<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af]\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 | 18<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 (\u2018You shall have the right of execution upon me and all my property, which is mortgaged for the repayment of this debt, as security and lawful pledge\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 268). Emperor Justinian, addressing this particular usage, recognized it as a valid hypotheke<\/em> in contrast to earlier ordinances. Compare also C. 8.16 (17).9 (528 CE).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schwarz (1911): 50; Taubenschlag (1955): 280-281; Wolff (1956a):<\/span> 25 n. 62; Kaser (1975): 316-317; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 162-163, 329 [<\/span>fungible sales]; Papadatou (2008): 213; van Hoof (2017): 486-487;<\/span> Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017) 88-92; 101-107; Yiftach (2021a): 172-175.<\/span><\/p>\n

In [–]: the purpose of the execution.<\/strong><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> XII<\/strong> 2152.12-14 (512?, Herm) [2; misthosis]; 2172.20-21 (489 ?, Herm) [2; misthosis]; 2185.15-16 (512?, Herm) [2]; 2197.18-20 (537, Herm) [2; grammateion]; 2198.22-25 (545\/560, Herm) [2]; 2201.9-10 (565, Herm) [2; chreos]; 2206.26-29 (591-602, Herm) [2; chreos]; XVII<\/strong> 2687.1 (Vb<\/sup>, Herm) [2]; 2698.28-32 (VII, Herm) [1]; XIX<\/strong> 2836.10-12 (V?, Herm) [2; chreos]; 2837.21-23 (582, Herm) [2]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 30.b (VI\/VII, Herak) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 14.17-19 (475, HerakN) [2]; VII<\/strong> 40.20-22 (492, HermN) [2; grammation?]; 45.10-12 (507?, HermN) [3]; IX<\/strong> 26.24-26 (545\/6, Herm) [2; misthosis]; X<\/strong> 23.9-11 (520\/1?, ArsPol) [2]; XIX<\/strong> 10.19-21 (522, HermN) [3; chreos]; 31.12-14 (ll. 10-20) (Vs<\/sup>, HermN) [2; grammation]; 44.5-7 (VI\/VII, Alex?) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 151.16-18 (610-619\/629-641, Herm) [2]; P.Amst.<\/strong> I 44.1 (VIb<\/sup>, Herm); P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.27-28 (557, Lenaiou, ArsN) [2; chreos]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 6.12-15 (VI, HermN) [3; chreos]; 12.2-4 (VI, HermN) [2]; P.Bodl.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 60.17-20 (553, Herm) [2; misthosis and ektisis]; 82.13-14 (533, Herm) [3]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.59-60 (571\/2?, Aphr) [3]; 67116.6-7 (548, Aphr) [3; ektisis and apodosis]; 67122.2-4 (525-575, Aphr) [2]; II<\/strong> 67125.13-15 (525, Aphr) [3]; 67126.23-29 (541, Constantinople) [1; asphales]; 67127.16-19 (544, Aphr) [2]; 67129.26-27 (549, Aphr) [3; \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; 67158.31 (568, Antin) [1]; 67159.44-48 (568, Antin) [2]; 67162.28-29 (568, Antin) [2]; 67169.43-44 (569, Antin) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; III 67305.25 (568, Antin) [1]; 67310.12-13 (566-573, Antin) [1]; 67314.46-49 (569\/70, Antin) [1; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 244.4-7 (VI, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1]; P.Dubl.<\/strong><\/span> 32.13-14 (512, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; 33.16-17 (513, ArsPol) [1; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17d.42 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.6-7 (121, Paliga); 22.3-4 (133\/4, Dura Europos); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 280.21-23 (514, Aphr) [3]; 323.17-19 (525, Herm) [2]; 384.100-104 (489, Herm) [2]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 190.18-20 (522\/3?, HermN) [2; chreos]; P.Gen. Gr.<\/span><\/strong> 82.21-22 (VI, ArsN) [1]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V 356.2-5 (V\/VI, HermN) [2; chreos]; 357.18-21 (507, HermN) [3; chreos]; 361.31-32 (613, ArsPol) [4]; P.Herm.<\/strong><\/span> 32.27-30 (VI, UP) [2]; 65.13-16 (553\/4, HermN) [1; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 17.21-23 (515?, Herm) [2; chreos]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 156.13-14 (582-602, Antin?) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 589.4 (VI, Antin) [2]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.15-18 (VI, Herm) [1; bebaiosis]; V<\/strong> 1660.43-47 (c. 553 AntaioN) [2]; 1661.20-23 (553, Aphr) [1]; 1687.15-16 (523, Aphr) [3]; 1711.25-26 (566-573, AntinN) [3]; V<\/strong> 1716.9-12 (570, Antin) [3]; 1772.21-24 (VI, HermN) [2; chreos]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 125.7-9 (VI, OxN) [1; dikaion]; P.Mich.<\/span> XI<\/strong> 607.24-26 (569, Antin) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 662.57-61 (615, Aphr) [2]; 663.31-35 (VI, Aphr) [2]; 664.37-39 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [2]; 671.14-17 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr) [3]; 672.7-9 (557?, Aphr) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 34.11-13 (VI, UP) [1]; 40.54-58 (544 or 559, Aphr) [2; \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; 52.g.33-36 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [2]; 55.c.11-12 (582-602, Aphr) [1]; 56.4 (VI, Aphr) (?) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span> I<\/strong> 136.39-41 (583, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 138.33-37 (610\/1, Ox) [1; dikaion tes homologias]; XVI<\/strong> 1890.16-17 (508, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; 1895.14-15 (554, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; XIX<\/strong> 2239.20-23 (598, OxN) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LI<\/strong> 3641.19-21 (544, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LVIII<\/strong> 3952.47-49 (610, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 3958.32-34 (614, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; LXIII<\/strong> 4394.235-237 (494 Alex) [1]; LXXXIII<\/strong> 5370.5-6 (VI, Ox) [1; dikaion tes misthoseos]; 5380.b-c.2 (580, Ox) [1?]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5473.b.2-4 (561, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; 5474.46-48 (617\/8, Ox) [1; dikaion tou synallagmatos]; P.Prag.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 41.7-8 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [2]; 46.15-17 (522, Antin) [2]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 123.17-19 (478, Phebichis) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 32.12-14 (504, ArsPol) [2]; 37.8-11 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.8-9 (VI\/VII, UP) (1); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 493.7-9 (c. 525, HermN) [2]; VII<\/strong> 658.6? (VI, HermN); 696.14-15 (VI, Herm) [3]; VIII<\/strong> 799.4-5 (VI, Herm) [2]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 4.9-13 (VIs<\/sup>, Aphr) [2; bebaiosis, katharopoiesis]; 5.12-14 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-20 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 15300.17-18 (VIl<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; 20714 (Vl<\/sup>\/VI, Herak) [2]; P.Warr. 10.28-29 (591\/2, Ox); P.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 30.4-6 (V\/VI, Herm) [2]; 31.4-6 (c. 500, Herm) [2; chreos]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 18.16-18 (128, Maoza); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.10-11 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); 799.4-5 (VIend<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.18-19 (584, ArsN) [1]; 4504.24-25 (613, This) [3]; 4687.6 (VI, ArsN); 4756.1-3 (IV-VII, ArsN); V<\/strong> 7758.28-30 (497, MagdBou) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 9770.9-10 (511, ArsN) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 12050.28-29 (498, Herm) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 13037.19-20 (522\/3, HermN) [3; chreos]; XVIII<\/strong> 13173.90-95 (629\/644, Herm) [1; \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; 13298.13-14 (566-570, Antin) (?); 13320.91-94 (613-641, Aphr) [2]; XVIII<\/strong>\u00a0 13885.19-20 (547 or 562, ArsPol) [2]; XX<\/strong> 14240.12-13 (VI, Aphr) [3]; 15043.8-9 (VI\/VII, Herm) [2; chreos]; XXX<\/strong> 17328.9-10 (546\/561, Herak) [2]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 25.6 (VI\/VII, HerakN); XX<\/strong> 139.17 (531, ArsPol) [2]; 145.7-8 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [1; bebaiosis, katharopoiesis]; 261.11-12 (570, HermN) [2]; 227.6-7 (VII, HerakN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-30","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":92,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2588,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions\/2588"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}