{"id":31,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:15","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-5-paramone\/"},"modified":"2025-06-26T11:54:40","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T09:54:40","slug":"chapter-5-paramone","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-5-paramone\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 5: Paramone","rendered":"Chapter 5: Paramone"},"content":{"raw":"
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Contracts of labour presuppose the paramone<\/em>, a prolonged stay of the employee on the employer\u2019s premises. One way to achieve this would be to write the paramone<\/em> and its enforcement into the contract explicitly. The duty of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd is indeed frequently recorded in various clauses that anticipate employment. However, clauses that introduce the paramone<\/em> exclusively are uncommon and those penalizing its violation are even rarer. Indeed, for the most part, scribes prohibit acts that would bring the paramone<\/em> to its end. Three main scenarios of this kind are encountered: (1) the employee leaves the estate before the end of the contract. Such an event is regulated in Clause 1 (anachoresis<\/em>), Clause 6 (apostasis<\/em>), Clause 8 (day and night absence), and Clause 13 (prolipein<\/em>, apolipein<\/em>), which prohibit departures in leases. (2)\u00a0The employer removes the employee from the estate, as in Clause 3 (aporriptein<\/em>) and Clause 11 (ekballein<\/em>). (3)\u00a0The paramone<\/em> ends due to the intervention of a third party, as in Clause 4 (apospasis<\/em>). Syntactically, the clauses are \u2018autonomous\u2019, i.e., their contents do not derive from the main verb (usually \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9) that introduces the contract but are elicited by an impersonal construction. The clause that prohibits the dissolution of the paramone<\/em> may be followed by a penalty clause. Such a clause, unlike other cases treated in this book, is not always preceded by a prohibition that triggers the sanction by cause and effect. This phenomenon is especially salient in the case of the ekballein<\/em> clause, in which no document includes both the prohibition and the sanction clause; in the same vein, the clause prohibiting departure in leases (no. 13) is almost never followed by a corresponding penalty clause. The sanction against dissolving the paramone<\/em> is frequently derived from the terms of the contract itself, which deny the party that breaches the contract their wage as well as different types of preinstallments. Pecuniary sanctions external to the terms of the contract are attested but are not the rule. Since most clauses are of later provenance, they do not exhibit the vocabulary common in other penalty clauses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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1. Anachoresis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The anachoresis<\/em> clause is one of a relatively large variety of clauses that prohibit an employee from leaving the employer\u2019s estate. It is recorded in 14 documents, all contracts of labour, most dating to the sixth and seventh centuries CE. The anachoresis<\/em> clause seems functionally and structurally identical to the apostasis<\/em> clause and appears to be popular around the same period. If conclusions can be drawn from the sparse material in hand, two key differences emerge. The first is regional; the anachoresis<\/em> clause is common in the Arsinoite and Oxyrhynchite nomes while the apostasis<\/em> is used in the Hermopolites and in the city of Antinoopolis. The second concerns the type of document: the former is attested exclusively in contracts of labour, while the latter is also common in leases. The anachoresis<\/em> clause is introduced by a \u2018prohibition formula\u2019 (\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5), which is then followed by the aorist or the present infinitive of the verb \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 or one of its compounds\u2014\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9\u2014which introduces, in the genitive (with or without a preposition), the object of the desertion. This object may be either the employer or the work undertaken. Indication of the timeframe is optional, not indispensable. Cf., e.g., P.Heid. V 345.6-7 (VI, Oxyrhynchites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 | 7<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2026\u2018And I shall not be allowed to abandon you during the timeframe of the contract\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 162; Adams (1964): 89, 101; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1655.57-59 (169, Phil); CPR<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 82.7-9 (699 or 709, ArsN); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.14-15 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.5-7? (VI, UP); P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 56.15-18 (IV\/V, UP); P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 345.6-8 (VIe<\/sup>, OxN); P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.11-12 (552, OxN ?); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 48.14 (549, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.24-25 (550, Ox); LXIII<\/strong> 4967.7-11 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 105.4-5 (432, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.5-6 (VI-VII, UP); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4739.15-18 (VI-VII, ArsN); XVIII<\/strong> 13585.1-3 (450-549, Herm); 13960.15-18 (VI-VII, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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2. Consequences of the Anachoresis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause dealing with the consequences of anachoresis<\/em> is recorded in 21 documents, all but one dating to the sixth and seventh centuries. In 12 documents it follows the anachoresis<\/em> clause; in 9, it appears independently. The clause is used only in the context of labour contracts. Where it follows the anachoresis<\/em> clause, the protasis<\/em> is succinct, recording the verb only: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, or simply \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9. Otherwise, the scribe records the circumstances, specifying the object abandoned and the duration of the desertion, in both cases using the formulations attested in the anachoresis<\/em> clause itself. E.g., SB I 4490.24-26 (641 or 656 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 | 25<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 26<\/sup> \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018If I seek to withdraw from the paramone<\/em> before the year comes to an end\u2026\u2019). The consequence of this act is the payment of a fine in three cases and the withholding of the employee\u2019s salary (\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2) in nine others (see list below). Elsewhere, the employee is denied reimbursement of expenses and must return a prochreia<\/em>, an advance payment, or an arrhabon<\/em>, earnest money. Cf., e.g., SB I 4739.18-21 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): [\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5] | 19<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1]\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34 \u03c4[\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd] | 20<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6] | 21<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3]\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018If I withdraw, I will return to you all that I have received from you and leave without my salary\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 174-5; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I 3.20-24 (605, ArsPol) [penalty: exp.]; CPR<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 82.8-9 (699\/700, ArsN); XIX<\/strong> 33.15-18 (591, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.7-9 (VI, UP) [penalty: misthos?]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 345.8-12 (VIe<\/sup>, OxN) [penalty: prostimon]; 350.35-39 (612, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.13-14 (552, OxN ?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.9-12 (418, OxN) [penalty: prochreia]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 48.15-16 (549, Ox?) [penalty: prostimon]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.25-26 (550, Ox) [penalty: arrhabon]; LXXIII<\/strong> 4967.11-12 (VIl<\/sup>\/ VIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [penalty: misthos]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 105.6-7 (432, Ox) [penalty: prochreia]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.6 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, UP) [penalty: prostimon]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4490.24-29 (641\/656, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; 4739.18-21 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; XVIII<\/strong> 13585.3-5 (Vl<\/sup>\/VIe<\/sup>, Herm) [penalty: phoros]; 13960.18-21 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; 13962.6-10 (630-645, ArsN); 13963.6-8 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; 13964.2-8 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [penalty: misthos].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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3. \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In wet-nurse contracts, the wet nurse is prohibited (\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9) from \u2018throwing\u2019 the nursling back to his assignor (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9) in the course of the contract. See P.Bour. 14.17-23 (126, Arsinoites), which is also the most detailed: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 [\u1f19\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc[\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af|19<\/sup>\u03c9\u03bd[\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u0323[\u03bc]\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03bf\u03bd], \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1[\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc]\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u1f72] \u03c6\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4[\u1f78] \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u02bc] \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018Let Helena not, in the course of the contract, cast back to Sarapion the slave, nor nurse at the breast an additional child, nor spoil her milk, nor undertake anything else prejudicial to him\u2019). The use of \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 in this context may shed light on the meaning of its derivative, and well-attested adjective \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, which likely means \u2018that which cannot be returned\u2019 by the receiver (cf., e.g., Kr\u00e4nzlein (1989): 326<\/span>).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Herrmann (1962):<\/span> 493 n. 22.\r\n

P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.17-23 (126, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9]; P.Oxy. LXXVIII<\/strong> 5168.14-16 (18A<\/sup>, Oxy); <\/span>P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 74, ll. 319-320 (139\/40, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9]; PSI<\/span> III<\/strong> 203.7-8 (87, Ox) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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4. Apospasis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the context of apprenticeship contracts, the apospasis<\/em> clause prohibits the assignor from separating the apprentice from his master during the training period. All attestations of the clause in the context of the apprenticeship contract are early Roman, dating from the first through the third centuries CE. The clause is introduced by a prohibition formula: \u2018\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u2019 (the finite \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, the participial \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba, and \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the infinitive construction \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, and the imperative \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9) or the personal \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5. \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1f71\u03c9 appears almost always in the present infinitive. This stands in sharp contrast to the apostasis<\/em>, in which the aorist is generally used. The aspectual distinction becomes especially evident when both verbs are used in the same context. Cf., in particular, P.Ant. II 91.5-7 (VI CE, Antinoites?): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 | 6<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (read \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 7<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6]\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018If I happen to remove him from you, or he departs of his own accord\u2019). Also in contrast to the apostasis<\/em>, the clause rarely references the contract and or specifies the premises where the work is being carried out, from which the apprentice has now been removed; instead, after the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79, the master and the employer are identified. The duration of the contract is commonly expressed through the succinct phrase \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, but other formulations are attested as well. Cf., e.g., P.Wisc. I 4.17-20 (53 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 [\u1f10]\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9] | 18<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6]\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76] | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd]|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018This Pausiris, the father shall not be allowed to remove the child from the teacher within the period of the contract\u2019), and P.Iand. IV 62.15-17 (VI CE, UP): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u0323[\u1fb6]\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10[\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03be(\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323]| 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03c3]\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] (\u2018I shall not be able to remove from your glory before the settlement and full payment of the debt\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 169; Zambon (1935): 51, 63-64; Herrmann (1957\/8): 122; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161; Bergamasco (1995): 117; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 166; Straus (2017):<\/span> 129, 131.<\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1106.47-48 (before 20.2.13, Alex); VII<\/strong> 1647.11-13 (129, Phil);\u00a0P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.2-5 (VI, AntinN?); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59.15-18 (189, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.15-17 (VI, UP); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 322.14-18 (VII, Herak); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.16-18 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.<\/span>Inv.<\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> X<\/strong> 249.15-17 (10, Philagris); 4238.18-21 (128, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.22-24 (66, Ox); IV<\/strong> 724.12-13 (155, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1206.12-14 (335, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 1895.11-12 (554, Ox); LXXVII<\/strong> 4596.21-25 (232\/264, Ox); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.17-20 (53, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.4-5 (II, Ox?); SB<\/strong>\u00a0XXIV<\/strong> 16320.14 (293-304, Kellis).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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5. Consequences of Apospasis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The consequence of the apospasis<\/em>\u2014the separation of an apprentice from the master\u2014is discussed in 13 documents. In six of them (1),<\/strong> it follows the apospasis<\/em> clause and in five others (2)<\/strong> it stands independently. All cases except one are early Roman: six from Oxyrhynchos, four from the Arsinoites, and one from Alexandria ]<\/span>but see also J\u00f6rdens (1990):<\/span><\/span> 160-161[<\/span>. In all regions, the sanction for apospasis<\/em> tends to be grouped with other forms of misconduct; the clearest and most detailed Arsinoite example is P.Mich. X 587.18-30 (24\/5 CE, Tebtynis). The act of apospasis<\/em> is explicitly recorded in the prodosis<\/em>, in the subjunctive of the aorist tense. This is at variance with its description in the apospasis<\/em> clause, where it routinely takes the present tense. It is not explicitly stated in the apodosis<\/em>, where it may be subsumed under the verb \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 (LSJ, p. 267, s.v. (1): neglect one\u02bcs duty, fail to discharge obligation<\/em>): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f11\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb[\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) | 20<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03b1\u0323 \u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1) \u1f22 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7) | 21<\/sup> \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 24<\/sup> \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fc6\u0323\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c2 \u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 | 25<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [(\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03af]\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u2039\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2\u203a | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11]\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ae(\u03c3\u1fc3) | 28<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd {\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (\u2018.\u2026 But if he removes her, or if she herself departs of her own free will, or if they violate any of the aforesaid terms in any other way, or if she is convicted of stealing, damaging, or removing anything belonging to Harmiysis or his representatives, or does not restore in sound condition whatever she has received to safeguard unless it is taken from her by force, the party of the first part shall pay forthwith to Harmiysis both the forty-eight silver drachmai that he has received from him, as aforesaid, increased by one half and with interest, and a fine of one hundred drachmai, and to the treasury the same amount, and the damages; and for each day of her misconduct . . . (he shall pay) three obols<\/em> of bronze and the principal, and five times the value of the stolen object, and one and a half times the value of the object removed, along with simple interest\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 42-43).<\/p>\r\n

The issue of the functional synonymy of \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9 is also raised by the Oxyrhynchite evidence and appears to be disproved there. In the Oxyrhynchite evidence, another form of clustering occurs with the event of \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9. The sanctions for the two forms of misconduct, however, differ: For \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, the original surrenderer must place his dependent at the employer\u2019s disposal for a period of time equal to that of only to the apospasis<\/em> and not to the ataxis, the dereliction of duties. For apospasis<\/em>, a global penalty, \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, is imposed in addition to the payment of the same amount to the fisc. Additionally, in the Oxyrhynchite evidence, the reference to the timeframe (\u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) appears to relate only to apospasis<\/em> and not to ataxis<\/em>. In the Oxyrhynchite evidence, ataxis<\/em> refers to undisciplined but transient conduct, whereas apospasis<\/em> denotes the definitive removal of the employee. In the Oxyrhynchites, the act of removal is expressed through an articular infinitive in the genitive (\u2018for...\u2019). Here, too, the aspect is aorist and the voice is passive, thereby avoiding naming the perpetrator of the apospasis<\/em>. E.g. P.Oxy.Hels. 29.33-38 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 34<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\\\u03bb\/|35<\/sup>\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3|36<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3|37<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1[\u03cc]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 38<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018For every day in which the slave acts without discipline, Apollonous must surrender him for an equal number of days after the contract period or she must pay as indemnity one drachm for each day. And for the event of removal before [the stipulated] time, she shall pay a penalty of one hundred drachms and an equal amount to the fisc\u2019)<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 169-170; Zambon (1935): 63-64; Herrmann (1957\/8): 130; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 25; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161; Bergamasco (1995): 120; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 166.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV 1106.48-49 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.5-10 (VI, AntinN?) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67299.15-22 (527-565, Antin); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59.18-20 (189, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.18-22 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv<\/strong><\/span>.<\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249 ll. 17-19 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.28-31 (66, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 1895.12-13 (554, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.35-37 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.36-38 (54, Ox); P.Wisc<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span> I 4.25-28 (53, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 176.5-14 (V?, Ox); VI 710.4 (II, Ox?); X<\/strong> 1120.4-5 (IlA<\/sup>-Ie<\/sup>);\u00a0SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.37-39 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.25-28 (98-103, Ox); SPP<\/span> XX <\/strong>19; XXII<\/strong> 40.26-28 (150, SokN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

6. Apostasis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In 18 documents\u2014nine leases, eight labour contracts, and one loan\u2014the lessee\/employee is prohibited from leaving the lessor\/employer during the contract period. Most of the documents (14) are Byzantine, three are Roman, and one Ptolemaic. The text is introduced by a prohibition formula, either impersonal (\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd) or with the lessee\/employee as the subject (\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd). The verb \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 appears primarily in the aorist infinitive form: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (13 cases) but is also attested in the medial of the present tense \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (2) and is followed in the genitive, usually introduced by the prepositions \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, or \u1f10\u03ba, by the term of the contract: \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1. In only one case is the employer explicitly identified. The clause also sometimes sets out the timeframe: mostly \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, but also \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. LVIII 3933.19-22 (588 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 | 20<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9(\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) | 21<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 (...\u2018and I shall not be able to absent myself from your excellency and from the same service before the completion of said year\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Gerstinger (1953): 206-212; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 175, 257, 366; Freu (2022): 308-310.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 920.31-33 (212, Phil); XII<\/strong> 2186.11-12 (514?,<\/span> Herm) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XVII<\/strong> 2685.24-31 (585, Herm);<\/span>\u00a0P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67159.34-37 (568, Antin) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.13-14 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.22-27 (565-579, Aphr) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2];<\/strong> P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 56.22-24 (VI, HermN); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.35-36 (569, Antin); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 34.8-10 (VI, UP) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LI<\/strong> 3641.15-17 (544, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.19-22 (588, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span> III<\/strong> 40.24-26 (588, Sesiy) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 42.20-22 (602, HermN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 51.16-18 (125, Herm); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.33-38 (569, Antin) [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 789.10-11 (I\/II, HermN) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9151.2-7 (c. 600, Herm); 9085 inv. 16050, ll. 23-25 (579, Herm); XX<\/strong> 14969.4-6 (VI-VII, Herm) [\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 218.33-35 (VIIe<\/sup>?, HermN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

7. Consequences of Apostasis<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\r\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\r\n

The consequences of and sanction for desertion by a lessee or employee of the lessor or employer are dealt with in 13 documents: eight labour contracts, four leases, and one loan. In three of them, this clause follows the apostasis<\/em> clause itself. In at least nine of the other documents, however, it is introduced independently: the protasis<\/em> registering the desertion and the apodosis <\/em>outlining its consequences. In the protasis<\/em>, the clause may derive from a modal verb: the future indicative of \u1f10\u03b8\u1f73\u03bb\u03c9 (e.g., P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.21: 568 CE, Antinoopolis) or the optative aorist or present infinitive of \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9 (e.g., SB I 4503.24: 605\/7 CE, This). Both are followed by the infinitive aorist \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. The verb \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 is also used finitely either in the future indicative (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03c9: SB XX 14969.5: VI\/VII CE, Hermopolis) or in the aorist optative (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77\u03b7\u03bd: P.Cair.Masp. II 67164.8: 569 CE, Antinoopolis). The third component, the object being deserted, stands in the genitive, mostly without an introductory preposition\u2014either a place (\u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), a contracted activity (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75), or the person of the employer. As in the case of the apospasis<\/em> clause, the protasis<\/em> may also indicate the timeframe: \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 and \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f24 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n

In the apodosis<\/em>, the consequences are most often expressed in the future indicative: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9, \u03b4\u1f7d\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9. Alternatively, the aorist infinitive of the same verbs may follow the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, from the constructions \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77, or from \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 (\u1f10\u03bc\u1f73). In one case, the result of desertion is the withholding of the employee\u2019s remuneration. In all other cases, the employee is liable to a cash payment that is usually termed a fine: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f75, or bears no label. Three documents\u2014P.Cair.Masp. II 67164 (569 CE, Antinoopolis), P.Prag. II 160 (Vm<\/sup>, Hermopolis), and SB XX 14969 (VI\/VII CE, Hermopolis)\u2014bear out the kindynos<\/em> formulation; another, P.Cair.Masp. II 67159.41-44 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), stipulates payment without delay or excuse (\u03b4\u1f77\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u1f77\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.), along with the hypotheca generalis<\/em>. P.Cair.Masp. II 67164.8-10 (569 CE, Antinoopolis) is paradigmatic: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb(\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f24\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323 | 9<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f13\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) |<\/span> 10<\/sup> \u1f13\u0323\u03be\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3(\u1ff7), \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \\\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\/ \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 (\u2018And if I depart from this city before I have settled my accounts with you, I will give you without conviction or suit one solidus<\/em> minus six keratia<\/em> by the same standard at the risk of all my assets, through the agency of the person presenting to me this document of security\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: J\u00f6rdens (1990): 257.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1065.15-17 (98, ArsN) [independent]; XII<\/strong> 2186.12-13 (514?, Herm) [following apostasis]; XVII<\/strong> 2685.24-31 (585, Herm); CPR<\/span> V<\/strong> 11.11-14 (IVe<\/sup>, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67158.21-23 (568, Antin) [independent]; 67159.41-44 (568, Antin) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; II<\/strong> 67164.8-10 (569, Antin) [independent]; P.Flor. I<\/strong> 44.24-25 (158, PtolEu) [Independent]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I 23.36-37 (569, Antin) [following apostasis; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.19-21 (VI, Aphr) [independent]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LI<\/strong> 3641.16-17 (544, Ox) [following apostasis; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.22-24 (588, Ox) [following apostasis]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 160.7-9 (VIm<\/sup>, Herm) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 489.2-3 (VI, HermN) [independent]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4503.24-27 (605\/7, This) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; XX<\/strong> 14969.5-6 (VI\/VII, Herm) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f75]; 15043.5-8 (VI\/VII, Herm).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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8. Day and Night Absence<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Seventeen labour contracts stipulate the employee\u2019s duty not to leave the employer\u2019s house (\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) by day or by night, sometimes adding the phrase \u2018without his consent\u2019 (\u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2). The adjectives \u1f00\u03c6\u1f75\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, denoting the two activities, may be substituted by their verbal counterparts: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9. The most common construction is participial. Cf., e.g., SPP XXII 40.16-19 (150 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad|17<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u1f75\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5|18<\/sup>\u03c3\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03c2] \u03bf\u0323\u1f30\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03b3\u0323[\u03b5] | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Her absence by day or by night from the house of Pausiris without his consent\u2019), in either the subject case or the genitive. The clause may be introduced by the \u2018prohibition formula\u2019 (e.g., P.Yale I 26.4-5 (Ankyron Polis, IIIe<\/sup> BCE): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 | 5<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b9\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9]\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u0323\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let there be no possibility for Poros either to sleep away or be absent without Epimenes\u2019 consent\u2019) though it is not essential. Used in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods both in Egypt and in Dura Europos, the clause is also inserted into marriage documents, in the clause that prescribes the wife\u2019s due conduct.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914): 310; Zambon (1935): 53-55; (1939): 101-102; Montevecchi (1950): 8; Herrmann (1957\/8): 125-126; Adams: (1964): 138-141; Samuel (1965): 308-310;\u00a0 Hengstl (1972): 27-28; Bergamasco (1995): 127, 128 n. 101; Freu (2022): 33.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU IV<\/strong> 1126.11-12 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 18.375-376 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); P.Bad.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 86.9-13 (99, Hibeh) [apprenticeship]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong>. 17d.43-44 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.9 (121, Paliga); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.21-23 (158, PtolEu); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 34-35 (46, Teb); 355.10-11 (c. 48-56, Teb); X<\/strong> 587.13-16 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.11-12 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.8-9 (50, Kar) [apprenticeship]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 72, ll. 303-304 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.9-11 (185, Ox); P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.4-5 (IIIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Ankyron Polis); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.12-13 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9094.9 (III, Ox?); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 35.11-16 (50, SokN); 40.16-19 (150, SokN) [apprenticeship].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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9. Consequences of Day and Night Absence<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Following the injunction against leaving the employer\u2019s premises by day or by night, sanctions for such conduct are introduced. The most detailed iteration of this clause is from Dura Europos. P.Dura 20.9-10 (121 CE, Paliga) uses the verbal derivatives \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, followed by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc and the name of the employer. The apodosis<\/em> prescribes a set penalty for each day of absence: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u1fc3 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a6\u03c1\u03b1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5] | 10<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba]\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f11\u03ba\u0323[\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018If (the employee) absents himself from Phraates by day or by night, let him pay one drachm as indemnity for each day\u2019). The principle of a per-diem penalty is evidenced in other texts as well. Some scribes, however, construct the sentence using a relative clause that they introduce in the genitive case by invoking the quantifying relative pronoun \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 modifying the time unit of absence (scil. \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1), and the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 in the clause itself. So in P.Mich. V 355.12 (48-56 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f27\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 {\u1f27\u03c2} \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf (\u2018For each day I do not remain, I shall pay Heron two silver drachms as indemnity\u2019). Both P.Yale I 26.5-6 (IIIe<\/sup> BCE, Ankyron Polis) and PSI X 1120.1-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance) draw a conceptual distinction between day absence (\u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1) and night absence (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1). See in particular the latter: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9[\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41] \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03ac]\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u0323[\u03ba\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] | \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c6]\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018Let Herakleios pay Loukios and Gaios one drachma in indemnity for each absence by night or by day\u2019). In this case, the subordinate clause is dispensed with, as is, perhaps, an explicit statement of the injunction of absence by day or by night. The discussion of day and night absence may be coupled with that of idleness. In P.Dura 20.9-10 (121 CE, Paliga), it is followed by treatment of illness for more than seven days (ll. 10-11): - ca.10 - \u1f10\u1f70]\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u0323[\u03ac, \u1f10\u03ba]\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41\u0323 \u0392\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03bb\u03ac\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2] | 10<\/sup> [\u1f02\u03bd \u1f00]\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b4\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c7[\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd] \u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd ] (\u2018If he is sick for more than seven days, Barlaas shall pay one drachm for each idle day\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Adams (1964): 16; Samuel (1965): 308-310.<\/span>\r\n

P.Dura<\/span><\/strong>. 17d.44 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.9-12 (121, Paliga); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38 l. 35 (46, Teb); 355.12 (c. 48-56, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.14-15 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.5-6 (IIIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Ankyron Polis); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.12-13 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); X<\/strong> 1120.1-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, UP); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 35.11-16, ll. 16-19 (50, SokN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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10. Drasmos<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Security, Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Six documents recording the conveyance of slaves deal with the prospect of their flight and death. In one of them, BGU IV 1059.17-18 (30 BCE-14 CE, Alexandria), a parachoresis<\/em>, the conveyor is exempted from liability for the flight or demise of the slave, and in another, P.Princ. III 151.13-15 (after 341 CE, Ibion), a lease of a slave, the lessee will be liable for both prospects. In another four cases, BGU 1147.29-32 (14\/3 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria), P.Dura 20.12-14 (121 CE, Paliga), P.Oslo II 40a.22-25 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and PSI VI 710.7-9 (II CE, Oxyrhynchos?), all loan contracts, the slave is given as security for the debt and it is affirmed that damage or unavailability shall not compromise the creditor\u2019s right to recover the debt. In this respect, the clause is functionally identical to that which anticipates the Destruction or Debasement of the Hypothecated Asset<\/a>. Cf., e.g., P.Oslo II 40a.22-25: \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 | 23<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f22 \u03b8\u03ac]\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 [\u03c3\u03af]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c1\u03bf]\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 24<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd] \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf[\u03c2 \u1f10]\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4[\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6]\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u1f70 [\u03c4\u1f78] \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 25<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00]\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd[\u03b1] \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03c5 (....\u2019flight, death or mischief, if any of them occur to said Isarous and her future offspring, no damage shall be caused to said principal or said interest, nor even to some of it, since everything is guaranteed against all risk\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 461-463; Wollentin (1961): 45-46; Bie\u017aunska-Ma\u0142ovist (1971): 88-90.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1059.17-18 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1147.29-32 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1149.33-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.12-14 (121, Paliga); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.22-25 (121, Paliga); 40b.22-24 (150, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 151.13-15 (after 341, Ibion); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.7-9 (II, Ox?).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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11. Ekballein<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In 13 documents, nine of which are contracts of lease, the landholder is enjoined against casting out or casting away the lessee\/employee. The documents extend over the Roman and the Byzantine periods; all key provenances are represented. The clause begins with the routine prohibition formulations, in both the personal \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5 and the impersonal \u03bc\u1f74\/\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9. The verb varies: both \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 are equally attested, the latter also in the medial voice. The object, mostly physical (the land or house leased) rather than contractual, is recorded in the genitive and is introduced by one of the prepositions \u1f10\u03be, \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, or not. An indication of the timeframe is common but not indispensable. Cf., e.g., SB V 7814.33-34 (256 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78[\u03c2] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf[\u03c5] | 34<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03b2]\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c2] (\u2018The landowner shall not be allowed to cast away the lessees during the period of the contract\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 162; Taubenschlag (1955): 367; Herrmann (1958): 158; M\u00fcller (1985): 184-185, 238; Freu (2022): 310.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1115.23-25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; 1156v<\/sup><\/span>.25-26 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.15-16 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?): [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.12-13 (568, Antin) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 384.90-92 (489?, Herm) [\u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u2026. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 44.17-18 (44, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 56.12 (IV-V, UP) [\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 44.16-18 (527, Aphr) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 143.18-19 (170\/1, Teb); P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 78.14-16 (49-54, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd?]; P.Oxf.<\/strong> 12.20-22 (153\/4. ArsN); P.Oxy. IX<\/span><\/strong> 1206.10-12 (335, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; XIV<\/strong> 1641.6-8 (68, Ox) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.16-18 (102, Ibion Takelmeos) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 39.10 (584, ArsPol): [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Stras. IV<\/strong> 247.18-20 (550\/1\/2, Herm);\u00a0P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.31 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u00a0 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 32.17-19 (208, HerakN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; IV<\/strong> 287.20-24 (377, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1056.16-18 (VII, ArsN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4495.3-4 (IV-VII, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03be\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 7814.33-34 (256, Ox) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XVI<\/strong> 13041.4-6 (I\/II, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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12. Consequences of Ekballein<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In other types of \u2018paramonic\u2019 clauses, i.e., those aiming at securing the physical foundations of the contract during its period of effect, there is frequently an evidentiary overlap between a clause documenting a precept and one that prescribes a penalty for failing to abide by the precept (compare, e.g., the correlation between apostasis<\/em> and no-apostasis<\/em> clauses). This, however, is not the case with the prohibition of casting out the employee. Thirteen documents prohibit such an act and 11 introduce sanctions, but no document does both. Additional significant differences appear: (1)\u00a0documents enunciating the precept extend over the Roman and the Byzantine periods alike whereas those introducing penalties are all Byzantine (sixth and seventh centuries CE). (2)\u00a0Most contracts in the former group are leases; a majority of those in the latter concern labour. (3)\u00a0In the former, the scribe uses \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd with equal frequency. In the latter, it is almost always \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd and always in the active voice. (4)\u00a0Where the precept is given, the employee (usually the lessee) is cast out of a place or an object; where the sanction is prescribed, he is cast out of a contractual status or a contract. (5)\u00a0In the case of sanction, the event described in the protasis<\/em> involves casting out the employee \u2018without just cause\u2019. Such a consideration is not mentioned at all in the case of an independent prohibition. All these considerations make one postulate that, beyond the terminological and practical affinity, the \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause, on the one hand, and the no-\u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause, on the other, reflect two distinct institutions. Cf., e.g., BGU I 310.20-23 (663 CE?, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u1f72 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f7a \u1f00]\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 | 21<\/sup> [\u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5] \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 23<\/sup> [\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 (\u2018And if you cast me away without my being subject to condemnation or showing contempt, I shall receive my yearly wages in full\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 160, 174; Hengstl (1972): 116; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 161-162; Bergamasco (1995): 117; Freu (2022): 309-310.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 310.20-23 (663?, ArsN); X<\/strong> 1964.4-11 (221A<\/sup>-205A<\/sup>, Tholt); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.21-23 (568, Antin); P.Duk.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.11-14 (518-527?, UP) [deed of gift]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.9-11 (VI, UP); P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 350.39-41 (612, ArsPol); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.21-24 (VI, Aphr); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.16 (549, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.26-28 (550, Ox); LI<\/strong> 3641.17-19 (544, Ox); LVIII<\/strong> 3933.24-27 (588, Ox); LXXIII<\/strong> 4967.12-15 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.4-8 (VI\/VII, UP); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1056.18-19 (VII, ArsN); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4503.27-30 (605\/607, This).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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13. Prolipein, Apolipein<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Among the clauses in the paramone<\/em> family, only the present clause, revolving around some compound of the verb \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9, is commonly applied in lease contracts. It seems to be particularly well attested in the Arsinoite nome, with as many as 43 cases, but is also recorded in source material from Alexandria, where it is used in connection with nursing contracts, and in the Oxyrhynchite nome. The clause is positioned after the one recording the rent and precedes a detailed elaboration of the lessee\u2019s duties (cf. e.g., BGU II 644.27-28: 69 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos). In no instance is the clause followed by a sanction for its violation. The clause is introduced by a prohibition formulation: \u03bc\u03ae or the imperative, indicative, or infinitive of \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd. The lessee stands in the dative. The scribe uses different compounds of \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 to denote departure. In the Arsinoites, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 and \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 are by far the most common. The form \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 occurs in source material from the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite nomes. While other tenses are occasionally used, the aorist is by far the most common. The object is in the accusative and is mostly the contract (\u1f14\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1), and not the location or the person of the lessor. An indication of time is the prevailing rule: \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. The \u2018all manners\u2019 formulation (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) is common but not indispensable. For the Arsinoite formulation, see, e.g., BGU I 197.15-16 (17 CE, Dionysias): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3]|16<\/sup>\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10[\u03bd]\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd[\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018Let the lessors not be allowed to leave the lease in the course of the contract\u2019). Compare also D. 19.2.54.1 (Paul. 5 resp.), D. 19.2.55.2 (Paul. 2 sent.).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 169; Adams (1964): 53; M\u00fcller (1985): 184-185; Rupprecht (1990): 125.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 197.15-16 (17, Dionysias) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; II<\/strong> 519.19-20 (IV, Phil) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 586.15-17 (324, ArsPol) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 606.8-9 (306, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 644.27-28 (69, SokN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; III<\/strong> 916.23-25 (69-79, Herakleidou Meris) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IV<\/strong> 1055.14-16 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1058.36-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1106.34-35 (before 20\/2\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1107.18-19 (before 27\/3\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1109.22-23 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1116.20-21 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1117.21-25 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1118.32 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1119.27-28 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1120.34-35 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1121.29-30 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1122.21 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, eklempsis]; 1126.15-16 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, paramone]; VI<\/strong> 1272.16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1282.13-15 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, kerameion]; VII<\/strong> 1644.13-15 (294?, Phil); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 31.18-20 (153, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 244.19 (II\/III, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; V<\/strong> 11.7-10 (IVe<\/sup>, UP) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.20-21 (22, Phil) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.30-32 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.22-25 (221\/2 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 99.15-17 (297, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 102.16-17 (303\/4, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 179.15-16 (300, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.24 (204, Ox); 280.18-19 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.14-16 (239, Euh) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 41.22-23 (140, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 32.19-21 (155, Antin); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 579a.13-15 (III, Ox) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 72.12-13 (118-138, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.14-15 (21, Phil) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 348.26 (26, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, metoche]; X<\/strong> 586.10-11 (c. 30, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XII<\/strong> 633.28-29 (c. 30, Teb) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 22.15-16 (291, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 24.20-23 (297, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 143.16-18 (170\/1, Teb) [ed.: \u1f10\u03bd[\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6]\u03c8\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-24 (98-117, Thead) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 12.19-20 (153\/4, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LVII<\/strong> 3912.14-18 (266?, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.44-45 (141, Ox) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 601.17 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu)?; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.11-13 (321, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 71.20-21 (306, Thead) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 73.10-12 (328, Thead) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-19 (69, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 2.15-16 (71, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV 258.9 (II, ArsN) [\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd[..];]; V 465.13-15 (230, Polydeukia) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; VI 535.10-11 (II, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I 105.38-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) ?; 106.23 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; II 378.16-17 (265, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.13-15 (270, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Worp.<\/span><\/strong> 20.19-20 (155, Antin) [misthosis]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 52.12-13 (32, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> \u0399 32.17-18 (208, HerakN) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IV<\/strong> 316.12-13 (328, Ox) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2];]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 787.14-15 (176\/7?, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IX<\/strong> 1020.13-14 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [\u1f10\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; XV<\/strong> 1518.14-15 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9562.12-13 (214, Phil) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, misthosis]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.29-30 (44, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 11933.33 (27A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XVI<\/strong> 12539.17-18 (26, Teb) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XVI<\/strong> 13017.14-17 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 16569.16-18 (62?, Euh) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd*, misthosis*].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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14. Consequences of Prolipein, Apolipein<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause dealing specifically with the consequences of physical departure is recorded in four documents. In two of them, P.Oxy. VIII 1124.15-18 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos); PSI X 1120.5-9 (Il<\/sup> BCE\/Ie<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance), a loan with a paramone<\/em>, the penalty for departure is recorded in a longer list of breaches including theft and apospasis<\/em>. In all cases, the penalty is proportional to the amount of the loan: \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|5<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6(\u03bd) | 6<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 7<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bf] | 8<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) | 9<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018For an apprehended act of theft or removal twice (the amount of the loan), for a removal (apospasis<\/em>) during the term of the contract or for complete abandonment of the paramone<\/em> immediate payment of the amount of the loan with an hemiolia<\/em>, and interest from the time at which the breach of the contract occurred, each month two drachms per mina<\/em>, a penalty of two hundred drachms and the same amount to the fisc\u2019). In the two remaining texts, P.Oxf. 10.23-25 (98-117 CE, Theadelphia) and SB III 7188.29-32 (154 CE, Arsinoites), the case of departure is discussed independently. The consequences differ: an epitimon<\/em> and compensation for damage in the latter text, a per diem compensation with an hemiolia<\/em> in the former. P.Oxf. 10.23-25: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc7, \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9] | 24<\/sup> \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 (\u2018But if he leaves prematurely, he has to pay two drachmae for each day he abandons the pigs prematurely plus the balance of the loan increased by one half\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 90; Berger (1911): 154, 163; Herrmann (1958): 148; Hengstl (1972): 16.<\/span>\r\n

P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-25 (98-117, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 1124.15-18 (26, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1120.5-9 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 7188.29-32 (154, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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15. Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The paramone<\/em>, broadly defined as the provision that obliges one of the contracting parties to stay with the other, is widely attested in contracts of labour, lease, and loan (see in this section: anachoresis<\/em><\/a>, apospasis<\/em><\/a>, apostasis<\/em><\/a>, day and night absence<\/a>, drasmos<\/em><\/a>, ekbalein<\/em><\/a>, and prolipein\/apolipein<\/em><\/a>). It occurs in 196 texts, to which one may add documents that record sanctions for breach of the paramone<\/em><\/a>, sometimes without referencing the prohibitions per se<\/em>. In these cases, the duty of paramone<\/em> is formulated negatively: the employee should not be removed from, and should not abandon, the contract. Positive enforcement of the paramone<\/em> is undertaken through the use of the verb \u03c0\u03b1ch180.xhtml#prolipein-apolipein\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9, which may appear in different formulaic contexts. For example, in the clause of a labour contract that records the employee\u2019s duties (see obligations in Labour<\/a>), the verb appears mostly in the participial form. Moreover, in some cases \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 is the main verb in the sentence, but it is embedded within a different clause. In P.Oxf. 10 (98-102 CE, Theadelphia), for example, it is embedded in the antichresis<\/em> clause (\u2018antichresis: persons<\/a>\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The documents treated here are somewhat different because the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 stands at the focus of the clause. Although documented throughout the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, this clause is generally not very common, nor does the evidence present any clear regional pattern. The clause is frequently integrated into the flow of the contract after the creation clause through \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, followed by some form of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9. Such is already the case in the early Ptolemaic era\u2014CPR XVIII 18.371-374 (231 or 206 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014 where, upon the receipt of a loan, the debtor is obligated to stay with the creditor and follow the latter\u2019s instructions: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|372<\/sup>\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323 \u03a0\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03b8\u0323[\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08]\u03c1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 | 373<\/sup>\\\u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2\u0323\/ \u1f59\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b9\u03db\u0323 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u0323\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3|374<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9] (\u2018On the condition that Pythos will stay with Arkas ten years from the month of Hyperberetaios of the 16th<\/sup> year, performing all that he is ordered\u2019). The same formulation recurs in the Byzantine era: P.Stras. I 40.30-33 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03bf\u0323[\u03c6]\u03af\u0323\u1fb3 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] | 31<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u0323\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bb\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u03b5\u0323[ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03c1\u0323(\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) | 32<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03ba\u0323\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03be\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc7\u0323 | 33<\/sup> \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7\u0323 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018So that he will stay with your bright wisdom and will serve her honestly, guilelessly, [ - - ], orderly and satisfactorily in the daily services, and that he will display all service with servile sedulity even in a foreign land\u2019). The shift from the future indicative to the aorist infinitive echoes a general change in the function of the \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 construction (compare, e.g., the creation of prospective employer\u2013employee relationship<\/a>, obligations in lease<\/a>, irrigation<\/a>). The scribe may use additional constructions for the paramone<\/em>: the future indicative (P.Cair.Isid. 80.11-13: 296 CE, Arsinoites; P.Cair.Zenon I 59133.11-13: 256 BCE, Philadelphia) or the infinitive-introduced \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9. In that case, the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 appears in the future or (in the Byzantine period) in the aorist tense: SB XX 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII CE, Unknown Provenance): [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u2039\u03ad\u203a\u03c1\u1ff3 | 5<\/sup> [- ca.12 -] \u0323\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3[\u03bf]\u03c1\u0323[\u1f74 \u03ba] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] \u1f30\u0323\u03bd\u03b4(\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u1f74 \u03ba | 7<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3]\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f30\u03bd\u03b4(\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) | 8<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 9<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03c2] | 10<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c1]\u1fb3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018I acknowledge that I shall stay with your - - from Mesore 20th<\/sup> of the fourth indiction until Mesore 20th<\/sup> of the following fifth indiction, and shall execute all service unexceptionably and irreproachably, and will discharge everything without sloth\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Montevecchi (1950): 8; Herrmann (1957\/8): 126; Adams (1964): 2-6; Hengstl (1972): 24, 28; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 293-204.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/strong> IV<\/strong><\/span> 1126.6-11 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex.); XIX<\/strong> 2808.23-24 (528, Herm); CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 18.371-376 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|372<\/sup>\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323;]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 56.13-17 (176, PtolEu); P.Amst.<\/strong> I 41.14-15 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) P.Alex.<\/span><\/strong> 8.8-12 (89, Boubastos); P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 41.13-15 (604, Herm); P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 97.11-12 (II, UP); P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 80.11-13 (296, ArsN); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67164.7-8 (569, Antin); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.11-13 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Col.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 131r<\/sup>.14-17 (58, Thead); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 87.17-22 (602, Herm); P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.9-12 (306\/7, Kellis); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.8-9 (418, OxN); Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 16.24-30 (138, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXVII<\/strong> 2474.31-33 (III, Ox);\u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.30-33 (569, Antin); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 28.25-27 (576\/7, Herm); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.8 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1037.24-26 (301, Ox); X<\/strong> 1120.12-14 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> IV<\/strong> 7358.7-9 (277-282, Kar); XX<\/strong> 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII, UP).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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16. Consequences of Failed Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Among the multiple types of clauses that sanction temporary or permanent abandonment by the employee of the service of the employer, only four impose a sanction on failure-to-remain (\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) with the employer. In all these cases, the sanction is pecuniary. In one case, P.Ross.Georg. II 18 XVII l. 82 (139\/40 CE, Arsinoites), a return of the prodoma<\/em> is prescribed; in another, the payment of an epitimon<\/em> is indicated (BGU VI 1258.4-6, l. 6: 154\/3 or 143\/2 BCE Hermopolis?). In a third, P.Tebt. II 384.33-34 (10 CE, Tebtynis), no label is given: \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u0323[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd] (l. \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]|34<\/sup>\u03c7\u03bc\u0323[\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018And if he does not stay, we shall pay as indemnity one hundred drachms\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 171-172; Freu (2022): 309.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1258.4-6 l. 6 (154\/3A<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0or 143\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm?); P. P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 XVII l. 82 (139\/40, ArsN); 18 no. 25.113-114 (139\/40, ArsN) ?; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 384.33-34 (10, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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17. End of Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Termination\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In a single document only, P.Mich. V 241.24-38, l. 37 (46 CE, Tebtynis), the parties provide for the \u2018dissolution\u2019 of the paramone<\/em> when the contract comes to an end: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c4\u0323[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (... \u2018and after the term the parties of the first part will be released from service\u2019).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

18. Metamisthosis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Paramone, Termination\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The metamisthosis<\/em> clause regulates the ability of the lessor and the lessee to offer the object for lease to a third party (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9) (\u2018lease out to others\u2019) or to cultivate it themselves (\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9) (\u2018work with one\u02bcs own hand\u2019). The clause is already incorporated into one document from late second century BCE Pathyris (PSI IX 1020.11-12: 110 BCE, Pathyrites). In the Roman period, it recurs in lease documents from the Arsinoite, Oxyrhynchite, and Hermopolite nomes, as well as in some from third-century CE Antinoopolis. It never becomes indispensable, however, in any of these regions. Introduced by the impersonal verb \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9, the clause may stipulate the following: [Type1]<\/strong> The lessor is allowed to lease out the object to a third party. Two common formulations here, for example, are P.Flor. III 383 (2) ll. 65-66 (234\/5 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4(\u03bf\u03c2) \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u0323[\u03ad]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 [\u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1fd6\u03bd | 66<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50] \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03c7]\u03c1\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf]\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018Should a higher bid be made, it will be allowed (for the lessor) to later lease out to others or cultivate it himself, and we will not use the present agreement for any other legal purpose\u2019). This is by far the most common type. [Type2]<\/strong> The lessor is prohibited from leasing out the land to others or cultivating it himself for the duration of the contract. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. I 101.47-49 (142 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3) \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad|48<\/sup>\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd|49<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018It shall not be allowed for the lessor to lease out the land to others or to cultivate it herself in the course of the contract\u2019). The latter prohibition may also be expressed through the adjectives \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Iand. III 26.28-30 (98 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1|29<\/sup>[\u03bc\u03af]\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c5|30<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323[.]... (\u2018The land not being qualified for leasing out to others or to cultivation by the lessor himself\u2019). [Type3]<\/strong> The lessee is prohibited from subletting the object. P.Mert. II 76.38-39 (181 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9[\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3] | 39<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u0323[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c1\u0323[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018The lessee may not sublet part of the workshop to others\u2019). [Type4]<\/strong> The lessee is allowed to sublet the object: SB X 14337.28-29 (103 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u0323[\u03c3]|29<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3] \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10]\u03c0\u0323\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b1\u0323\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1[\u03bd] (\u2018The lessee may sublet (the garden and olive-yard) to others for vegetable gardening\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 158, 174; Taubenschlag (1933): 254; Herrmann (1958): 160; Hennig (1967): 79; Hombert (1975): 607-608; Rupprecht (1982a): 237; M\u00fcller (1985): 185-186, 239-241, 189-190; Rowlandson (1996): 204; Freu (2022): 97.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 1092.25-26 (372, Herm) [2]; 1122.30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, penalty]; P.Aberd.<\/strong><\/span> 45.18-21 (141?, SokN) [1]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 85.17-21 (78, Herm) [2]; 86.16-17 (78, Herm) [1]; 92.23-24 (162\/3, SokN) [1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.21-22 (22, Phil) [2]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.28-30 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [1]<\/strong>; P.Bodl.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 34.26-28 (158\/9, ArsN) [1]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/span><\/strong> 38.8-11 (IV, UP) [1?]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.18-19 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1, penalty]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> III<\/strong> 383.1.29-31 (234\/5, Antin) [1]; 383.2.65-66 (234\/5, Antin) [1]; 384.106-108 (489?, Herm) [1]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.28-30 (98, ArsN) [2]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1698.7-8 (VI, Aphr) [2?]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 76.38-39 (181, Ox) [3]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 67.12-13 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; III<\/strong> 130.39-40 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; VI<\/strong> 272.8-9 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 101.47-48 (142, Ox) [2]; III<\/strong> 498.40-45 (II, Ox) [1]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.58-62 (112, Ox) [1]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.26-29 (127, Ox) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 172.29-33 (208, ArsN) [1: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; IV<\/strong> 600.14-15, 23-27 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [4]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 22.9-10 (102\/3 or 114\/5, HermN) [2]; 27.26-28 (125, HermN) [2]; 28bis.6-7 (122, MagdMir); 45.24-26 (127, Sinkere) [1]; 47.15-16 (128, HermN) [1]; 48a.5-7 (123, HermN); \u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 387.9-12 (II, UP) [1]; P.Tebt. I <\/span><\/strong>105.31 (103A<\/sup>, Kerk); <\/span>II<\/strong> 378.29-30 (265, Teb) [2]\/[3]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1020.11-12 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [2]; SB<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 7474.16-17? (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [1?]; XX<\/strong> 14337.28-29 (103, Ox) [4]; XXII<\/strong> 15346.19-21 ? (88\/9, Kar) [1?: ed.: \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 20<\/sup>[ -ca.?- ]\u03c9\u0323\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | [ -ca.?- \u1f21 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5]\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd;]; SPP<\/strong><\/span> V 119r<\/sup>.25-26 (before 266, Herm) [1]; 119r<\/sup>.3.23?-25 (266, Herm) [1]; 119r<\/sup>.7.24-26 (266, Herm) [1]; XXII<\/strong> 177.24-26 (136\/7, SokN) [3].<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

Contracts of labour presuppose the paramone<\/em>, a prolonged stay of the employee on the employer\u2019s premises. One way to achieve this would be to write the paramone<\/em> and its enforcement into the contract explicitly. The duty of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd is indeed frequently recorded in various clauses that anticipate employment. However, clauses that introduce the paramone<\/em> exclusively are uncommon and those penalizing its violation are even rarer. Indeed, for the most part, scribes prohibit acts that would bring the paramone<\/em> to its end. Three main scenarios of this kind are encountered: (1) the employee leaves the estate before the end of the contract. Such an event is regulated in Clause 1 (anachoresis<\/em>), Clause 6 (apostasis<\/em>), Clause 8 (day and night absence), and Clause 13 (prolipein<\/em>, apolipein<\/em>), which prohibit departures in leases. (2)\u00a0The employer removes the employee from the estate, as in Clause 3 (aporriptein<\/em>) and Clause 11 (ekballein<\/em>). (3)\u00a0The paramone<\/em> ends due to the intervention of a third party, as in Clause 4 (apospasis<\/em>). Syntactically, the clauses are \u2018autonomous\u2019, i.e., their contents do not derive from the main verb (usually \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9) that introduces the contract but are elicited by an impersonal construction. The clause that prohibits the dissolution of the paramone<\/em> may be followed by a penalty clause. Such a clause, unlike other cases treated in this book, is not always preceded by a prohibition that triggers the sanction by cause and effect. This phenomenon is especially salient in the case of the ekballein<\/em> clause, in which no document includes both the prohibition and the sanction clause; in the same vein, the clause prohibiting departure in leases (no. 13) is almost never followed by a corresponding penalty clause. The sanction against dissolving the paramone<\/em> is frequently derived from the terms of the contract itself, which deny the party that breaches the contract their wage as well as different types of preinstallments. Pecuniary sanctions external to the terms of the contract are attested but are not the rule. Since most clauses are of later provenance, they do not exhibit the vocabulary common in other penalty clauses.<\/p>\n

\n

1. Anachoresis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The anachoresis<\/em> clause is one of a relatively large variety of clauses that prohibit an employee from leaving the employer\u2019s estate. It is recorded in 14 documents, all contracts of labour, most dating to the sixth and seventh centuries CE. The anachoresis<\/em> clause seems functionally and structurally identical to the apostasis<\/em> clause and appears to be popular around the same period. If conclusions can be drawn from the sparse material in hand, two key differences emerge. The first is regional; the anachoresis<\/em> clause is common in the Arsinoite and Oxyrhynchite nomes while the apostasis<\/em> is used in the Hermopolites and in the city of Antinoopolis. The second concerns the type of document: the former is attested exclusively in contracts of labour, while the latter is also common in leases. The anachoresis<\/em> clause is introduced by a \u2018prohibition formula\u2019 (\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5), which is then followed by the aorist or the present infinitive of the verb \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 or one of its compounds\u2014\u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9\u2014which introduces, in the genitive (with or without a preposition), the object of the desertion. This object may be either the employer or the work undertaken. Indication of the timeframe is optional, not indispensable. Cf., e.g., P.Heid. V 345.6-7 (VI, Oxyrhynchites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 | 7<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2026\u2018And I shall not be allowed to abandon you during the timeframe of the contract\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 162; Adams (1964): 89, 101; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1655.57-59 (169, Phil); CPR<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 82.7-9 (699 or 709, ArsN); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.14-15 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.5-7? (VI, UP); P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 56.15-18 (IV\/V, UP); P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 345.6-8 (VIe<\/sup>, OxN); P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.11-12 (552, OxN ?); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 48.14 (549, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.24-25 (550, Ox); LXIII<\/strong> 4967.7-11 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 105.4-5 (432, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.5-6 (VI-VII, UP); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4739.15-18 (VI-VII, ArsN); XVIII<\/strong> 13585.1-3 (450-549, Herm); 13960.15-18 (VI-VII, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

2. Consequences of the Anachoresis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause dealing with the consequences of anachoresis<\/em> is recorded in 21 documents, all but one dating to the sixth and seventh centuries. In 12 documents it follows the anachoresis<\/em> clause; in 9, it appears independently. The clause is used only in the context of labour contracts. Where it follows the anachoresis<\/em> clause, the protasis<\/em> is succinct, recording the verb only: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, or simply \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9. Otherwise, the scribe records the circumstances, specifying the object abandoned and the duration of the desertion, in both cases using the formulations attested in the anachoresis<\/em> clause itself. E.g., SB I 4490.24-26 (641 or 656 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 | 25<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 26<\/sup> \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018If I seek to withdraw from the paramone<\/em> before the year comes to an end\u2026\u2019). The consequence of this act is the payment of a fine in three cases and the withholding of the employee\u2019s salary (\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2) in nine others (see list below). Elsewhere, the employee is denied reimbursement of expenses and must return a prochreia<\/em>, an advance payment, or an arrhabon<\/em>, earnest money. Cf., e.g., SB I 4739.18-21 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): [\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5] | 19<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1]\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34 \u03c4[\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd] | 20<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6] | 21<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3]\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018If I withdraw, I will return to you all that I have received from you and leave without my salary\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 174-5; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I 3.20-24 (605, ArsPol) [penalty: exp.]; CPR<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 82.8-9 (699\/700, ArsN); XIX<\/strong> 33.15-18 (591, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.7-9 (VI, UP) [penalty: misthos?]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 345.8-12 (VIe<\/sup>, OxN) [penalty: prostimon]; 350.35-39 (612, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 30.13-14 (552, OxN ?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.9-12 (418, OxN) [penalty: prochreia]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 48.15-16 (549, Ox?) [penalty: prostimon]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.25-26 (550, Ox) [penalty: arrhabon]; LXXIII<\/strong> 4967.11-12 (VIl<\/sup>\/ VIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [penalty: misthos]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 105.6-7 (432, Ox) [penalty: prochreia]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.6 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, UP) [penalty: prostimon]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4490.24-29 (641\/656, ArsPol) [penalty: misthos]; 4739.18-21 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; XVIII<\/strong> 13585.3-5 (Vl<\/sup>\/VIe<\/sup>, Herm) [penalty: phoros]; 13960.18-21 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; 13962.6-10 (630-645, ArsN); 13963.6-8 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [penalty: misthos]; 13964.2-8 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [penalty: misthos].<\/p>\n

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3. \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In wet-nurse contracts, the wet nurse is prohibited (\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9) from \u2018throwing\u2019 the nursling back to his assignor (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9) in the course of the contract. See P.Bour. 14.17-23 (126, Arsinoites), which is also the most detailed: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 [\u1f19\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u03cc[\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af|19<\/sup>\u03c9\u03bd[\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u0323[\u03bc]\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03bf\u03bd], \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1[\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc]\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u1f72] \u03c6\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4[\u1f78] \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u0323[\u03b4\u02bc] \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018Let Helena not, in the course of the contract, cast back to Sarapion the slave, nor nurse at the breast an additional child, nor spoil her milk, nor undertake anything else prejudicial to him\u2019). The use of \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 in this context may shed light on the meaning of its derivative, and well-attested adjective \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, which likely means \u2018that which cannot be returned\u2019 by the receiver (cf., e.g., Kr\u00e4nzlein (1989): 326<\/span>).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1962):<\/span> 493 n. 22.<\/p>\n

P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.17-23 (126, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9]; P.Oxy. LXXVIII<\/strong> 5168.14-16 (18A<\/sup>, Oxy); <\/span>P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 74, ll. 319-320 (139\/40, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9]; PSI<\/span> III<\/strong> 203.7-8 (87, Ox) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9].<\/p>\n

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4. Apospasis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the context of apprenticeship contracts, the apospasis<\/em> clause prohibits the assignor from separating the apprentice from his master during the training period. All attestations of the clause in the context of the apprenticeship contract are early Roman, dating from the first through the third centuries CE. The clause is introduced by a prohibition formula: \u2018\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u2019 (the finite \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, the participial \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba, and \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the infinitive construction \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, and the imperative \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9) or the personal \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5. \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1f71\u03c9 appears almost always in the present infinitive. This stands in sharp contrast to the apostasis<\/em>, in which the aorist is generally used. The aspectual distinction becomes especially evident when both verbs are used in the same context. Cf., in particular, P.Ant. II 91.5-7 (VI CE, Antinoites?): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 | 6<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (read \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f22 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 7<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6]\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018If I happen to remove him from you, or he departs of his own accord\u2019). Also in contrast to the apostasis<\/em>, the clause rarely references the contract and or specifies the premises where the work is being carried out, from which the apprentice has now been removed; instead, after the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79, the master and the employer are identified. The duration of the contract is commonly expressed through the succinct phrase \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, but other formulations are attested as well. Cf., e.g., P.Wisc. I 4.17-20 (53 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 [\u1f10]\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9] | 18<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6]\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76] | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd]|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018This Pausiris, the father shall not be allowed to remove the child from the teacher within the period of the contract\u2019), and P.Iand. IV 62.15-17 (VI CE, UP): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u0323[\u1fb6]\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10[\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03be(\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323]| 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1[\u1f76 \u03c3]\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] (\u2018I shall not be able to remove from your glory before the settlement and full payment of the debt\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 169; Zambon (1935): 51, 63-64; Herrmann (1957\/8): 122; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161; Bergamasco (1995): 117; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 166; Straus (2017):<\/span> 129, 131.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1106.47-48 (before 20.2.13, Alex); VII<\/strong> 1647.11-13 (129, Phil);\u00a0P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.2-5 (VI, AntinN?); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59.15-18 (189, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.15-17 (VI, UP); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 322.14-18 (VII, Herak); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.16-18 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.<\/span>Inv.<\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> X<\/strong> 249.15-17 (10, Philagris); 4238.18-21 (128, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.22-24 (66, Ox); IV<\/strong> 724.12-13 (155, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1206.12-14 (335, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 1895.11-12 (554, Ox); LXXVII<\/strong> 4596.21-25 (232\/264, Ox); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.17-20 (53, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.4-5 (II, Ox?); SB<\/strong>\u00a0XXIV<\/strong> 16320.14 (293-304, Kellis).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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5. Consequences of Apospasis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The consequence of the apospasis<\/em>\u2014the separation of an apprentice from the master\u2014is discussed in 13 documents. In six of them (1),<\/strong> it follows the apospasis<\/em> clause and in five others (2)<\/strong> it stands independently. All cases except one are early Roman: six from Oxyrhynchos, four from the Arsinoites, and one from Alexandria ]<\/span>but see also J\u00f6rdens (1990):<\/span><\/span> 160-161[<\/span>. In all regions, the sanction for apospasis<\/em> tends to be grouped with other forms of misconduct; the clearest and most detailed Arsinoite example is P.Mich. X 587.18-30 (24\/5 CE, Tebtynis). The act of apospasis<\/em> is explicitly recorded in the prodosis<\/em>, in the subjunctive of the aorist tense. This is at variance with its description in the apospasis<\/em> clause, where it routinely takes the present tense. It is not explicitly stated in the apodosis<\/em>, where it may be subsumed under the verb \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 (LSJ, p. 267, s.v. (1): neglect one\u02bcs duty, fail to discharge obligation<\/em>): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f11\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb[\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) | 20<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03b1\u0323 \u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1) \u1f22 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7) | 21<\/sup> \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 24<\/sup> \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fc6\u0323\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c2 \u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 | 25<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [(\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03af]\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u2039\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2\u203a | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11]\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ae(\u03c3\u1fc3) | 28<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd {\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (\u2018.\u2026 But if he removes her, or if she herself departs of her own free will, or if they violate any of the aforesaid terms in any other way, or if she is convicted of stealing, damaging, or removing anything belonging to Harmiysis or his representatives, or does not restore in sound condition whatever she has received to safeguard unless it is taken from her by force, the party of the first part shall pay forthwith to Harmiysis both the forty-eight silver drachmai that he has received from him, as aforesaid, increased by one half and with interest, and a fine of one hundred drachmai, and to the treasury the same amount, and the damages; and for each day of her misconduct . . . (he shall pay) three obols<\/em> of bronze and the principal, and five times the value of the stolen object, and one and a half times the value of the object removed, along with simple interest\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 42-43).<\/p>\n

The issue of the functional synonymy of \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9 is also raised by the Oxyrhynchite evidence and appears to be disproved there. In the Oxyrhynchite evidence, another form of clustering occurs with the event of \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9. The sanctions for the two forms of misconduct, however, differ: For \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, the original surrenderer must place his dependent at the employer\u2019s disposal for a period of time equal to that of only to the apospasis<\/em> and not to the ataxis, the dereliction of duties. For apospasis<\/em>, a global penalty, \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, is imposed in addition to the payment of the same amount to the fisc. Additionally, in the Oxyrhynchite evidence, the reference to the timeframe (\u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) appears to relate only to apospasis<\/em> and not to ataxis<\/em>. In the Oxyrhynchite evidence, ataxis<\/em> refers to undisciplined but transient conduct, whereas apospasis<\/em> denotes the definitive removal of the employee. In the Oxyrhynchites, the act of removal is expressed through an articular infinitive in the genitive (\u2018for…\u2019). Here, too, the aspect is aorist and the voice is passive, thereby avoiding naming the perpetrator of the apospasis<\/em>. E.g. P.Oxy.Hels. 29.33-38 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 34<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\\\u03bb\/|35<\/sup>\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3|36<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3|37<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1[\u03cc]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 38<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018For every day in which the slave acts without discipline, Apollonous must surrender him for an equal number of days after the contract period or she must pay as indemnity one drachm for each day. And for the event of removal before [the stipulated] time, she shall pay a penalty of one hundred drachms and an equal amount to the fisc\u2019)<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 169-170; Zambon (1935): 63-64; Herrmann (1957\/8): 130; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 25; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 160-161; Bergamasco (1995): 120; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 166.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV 1106.48-49 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.5-10 (VI, AntinN?) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67299.15-22 (527-565, Antin); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59.18-20 (189, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.18-22 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv<\/strong><\/span>.<\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249 ll. 17-19 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.28-31 (66, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 1895.12-13 (554, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.35-37 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.36-38 (54, Ox); P.Wisc<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span> I 4.25-28 (53, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 176.5-14 (V?, Ox); VI 710.4 (II, Ox?); X<\/strong> 1120.4-5 (IlA<\/sup>-Ie<\/sup>);\u00a0SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.37-39 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.25-28 (98-103, Ox); SPP<\/span> XX <\/strong>19; XXII<\/strong> 40.26-28 (150, SokN).<\/p>\n

\n

6. Apostasis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In 18 documents\u2014nine leases, eight labour contracts, and one loan\u2014the lessee\/employee is prohibited from leaving the lessor\/employer during the contract period. Most of the documents (14) are Byzantine, three are Roman, and one Ptolemaic. The text is introduced by a prohibition formula, either impersonal (\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd) or with the lessee\/employee as the subject (\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd). The verb \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 appears primarily in the aorist infinitive form: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (13 cases) but is also attested in the medial of the present tense \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (2) and is followed in the genitive, usually introduced by the prepositions \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, or \u1f10\u03ba, by the term of the contract: \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1. In only one case is the employer explicitly identified. The clause also sometimes sets out the timeframe: mostly \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, but also \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. LVIII 3933.19-22 (588 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 | 20<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9(\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) | 21<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 (…\u2018and I shall not be able to absent myself from your excellency and from the same service before the completion of said year\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Gerstinger (1953): 206-212; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 175, 257, 366; Freu (2022): 308-310.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 920.31-33 (212, Phil); XII<\/strong> 2186.11-12 (514?,<\/span> Herm) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XVII<\/strong> 2685.24-31 (585, Herm);<\/span>\u00a0P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67159.34-37 (568, Antin) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.13-14 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.22-27 (565-579, Aphr) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2];<\/strong> P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 56.22-24 (VI, HermN); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.35-36 (569, Antin); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 34.8-10 (VI, UP) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LI<\/strong> 3641.15-17 (544, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.19-22 (588, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span> III<\/strong> 40.24-26 (588, Sesiy) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 42.20-22 (602, HermN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 51.16-18 (125, Herm); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.33-38 (569, Antin) [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 789.10-11 (I\/II, HermN) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9151.2-7 (c. 600, Herm); 9085 inv. 16050, ll. 23-25 (579, Herm); XX<\/strong> 14969.4-6 (VI-VII, Herm) [\u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 218.33-35 (VIIe<\/sup>?, HermN).<\/p>\n

\n

7. Consequences of Apostasis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The consequences of and sanction for desertion by a lessee or employee of the lessor or employer are dealt with in 13 documents: eight labour contracts, four leases, and one loan. In three of them, this clause follows the apostasis<\/em> clause itself. In at least nine of the other documents, however, it is introduced independently: the protasis<\/em> registering the desertion and the apodosis <\/em>outlining its consequences. In the protasis<\/em>, the clause may derive from a modal verb: the future indicative of \u1f10\u03b8\u1f73\u03bb\u03c9 (e.g., P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.21: 568 CE, Antinoopolis) or the optative aorist or present infinitive of \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9 (e.g., SB I 4503.24: 605\/7 CE, This). Both are followed by the infinitive aorist \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. The verb \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 is also used finitely either in the future indicative (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03c9: SB XX 14969.5: VI\/VII CE, Hermopolis) or in the aorist optative (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77\u03b7\u03bd: P.Cair.Masp. II 67164.8: 569 CE, Antinoopolis). The third component, the object being deserted, stands in the genitive, mostly without an introductory preposition\u2014either a place (\u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), a contracted activity (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75), or the person of the employer. As in the case of the apospasis<\/em> clause, the protasis<\/em> may also indicate the timeframe: \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 and \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f24 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/p>\n

In the apodosis<\/em>, the consequences are most often expressed in the future indicative: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9, \u03b4\u1f7d\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9. Alternatively, the aorist infinitive of the same verbs may follow the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, from the constructions \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77, or from \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 (\u1f10\u03bc\u1f73). In one case, the result of desertion is the withholding of the employee\u2019s remuneration. In all other cases, the employee is liable to a cash payment that is usually termed a fine: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f75, or bears no label. Three documents\u2014P.Cair.Masp. II 67164 (569 CE, Antinoopolis), P.Prag. II 160 (Vm<\/sup>, Hermopolis), and SB XX 14969 (VI\/VII CE, Hermopolis)\u2014bear out the kindynos<\/em> formulation; another, P.Cair.Masp. II 67159.41-44 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), stipulates payment without delay or excuse (\u03b4\u1f77\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u1f77\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.), along with the hypotheca generalis<\/em>. P.Cair.Masp. II 67164.8-10 (569 CE, Antinoopolis) is paradigmatic: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb(\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f24\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323 | 9<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f13\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) |<\/span> 10<\/sup> \u1f13\u0323\u03be\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3(\u1ff7), \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \\\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\/ \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 (\u2018And if I depart from this city before I have settled my accounts with you, I will give you without conviction or suit one solidus<\/em> minus six keratia<\/em> by the same standard at the risk of all my assets, through the agency of the person presenting to me this document of security\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: J\u00f6rdens (1990): 257.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1065.15-17 (98, ArsN) [independent]; XII<\/strong> 2186.12-13 (514?, Herm) [following apostasis]; XVII<\/strong> 2685.24-31 (585, Herm); CPR<\/span> V<\/strong> 11.11-14 (IVe<\/sup>, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67158.21-23 (568, Antin) [independent]; 67159.41-44 (568, Antin) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; II<\/strong> 67164.8-10 (569, Antin) [independent]; P.Flor. I<\/strong> 44.24-25 (158, PtolEu) [Independent]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I 23.36-37 (569, Antin) [following apostasis; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.19-21 (VI, Aphr) [independent]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LI<\/strong> 3641.16-17 (544, Ox) [following apostasis; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.22-24 (588, Ox) [following apostasis]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 160.7-9 (VIm<\/sup>, Herm) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 489.2-3 (VI, HermN) [independent]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4503.24-27 (605\/7, This) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; XX<\/strong> 14969.5-6 (VI\/VII, Herm) [independent; penalty: \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f75]; 15043.5-8 (VI\/VII, Herm).<\/p>\n

\n

8. Day and Night Absence<\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Seventeen labour contracts stipulate the employee\u2019s duty not to leave the employer\u2019s house (\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) by day or by night, sometimes adding the phrase \u2018without his consent\u2019 (\u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2). The adjectives \u1f00\u03c6\u1f75\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, denoting the two activities, may be substituted by their verbal counterparts: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9. The most common construction is participial. Cf., e.g., SPP XXII 40.16-19 (150 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad|17<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u1f75\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c5|18<\/sup>\u03c3\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03c2] \u03bf\u0323\u1f30\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03b3\u0323[\u03b5] | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Her absence by day or by night from the house of Pausiris without his consent\u2019), in either the subject case or the genitive. The clause may be introduced by the \u2018prohibition formula\u2019 (e.g., P.Yale I 26.4-5 (Ankyron Polis, IIIe<\/sup> BCE): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 | 5<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b9\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9]\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u0323\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let there be no possibility for Poros either to sleep away or be absent without Epimenes\u2019 consent\u2019) though it is not essential. Used in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods both in Egypt and in Dura Europos, the clause is also inserted into marriage documents, in the clause that prescribes the wife\u2019s due conduct.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914): 310; Zambon (1935): 53-55; (1939): 101-102; Montevecchi (1950): 8; Herrmann (1957\/8): 125-126; Adams: (1964): 138-141; Samuel (1965): 308-310;\u00a0 Hengstl (1972): 27-28; Bergamasco (1995): 127, 128 n. 101; Freu (2022): 33.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU IV<\/strong> 1126.11-12 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 18.375-376 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); P.Bad.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 86.9-13 (99, Hibeh) [apprenticeship]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong>. 17d.43-44 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.9 (121, Paliga); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.21-23 (158, PtolEu); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 34-35 (46, Teb); 355.10-11 (c. 48-56, Teb); X<\/strong> 587.13-16 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.11-12 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.8-9 (50, Kar) [apprenticeship]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 72, ll. 303-304 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.9-11 (185, Ox); P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.4-5 (IIIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Ankyron Polis); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.12-13 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9094.9 (III, Ox?); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 35.11-16 (50, SokN); 40.16-19 (150, SokN) [apprenticeship].<\/p>\n

\n

9. Consequences of Day and Night Absence<\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Following the injunction against leaving the employer\u2019s premises by day or by night, sanctions for such conduct are introduced. The most detailed iteration of this clause is from Dura Europos. P.Dura 20.9-10 (121 CE, Paliga) uses the verbal derivatives \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, followed by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc and the name of the employer. The apodosis<\/em> prescribes a set penalty for each day of absence: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u1fc3 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a6\u03c1\u03b1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5] | 10<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba]\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f11\u03ba\u0323[\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018If (the employee) absents himself from Phraates by day or by night, let him pay one drachm as indemnity for each day\u2019). The principle of a per-diem penalty is evidenced in other texts as well. Some scribes, however, construct the sentence using a relative clause that they introduce in the genitive case by invoking the quantifying relative pronoun \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 modifying the time unit of absence (scil. \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1), and the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 in the clause itself. So in P.Mich. V 355.12 (48-56 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f27\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 {\u1f27\u03c2} \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf (\u2018For each day I do not remain, I shall pay Heron two silver drachms as indemnity\u2019). Both P.Yale I 26.5-6 (IIIe<\/sup> BCE, Ankyron Polis) and PSI X 1120.1-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance) draw a conceptual distinction between day absence (\u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1) and night absence (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1). See in particular the latter: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9[\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41] \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03ac]\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u0323[\u03ba\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] | \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c6]\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018Let Herakleios pay Loukios and Gaios one drachma in indemnity for each absence by night or by day\u2019). In this case, the subordinate clause is dispensed with, as is, perhaps, an explicit statement of the injunction of absence by day or by night. The discussion of day and night absence may be coupled with that of idleness. In P.Dura 20.9-10 (121 CE, Paliga), it is followed by treatment of illness for more than seven days (ll. 10-11): – ca.10 – \u1f10\u1f70]\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u0323[\u03ac, \u1f10\u03ba]\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41\u0323 \u0392\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03bb\u03ac\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2] | 10<\/sup> [\u1f02\u03bd \u1f00]\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b4\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c7[\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd] \u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd ] (\u2018If he is sick for more than seven days, Barlaas shall pay one drachm for each idle day\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Adams (1964): 16; Samuel (1965): 308-310.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Dura<\/span><\/strong>. 17d.44 (c. 180, Dura Europos); 20.9-12 (121, Paliga); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38 l. 35 (46, Teb); 355.12 (c. 48-56, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.14-15 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.5-6 (IIIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Ankyron Polis); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.12-13 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); X<\/strong> 1120.1-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, UP); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 35.11-16, ll. 16-19 (50, SokN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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10. Drasmos<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Security, Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Six documents recording the conveyance of slaves deal with the prospect of their flight and death. In one of them, BGU IV 1059.17-18 (30 BCE-14 CE, Alexandria), a parachoresis<\/em>, the conveyor is exempted from liability for the flight or demise of the slave, and in another, P.Princ. III 151.13-15 (after 341 CE, Ibion), a lease of a slave, the lessee will be liable for both prospects. In another four cases, BGU 1147.29-32 (14\/3 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria), P.Dura 20.12-14 (121 CE, Paliga), P.Oslo II 40a.22-25 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and PSI VI 710.7-9 (II CE, Oxyrhynchos?), all loan contracts, the slave is given as security for the debt and it is affirmed that damage or unavailability shall not compromise the creditor\u2019s right to recover the debt. In this respect, the clause is functionally identical to that which anticipates the Destruction or Debasement of the Hypothecated Asset<\/a>. Cf., e.g., P.Oslo II 40a.22-25: \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 | 23<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f22 \u03b8\u03ac]\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 [\u03c3\u03af]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c1\u03bf]\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 24<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd] \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf[\u03c2 \u1f10]\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4[\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6]\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u1f70 [\u03c4\u1f78] \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 25<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00]\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd[\u03b1] \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03c5 (….\u2019flight, death or mischief, if any of them occur to said Isarous and her future offspring, no damage shall be caused to said principal or said interest, nor even to some of it, since everything is guaranteed against all risk\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 461-463; Wollentin (1961): 45-46; Bie\u017aunska-Ma\u0142ovist (1971): 88-90.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1059.17-18 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1147.29-32 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1149.33-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.12-14 (121, Paliga); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.22-25 (121, Paliga); 40b.22-24 (150, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 151.13-15 (after 341, Ibion); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 710.7-9 (II, Ox?).<\/p>\n

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11. Ekballein<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In 13 documents, nine of which are contracts of lease, the landholder is enjoined against casting out or casting away the lessee\/employee. The documents extend over the Roman and the Byzantine periods; all key provenances are represented. The clause begins with the routine prohibition formulations, in both the personal \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u1f77 \u03bc\u03b5 and the impersonal \u03bc\u1f74\/\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9. The verb varies: both \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 are equally attested, the latter also in the medial voice. The object, mostly physical (the land or house leased) rather than contractual, is recorded in the genitive and is introduced by one of the prepositions \u1f10\u03be, \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, or not. An indication of the timeframe is common but not indispensable. Cf., e.g., SB V 7814.33-34 (256 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78[\u03c2] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf[\u03c5] | 34<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03b2]\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c2] (\u2018The landowner shall not be allowed to cast away the lessees during the period of the contract\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 162; Taubenschlag (1955): 367; Herrmann (1958): 158; M\u00fcller (1985): 184-185, 238; Freu (2022): 310.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1115.23-25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; 1156v<\/sup><\/span>.25-26 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.15-16 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?): [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.12-13 (568, Antin) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 384.90-92 (489?, Herm) [\u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u2026. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 44.17-18 (44, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 56.12 (IV-V, UP) [\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 44.16-18 (527, Aphr) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 143.18-19 (170\/1, Teb); P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 78.14-16 (49-54, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd?]; P.Oxf.<\/strong> 12.20-22 (153\/4. ArsN); P.Oxy. IX<\/span><\/strong> 1206.10-12 (335, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; XIV<\/strong> 1641.6-8 (68, Ox) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.16-18 (102, Ibion Takelmeos) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 39.10 (584, ArsPol): [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Stras. IV<\/strong> 247.18-20 (550\/1\/2, Herm);\u00a0P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.31 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u00a0 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 32.17-19 (208, HerakN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; IV<\/strong> 287.20-24 (377, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1056.16-18 (VII, ArsN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4495.3-4 (IV-VII, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03be\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 7814.33-34 (256, Ox) [\u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XVI<\/strong> 13041.4-6 (I\/II, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\n

\n

12. Consequences of Ekballein<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In other types of \u2018paramonic\u2019 clauses, i.e., those aiming at securing the physical foundations of the contract during its period of effect, there is frequently an evidentiary overlap between a clause documenting a precept and one that prescribes a penalty for failing to abide by the precept (compare, e.g., the correlation between apostasis<\/em> and no-apostasis<\/em> clauses). This, however, is not the case with the prohibition of casting out the employee. Thirteen documents prohibit such an act and 11 introduce sanctions, but no document does both. Additional significant differences appear: (1)\u00a0documents enunciating the precept extend over the Roman and the Byzantine periods alike whereas those introducing penalties are all Byzantine (sixth and seventh centuries CE). (2)\u00a0Most contracts in the former group are leases; a majority of those in the latter concern labour. (3)\u00a0In the former, the scribe uses \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd with equal frequency. In the latter, it is almost always \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd and always in the active voice. (4)\u00a0Where the precept is given, the employee (usually the lessee) is cast out of a place or an object; where the sanction is prescribed, he is cast out of a contractual status or a contract. (5)\u00a0In the case of sanction, the event described in the protasis<\/em> involves casting out the employee \u2018without just cause\u2019. Such a consideration is not mentioned at all in the case of an independent prohibition. All these considerations make one postulate that, beyond the terminological and practical affinity, the \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause, on the one hand, and the no-\u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd clause, on the other, reflect two distinct institutions. Cf., e.g., BGU I 310.20-23 (663 CE?, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u1f72 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f7a \u1f00]\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 | 21<\/sup> [\u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5] \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 23<\/sup> [\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 (\u2018And if you cast me away without my being subject to condemnation or showing contempt, I shall receive my yearly wages in full\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 160, 174; Hengstl (1972): 116; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 161-162; Bergamasco (1995): 117; Freu (2022): 309-310.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 310.20-23 (663?, ArsN); X<\/strong> 1964.4-11 (221A<\/sup>-205A<\/sup>, Tholt); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.21-23 (568, Antin); P.Duk.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.11-14 (518-527?, UP) [deed of gift]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.9-11 (VI, UP); P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 350.39-41 (612, ArsPol); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.21-24 (VI, Aphr); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.16 (549, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 140.26-28 (550, Ox); LI<\/strong> 3641.17-19 (544, Ox); LVIII<\/strong> 3933.24-27 (588, Ox); LXXIII<\/strong> 4967.12-15 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 4.4-8 (VI\/VII, UP); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1056.18-19 (VII, ArsN); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4503.27-30 (605\/607, This).<\/p>\n

\n

13. Prolipein, Apolipein<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Among the clauses in the paramone<\/em> family, only the present clause, revolving around some compound of the verb \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9, is commonly applied in lease contracts. It seems to be particularly well attested in the Arsinoite nome, with as many as 43 cases, but is also recorded in source material from Alexandria, where it is used in connection with nursing contracts, and in the Oxyrhynchite nome. The clause is positioned after the one recording the rent and precedes a detailed elaboration of the lessee\u2019s duties (cf. e.g., BGU II 644.27-28: 69 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos). In no instance is the clause followed by a sanction for its violation. The clause is introduced by a prohibition formulation: \u03bc\u03ae or the imperative, indicative, or infinitive of \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd. The lessee stands in the dative. The scribe uses different compounds of \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 to denote departure. In the Arsinoites, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 and \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 are by far the most common. The form \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 occurs in source material from the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite nomes. While other tenses are occasionally used, the aorist is by far the most common. The object is in the accusative and is mostly the contract (\u1f14\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1), and not the location or the person of the lessor. An indication of time is the prevailing rule: \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. The \u2018all manners\u2019 formulation (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) is common but not indispensable. For the Arsinoite formulation, see, e.g., BGU I 197.15-16 (17 CE, Dionysias): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3]|16<\/sup>\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10[\u03bd]\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd[\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018Let the lessors not be allowed to leave the lease in the course of the contract\u2019). Compare also D. 19.2.54.1 (Paul. 5 resp.), D. 19.2.55.2 (Paul. 2 sent.).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 169; Adams (1964): 53; M\u00fcller (1985): 184-185; Rupprecht (1990): 125.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 197.15-16 (17, Dionysias) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; II<\/strong> 519.19-20 (IV, Phil) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 586.15-17 (324, ArsPol) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 606.8-9 (306, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 644.27-28 (69, SokN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; III<\/strong> 916.23-25 (69-79, Herakleidou Meris) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IV<\/strong> 1055.14-16 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1058.36-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1106.34-35 (before 20\/2\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1107.18-19 (before 27\/3\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1109.22-23 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, tropheia]; 1116.20-21 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1117.21-25 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1118.32 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1119.27-28 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1120.34-35 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1121.29-30 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1122.21 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, eklempsis]; 1126.15-16 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, paramone]; VI<\/strong> 1272.16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 1282.13-15 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, kerameion]; VII<\/strong> 1644.13-15 (294?, Phil); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 31.18-20 (153, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 244.19 (II\/III, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; V<\/strong> 11.7-10 (IVe<\/sup>, UP) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.20-21 (22, Phil) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.30-32 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.22-25 (221\/2 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 99.15-17 (297, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 102.16-17 (303\/4, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 179.15-16 (300, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.24 (204, Ox); 280.18-19 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.14-16 (239, Euh) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 41.22-23 (140, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 32.19-21 (155, Antin); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 579a.13-15 (III, Ox) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 72.12-13 (118-138, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.14-15 (21, Phil) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 348.26 (26, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, metoche]; X<\/strong> 586.10-11 (c. 30, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XII<\/strong> 633.28-29 (c. 30, Teb) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 22.15-16 (291, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 24.20-23 (297, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 143.16-18 (170\/1, Teb) [ed.: \u1f10\u03bd[\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6]\u03c8\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-24 (98-117, Thead) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 12.19-20 (153\/4, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> LVII<\/strong> 3912.14-18 (266?, Ox) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.44-45 (141, Ox) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 601.17 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu)?; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.11-13 (321, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 71.20-21 (306, Thead) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 73.10-12 (328, Thead) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-19 (69, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 2.15-16 (71, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV 258.9 (II, ArsN) [\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd[..];]; V 465.13-15 (230, Polydeukia) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; VI 535.10-11 (II, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I 105.38-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) ?; 106.23 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; II 378.16-17 (265, Teb) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.13-15 (270, PtolEu) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; P.Worp.<\/span><\/strong> 20.19-20 (155, Antin) [misthosis]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 52.12-13 (32, Kar) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> \u0399 32.17-18 (208, HerakN) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IV<\/strong> 316.12-13 (328, Ox) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2];]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 787.14-15 (176\/7?, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; IX<\/strong> 1020.13-14 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [\u1f10\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; XV<\/strong> 1518.14-15 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [\u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9562.12-13 (214, Phil) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, misthosis]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.29-30 (44, Thead) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 11933.33 (27A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XVI<\/strong> 12539.17-18 (26, Teb) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; XVI<\/strong> 13017.14-17 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, misthosis]; 16569.16-18 (62?, Euh) [\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd*, misthosis*].<\/p>\n

\n

14. Consequences of Prolipein, Apolipein<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause dealing specifically with the consequences of physical departure is recorded in four documents. In two of them, P.Oxy. VIII 1124.15-18 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos); PSI X 1120.5-9 (Il<\/sup> BCE\/Ie<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance), a loan with a paramone<\/em>, the penalty for departure is recorded in a longer list of breaches including theft and apospasis<\/em>. In all cases, the penalty is proportional to the amount of the loan: \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|5<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6(\u03bd) | 6<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 7<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bf] | 8<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) | 9<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018For an apprehended act of theft or removal twice (the amount of the loan), for a removal (apospasis<\/em>) during the term of the contract or for complete abandonment of the paramone<\/em> immediate payment of the amount of the loan with an hemiolia<\/em>, and interest from the time at which the breach of the contract occurred, each month two drachms per mina<\/em>, a penalty of two hundred drachms and the same amount to the fisc\u2019). In the two remaining texts, P.Oxf. 10.23-25 (98-117 CE, Theadelphia) and SB III 7188.29-32 (154 CE, Arsinoites), the case of departure is discussed independently. The consequences differ: an epitimon<\/em> and compensation for damage in the latter text, a per diem compensation with an hemiolia<\/em> in the former. P.Oxf. 10.23-25: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc7, \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9] | 24<\/sup> \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 (\u2018But if he leaves prematurely, he has to pay two drachmae for each day he abandons the pigs prematurely plus the balance of the loan increased by one half\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 90; Berger (1911): 154, 163; Herrmann (1958): 148; Hengstl (1972): 16.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-25 (98-117, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 1124.15-18 (26, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1120.5-9 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 7188.29-32 (154, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

15. Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The paramone<\/em>, broadly defined as the provision that obliges one of the contracting parties to stay with the other, is widely attested in contracts of labour, lease, and loan (see in this section: anachoresis<\/em><\/a>, apospasis<\/em><\/a>, apostasis<\/em><\/a>, day and night absence<\/a>, drasmos<\/em><\/a>, ekbalein<\/em><\/a>, and prolipein\/apolipein<\/em><\/a>). It occurs in 196 texts, to which one may add documents that record sanctions for breach of the paramone<\/em><\/a>, sometimes without referencing the prohibitions per se<\/em>. In these cases, the duty of paramone<\/em> is formulated negatively: the employee should not be removed from, and should not abandon, the contract. Positive enforcement of the paramone<\/em> is undertaken through the use of the verb \u03c0\u03b1ch180.xhtml#prolipein-apolipein\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9, which may appear in different formulaic contexts. For example, in the clause of a labour contract that records the employee\u2019s duties (see obligations in Labour<\/a>), the verb appears mostly in the participial form. Moreover, in some cases \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 is the main verb in the sentence, but it is embedded within a different clause. In P.Oxf. 10 (98-102 CE, Theadelphia), for example, it is embedded in the antichresis<\/em> clause (\u2018antichresis: persons<\/a>\u2019).<\/p>\n

The documents treated here are somewhat different because the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 stands at the focus of the clause. Although documented throughout the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, this clause is generally not very common, nor does the evidence present any clear regional pattern. The clause is frequently integrated into the flow of the contract after the creation clause through \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, followed by some form of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9. Such is already the case in the early Ptolemaic era\u2014CPR XVIII 18.371-374 (231 or 206 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014 where, upon the receipt of a loan, the debtor is obligated to stay with the creditor and follow the latter\u2019s instructions: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|372<\/sup>\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323 \u03a0\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03b8\u0323[\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08]\u03c1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 | 373<\/sup>\\\u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2\u0323\/ \u1f59\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b9\u03db\u0323 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u0323\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3|374<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9] (\u2018On the condition that Pythos will stay with Arkas ten years from the month of Hyperberetaios of the 16th<\/sup> year, performing all that he is ordered\u2019). The same formulation recurs in the Byzantine era: P.Stras. I 40.30-33 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03bf\u0323[\u03c6]\u03af\u0323\u1fb3 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] | 31<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u0323\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bb\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u03b5\u0323[ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03c1\u0323(\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) | 32<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03ba\u0323\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03be\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc7\u0323 | 33<\/sup> \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7\u0323 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018So that he will stay with your bright wisdom and will serve her honestly, guilelessly, [ – – ], orderly and satisfactorily in the daily services, and that he will display all service with servile sedulity even in a foreign land\u2019). The shift from the future indicative to the aorist infinitive echoes a general change in the function of the \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 construction (compare, e.g., the creation of prospective employer\u2013employee relationship<\/a>, obligations in lease<\/a>, irrigation<\/a>). The scribe may use additional constructions for the paramone<\/em>: the future indicative (P.Cair.Isid. 80.11-13: 296 CE, Arsinoites; P.Cair.Zenon I 59133.11-13: 256 BCE, Philadelphia) or the infinitive-introduced \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9. In that case, the verb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9 appears in the future or (in the Byzantine period) in the aorist tense: SB XX 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII CE, Unknown Provenance): [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u2039\u03ad\u203a\u03c1\u1ff3 | 5<\/sup> [- ca.12 -] \u0323\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3[\u03bf]\u03c1\u0323[\u1f74 \u03ba] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] \u1f30\u0323\u03bd\u03b4(\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u1f74 \u03ba | 7<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3]\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f30\u03bd\u03b4(\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) | 8<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8]\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 9<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03c2] | 10<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c1]\u1fb3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018I acknowledge that I shall stay with your – – from Mesore 20th<\/sup> of the fourth indiction until Mesore 20th<\/sup> of the following fifth indiction, and shall execute all service unexceptionably and irreproachably, and will discharge everything without sloth\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Montevecchi (1950): 8; Herrmann (1957\/8): 126; Adams (1964): 2-6; Hengstl (1972): 24, 28; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 293-204.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong> IV<\/strong><\/span> 1126.6-11 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex.); XIX<\/strong> 2808.23-24 (528, Herm); CPR<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 18.371-376 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|372<\/sup>\u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323;]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 56.13-17 (176, PtolEu); P.Amst.<\/strong> I 41.14-15 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) P.Alex.<\/span><\/strong> 8.8-12 (89, Boubastos); P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 41.13-15 (604, Herm); P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 97.11-12 (II, UP); P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 80.11-13 (296, ArsN); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67164.7-8 (569, Antin); P.Cair.Zenon<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.11-13 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Col.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 131r<\/sup>.14-17 (58, Thead); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 87.17-22 (602, Herm); P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.9-12 (306\/7, Kellis); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.8-9 (418, OxN); Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 16.24-30 (138, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXVII<\/strong> 2474.31-33 (III, Ox);\u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.30-33 (569, Antin); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 28.25-27 (576\/7, Herm); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 549.8 (41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1037.24-26 (301, Ox); X<\/strong> 1120.12-14 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> IV<\/strong> 7358.7-9 (277-282, Kar); XX<\/strong> 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII, UP).<\/p>\n

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16. Consequences of Failed Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Among the multiple types of clauses that sanction temporary or permanent abandonment by the employee of the service of the employer, only four impose a sanction on failure-to-remain (\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) with the employer. In all these cases, the sanction is pecuniary. In one case, P.Ross.Georg. II 18 XVII l. 82 (139\/40 CE, Arsinoites), a return of the prodoma<\/em> is prescribed; in another, the payment of an epitimon<\/em> is indicated (BGU VI 1258.4-6, l. 6: 154\/3 or 143\/2 BCE Hermopolis?). In a third, P.Tebt. II 384.33-34 (10 CE, Tebtynis), no label is given: \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u0323[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd] (l. \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]|34<\/sup>\u03c7\u03bc\u0323[\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018And if he does not stay, we shall pay as indemnity one hundred drachms\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 171-172; Freu (2022): 309.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1258.4-6 l. 6 (154\/3A<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0or 143\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm?); P. P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 XVII l. 82 (139\/40, ArsN); 18 no. 25.113-114 (139\/40, ArsN) ?; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 384.33-34 (10, Teb).<\/p>\n

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17. End of Paramone<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Termination<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In a single document only, P.Mich. V 241.24-38, l. 37 (46 CE, Tebtynis), the parties provide for the \u2018dissolution\u2019 of the paramone<\/em> when the contract comes to an end: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c4\u0323[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u03ba(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (… \u2018and after the term the parties of the first part will be released from service\u2019).<\/p>\n

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18. Metamisthosis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Paramone, Termination<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The metamisthosis<\/em> clause regulates the ability of the lessor and the lessee to offer the object for lease to a third party (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9) (\u2018lease out to others\u2019) or to cultivate it themselves (\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9) (\u2018work with one\u02bcs own hand\u2019). The clause is already incorporated into one document from late second century BCE Pathyris (PSI IX 1020.11-12: 110 BCE, Pathyrites). In the Roman period, it recurs in lease documents from the Arsinoite, Oxyrhynchite, and Hermopolite nomes, as well as in some from third-century CE Antinoopolis. It never becomes indispensable, however, in any of these regions. Introduced by the impersonal verb \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9, the clause may stipulate the following: [Type1]<\/strong> The lessor is allowed to lease out the object to a third party. Two common formulations here, for example, are P.Flor. III 383 (2) ll. 65-66 (234\/5 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4(\u03bf\u03c2) \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u0323[\u03ad]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 [\u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1fd6\u03bd | 66<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50] \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03c7]\u03c1\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf]\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018Should a higher bid be made, it will be allowed (for the lessor) to later lease out to others or cultivate it himself, and we will not use the present agreement for any other legal purpose\u2019). This is by far the most common type. [Type2]<\/strong> The lessor is prohibited from leasing out the land to others or cultivating it himself for the duration of the contract. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. I 101.47-49 (142 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fc3 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3) \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad|48<\/sup>\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd|49<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018It shall not be allowed for the lessor to lease out the land to others or to cultivate it herself in the course of the contract\u2019). The latter prohibition may also be expressed through the adjectives \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Iand. III 26.28-30 (98 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1|29<\/sup>[\u03bc\u03af]\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c5|30<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323[.]… (\u2018The land not being qualified for leasing out to others or to cultivation by the lessor himself\u2019). [Type3]<\/strong> The lessee is prohibited from subletting the object. P.Mert. II 76.38-39 (181 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9[\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3] | 39<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u0323[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c1\u0323[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018The lessee may not sublet part of the workshop to others\u2019). [Type4]<\/strong> The lessee is allowed to sublet the object: SB X 14337.28-29 (103 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u0323[\u03c3]|29<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3] \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10]\u03c0\u0323\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b1\u0323\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1[\u03bd] (\u2018The lessee may sublet (the garden and olive-yard) to others for vegetable gardening\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 158, 174; Taubenschlag (1933): 254; Herrmann (1958): 160; Hennig (1967): 79; Hombert (1975): 607-608; Rupprecht (1982a): 237; M\u00fcller (1985): 185-186, 239-241, 189-190; Rowlandson (1996): 204; Freu (2022): 97.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 1092.25-26 (372, Herm) [2]; 1122.30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1, penalty]; P.Aberd.<\/strong><\/span> 45.18-21 (141?, SokN) [1]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 85.17-21 (78, Herm) [2]; 86.16-17 (78, Herm) [1]; 92.23-24 (162\/3, SokN) [1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.21-22 (22, Phil) [2]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.28-30 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [1]<\/strong>; P.Bodl.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 34.26-28 (158\/9, ArsN) [1]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/span><\/strong> 38.8-11 (IV, UP) [1?]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.18-19 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1, penalty]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> III<\/strong> 383.1.29-31 (234\/5, Antin) [1]; 383.2.65-66 (234\/5, Antin) [1]; 384.106-108 (489?, Herm) [1]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.28-30 (98, ArsN) [2]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1698.7-8 (VI, Aphr) [2?]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 76.38-39 (181, Ox) [3]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 67.12-13 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; III<\/strong> 130.39-40 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; VI<\/strong> 272.8-9 (165, Teb) [1]\/[4]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 101.47-48 (142, Ox) [2]; III<\/strong> 498.40-45 (II, Ox) [1]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.58-62 (112, Ox) [1]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.26-29 (127, Ox) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 172.29-33 (208, ArsN) [1: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; IV<\/strong> 600.14-15, 23-27 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [4]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 22.9-10 (102\/3 or 114\/5, HermN) [2]; 27.26-28 (125, HermN) [2]; 28bis.6-7 (122, MagdMir); 45.24-26 (127, Sinkere) [1]; 47.15-16 (128, HermN) [1]; 48a.5-7 (123, HermN); \u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 387.9-12 (II, UP) [1]; P.Tebt. I <\/span><\/strong>105.31 (103A<\/sup>, Kerk); <\/span>II<\/strong> 378.29-30 (265, Teb) [2]\/[3]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1020.11-12 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [2]; SB<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 7474.16-17? (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [1?]; XX<\/strong> 14337.28-29 (103, Ox) [4]; XXII<\/strong> 15346.19-21 ? (88\/9, Kar) [1?: ed.: \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 20<\/sup>[ -ca.?- ]\u03c9\u0323\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | [ -ca.?- \u1f21 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5]\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd;]; SPP<\/strong><\/span> V 119r<\/sup>.25-26 (before 266, Herm) [1]; 119r<\/sup>.3.23?-25 (266, Herm) [1]; 119r<\/sup>.7.24-26 (266, Herm) [1]; XXII<\/strong> 177.24-26 (136\/7, SokN) [3].<\/p>\n

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