{"id":32,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:16","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-6-duties\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T15:24:56","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T13:24:56","slug":"chapter-6-duties","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-6-duties\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 6: Duties","rendered":"Chapter 6: Duties"},"content":{"raw":"
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Contractual duties are discussed in contracts of lease and labour. Several clauses in such contracts lay out the entire scope of the contractual duties (no. 1: lease, no. 11: labour, no. 29: wet nurse, 37: husband\u2019s duties, 39: wife\u2019s duties). In all other cases, the clauses are subject-specific. The duties of a lessee of agricultural land are addressed in eleven clauses. Some of them, such as the duty to maintain the dykes or to irrigate the land, may be recorded in a special clause. As a rule, however, lease contracts give a standardized account of the lessee\u2019s duties, instructing him to perform \u2018all the due works\u2019. The document offers a more specific account of these works primarily under special circumstances, such as when the object of the lease is a fruit plantation, in particular a vineyard. The same pattern is observable in marriage documents, where, for example, a wife must not shame her husband in any manner that causes shame to husbands. In both cases, the document does not describe the due or prohibited conduct in detail. The general clause that reports the lessee\u2019s duties is formulated as an independent sentence, always following the \u2018creation clause\u2019 and preceding that regulating the periodic payment of rent. Most of the other clauses do not exhibit such a consistent structure. In irrigation and construction clauses, among many other examples, affairs may be regulated in the genitive absolute, in a relative clause, or in a clause denoting purpose or circumstance, or as participles in creation clauses that report the assignment of person for the performance of designated duties. Ultimately, a general clause that lays down the duties of the lessee is affected by these trends as it is integrated in Late Antiquity into the creation clause.<\/p>\r\n

Most of these clauses may be followed by clauses that sanction breaches, but the penalty clause seems routine only after the clauses that introduce the lessee\u2019s duties to keep the land fallow and to sow it and, in marriage documents, after clauses stipulating the due marital conduct of each of the partners. Even in these cases, the clause that sanctions misconduct becomes obsolete by the beginning of the Roman period. Quite strikingly, sanctions are absent in the quantitatively most important clauses, those reporting lessees\u2019 duties and regulating employees\u2019 conduct. This absence was remedied in cases where the employee was subject to a penalty for any type of misconduct: showing contempt, causing damage, or committing theft. The three clauses, however, never pervade. The question of the prosecution of contractual misconduct thus requires further investigation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section I. Agricultural Context<\/h1>\r\n
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1. Duties in Lease (general)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Most lease contracts record the lessee\u2019s duties. In some cases, these duties are addressed in specific clauses (animals<\/a>, construction and repair<\/a>, epimeleia<\/em><\/a>, expenses<\/a>, fallow land<\/a>, gone<\/em><\/a>, irrigation<\/a>, maintenance of dykes<\/a>, and obligation to sow<\/a>). Usually, however, the duties are addressed more generally, in a clause instructing the lessee to perform all requisite tasks [Type1<\/strong>]<\/a>. This is an enduring practice, especially well attested in Arsinoite leases from both the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods and in documentation from Augustan Alexandria. The main term denoting these obligations is \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, qualified by an adjective denoting a given type of work (most commonly \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2) or a designation of due measure (\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9). Still qualifying \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, the text denotes the time frame (in the Roman period, commonly \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) and the object, in the genitive; in the Roman period, the list of objects undergoes considerable extension. Commonly attested are the construction of dykes (\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), irrigation (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), ploughing (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), harrowing (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2), embankment of canals (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f75), sowing (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71), weeding (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), in particular of the avena fatua<\/em> (\u03c3\u03b9\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1). The subject of the sentence is the lessee; the verb varies. In the Ptolemaic CPR XVIII 7 (231 or 207 BCE<\/span>, Theogonis), it is \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. In Augustan Alexandria and then in Roman Arsinoites, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 are most frequently invoked. Participially added to the cultivation are the interdiction of damage (\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f13\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd) and the lessee\u2019s right to sow: thus, e.g., \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (translation below) (Hennig (1972): 114; Hagedorn, 1974<\/span>). For the resulting clause, amply attested in the first three centuries, see, e.g., P.Mert. III 107.17-19 (II CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u0323[\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03ac\u0323\u03bd|18<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03bd|19<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1]\u03ce\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1 (l<\/em>. [\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1]\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1) \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018and we will carry out all yearly tasks such as are appropriate at our own expense in the proper seasons, doing no damage, sowing whatever crops we choose except cnecus\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 28).<\/p>\r\n

The text is also attested elsewhere (e.g., P.Col. X 284.13-14: 311, Oxyrhynchos). Still formulated as an independent sentence [Type1]<\/a>,<\/strong> it may record specific tasks. Such a detailed account is especially common in the case of fruit plantations (particularly vineyards) or other special objects such as baths, factories, or boats. This group is commonly marked by the use of \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 plus nomen actionis<\/em>. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. L 3596.28-30 (c. 240-255, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u0323[\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 | 29<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c7\u03cc\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018If my undertaking is confirmed, I shall carry out the making, firing, and pitching of the aforesaid jars\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 239).<\/p>\r\n

Another means of designating the purpose [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is set within the clause that reports the act of leasing. Here the account of the lessee\u2019s duties is connected to the main clause by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, or \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, all with the infinitive, which is predominately in the aorist tense. Formulaically, the infinitive constructions closely resemble the nominal ones discussed below [Type3]<\/a>,<\/strong> both designating purpose. Accordingly, it is not surprising to encounter synonyms: \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 = \u1f40\u03c0\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 = \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71= \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9, etc. Unlike the nominal construction, however, the infinitive is capable of developing into a complete clause, with the performer in the accusative. Thus, the infinitive construction may be used to record the full scope of the lessee\u2019s duties, including those also covered by the obligations clause. This is the case, for example, with the verbs \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1), \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2), \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1), \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1), and \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1). As a consequence of its elasticity, [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> takes over in the Byzantine period all types of provisions that were treated, in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, in the independent clause.<\/p>\r\n

The development of the infinitive construction had major terminological consequences: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0the suffix \u2013\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 ending, so typical in the Roman period, loses ground: cf., e.g, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018weeding\u2019), is gradually replaced by \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 and then, in the infinitive construction, by \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, and the noun \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 is replaced by \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9. [2]<\/strong> Byzantine lease contracts still exhibit nouns but they tend in many cases to be different from their Roman counterparts. The old \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 is replaced by \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, to which \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, or \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1 are now occasionally added. The new terms convey no new information about the nature of the work, just about its quality. P.Hamb. I 23.21-29 (569 CE, Antinoopolis) may be used paradigmatically. It records, in lines 21\u201323, the clause that introduces, in general terms, the lessee\u2019s duty to perform the agricultural work. Lines 23\u201329 record, mostly in the infinitive aorist, six specific duties: irrigation, digging, pruning vines, building espaliers, uprooting weeds, and gathering leaves: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 22<\/sup> \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b5\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u0323[\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f35\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 [\u03b4]\u03ae[\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 24<\/sup> \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b6\u1ff4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, | 25<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6[\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b4]\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 (read \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323, \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 (read \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf) | 26<\/sup> \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u1f76 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1f78)] \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b5 [\u03bb]\u03b1\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8[\u1ff6]\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6(?)]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03b9] \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 28<\/sup> [\u1f01]\u03c0\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6[\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c0\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \\\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\/ \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 | 29<\/sup> [\u1f21]\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u0323[\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1fc6]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 on condition that we shall hold the vineyard for the purpose of our vine-dressing and manual work; carry out every type of repair without any type of negligence and disdain; irrigate it, together with the peasant\u2019s orchard, by means of the farm animals that are located there in the due measure of irrigation, unremittingly, twice a month in the winter and three times in the summer; dig it about, as well as the vegetables located there; prune it, applying correct pruning with propping by means of our own reeds; to uproot weeds and gather leaves by all means; and perform all this diligently without reproach and blame at my own risk and mortgaging all my [property]\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

[Type3]<\/strong><\/a>: as early as the late Ptolemaic period, the purpose of the lease is also recorded in the clause that records the act of leasing<\/a>. The purpose is reported through the prepositions \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2, followed by a noun in the accusative. At least nineteen nouns are recorded: \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018regaining for cultivation\u2019), \u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pasture\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u1f75 (\u2018pasturage\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae (\u2018grazing after mowing\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018second crops\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018feeding\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018planting\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pasturage\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018pasture\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f75 (\u2018cutting\u2019), \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018drying of hay\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018sowing\u2019, \u2018planting\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018wood-cutting\u2019), \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018roasting\u2019, \u2018frying\u2019), \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pitching over\u2019), \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018sowing\u2019), \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018furnishing water\u2019), \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018burning of bricks\u2019), \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018ploughing unirrigated land\u2019). However, the designation of purpose is, in this case, functionally different from that in the clauses that elaborate obligations ([Type1]<\/strong><\/a> and [Type2]<\/a>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

Rather than striving to report every single duty in minute detail, the document conveys the purpose of the lease in general terms. For most types of land, the designation is succinct; \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f75, and \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 are the most commonly used. Other terms are used to designate objects that are relatively rarely documented: six of the 19 nouns used in this clause focus on grazeland (\u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u1f75, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75) and two or three on the leasing of potteries (\u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2). [Type3]<\/a><\/strong> is frequently recorded alongside [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> and [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>. In the following list, however, are recorded only cases in which [Type3]<\/a><\/strong> is the only means of recording the lessee\u2019s duties. Cf., e.g., P.Tebt. II 375.13\u201315 (140 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis?): (\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03b5[\u1f30\u03c2] \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf|14<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb[\u1f74]\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8[\u1fc6]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018\u2026(I wish to lease) for the purpose of sowing and resowing in the first year of the lease with whatever I choose, yearly, except barley and cnecus\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

In the Byzantine period, this clause, now introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2, is developed so as to give a detailed account of the duties of the lessee. Cf., e.g., P.Coll.Youtie II 89.12\u201315 (485 CE, Hermopolis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b9\u03ba]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5[\u03bb]\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9]\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c1\u03c5\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c8{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc|15<\/sup>\u03c0\u0323[\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018To undertake the manual work of vine-dressing and to demonstrate all care, proper cultivation, maintenance, cutting of rushes, weeding, (and) digging all round, irreproachably\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

[Type4<\/a>]<\/strong> occurs in 44 documents, almost all from the Arsinoite nome, with some concentration in the villages of Philadelphia, Karanis, and Tebtynis. The clause most frequently adopts the form of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 (30 certain attestations): cf., e.g., P.Kron. 10.18\u201320 (116 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd | 19<\/sup> [\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9(\u03bd\u03b1) (\u2018the agricultural works and all charges be incumbent on Kronion\u2019). Alternatively (eight certain attestations), the lessee stands as the subject, followed by a verb of performance and the tasks in the accusative. This type more closely approximates Type1<\/strong><\/a>. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 311.17\u201319 (34, Talei): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 18<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u2039\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2\u203a \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9|19<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018\u2026 but the lessor maintaining the irrigation channels and dykes and assuming the oversight of the green crops\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 242). The first type exhibits a regional and chronological focus, stemming primarily from second-century CE Arsinoites. The second type is more regionally and chronologically dispersed and is still attested in the fifth century CE.<\/p>\r\n

Among the ca. 150 terms for duties, as many as 40 are particular to vineyards: \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018making into bundles and binding\u2019), \u1f00\u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018removal of sand\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018removal of shoots\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018digging up\u2019), \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018planting vinestems\u2019), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018irrigation\u2019), \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018picking off shoots\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018continued weeding\u2019), \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 )<\/span> \u2018hoeing round the vines\u2019), \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018disposing\u2019), \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018digging up\u2019), \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f75 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018throwing outside the mud walls\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018watering\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018fixing vine-poles\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018setting up poles for vines\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018good cultivation\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018plucking, gathering\u2019), \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018pruning\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018ringing\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018conveyance of dung\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018woodcutting\u2019), \u1f40\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018fertilization\u2019) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae (\u2018trenching round\u2019), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f75 (\u2018safeguarding\u2019), \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018digging all round\u2019), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018management\u2019), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018transporting\u2019), \u1fe5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018yield\u2019), \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018sweeping away leaves\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018breaking up the ground\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 and \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018digging\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018spreading of manure\u2019), \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f75 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018collection and transportation\u2019), \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\u2018guarding\u2019), \u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018plucking of reeds\u2019), \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018cutting\u2019), \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018care\u2019), \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018fencing in\u2019), \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018thinning of foliage\u2019), \u03c7\u03c9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018loading earth\u2019), with seven focusing on other types of groves and orchards.<\/p>\r\n

In some cases, the term used is very rare on papyrus and entirely absent elsewhere. In the context of the early Roman documentation, these terms are integrated into the structure of the obligations clause; the structure is presented above. Such an integration is undertaken in P.Oxy. XIV 1631.5\u201314 (290 CE, Oxyrhynchos) a document focusing in its entirety on reporting the lessee\u2019s obligations: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \\\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f11\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1\/ \u27e6 Traces \u27e7 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b1 \u1f09\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 6<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3[\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f15\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2(?)] \u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3[\u03b9]\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5[\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03c3[\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3]\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb]\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3[\u03bf]\u03c5 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4[\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b5|8<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5], \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03ca\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5, \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd | 9<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00[\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4]\u03b9\u0323\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03b3\u1f74] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6[\u03bf]\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 | 10<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1(?)]\u03bf\u0323\u03c3\u03c6[\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70] \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u0323[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7|11<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2, \u03b3\u0323[\u03cd]\u03c1\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03ae, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb[\u03b1]\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2, \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb|13<\/sup>\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u0323, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f31 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (\u2018We willingly agree to lease for one additional year from Hathyr of the current 6th<\/sup> year all the viticultural labour of the vineyard land owned by you near the village of Tanais, and the adjoining reed-plantation, of however many arourae<\/em> there may be, we associates of Aurelios Ktistos, undertaking half and I, Peloios, the remaining half. The tasks of the vineyard include: cutting the reeds; collecting and transporting them; proper pruning; tying (the cuttings) into bundles and binding (them); stripping and transport of leaves and throwing them outside the mud walls; layering as many vine-shoots as are necessary; digging and loosening (the soil around the vines) and trenching\u2019) (transl.: Kloppenborg (2006):<\/span> 539\u2013541). The term \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 is qualified by the adjective \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2. It is then followed by a relative clause, in which the individual duties are recorded (\u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd). The work consists of disposing of the reeds and leaves and planting the vines. The author moves on to record some general duties of the lessor (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1) and lessee (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1) alike. \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 then introduces another relative clause that describes the remaining duties in the nominative.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 61-62, 120, 259; Taubenschlag (1955): 360; Herrmann (1958): 125-128; Hennig (1972):<\/span> passim<\/em>; Rowlandson (1996): 214. M\u00fcller (1985): 246-248.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.18-19 (186, ArsN) [1]; 197.16-19 (17, Dionysias) [1]; 227.20-22 (151, ArsN) [1]; 237.14-16 (164\/5, ArsN) [1]; 308.7-10 (IV-VII, ArsN) [1]; 349.9-10 (313, ArsN) [4]; II<\/strong> 393.17-18 (167, Dionysias) [kopros]; 526.17-19 (86, SokN) [1]; 538.14-17 (100, Nilopolis) [1]; 586.17-23 (324, ArsPol) [1]; 604.22-25 (167\/8, ArsN); 633.12-15 (221, ArsN) [1]; 636.15-19 (20, Kar) [3]; 661.10-17 (140, ArsN) [1a];\u00a0644.28-35 (69, SokN) [1]; 661.10-17 (140, ArsN) [1]; III<\/strong> 840.1-2 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2]; 912.19-22 (33, SokN) [4]; 918.13-18 (110\/1, ArsN) [1]; 920.22-26 (212, Phil) [4]; IV 1067.13-16 (101\/2, Euh) [1v]; 1116.11-15 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4]; 1118.17-22 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1119.18-25 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1120.26-35 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1121.15-22, 22-24, 24-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4a]; VI<\/strong> 1223.5-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, MemphN) [1]; VII<\/strong> 1644.?-19 (294?, Phil) [1]; XI<\/strong> 2033.17-19 (before 94, Herakleia) [4]; 2123.17-20 (85, ArsN) [1]; 2124.1-3 (138-161 or 169-176, ArsN) [1]; 2127.12-16 (156, MemphN) [2]; XII 2172.17-19 (498?, Herm) [3]; 2175.5 (VI\/VII, Herm) [1v]; XIII<\/strong> 2333.13-18 (142\/3, PtolEu) [1v]; 2340.9 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XV<\/strong> 2484.7-8 (II, ArsN) [1]; XVII<\/strong> 2682.26-28 (481, Herm) [1]; 2696.<\/sup>.17-25 (616, Herm) [2]; XIX<\/strong> 2810.?-23 (559\/60, Herm); 2825.2-4 (VI, HermN); CPR<\/strong><\/span> I 31.18-26 (153, ArsN) [1]; 47.6-7 (II\/III, HerakN\/ArsN) [4]; 240.23-27 (126, SokN) [1]; 244.9-11 (II\/III, ArsN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 7.136-138 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/207A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1v]; 11.219-220 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1v]; 15.311-314 (231\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); P.Aberd.<\/strong><\/span> 183.8-9 (III, ArsN) [1]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 90.13-16 (159, ArsN) [1]; 91.10-17 (159, PtolEu\/Euh) [1]; P.Amst.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 32.1-3 passim<\/em> (II\/III, ArsN) [1]; P.Ant.<\/span> II<\/strong> 89.10-15 ? (IVe<\/sup>, Antin); 105.5-8 (VI, UP) [3]; P.Apoll.<\/span><\/strong> 57.1 (VIIl<\/sup>, Apol) [2]<\/strong>; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.16-20 (22, Phil) [1]; 19.17-19 (153, ArsN) [1]; P.Berl.Cohen<\/span><\/strong> 19.12 (VI, Terythis) [2]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/strong><\/span> I 19.25-27 (221\/2 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [1]; 23.10-16 (252, Thead) [1v]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 17.17-18 (220, Herakleia) [1]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/strong><\/span> 98.12-15 (291, Kar) [1]; 99.15-19 (297, Kar) [1]; 100.10-13 (297, Kar) [1]; 101.4-7 (300, ArsN) [1]; 102.16-20 (303\/4, ArsN) [1]; 103.11-17 (313, Kar) [1]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67104.9-10, 12-13 (530, Aphr) [1v] [2]; 67105.21 (532, Aphr) [2]; 67106.15-16 (539, Aphr) [2]; 67107.11-13 (525\/540, Aphr) [2]; 67109.32-35 (565, Aphr) [2]; 67110.38-39 (565, Aphr) [3]; 67112.14-16 (544\/5, Aphr) [2]; 67113.10-11 (525\/6?, Aphr) [2]; 67128.18-20 (547, Aphr) [2]; II<\/strong> 67170.24-31 (54, Zmin) [2]; 67240.4 (VI, UP) [2]; III<\/strong> 67300.9-11 (527, Aphr) [2]; 67301.20-23 (530, Aphr) [2]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/strong><\/span> 41.20?-22? (IVf<\/sup>, HermN?); P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 79.6-14,15-18 (256A<\/sup><\/span>-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1v]; VII<\/strong> 179.17-23 (300, Kar) [1]; X<\/strong> 260.15-17 (149\/50?, ArsN) [1]; 273r<\/sup>.6-7, 8-9, 18-19 (204, Ox) [4]; 280.10-13 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [1v]; 284.7-8. 8-10, 10-12, 13, 17-18 (311, Ox); P.Coll.Youtie<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 27.22-25 (165, Teb) [1]; II<\/strong> 70.14-15 (272\/3 or 278\/9, Ox) [2]; 89.18 (485, Herm) [1v]; P.Corn.<\/strong><\/span> 10.21-22 (119 , Phil) [4]; 11.19-20 (204\/5 or 233\/4, Phil) [4]; P.CtYBR inv.<\/span><\/strong> 691.21-27 (547, Aphr) [1]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.2-4 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, UP) [2]; 29 (IVm<\/sup>, OxN) [2]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 26.5-7, 8-11 (159, Phil) [1v]; 29.17-20 (225, Phil) [4]; 33.15-19? (204, Phil) [4]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 75.15-17 (535, Ox); P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 28.14-16 (133, ArsN) [4]; 44.6-7 (189 KerkArs Orous) [1]; 45.1-2 (190, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1]; 47.12-16 (195, PtolEu) [1]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 307.5-7 (132, Philoteris) [1]<\/strong>; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.16-19 (239, Euh) [1]; 19.14 (248, PtolEu) [1]; 20.23-25 (127, Thead) [4]; 24.8-9 l. 9 (IIIm<\/sup>, PtolEu) [3]; 41.11,12 (140, HermN) [3]; III<\/strong> 279.11-13 (514, Aphr) [2]; 281.13-14 (517, Aphr) [2]; 282.15-20, 20-26 (abrocheia) (520, Aphr) [2]; 283.15 (536, Aphr) [2]; 286.20-21 (552, Aphr) [2]; 299.1 (VI, Herm); 315.13 (435, Sesiy) [2]; \u00a0369.1-9 (139\/149, Herm) [1v]; 370.13-17 (132, HermN) [2]; 383.3.78-80 (234, Antin); 384.23-31, 68-73 (489?, Herm) [1v] [4]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.15-18 (35, Teb) [3]<\/strong>; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 21.10 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 35.9-10 (177\/6A<\/span><\/sup>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span><\/strong> I 34.2-3 (156, Phil); 78.22-24, 26-29 (II\/III, PtolEu) [4] [1]; 188.13-15 (616, ArsPol\/Bousiris); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I 56.15-16, 19-21 (VI, HermN) [3] [1]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 54.14-17 (378, ArsN) [4]; 58.7-11 (c. 561, Herm) [2]; II<\/strong> 87.17-28 (602, Herm) [2]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I 23.21-29 (569, Antin) [2]; 64.17-19 (103, Euh) [1]; 68.10-14, 21-25 (549\/50 or 564\/5, Aphr) [1] [2]; IV<\/strong> 239.2-7, 18-20 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, Tholt?) [1v]; 269.9-10 (IIIl<\/sup>, ArsN) [1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I 80.8-12 (249, OxN) [2]; 82.23-26 (345, Ox) [2]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong>\u00a0352.13-16 (558, HermN); 353.1a-3 (VI, AntaiN) [2]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 59.3 (after 430?, AntaiN) [2]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.23-26 (98, ArsN) [2]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.15-16, 20-23 (27, Teb) [4] [1]; III<\/strong> 31.21-22 ? (73\/4, Teb) [4]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.a.3-7 (VI, Aphr) [2]; III<\/strong> 145.9-10 (Ia<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1v]; XIV<\/strong> 579a.13-20 (III, Ox) [1]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.18-20 (116, Teb) [4]; 19.21-22 (145\/6, Teb) [4]; 19a.12-13 (145, Teb) [4]; 34.8-10, 14-15, 26-29 (135, Teb) [3] [3] [1]; 41.23-26 (140, Teb) [1]; 46.19-21 (153, Teb) [1]; P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 7.8-9 (VI, HermN) [1v]; III<\/strong> 72.13-15 (118-138, PtolEu) [1]; IV 163.17-24 (279, UP) [1]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 118.20-21 (160\/1, Ox) (?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.5-6, 8-9 (sale of fodder) (VI, ArsN) [1] [4]; 113.4.14-20 (595, ArsPol) [1]; II<\/strong> 163.17-26, 33-34 (c. 88, Kar?) [1]; 168.9-12 (162, Psenharpsenesis); 216.17-21 (94, SokN) [1] [4]; 314.12-16 (149, SokN) [1]; III<\/strong> 858a.7 (153\/4, HermN) [2]; 906.15? (128, Euh) [4]; 938.1 (225, Herm) [3]; 954.15 (260, Herm) [3]; 1003.10-11 (562, HermN) [2]; 1012.34-36 (633, Herm) [3]; 1023.24-25 (V, Herm) [3]; 1050. 3-8 (VIl<\/sup>\/V, Herm) [2]; V<\/strong> 1689.14-16 (527, Aphr) [2]; 1691.17-18 (532, Aphr) [2]; 1692a.15-17 (555, Aphr) [2]; 1692b.14-15 (556, Aphr) [2]; 1693.8 (523\/4, Aphr) [2]; 1694.11-13 (516-532, Aphr) [2]; 1695.9-10 (530\/1?, Aphr) [2]; 1696.a.17 (VI, Aphr) [2]; 1696.b.11-12 (VIe<\/sup>, Aphr) [2]; 1697.10-11 (VIe<\/sup>, Aphr) [2]; 1714.36-43 (579, Antin) [2]; 1841.15-18 (536, Aphr) [2]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.15-18 (21, Phil) [1]; 17.11-13, 20-22 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [2]; 49.3-4 (VII, UP) [2]; II<\/strong> 68.24-25 (136, Kerkeosiris) [1]; III<\/strong> 107.17-19 (II, ArsN) [1]; 108.12-15 (69-79, ArsN) [1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 184.13-15 (121, Bac) [1]; 185.14-19 (122, Bac) [1]; V<\/strong> 311.17-19 (34, Talei) [4]; 312.17-19 (34, Talei) [2]; IX<\/strong> 560.17 (46, Kar) [4]; 562.12-16 (119, Kar) [4]; 564.12-13 (150, Kar) [1]; 565.17-19 (215\/6, Kar) [1]; XII<\/strong> 632.16-18 (26, Teb) [4]; 633.19-22 (c. 30, Teb) [1]; XIII<\/strong> 666.13-18 (615\/631\/646, Aphr) [2]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.22-23 (173, Ox); 791.13-15 (212\/3, Phil) [4]; XXI<\/strong> 849.8-10 (Iend<\/sup>\/IIb<\/sup>, Kar) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 23.b.1-17 (296, OxN or, HermN); 24.23-24 (297, Teb) [1]; 42b.18-19 (c. 566, Aphr) [2]; 43.7 (526, Aphr) [2]; 46.11-13 (559, Aphr) [2]; 48.21-23 (572, Aphr) [2]; 60.8-9 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.2-5, ll. 4-5 (I, ArsN) [1]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 63.26-28 (170, Teb) [1]; 65.11-13, 15-17, 21-22 (160-180, Teb) [3]; 67.4-5 (165, Teb) [1]; 78.14-15 (GA) (138\/9, Teb) [4]; 104.17-23 (127, Teb) [1]; 106.22-25 (134, Teb) [1]; 107.6-9 (153\/4, Teb) [1]; III<\/strong> 130.31-32 (165, Teb) [1]; 132.27-29 (165, Teb) [1]; 133.31-33 (165, Teb) [1]; 137.28-31 (165\/6, Teb) [1]; 138.21-23 (169, Teb) [1]; 139.23-25 (169, Teb) [1]; 140.25-28 (176, Teb) [1]; 144.14-15 (166, Teb) [1]; 187.6-7 (II, Teb) [1]; IV<\/strong> 220.21-22 (132\/3, Teb) [1]; 238.23-25 (143\/4, Teb) [1]; 239.9-11 (156, Teb) [4]; 240.18-19 (118-138, Teb) [1]; 241.9 (II, Teb) [1]; VI<\/strong> 267.11-18 (125\/6, Teb) [1]; 269.16-21 (124, Teb) [1]; 270.1-3 (129, Teb) [1]; 271.1-6 (141, Teb) [1]; 286.27-28 (139, Teb) [1]; 289.13-16 (II, Teb) [1]; 290.23-26 (II, Teb) [1]; 291.17-18 (II, Teb) [1]; 292.16-19 (II, Teb) [1]; 295.12-13 (II, Teb) [1]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 81.1-3 (III, UP) [1]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 5.8-9, 9-11 (241, Kysis) [3]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.15-17 (1, Thead) [4]; 33.14-26 (29, Kar) [1]; 34.9-10 ? (188\/9, Phil) [4]; III<\/strong> 135.19-21 (286-293, Ox) [2]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 13.24-28 (154\/5, Argeias\/SokN) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 277.4-6 (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 280.16-17 (88\/9, Ox) [3]; III<\/strong> 499.15-16 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; IV<\/strong> 729.1-5, 18 (138, Ox) (?) [1]; 730.10-11 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; 810 descriptum (134\/5, Ox); VI<\/strong> 910.8-9 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1207.15-17 (175\/6, Ox) [1v]; X<\/strong> 1279.14-19 (139, Ox) [2]; XII<\/strong> 1502v<\/sup>.7 (after 260, OxN) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.10-13 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1629.8-10 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1631.8-18, 25-28, 30-31 (280, Ox) [1v]; 1632.12-14 (353, Ox) [2] XLI<\/strong> 2974.14-15 (162, Ox) [2];\u00a0XLIII<\/strong> 3122.6-13 (322, Posompes) [oath]; XLV 3250.23-24 (c. 63, Ox) (1v); 3254.18-21? (312\/3, Ox); XLVI<\/strong> 3269.12-15 (III, Ox) [2]; 3270.18, 21-24 (309, Ox) [2]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.7-19, 36-39 (c. 257, Nomou) [1]; XLIX<\/strong> 3484.21<\/span>-30<\/span> (72\/3, Ox) [1v]; 3489.11-12, 17-19 (72\/3, Ox) [4]; L<\/strong> 3595.9-17 (243, Senepta) [2]; 3596.9-19, 28-30 (219-255, Ox) [2] [1v]; 3597.7-12, 28-30 (260, Ox) [2] [3]; LV<\/strong> 3802.13 (296, Ox) [2]; 3803.11-14 (411, Ox) [2]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.14, 22 (199, Pimpasi) [2] [3]; LX<\/strong> 4092.13 (355, Iseion Panga) [3]; LXIII<\/strong> 4383.11 (384, Ox) [3]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.8 (228, Senao\/Ox) [2]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5320.28-30 (227\/8, Ox) [1v]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 22.13-15 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 1.8-9 (298\/9 PanopN) [1v]; 3.5-6 (310 PanopN) [1v]; 7.4-7 (c. 338\/9 PanopN) [1]; P.Phil.<\/strong><\/span> 12.20-22 (150\/1 or 173\/4 , Phil) [4]; 13.15-18 (155, Phil) [4]; 15.12-15 (153\/4, Phil) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 38.17 (95\/6, Herakleia); III<\/strong> 245.16-18 (141\/2, Aphrodites Berenikis Polis) [1]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.11? (212\/3?, AphrN); 108.7-8 (VI, Ox) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.25-36 (141, Ox) [1v]; III<\/strong> 33.16-17 (522, Aphr) [2]; 44.1-5 (VI, Antai\/Aphr) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II 166.19-20, 23-26 (26, Euh) [1]; 322br<\/sup>.11-14 (II, Thead?) [1]; IV 582.6-13 (42A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN); 583v.21-22, 25-28 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1v]; 600.15-18 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1v]; 683.13-15 (244, Ox) [2]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 61.16-24 (299, Thead) [unique]; 67.13-15 (321, Thead) [1]; 69.16-17 (331, Thead) [1]; 70.9-10 (338, Boubastos) [1]; 73.13-15 (328, Thead) [1]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 47.16-17 (128, HermN); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.25-36 (69, Thead) [1v, extended]; 2.16-19, 21-24 (71, Thead) [1v]; 3.18-25, 34-36 (89\/90, Thead) [1] [1v]; 4.24-33 (87, Thead) [1]; 5.24-27 (94, Thead) [4]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 258.9-12 (II, ArsN) [1]; 267.17-22 (126-128, SokN) [1v]; V<\/strong> 358.3? (IV, UP) [2]; 387.7-9 (II, UP); 465.15-18 (230, Polydeukia) [1]; VI<\/strong> 507.8-9 (138, HermN); 535.10-14 (II, ArsN) [1]; 539.7-12?, 15-17? (290\/1, Herm) [1]; 557.9-10, 14-15 (291, Herm) [3]; 571.14-20 (175, Phil) [1]; VII<\/strong> 673.3-5 (IV, ArsN) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 706.11-28 (122\/3, PtolEu) [2]; 758.18-19 (VIIe<\/sup>, HermN); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.18-25, 37-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1v]; 106.20-22 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [1]; II<\/strong> 375.14-23 (140, PtolEu) [3]; 377.12-16, 21-23 (210, Teb) [1]; 378.17-23 (265, Teb) [1]; III<\/strong> 815.8r<\/sup>.2.1-14, l. 12 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1v]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-19, 24-26 (598 ?, Aphr) [2]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.12-17, 30-31 (323, HermN) [1v] [3]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.4-5 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2]<\/strong>; 11.19-20 (453, Herm) [1v]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 28.22-23 (576\/7, Herm) [2]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 13263 + 13376 + 14694.19-23 (498, Herm) [1v]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.16-17 (98, Kar) [4]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.13-16 (259\/60, Ox) [2]; II<\/strong> 52.13-15 (32, Kar) [1]; P.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 37.18-19 (620\/650\/665, Herak) [1v]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.14-15 (31, Teb); PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 31.15-19 (163\/4, ArsN) [4]; 33.20-23 (150\/1 or 173\/4 , Phil) [4]; 73.12-13 (III, Ox) [3]; IV<\/strong> 283.15-16 (550, Aphr) [2]; 296.18-21 (520, Herm); 316.19-20? (328, Ox) [4]; VII<\/strong> 772.9-11 (98-117, Ox) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 920r<\/sup>.8 (VI, OxN) [3]; 931.19-20 (524, Aphr) [2]; 934.6-8 (VI, Aphr) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1029.7-8, 10-12 (52\/3, OxN) [3]; 1070.10-15 (260\/1 or 261\/2, Ox) [3]; 1072.9-12,12-15 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; 1078.13-14 (356, Lenonos) [2]; X<\/strong> 1124.22-23 (150, Teb) [1]; 1134.20-21 (91, Teb) [4]; 1144.11-17 (99?, Teb) [1v]; XIII<\/strong> 1338.7-11, 14-17 (299, Ox) [2] [1]; XV<\/strong> 1518.15-20 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [1]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 7.14-15 (104, Kar) [1v]; SB<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 4495.1-3 ? (IV-VII, ArsN); 4681.1-7 (VI\/VII, ArsN); 4869.5-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [2]; III<\/strong> 7188.11-19 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1 extended]; IV<\/strong>\u00a07369.11-12, 21-22 (512, Herm) [2] [1v]; 7441.9-12 (230?, UP) [4]; 7474.5, 9-12 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [4] [2]; 7480.13-18 ? (VI\/VII, Thebes) [1]; V<\/strong> 7665.11-12 (225, ArsN) [1]; 7814.9-11 (256, Ox) [2]; VI<\/strong> 9226.18-23 (II\/III, SokN) [1]; 9269.13-19 (304 , PtolEu) [1]; 9293.14-17 (573, ArsPol) [2]; 9294 (621\/2?, ArsN) [1a]; 9562.13-16 (214 , Phil) [1]; 9589.4-7 (VIL, ArsPol) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 9830.25-27 (84-96, ArsN) [1?]; 9907.15-16, 22-25 (388, Herm) [2] [4]; 9922.9-11 (159, Theog) [4]; X<\/strong> 10942.1-5 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [2]; 11024.13-16 (328, ArsN); 11047.24-27 (194\/5 ?, Teb) [1]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.23-27 (44, Thead) [1]; 11281.6-10 (172, Ox) [2]; 11403b.11-12, 15 (232\/3, OxN) [2]; 11431.6-7 (95\/6?, Kerkeesis) [1]; 11603.14-17 (157-159, PtolEu) [1]; 11711.18-20 (332, Herm) [1v]; 11718.13-16 (141, Teb) [1]; 11720.20-22 (170, Teb) [1]; 11843.19-21 (95, Teb) [4]; 11855.20-26 (547?, Aphr) [2]; 11911.15-20 (224, ArsN) [2]; 12025.9-15 (IIIl<\/sup>, Tholt) [2]; 12050.20-23 (498, Herm) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 12539.18-20 (26, Teb) [1]; 12569.8-25 (66-58a<\/sup><\/span> or 55-51A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1]; 12693 (140\/1, Ox) [2]; 12948 (448, HermN); 13004 (314, Thmouis) [2]; 13006.20-29 (144, ArsN) [1]; 13010.24-29 (144, ArsN) [1]; 13017.16-17 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13582.11-15 (184, UP) [1]; 13850.22-23 (141?, ArsN) [1]; 13885.15-17 (547\/562, ArsPol) [1]; 13997.1-3 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [2]; 13998.5-9 (VI\/VII, Alexandrou Nesos) [2]; 14000.5-11 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [3]; 14001.15-17 (486, ArsN) [1]; XX<\/strong> 14290.11-12 (III, Ox) [2]; 14416.7-9 (VI, HermN\/AntinN\/AphrN) [2]; 14464.9-12 (II, Ox) [2]; 14642.1-7 (III\/IV, Ox); 14983.5-7 (220-260, OxN) [2]; XXII<\/strong> 15346.16-19 (88\/9, Kar) [1v]; 15493.13 (435, Sesiy) [2]; 15729.17-20 (639, ArsPol) [2]; 15769.8-11, 13-14 (311, Ox) [1v]; XXIV<\/strong> 16128.3-4 (V, OxN); XXVI<\/strong> 16569.18-32 (62?, Euh) [1v]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 422.6-7 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2]; XX<\/strong> 21.16-18 (215, ArsN) [1]; 57.14-16 (263, Dionysias) [1]; 70.22-28 (261, ArsN) [4]; 126.10 (515, HermN); 131.9 (518, ArsN); 218.36-37 (VIIe<\/sup>?, HermN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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2. Sowing<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Sowing is one of the fundamental duties of the lessee of arable land. It is mentioned in three formulaic contexts: (1) A clause regulating the provision of seeds<\/a>. (2) A clause outlining the entire scope of the duties of the lessee<\/a>. (3) A clause introducing the duty of sowing in particular, which is the focus of the present entry. A special sowing clause is recorded [Type1]<\/strong> in twelve documents from the third through the first century BCE mostly from the Arsinoite nome. The verb denoting sowing is \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9 with the land as the object in the accusative. See, e.g., P.Col. III 54.16-18 (250 BCE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9|17<\/sup>\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f29\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 (\u2018Hegesarchos and Theopompos and Nikodemos are to sow two-thirds of the land which they have taken in wheat, the other third in barley\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 142). In another document, the duty to sow is linked to the supply of the seeds, which the lessee is also responsible for. The lessee\u2019s duty to sow, supplying his own seeds, is explicitly stated in one Ptolemaic lease contract BGU XIV 2390.19-20 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd | 20<\/sup> [ -ca.?- \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5]\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd ( \u2018Let Polyeratos sow the share of the kleros<\/em> which is entrusted to his cultivation [ - -] supplying his own grain\u2019). In Oxyrhynchite lease contracts from the first century BCE to the fourth century CE [Type2]<\/strong>, the clause is embedded into the creation clause, introduced by \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 with the infinitive aorist, preceding the account of the rent. The verbs used are, in the first century BCE \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018sow with wheat\u2019) (Ptolemaic), \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9 (\u2018sow\u2019 of cereals) (Roman), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9 (\u2018plant or sow, usu. of green crops or fodder\u2019) (Ptolemaic and Roman). Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1629.8-10 (44 BCE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 | 9<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03c5\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u1f14]\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5, | 10<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[\u1fc6]\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018On the condition that (the lessee) shall sow half of it for the ninth year with wheat and cultivate the other half with aracus<\/em>\u2019). The clause is also recorded in one lease contract from the Byzantine period: P.Vind.Sijp. 10.15-16 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites), which also records the right of the lessee to collect the harvest for the maintenance of cattle.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Schnebel (1925): 132-137; Herrmann (1958): 125-126.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 311.14-17 (VII\/VIII, Theog) [2]; IV<\/strong> 1017.7-13 (II\/III, Ox) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 2340.9 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 2390.7, 19-20 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.16-18 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1]; P.Fouad I<\/strong> 43.21-27 (189\/90, Phoboou) [1]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 22.10-12 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 23.15 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 24.9-10 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) ? [1]; 25.11-12 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 34.13-16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 35.10-11, 15-19 (before 177\/6A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 224.11-21 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln XIV<\/strong> 579a.23-24 (III, Ars); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 118.9-16 (160\/1, Ox) [2]; P.Mert. I<\/strong> 17.11-13 (158, Oasiton Epoikion) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 13.6-9, 13-14, 15-16, 18 (159\/60, HermN) [2]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.7-8, 29-30 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 280.11-16 (88\/9, Ox) [2]; IV<\/strong> 730.10-11 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; VI<\/strong> 910.8-9 (197, Pakerke\/Ox) [2]; X<\/strong> 1279.14-19 (139, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.10-13 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1629.8-10 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1686.8-12 (165\/6, Ox) [2]; 1687.16-18, 23 (184\/5, Ox) [2]; XX<\/strong> 2284. b.1-7 (258, Ox) [2]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.14-16 (112, Ox) [2]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.11-12 (211, Ox) [2]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.11-14 (151, Ox) [2]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2776.14-15 (118\/9, Ox) [2]; 2795.11 (250, Ox) [2]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2874.10-12 (108, Ox) [2]; XLI<\/strong> 2974.14-15 (162, Ox) [2]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.11-12, 14-19 (70\/1, Ox) [2]; 3489.11-12, 17-19 (72\/3, Ox) [2]; L<\/strong> 3589.5-7 (II, OxN) [2]; 3591.14-16 (219, Ox) [2]; 3592.11-12 (218-261, Ox) [2]; LV<\/strong> 3800.11-14 (219, Ox) [2]; 3802.13 (296, Ox) [2]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.14 (199, Pimpasi) [2]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.8 (228, Senao\/Ox) [2]; 4595.14-16 (261, Ox) [2]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.7-9 (127, Ox) [2]; 4745.10-13, 15-16 (202, Ox) [2]; 4747.10-11 (296, Ox) [2]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.11-13, 15-17 (173\/4, Ox) [2]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.13-15 (223\/4, Ox) [2]; P.Pintaudi<\/strong> 34.14-15 (after 235, ArsN) [1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 683.13-15 (244, Ox) [2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 376.19-24 (162, Teb) [1]; III.1<\/strong> 815 8r<\/sup>.2.1-14, ll. 10-13 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 819.6-7 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [1]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.19 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.15-16 (V\/VI, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.13-16 (259\/60, Ox) [2]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.20-21 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha); PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> VII<\/strong> 772.9-11 (98-117, Ox) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1029.7-8, 10-12 (52\/3, OxN) [3]; 1070.10-15 (260\/1 or 261\/2, Ox) [3]; SB<\/span> X<\/strong> 10216.10 (III\/IV, Ox) [2]; 10263.8?-10 (204, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10780.14-17 (172\/3, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.6-10 (172, Ox) [2]; 11604.8-9 (III, OxN) [2];12025.9-15 (IIIl<\/sup>, Tholt) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 12373.13 (158A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1]; 12693 (140\/1, Ox) [2]; XVIII<\/strong> 13385.14-16 (547\/562, ArsPol); <\/span><\/strong>XX<\/strong> 14290.11-12 (III, Ox) [2]; 14464.9-12 (II, Ox) [2]; 14983.5-7 (220-260, OxN) [2]; XXIV<\/strong> 15959.6-7 (VIf<\/sup>, Aphr).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

3. Failed Sowing<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThis clause deals with the event that the lessee fails to sow the land as stipulated in the contract. It is best attested in source material from the Ptolemaic period (e.g., P.Monts.Roca IV 77.30\u201331 (148 BCE, Hephaistias): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c3]\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03b7\u03b9 [\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd], \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f70 [\u1f10]\u03ba\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03cc\u0323[\u03c1]\u03b9\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf]|\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018If he does not sow the land or, having sown it, leaves the rent, let him pay as a compensation the rent in its entirety\u2019 (transl.; editio princeps<\/em>, p. 231).\r\n\r\nBibl.: Herrmann (1958): 148; Hennig (1967): 73; Kramer \u2013 S\u00e1nchez-Moreno Ellart (2017): 235.\r\n
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BGU<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 2389.26-28 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); 2390.20-21 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 24.10-11 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 25.13-14 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 34.13-16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.8 (scr.int.), 30-31 (scr.ext.) (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias); P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.20-21 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.19-21 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 788.19-22 (125, Herm);\u00a0<\/span>SB<\/span><\/strong> XXIV<\/strong> 15959.7 (VI<\/span>f<\/sup>, Aphr).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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4. Keeping the Land Fallow<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The verb denoting \u2018leaving the land fallow\u2019, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, appears in the imperative of the aorist or (in the Roman period) in the indicative of the future tense. The subject is the lessee and the object, in the accusative, is the piece of land, which in all cases is a share (\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2) of the object of the lease, the entire land. The clause reports the time frame: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. In the dative, the crops that may be cultivated as long as the land lies fallow are specified: \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018wild chickling\u2019), \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018beans\u2019), \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018fenugreek\u2019), \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018lentil\u2019) and \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018fodder\u2019). In one document, P.Tebt. I 105.23\u201324 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris), the scribe applies the rule of exclusion (\u03c0\u03bb\u1f75\u03bd): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37[\u03c2] \u1f10[\u1f70]\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Ptolemaios shall every year, beginning with the second year of the lease, sow half the holding with such light crops as he may select excluding oil-producing plants\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 459), perhaps also P.Yale I 51.18\u201319: 184 BCE, Kerkesoucha). Some documents report the purpose of the cultivation: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018for the pasturage and folding of sheep\u2019). See act of lease<\/a>. Unique is the case of BGU II 644.31\u201333 (69 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), recording compensation by the lessor to the lessee for leaving the land fallow: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5[\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3]|32<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u1ff3 \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd) \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 33<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7d (<\/strong>\u2018the lessors giving the lessee, on account of fallow period of the plot, forty-eight silver drachms\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Schnebel (1925): 218-239; Kramer \u2013 S\u00e1nchez-Moreno Ellart (2017): 242.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> II<\/strong> 644.31-33 (69, SokN) [GA; monetary compensation, text above]; XIV<\/strong> 2389.23-24 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [fut.; \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Bad.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 170.22-23 (54, Thead) [fut.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 22.20-22 (388, HermN) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u2039\u1f10\u03bd\u203a \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4{\u03b5}\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u0323\u03c3|\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9;]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 13.17-18 (159\/60, HermN?) [fut.; \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.22-24 (127, Teb) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; purpose: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 267.17 (125\/6, Teb) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 601.29-30 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I 105.23-24, 38-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [fut; ed.: \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37[\u03c2] \u1f10[\u1f70]\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] | \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd;]; 106.22 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2]; 108v<\/sup>.2.6 (93A<\/sup><\/span>\/60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [fut.]; III.1<\/strong> 815.4r<\/sup>.1.46-55 l. 51 ? (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.50-51 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [imp.aor..; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.18-20 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 or upon choice]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XV<\/strong> 1518.20-21 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [imp.aor.; \u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; SB<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11279.27-29 (44, Thead) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2; \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd]; XVI<\/strong> 13017.21-22 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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5. Failing to Keep the Land Fallow<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A penalty for failing to keep the land fallow is introduced in a single document, BGU XIV 2389.27\u201328 (72 CE, Herakleopolites), in which the lessee is required to pay the sum of five artabae<\/em>, in addition to the rent, for each aroura<\/em> that he does not keep fallow: \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b1\u03bb\u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 | \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u0323[\u03b1\u03c2] \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7[\u03c9\u03c1]\u1f76\u03c2 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c6[\u03bf\u03c1]\u03af[\u03bf]\u03c5 (\u2018For each aroura<\/em> (?) that the lessee does not keep fallow, let him pay as indemnity five artabae<\/em> of wheat, in addition to the rent\u2019.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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6. Irrigation<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

While the lessee\u2019s duty to irrigate the land is rather commonly attested, a specific clause dealing with the sources of the water is not. It is recorded in just 38 documents, predominantly leases of fruit plantations, in particular palm groves and vineyards. [<\/u>Type1<\/a>]<\/strong> introduces the duty of the lessee to irrigate the leased land. The number of idiosyncratic texts is relatively large, as is the array of terms used to denote the act of irrigation. \u03a0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 and \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018irrigation\u2019) (cf. Bonneau (1993): 209-211) are well represented but \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 212-214), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 214), \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, as well as the construction \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 219), appear as well. In most cases, the clause introduces the duty of the lessee to irrigate the leased land, indicating the means by which the irrigation shall be undertaken, which (depending on the verbal construct) may be recorded in the dative<\/strong> (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 or \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff7: (Bonneau (1993):<\/span> 98); \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7) or in the genitive<\/strong>, introduced by \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u1fe5\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd): Bonneau (1993):<\/span> 21-22; \u1f10\u03be<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) and \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5): Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 210. The clause also occasionally specifies the timeframe during which the irrigation is required: \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2; \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce; \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6). Also recorded is the supply of provisions necessary for the irrigation, commonly introduced through the participle of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 (e.g., \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1).<\/p>\r\n

As indicated above, the 38 preserved documents rarely exhibit a uniform format. There are two exceptions: [a]<\/strong>\u00a0a group of three documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, which exhibit the phrasing \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 plus dat. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 41.19\u201323 (223\/4 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10|20<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9|21<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9(\u03bd) | 22<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 | 23<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018For the irrigation of the soil, the lessee shall use the water-wheel mentioned above, providing himself with draft animals and engineers and everything else that is needed\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 168). [b]<\/strong> Three documents from the sixth- and seventh-century Arsinoites, with the formulation \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd is consistently used. Cf., e.g., SB<\/span> XXX 17338.16\u201317 (621 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/i>. \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f55\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018me, Georgios the lessee, performing the irrigation of the same land and providing all the hardware of the water engine down to the last item\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Among the 41 documents, seven form a special group [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> in that they introduce not the lessee\u2019s duty to irrigate the land but his right to use the water to irrigate plots not owned by the lessor. See, e.g., P.Panop. 10.5\u20136 (341 CE, Panopolites): \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1[\u03b9] \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 | 6<\/sup> \u1f10[\u03b4]\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and in return for these we will be allowed to irrigate the plots of another without an irrigation fee\u2019). Three documents from the Dioskoros archive, e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67300.16\u201317 (527 CE, Aphrodite), use the same text for this purpose. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1695: \u1f00\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 | 19<\/sup> \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd [\u1f55\u03b4]\u03c9\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u0323\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9[\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2026. \u2018and I am allowed to get water unhindered from the irrigation system to land belonging to others without rent\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 160-162; Hennig (1972): 121-122; Bonneau (1991): 199-200<\/span>; Burkhalter (1997): 343-352; Freu (2022): 113-119.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> XII<\/strong> 2160.13 (488, Herm) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; dry vineland]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67300.16-17 (527, Aphr) [2: \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> X 280.1-4 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [2: \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; vineland]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.16-18 (after 161, UP) [1: \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; vineyard]; 29.1-8, 10-13 (IVm<\/sup>, OxN) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 101.7-8 (78\/91, HermN): [1: \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1; arable land]; III<\/strong> 369.6-9 (139\/149, Herm) [1: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9; palm grove]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 57.15-17 (561, Herm) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.24-25 (249, OxN) [1 (GA); arable land];\u00a0P.Jena II<\/strong> 6.17-20 (477, Herm);\u00a0 P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 145.10 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1: \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9]; P.Laur.<\/strong><\/span> I 7.3-6 (VI, HermN) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9; vineyard]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1695.18-20 (530\/1?, Aphr) [2: \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1; garden]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 326.51-52 (48, ArsN): [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.13-14 (138, Ox) [1; vineyard]; XVII<\/strong> 2137.26-27 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; arable land]; L<\/strong> 3582.6 (442, Ox) [1: \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5331.14 (474, Ox) [1: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2; i.a.<\/em> vineyard]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong><\/span> 41.19-23 (223\/4, Ox) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; arable land]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 8.5-7, 9-10 (338, PanopN) [2; \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7] [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5; date-palm grove]; 9.5 (338, PanopN) [1: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03bd; date-palm grove]; 10.5-6 (341, PanopN) [2: \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7; olive grove]; P.Phil.<\/span><\/strong> 12.22-24 (150\/1 or 173\/4, Phil): [1: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd; garden and olive-yard]; P<\/strong>.Poethke<\/strong> 29.18-23 (549, Thynis) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.21-25? (141, Ox) [1; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; 2; \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7; vineyard]; Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup>.18, 64 (471\/2, Phil) [1; vineyard]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.24-28 (71, Thead) [1; \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c9; vineyard]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 486.8-9 (504\/5, HermN) [1; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; vineyard]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 12.18-25 (101, Tebt) [diairesis]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.15-16 (323, HermN) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2; vineyard]; 9.10-11 (509, Herm) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd; vineyard]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.21-23 (150\/1 or 173\/4, Phil) [1: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd; garden and olive-yard]; XII<\/strong> 1233.8-10 (323\/4?, Panop) [1; ed.: \u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03bd] | \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03c9\u03bd; date-palm grove]; XV<\/strong> 1518.25? (34\/5\/6, Bac) [1; arable land]; SB <\/span><\/strong>VI<\/strong> 9459.5-11, 11-14 (VI, ArsN) [1; \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; vineyard]; VIII<\/strong> 9907.22-25 (388, Herm) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; orchard]; XIV<\/strong> 12050.20-23 (498, Herm) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; vineyard]; XX<\/strong> 14337.25-27 (498, Herm) [1: GA; date-palm grove]; 14416.9-10 (VI, HermN\/AntinN\/AphrodN) [1; vineyard]; 15027.3-5 (475, OxN) [1: \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; arable]; XXII<\/strong> 15769.9-10 (311, OxN) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; garden]; XXX <\/strong>17338.16-19 (621, ArsPol) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; orchard]; 17339.26 (630, ArsPol) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; orchard]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.19-21 (VI, Taamorou) [1: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; vineyard?]; ZPE<\/strong> 200, 2016, pp. 336-346 frag. B, 18-29 (163 Ophis, OxN) [1: \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; arable].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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7. Failure to Irrigate<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In BGU XIX 2828.6\u20138 (VIIb<\/sup> CE, Hermopolis), a contract of labour, the employee is obligated to have a plot of land irrigated. Failing this, he will be subject to a fine: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1|8<\/sup>\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce. )<\/span>\u2018If I shall not perform their third irrigation (i.e., if I did not irrigate the land three times), I shall give you on that account eighteen keratia\u2019<\/em>). Another possible attestation is in P.Col. X 280.4\u20135 (269\/70 or 276\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos?).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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8. Prohibition against Drawing Water<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Prohibition\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the context of a sale of wine, the vendor is prohibited from drawing water from the vineyard until he has supplied the wine. SB I 4822.3-6 (VI CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 | 4<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 5<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03c1\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b9\u03b1|6<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03c9\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 (\u2018and it shall not be permitted for me to draw water from my two plots called Tro and Pia Taoes until I have fulfilled my obligations to you.\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Pringsheim (1950):<\/span> 494 n. 2.\r\n

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9. Maintenance of Dykes<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The duty of maintaining dykes is frequently treated in lease contracts in the clause that spells out the other duties, e.g., P.Stras. VI 571.14-16 (175 CE, Philadelphia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9]\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 | 15<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323[\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u03c2 | 16<\/sup> [\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3]\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and I will perform all the chores, the embankment of the land, irrigation and breaking up the ground\u2019). Occasionally, however, it is addressed independently. Here we note four groups. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is attested in the genitive absolute construction, the subject being the \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, or \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018finishing off\u2019), sometimes together with \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018guarding of dykes\u2019), with the dykes serving as modifier: the \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (\u2018casting up\u2019); \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018construction of dykes\u2019), or the \u03c7\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018dykes\u2019) themselves. The responsibility may be incumbent upon the lessor or the lessee (see list below). See, e.g., PSI IV 315.22-27 (136\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the duty of maintaining the dykes is embedded in a broader context: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9|23<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc|25<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, | 26<\/sup> \u1f03 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7|27<\/sup>[\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd -ca.?- ]\u03b7\u03c3\u03b3\u03b7 \u00a0\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 (\u2018Let the maintenance of the dykes of the aforesaid lands be incumbent upon the lessee, who acknowledges that he has received on the spot the dykes watertight, which he will return in the last year in the same condition as he has received them\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>: the duty of the lessee to undertake embankment is stated in an independent clause, e.g., P.Oxy. IV 729.7 (138 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd[\u03b1]\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018They will perform the embankment of dykes following the procedure routinely employed in such work in the past\u2019). [Type3]<\/u><\/strong>: a future grant, from the lessor to the lessee, for the embankment work. Cf., P.Ryl. II 171.15\u201316 (55\/6 CE, Herakleia): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1]|\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc[\u1f70\u03c2 (\u2018On the condition that after receiving for the purpose of tillage and the embankment of the land a grant of . . . silver drachmae\u2019). [Type3a]<\/u><\/strong>: confirmation of receipt of payment at the time of the lease: \u00a0\u0323BGU VII 1645.14-17 (245 CE, Philadelphia): \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 15<\/sup>\u00a0[- ca.9 -] \u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb(\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c9(\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018And I, Aurelios Sarapion, have received forthwith on account of the embankment work \u2026\u2019). Finally, [Type4]<\/strong><\/a> expresses the duty of the lessee to deliver the dykes watertight when the period of lease is over, e.g., P.Col. X 280.19 (269\/70 or 276\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03bc]\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c4]\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03ce\u0323[\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u0323\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a6\u03b1\u1ff6\u03c6\u03b9 (\u2018\u2026 likewise, they shall return all the embankments watertight in the final year on the 30th<\/sup> day of Phaophi\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 118-119; Bonneau (1993): 123-127; Freu (2022): 94-96.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> II<\/strong> 519.15-17 (IV, Phil) [1: lessor]; VII<\/strong> 1645.14-17 (245, Phil) [3a]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 280.19 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox) [4]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.25-27 (249, OxN) [1: lessee]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 57.9-10 (IV, UP) [1: lessor]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 315.26-28 (39-41 or 43-45, ArsN) [4]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.15-17 (1, Thead) [1: lessor]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.7-10 (138, Ox) [2]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.27-30 (70\/1, Ox) [1: lessee]; L<\/strong> 3589.10-11 (II, OxN) [1: lessee]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 9.4-5 (339, PanopN) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.39-40 (141, Ox) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span> II<\/strong> 171.15-16 (55\/6, Herakleia) [3]: P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 69.17-19 (331, Thead) [2]; 70.10-12 (338, Boubastos) [2]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 673.7-8 (IV, ArsN) [1: lessee]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.13-14 (31, Teb) [2 GA]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 315.22-27 (136\/7, Ox) [1: lessee]; SB<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 13850.21-22 (141?, ArsN) [2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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10. Koitasmos<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In lease contracts, the folding of cattle is regulated in various clauses, such as the clause that reports the act of leasing<\/a>, in which the land is said to be leased\u2014\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018for the pasturage and folding of sheep\u2019)\u2014or in that regulating the return of the object, in which the land is to be returned<\/a> \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6. In two cases, P.Sakaon 71.23\u201324 (306, Theadelphia) and P.W\u00fcrzb. 11.20\u201322 (99 CE, Arsinoites), the folding of cattle is regulated in an independent clause. In P.Sakaon 71.23\u201324, the text runs [\u03bf]\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 [\u03c4]\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf[\u03b9]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9)<\/u><\/a> \u1f22 \u03bc\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018I shall not have the right to make their habitual folds on other fields but only on those belonging to you, the owners\u2019) (transl.: P.Sakaon, p. 176).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Schnebel (1925): 130-131.<\/span>\r\n

Section II. Non-agricultural Context<\/h1>\r\n
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11. Account of Duties in Contracts of Labour<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Since in the case of contracts of laobur the creation clause does not report the nature of the contract, a detailed account of individual obligations is necessary. One way of accomplishing this is by reporting these duties in the creation clause (\u2018<\/span>the creation of prospective employer\u2013employee relationship<\/a>\u2019 et al.), using the present or future participle, e.g., BGU I 300.3-5 (148 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (<\/span>l.<\/em> \u03c3\u03b5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf(\u03bd) | <\/span>4<\/sup> \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u1fc3 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | <\/span>5<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 (<\/span>l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2) (\u2018I have appointed you by virtue of the present <\/span>cheirographon<\/em> to administer my properties in the Arsinoite nome and to collect the revenues from the lessees\u2019). Another method is through a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunctives \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 or \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5. \u1f18\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 is followed, in the Ptolemaic period, by the future indicative (cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zenon IV 59787.90\u2013115, l. 94: III<\/span>m<\/sup> BCE, Philadelphia?). In the early Roman period, the tense changes to the infinitive aorist. For \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 or \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, on the other hand, scribes seem to use the infinitive from the outset, increasingly shifting the tense to the aorist as we move towards the Byzantine period. The aorist is also attested in this clause in independent constructions. Furthermore, it is recorded in contexts for which the contract denotes a durative action and, for this reason, calls for the present tense by default. With these constructions commonly used in this clause, occurrences of the aorist infinitive outnumber those of any other form by far: aorist infinitive 77 verbs; present infinitive 12; future infinitive eight; future indicative 15; present participle 26; future participle 22. Cf., e.g., the apprenticeship contract P.Wisc. I 4.5\u20138 (53 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5 \u03bc]\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 | <\/span>6<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f61[\u03c2] | <\/span>7<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1[\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5]|<\/span>8<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce[\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2] (\u2018In order to learn the whole weaver\u2019s trade, as he also knows it himself, for the period of one year from the present day\u2019) (transl.: <\/span>editio princeps<\/em>, p. 13). Since labour contracts cover a wide variety of activities, their vocabulary is both idiosyncratic and rich. Some verbs are unique to contracts that record the hiring of a wet nurse. Others appear in cessions of liturgy, apprenticeship, and contracts focusing on agricultural activity. Some verbs, however, especially those that generally denote an obligation to supply labour, tend to recur. This is the case especially with the verb \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9, recorded 23 times; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9, recorded in 10 documents; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9 in seven; and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 in six. Other recurrent verbs are \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1f73\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, and \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, each attested four times, \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 twice, and \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u1f73\u03c9, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9 and \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, each in a single document. Cf. also Digest. 19.2.58.1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 50; Westermann (1946): 27-32; Montevecchi (1950): 11; Herrmann (1957\/8): 130-131, 138; Adams (1964): 139, 141; Hengstl (1972): 42-43; Wolff (1974): 79; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 156-157; Bergamasco (1995): 125-127; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 156-158.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 3.18-20 (605, ArsPol) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 300.16-20 (148, ArsN) [part.fut.]; 304.14-18 (641, HerakN) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + aor.]; 323.11-13 (before 14.6.651, ArsPol); II<\/strong> 366.8-14 (645\/660, ArsPol) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + ind.fut.]; 404.10-12 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 + ind.fut.]; 638.2.1-11 (143, ArsN) [ed.: \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9;]; IV<\/strong> 1021.11-18 (III, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6 \u1fbd\u1f03 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; 1062.13-21 (236, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 1112.10-11 (after 4a<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; 1122.14-21 (13a<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; VII<\/strong> 1662.13-20, ll. 13-16 (182, PtolEu) [part.fut.]; 2185 (512?, Herm) [part.fut.]; XIX<\/strong> 2826.7-12 (483\/4,<\/span> Herm) [<\/span>\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes.]; 2827r<\/sup>.19-21 (595, Herm) [inf.aor. in the framework of an homologia]; 2828.1-5 (VIIb<\/sup>, Herm) [inf.aor., context not clear]; CPR<\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 19.17-19 (321, Herm) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.fut. and aor.]; XVIII 1.6-7, 9-12 (231a<\/sup><\/span>\/206a<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.praes.]; P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.17-18 (206-212, Ox) [inf.aor.]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 20.13-18 (110, AphrN) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 173.1-4 (VI\/VII, UP) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 32.1-5 (c. 240, Oasis Magna); P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 13.3-4 (98, Memphis) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.31-49, 86-102 (551, Constantinople) [inf.aor.]; II<\/strong> 67158.25-28 (568, Antin); 67159.21-34 (568, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.praes.]; III<\/strong> 67305.9-12 (568, Antin) [inf.aor. + praes.]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59182.7-8 (255a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); IV<\/strong> 59787.90-115 ll. 94a-98 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, Phil) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> IV 85.5-6 (244\/3a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.32-38 (569, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + inf.praes: \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.CtYBR inv<\/span><\/strong>. 153.6-10 (VI, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5, inf.aor.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 27.11-17 (132, Teb) [part.fut.]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 91.20-25 (99, Euh) [inf.aor.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.19-23 (158, PtolEu) [part.fut.]; 51.1-6, ll. 3-5 (138-161, ArsN) [part.fut.]; 80.13-15 (I\/II, HermN) [\u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 101.12-14 (78\/91, HermN) [\u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 35.4-10 (48, Ox) [part.fut.]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 9.10-14 (138-161, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.8-21 (565-579, Aphr) [inf.aor. + praes.]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 326.16-19 (98, Ankyron Polis) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes:\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 347.1-6 (537, Aphr); 348.1-7? (VI\/VII, UP); P.Hib.<\/span> II<\/strong> 204.1-12 (246-221 or 221-205a<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.8-11 (VI, UP) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.1.29-31 (263, Antin); II<\/strong> 101.14-15 (274\/280, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5]; P.Laur.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 166.2-6 (289\/90, Ox?) [ind.fut.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 306.13-14 (145, ArsN) [part.praes.]; II<\/strong> 331.12-18 (165, PtolEu); V<\/strong> 1705.10-11 (517\/8 or 532\/3, Aphr) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 18.27-35 (161, Ox) [part.fut.]; III<\/strong> 118.16-18 (82, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 125.1-4 (VI, OxN?); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 32-34 (46, Teb) [part.praes.]; 348.25 (26, Teb) [ind.fut.]; IX<\/strong> 574.5-9 (IVe<\/sup>, Kar) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; XI<\/strong> 603.16-21 (134, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 604.13-21 (223, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 56.9-11 (V, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; II<\/strong> 49.2-5, ll. 4-5 (I, ArsN); P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 83r<\/sup> passim<\/em> (III\/IV, Ox) [part.praes.]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.10-11 (50, Kar) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 136.14-34 (583, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.];<\/strong> 138.21-33 (610\/1, Ox) [mostly inf.aor.]; 140.13-17 (550, Ox); II<\/strong> 275.10-13 (66, Ox) [part.praes.]; III<\/strong> 498.28-31, 33-36 (II, Ox) [ind.fut.]; IV<\/strong> 725.13-15 (183, Ox) [part.praes.]; 726.14-21 (134\/5, Ox) [part.fut.]; 727.18-25 (154, Alex) [part.fut.]; 731.4-6 (9\/10, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; VIII<\/strong> 1123.15-19 (116, Upper Egypt); XIV<\/strong> 1642.1-9 ll. 5-8 (289, Ox) [inf.aor.]; 1643.6-13 (298, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 1647.21-25 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [part.praes.]; 1692.10-25 (188, Ox) [register]; XVI<\/strong> 1894.11-17 (573, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; XIX<\/strong> 2239.10-16 (598, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 2349.27-38, ll. 33-40 (70, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2769.10-25 (242, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; XLI<\/strong> 2969.6-17 (323, Ox) [oath: inf.aor.]; 2993.1-5 (323?, Ox); 2994.1-11 passim<\/em> (321-324?, Ox) [inf.aor.]; LI<\/strong> 3641.7-15 (544, Ox) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + inf.aor.]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.8-16 (588, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 3952.17-30,39-49 (610, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 3958.17-32 (614, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXII<\/strong> 4351<\/span>.1-9 (VI, Ox) [inf.aor.]; LXVI<\/strong> 4530.26-33 (288?, HerakN) [inf.aor.]; LXVI<\/strong> 4596.11-16 (232 or 264, Ox) [part.praes.]; LXXIV<\/strong> 5016.9-12 (IIIl<\/sup>\/IVe<\/sup>, Sinkepha) [inf.praes.]; LXXVII<\/strong> 5107.17-26 (210\/1, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 5121.8-12 (485, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXXXI<\/strong> 5288.13-18, 22-26 (570, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 + inf.]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5473.15-29 (561, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; 5474.16-35 (617\/8, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXXXI<\/strong> 5288.13-18, 22-26 (570, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.12-14 (54, Ox) [part.praes.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 14.8-9 (431, Ox?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + praes.]; P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 154.9-10 (546, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.7-9 (26, Ox) [inf.aor. and inf.praes.]; 104.8-11 (25\/6, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 105.2 (432, Ox) [inf.aor.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18.25, ll. 110-111 (139\/40, ArsN); 18.72, ll. 300-301 (139\/40, ArsN); 18.74, ll. 310-312, 316-318 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 88.21-23 (156, ArsN) [ind.fut.]; 322a.2-4 (II, UP); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.19-23 (69, Thead) [imp.aor.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.50-52 (569, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; V<\/strong> 341.21-28 (85, ArsN); VII<\/strong> 658.2-4 (VI, HermN); 678.11-13 (568\/9, Herm) [inf.praes.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 317.28-29 (174\/5, Teb\/Alex) [part.fut.]; III.1<\/strong> 815 1r<\/sup>.2.25-34, ll. 33-34 (223\/2a<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [part.praes.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.9-10 (53, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.8 (87, Ox) [inf.aor.]; 241.9-13 (III, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; IV<\/strong> 377.8-16 (249A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); V<\/strong> 515.10-16 (251a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [oath + inf.fut.]; 549.7 (41a<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [ind.fut.]; VI<\/strong> 689a.10-13 (423\/4, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 689d.3-5,17 (420\/1?, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 789.11-13 (IA<\/sup><\/span>\/I, HermN); 921.20-24, ll. 22-23 (143\/4, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.praes.]; IX<\/strong> 1037.11-16 (301, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; RMO.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> no. F. 1948\/3.3, ll. 1-6 (II, UP); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.5-9 (II\/III, Alex?); VI<\/strong> 9094.8 (III, Ox?) [part.praes.]; VIII<\/strong> 10205.10-16 (222\/3 or 226\/7, Ox) [inf.fut.]; XX<\/strong> 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII, UP) [inf.aor.]; 14891.4-10 (IV, Oasis Parva); 15033.13-15 (94, Ox) [part.fut.]; 15134.7-10 (483, Ox) [inf.aor.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 17262.8-13 (246 or 256, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 217.6-10 (581, ArsPol) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; XXII<\/strong> 47.6-11 (138-160?, SokN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + inf.aor.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

12. Exclusivity Clause<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In a contract involving the hiring of a flautist\u2014CPR XVIII 1.11\u201312 (231\/206 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014the prospective employee is prohibited from performing for others without the employer\u2019s consent. \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c5]\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 12<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c0\u0323[\u03b9\u03ac]\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let him not serve anyone else without the consent of Olympias\u2019). Possibly also in BGU IV 1117.14-17 (13 BCE, Alexandria); CPR V 11.18-20 (IVe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance); P.Bingen 59.20-22 (33 CE, Tebtynis).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: M\u00fcller (1985): 281-282; Kramer (1991): 122-123<\/span> with further literature.\r\n

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13. Injunction against Hiring Workers<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Prohibition\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

This clause is very rarely used\u2014no more than two cases within a very narrow timeframe of five years: P.Amh. II 92.18\u201320 (162\/3 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos) and P.Bodl. I 34.24\u201326 (158\/9 CE, Arsinoites): \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f60\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd (\u2018And I will not have partner or sublessee who is a subject to dues\u2019). The text is invoked in the context of an epidoche<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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14. Breach by Employer<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The contract of labour P.Col. X 255.18-20 (131 CE, Theadelphia), records an agreement regarding the conveyance of dung and sebekh<\/em> to a vineyard. Its owner is obligated to pay the salary, or the transportation charges, if he prevents the employee from performing the due conveyance: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3 or \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1f7b\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (?) \u03c3\u0323[\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018But if you cause me to be without work, I shall receive the freight charges because we agreed on reasonable terms (?)\u2019 (transl.: P.Col. X, p. 31).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Delia (1986): 61-64; Hagedorn (1991): 243-245.<\/span>\r\n

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15. Construction Clause<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The duty of rebuilding or repairing the object of the contract is attested in 35 documents, Roman and Byzantine, from the Arsinoite, Oxyrhynchite, and Hermopolite nomes, and in one case from Byzantine Edfu. Among them, 25 record leases, three labour, three sale, and four loans. The object is most commonly a building (16) or a factory, including equipment and machinery that are prone to deterioration and damage or require permanent maintenance. Accordingly, the list includes two cases of oil-presses, one water wheel, one mill, two granaries, three vineyards, and one palm grove. Stipulating construction may be the very object of the document, as in P.Oslo II 36.8\u201310 (145 CE, Theadelphia), which opens with the following clause: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9|8<\/sup>\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018I acknowledge that I will undertake the construction of mud walls of the aforesaid palm grove\u2019). In most cases, however, the focus is different and the construction clause acquires an accessory position. This occurs especially when the clause is phrased as a genitive absolute, as is most frequently the case (see below). The most commonly used terms are \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f75 (\u2018repair\u2019), sometimes adnominally qualified by \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018partial\u2019) and \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018rebuild\u2019) and potentially qualified by \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018anew\u2019), the former denoting partial repair and the latter a complete rebuild of the object of the contract. Cf., in particular, P.M\u00fcnch. III 90.4\u20136 (363 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7[\u03c2] \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 5<\/sup> [\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u0323[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 | 6<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And let the required rebuild or also the partial repair be incumbent on you, the lessee\u2019). The object of repair stands in the genitive: \u1f50\u03bb\u1f75 (\u2018yard\u2019); \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018oil-press\u2019); \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018dwelling\u2019); \u03ba\u1f73\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (\u2018cellar, room, chamber\u2019); \u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018granary\u2019); \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018pond\u2019); \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f75 (\u2018machinery\u2019); \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (\u2018water drawing machine (saqiyah)\u2019); \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018house\u2019); \u1f44\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018instrument\u2019); \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 (\u2018vestibule, porch, portico\u2019); \u1f55\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018watering-place, well, tank\u2019). The term \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f73\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 is used once to denote complete demolition: P.Amh. II 93.18\u201321 (181. Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9{\u03c2} \u2039\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u203a | 19<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \\\u1f22\/ \u27e6Traces\u27e7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac|20<\/sup>\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd|21<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018If any type of repair or rebuilding or breakage of woodwork or tools occurs, you, Stotoetis, shall be responsible\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 118). An especially detailed account of the objects of repair appears in SPP XX\u0399\u0399 177.15\u201322 (136\/7 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd[\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 17<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf|18<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u2039\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u203a \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd [\u03bf]\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03c1]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9[\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd] | 19<\/sup> \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1[\u03b7\u03b3]\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03b5) | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd[\u03b9]\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f6f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> [\u03b4]\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f44\u0323\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd(?) \u1f44[\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 23<\/sup> [\u1f6f]\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The owner shall bear the expense of necessary repairs to the machinery and press, replacing parts worn out or broken, and furnishing axles, while the lessee shall provide the necessary lumber and pay the wages of workmen\u2019) (transl.: Johnson (1936) 367-368).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Husson (1983): 199; M\u00fcller (1985): 244-246<\/span>.\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 253.12-13 (244-248, PtolEu) [GA]; II<\/strong> 606.9-11 (306, PtolEu) [GA]; IV<\/strong> 1115.7-25, 38-51 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [GA]; 1116.11-12 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [GA]; 1156v<\/sup>.22-25 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XI<\/strong> 2033.16-17 (94, Herakleia) [GA]; 2034.9-11 (II\/III, PtolEu) [GA]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 244.14-16 (II\/III, ArsN) [GA]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 93.18-21 (181, SokN) [GA]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span> I<\/strong> 23.11-13 (252, Thead) [GA]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 59302.7 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [GA]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.22-26 (239, Euh) [GA]; III<\/strong> 384.62 (489?, Herm); P.Fuad.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> 23.14-16 (283, Herm) [GA]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.12-13 (247, Ox) [GA]; P.Harr.<\/span> I<\/strong> 81.3-5 (VI, UP) [GA]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.7-8 (VI, Aphr); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 216.17-19 (94, SokN) [GA]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 76.31-34 (181, Ox); III<\/strong> 108.16-18? (69-79, ArsN) [GA]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 188.16-17 (120, Bac); V<\/strong> 312.32-34 (34, Talei); IX<\/strong> 570.15 (105\/6, Kar); XI<\/strong> 605.14-16 (117, Bac); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 53.18-20 (152\/3, Teb) [GA]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 90.4-6 (363, UP) [GA]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 36.8-10 (145, Thead); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.23-26 (223\/4, Ox) [GA]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 4.8-11 (314, PanopN) [GA]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.19-21 (141, Ox); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 3.27-30 (89\/90, Thead) [GA]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 539.11 (290\/1, Herm); P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.17-19 (270, PtolEu); P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (V\/VI, ArsN); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.19 (143, SokN) [unique, in penalty clause]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 176.3-5 (V?, Ox); VII<\/strong> 787.18-19 (176\/7?, ArsN); XII<\/strong> 1233.25-27 (323\/4?, PanopN); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5112.59-61 (618, Apol); VIII<\/strong> 9921.16-19 (III, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 11281.28-29 (172, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 13005.19-22 (144, ArsN) [GA]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 177.13-21 (136\/7, SokN) [GA].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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16. Wine Storage<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Wine storage is recorded in one document only, P.Stras. VII 696.7\u201310 (VI, Hermopolis), in which the vendor acknowledges his responsibility to keep the wine in the heliasterion<\/em> (LSJ s.v., place for drying fruit<\/em>) until delivery: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u0323\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f36\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 9<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 |10<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026and I am prepared to keep the aforementioned wine in the place for drying the fruits until their delivery without any objection and delay\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Jakab (2009): 138, 142.<\/span>\r\n

Section III. Apprenticeship, Wet-Nurse and Service Contracts<\/h1>\r\n
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17. Obligation to Teach<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Contracts of apprenticeship record the master\u2019s duty to teach the apprentice. The clause may open the document, the duty to teach deriving directly from the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, as in P.Mich. V 346a.1\u20136 (12\/13 CE, Tebtynis). In that case, the clause also reports the duration of the apprenticeship. The clause may also follow an account of the ekdosis<\/em> of the apprentice, as in P.Oxy. II. 275.16\u201319 (36 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 346a.1\u20136 (12\/13 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f48\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u2039\u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76(?)\u203a \u03a8\u03bf\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac|2<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u1f19\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae|3<\/sup>\u03c9\u03bd\u2039\u03bf\u03c2\u203a \u0395\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03 | 4<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f13\u03be | 5<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 6<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u2039\u03c3\u203a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018I, Orsenouphis (also called) Psosneus, son of Kalales, a weaver, acknowledge that I am under obligation to teach Helene, the slave of Herakleon, son of Eirenaios, the weaver\u2019s trade as I myself know it, for two years and six months dating from Pharmouthi of the present forty-second year of Caesar\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Zambon (1935): 65-66; Weber (1932): 62; Hengstl (1972): 91; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 155-157.<\/span>\r\n

P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 59.a.1-2, 7-8 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, PanopN?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1706.5-6 (VI, Aphr); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346a.1-6 (12\/13, Teb); 346b.1-4 (16\/7, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4238.14-16 (128, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.13-14 (66, Ox); XXXI<\/strong> 2586.16-20 (264, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.12-13 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.14-15 (54, Ox); P.Tebt.Pad.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.11-13 (in hypographe) (IIb<\/sup>, Teb); SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.16-19 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.10-13 (98-103, Ox); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 40.22-24 (150, SokN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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18. Failure to Teach<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Eight contracts of apprenticeship from the Roman period take into consideration the prospect that the master fails to teach. In P.Mich. V 346a.9-12 (13 CE, Tebtynis), the scribe provides for the case that the apprentice will be trained but insufficiently. The remedy here is training by the surrenderer at the master\u2019s expense: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1|10<\/sup>\u03be\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac|\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1) \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1{\u03b9}, \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4|11<\/sup>\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 {\u03b5}\u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 12\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9) \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And if I shall not teach her, or she shall be considered not to know what she has been taught, you will perforce have her taught at my own expense\u2019). Elsewhere, the master is subject to epitimon,<\/em> as in P.Oxy.Hels. 29.39\u201344 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u0323[\u03c2 \u1f41] \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323| 40<\/sup>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u0323\u03b4\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 | 41\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bb{\u03bb}\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 42\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 | 43\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f57 \u1f14\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b1\u2039\u03c5\u203a\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 44\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7[\u03b5]\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 (\u2018And if Heras himself does not teach the child, let him pay as compensation an equal fine, Heras and Diogenes not suffering any loss concerning the right resulting from the agreement that they have toward each other in all its existing terms\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Westermann (1914): 299; Zambon (1935): 65-66; Herrmann (1957\/8): 129; Adams (1964): 132; Hengstl (1972): 91; Bergamasco (1995): 120, 134; Straus<\/span> (2017): 127, 131.\r\n\r\nP.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346a.9-12 (13, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.31-33 (66, Ox); 322.39-40 (36, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.37-39 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.39-44 (54, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18.450ff., l. 455 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.28-30 (53, Ox); SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.39-40 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.28-30? (98-103, Ox).\r\n

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19. Idleness<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Contracts of apprenticeship include a clause dealing with the possibility that the apprentice will be idle for a variety of causes. The commonly used verbs are \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, and \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9. In P.Oxy. II 275.24\u201328 (66 CE, Oxyrhynchos) the period of idleness is reckoned per diem.<\/em> Here the deliverer is given the option of [1]<\/strong>\u00a0placing the apprentice in return (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) at the master\u2019s disposal for an equivalent period of time [II\/III CE, Arsinoites and Oxyrhynchites], [2]<\/strong> paying per diem compensation [Ie<\/sup> CE, Arsinoites and Oxyrhynchites], or [3]<\/strong> alternatively paying a fixed fine. In first-century Oxyrhynchites, remedies [1]<\/strong> and [2]<\/strong> are introduced alternatively.<\/strong> The per diem penalty is abandoned in the second and third centuries CE; here the prolongation of stay is the only consequence of idleness. See, e.g., P.Oxy. II 275.24-28 (66 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03bc\u03b5]\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc|27<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3[\u03c4]\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03b4\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018And if there are any days on which the boy fails to attend, Tryphon shall produce him for an equivalent number of days after the period is over, or shall forfeit for each day one drachma of silver\u2019). Cf. also the illness<\/a> clause.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911):<\/span> 166-167 [P.Petr. III 43.2 with P.Petr. III 42Fe]; Westermann (1914):<\/span> 303; Zambon (1935)<\/span>: 61-62; Herrmann (1957\/8)<\/span>: 129-130; Adams (1964)<\/span>: 140; Hengstl (1972)<\/span>: 112, 114-115; Bergamasco (1994):<\/span> 131-133, 169. Straus (2017):<\/span> 129.\r\n

P.Bad.<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 86.17-20 (99, Hibeh) [1]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.10-11 (121, Paliga) [2]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I 101.8-10 (78\/ 91, HermN) [1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.27-30 (24\/5, Teb) [2]; P.Mich.\u0399nv.<\/span><\/strong> 4299.16-20 (20\/19A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead ?) [2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.24-28 (66, Ox) [1,2]; IV<\/strong> 724.13-14 (155, Ox) [1]; 725.39-46 (183, Ox) [1]; 731.11-13 (9\/10, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1647.39-43 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.35-39 (264, Ox) [2]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.27 (66, Ox) [1,2]; 2977.29-32 (239\/40, Ox) [1: \u1f41 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; XLI<\/strong> 2988.11-16 (II?, Ox) [1]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong><\/span> 29.33-36 (54, Ox) [1,2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 385.24-26 (117, Teb) [2]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.22-24 (53, Ox) [1,2]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.9-13, 21-23 (II\/III, Alex?) [1]; X<\/strong> 10236.32-36 (36, Ox) [1,2]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.19-22 (271, Kar); XXII<\/strong> 15538.8-9 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 36 (145, SokN\/Nilopolis) [1]; 40.19-22 (150, SokN) [1, 3].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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20. Days of Rest<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The clause, recorded in four contracts of service, all from Oxyrhynchos, generally follows an established scheme. The employee is allowed to remain idle a set amount of days (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) and the employer shall not deduct these days from his or her salary. Cf., e.g., P.Wisc. I 5.26-30 (185 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f67\u03bd \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad|28<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af|29<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 | 30<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u0323[\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] \u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018But if she should be absent for more days either because of a festival day or because of illness or on account of some imperative necessity on the part of her master, then the hire for those days will be deducted\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 19).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Zambon (1935):<\/span> 62-63; Herrmann (1957\/8):<\/span> 121; Hengstl (1972)<\/span>: 112; Bergamasco (1994):<\/span> 129-130; Straus (2017):<\/span> 128.\r\n

P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 725.35-37 (183, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 1647.36-39 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.27 (66, Ox); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.20-26 (185, Ox); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10964.19-21 (98-103, Ox).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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21. Violation of Rest Clause<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Following a clause regulating days of rest during festivals, an additional clause provides for compensation for an additional time of idleness (per diem<\/em> compensation: \u03b5\u03c6\u02bc \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2). This contingency is recorded in one document only: SB XXIV 16253.21\u201325 (98-103 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The measures taken are the surrender (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) of the apprentice by his father after the end of the contract (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) for the purpose of extended paramone<\/em> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1). Alternatively, there is a per diem<\/em> compensation of one drachm: \u03b5\u03c6\u02bc [\u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2(?)] | 22<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3), \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] | 23<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u1f74\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9] (or [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u1ff3]) | 24<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] | 25<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u0323[\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018For as many days beyond these that (the apprentice) remains idle, his father shall surrender him abiding by Papontos (or the teacher) after the duration of the contract or let him pay him as compensation for each day one silver drachm\u2019).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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22. Wet Nurse\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

An account of the duties of the wet nurse is embedded in several contexts: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0surrender of her person (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). [2]<\/strong>\u00a0receipt of her provisions: \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, and [3]<\/strong>, recorded in documents from the chora<\/em>, an account of duties is introduced directly and independently by the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 at the beginning of the body of the text. In cases [1]<\/strong> and [2]<\/strong>, the duties are described in the accusative feminine participle, present tense, with the wet nurse as the subject, of course. In case [3]<\/strong>, the present and (sic!) aorist infinitive are attested. Wet-nurse contracts generally record seven duties: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0the wet nurse must take care of herself and the child (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd), [2]<\/strong>\u00a0not spoil the milk (\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1), [3]\u00a0<\/strong>avoid sexual intercourse with men (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), [4]\u00a0<\/strong>not become pregnant (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), [5]<\/strong>\u00a0and not suckle any other child (\u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd). In one document, BGU IV 1108.12-15a, 23-25 (5 BCE, Alexandria), she is also required [6]<\/strong>\u00a0to pay taxes on behalf of the child (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1). Finally, [7]<\/strong>\u00a0she must safeguard everything she has received from the parent or the owner of the infant and return it upon request (\u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9). In all cases but one, the account of the duties is arranged paratactically, with no apparent causal connection among them. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1106.26-32 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria): \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2] | 27\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4]\u1f70\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f11\u03b1\u2039\u03c5\u203a\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 28\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 | 29\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10[\u03c0\u03b9]|30<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03c5\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af|31<\/sup>\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd | 32<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018Since she has undertaken to nurse the child continually, she will provide her honest and appropriate care for the child on a monthly basis. She will not spoil her milk or engage in sexual activity with a man. She will also not become pregnant or take on the responsibility of nursing another child. She will take good care of any possessions or responsibilities entrusted to her and return them when requested\u2019). In one exceptional case, P.Rein. II 103.16-21 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos), sexual intercourse is prohibited as the cause of spoilage of the milk: \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd [\u03bf]\u1f56\u03bd | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u2039\u03b1\u203a\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 | 18\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0]\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03bc\u1f74] \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 19\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03ba\u03c5\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 20<\/sup> \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b7]\u03bc\u03ad|21<\/sup>[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018\u2026 accordingly, Taseus will of necessity provide every assistance and care for the child as is incumbent on her. She will not cohabit with her husband so as not to harm the milk, nor will she become pregnant, nor suckle any other child nor [\u2026.]. And she will hand over the child to Paapes well nourished (?), as is incumbent upon her\u2019). (transl.: Johnson<\/span> (1936): 288\u2013289).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 178; Weber (1932): 61-62; Herrmann (1959): 493-494; Hengstl (1972): 65-66; Bradley (1990): 321-325; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 22-24; Parca (2016): 214-215; Freu (2022): 168.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1058.26-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 1106.25-33 (before 20\/2\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1107.11-15, 24-27 (before 27\/2\/12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1108.12-15a.23-25 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1109.16-20, 26-29 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 20.25-29 (110, AphrN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Oxy. LXXVIII<\/strong> 5168.16-18 (10A<\/sup><\/span>?<\/sup><\/span>, Ox);\u00a0P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.16-21 (26, Ox) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.4-5 (87, Ox) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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23. Safekeeping in Labour<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The clause introduces the duty of the employee to keep intact objects placed at his disposal by the employer. This provision is especially common in wet-nurse documents from Augustan Alexandria and contracts regulating the hiring of performers in early third-century CE Theadelphia and Antinoopolis. In Alexandrian wet-nurse contracts, the safekeeping clause is followed by a clause establishing a penalty for loss. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1058.31\u201336 (13 BCE, Alexandria): \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 | 32<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd|33<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6|34<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323|35<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03b1\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u1f27\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7|36<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 (\u2018\u2026 anything she (i.e., wet nurse\u2019s owner) may receive or is entrusted to her of the properties of the owner of the infant, (she concedes) that she will closely preserve them and return them to him when they are claimed back, or else pay as indemnity for each item its worth, except in the event of evident decay, from which, the decay having become manifest, let her be relieved\u2019). In contracts recording the hiring of performers, instruments (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1) are made available to these employees for the purpose of their work and must be returned intact after the festivities. P.Fam.Tebt. 54.18\u201321 (219 or 223, Antinoopolis?): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 [\u1f10]\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad[\u03c1\u03c7]\u03b5\u0323[\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5] (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5) \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1|20<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b5[\u1fd6\u03b1] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2,] \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 | 21<\/sup> \u1f51[\u03bc]\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce]\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018and whatever implements of your said craft you bring with you, we will return to you in safety\u2019) (Bell, JEA<\/span><\/em> 10 (1924) 145f., followed by P.Fam.Tebt., p. 173). The \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 are specified in P.Corn. 9.12-15 (206, Philadelphia): \u1f45\u03c3[\u03b1] \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5) \u1f30\u03bc\u03ac[\u03c4]\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u1fb6 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3[\u1ff6]\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5|15<\/sup>\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and whatsoever garments or gold ornaments you may bring down, we will guard them safely\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1959): 492-493; Wollentin (1961): 56-57; Hengstl (1972): 114; Bergamasco (1995): 126 n. 90<\/span>. Alonso (2012): 77-81.<\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 1058.31-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1106.31-32 (before 20.2.13, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1107.15-16 (before 27.3.13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1109.19-20 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1126.13-14 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; CPapGr<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.19-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [wet-nurse]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-15 (206, Phil) [performers]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 54.19-20 (219\/223, Antin?) [performers]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 326.20-23 (98, Ankyron Polis) [contract of service]; SB V<\/strong> 7612.23 (II\/III, Alex?) [apprenticeship].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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24. Failed Safekeeping in Labour<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the wet nurse due conduct clause, the wet nurse is entrusted with unspecified objects by the deliverer, which she is ordered to safeguard and return upon request. If she does not return them, she should pay their value, except for those subject to \u2018manifest destruction\u2019 from whose return she is exempt, if the loss becomes evident. BGU 1107.14-17 (13 BCE, Alexandria); \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \\\u03c3\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03b1\u0323\/ \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323|15<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd [\u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd] | 16<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f27\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3[\u03b8\u03c9 (\u2018and whatever she has obtained or has been entrusted with of his assets, let her keep them unimpaired and return them when requested, or let her pay as compensation the value of each object, except for the event of manifest loss, of which, if indeed it becomes evident, let her be relieved\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 178; Herrmann (1959): 492-493; Hengstl (1972):<\/span> 114 n. 102; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 24.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 1058.34-36 (13a<\/sup><\/span> Alex); 1106.33-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1107.15-16 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1108.16a-18 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1109.21-22 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex). 1126.14-15 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPGr<\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.20-22 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex).<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section IV. Liturgies<\/h1>\r\n
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25. Exoneration<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In documents recording the cession of liturgy, the cessionee\u2019s activity should exempt the cessioner from all liability. In this sentence, which appears frequently in the context of \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f79, the cessionee is the implied subject, followed by an infinitive of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9. The exemption of the cessioner is expressed in routinely applied adjectives. Exceptions are listed below. The exoneration clause is also used in two third-century diaireseis from the Hermopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes. A paradigmatic example is P.Oxy. XIV 1626.18\u201321 (325 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03ae|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1fe5\u03b1\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018... and that I, Ptolemaios, am to provide the salary found to have accrued, in order to make the decani<\/em> free from any trouble, annoyance, or loss in all matters pertaining to said office of rhabdouchos<\/em>\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 2). The same wording is used in the loan contract in P.Oxy. II 270.7\u201310 (94 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the surety is relieved of his duties: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5|8<\/sup>\u03bd\u03cc\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 9<\/sup> \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f27\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 10<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u1fc3 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 11<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u039c\u03b5|13<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1 (\u2018(the acknowledging party declares) that she shall safeguard Sarapion also called Clarus and his assigns in every way against molestation and exaction on account of the security which the said Sarapion also called Clarus has given to Herakleides son of Apollonios son of Chairemon his mother being Herais daughter of Didymos, of the said city, according to an agreement made through the same record-office in the present month Mecheir\u2019). (transl.: Sel.Pap., p. 171).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Hengstl (1972): 72; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 200-201, 203-205.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1062.21-24 (236, Ox); P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.18-19 (206-212, Ox); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.11-13 (396, Ox); P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 64.19-24 (269\/70, Ox) [\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.8-9 (211, Herm) [diairesis; \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.7-10 (94, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 1626.19-21 (325, Ox); 1638a.25 (282, Ox) [diairesis]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.18-20 (301, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1037.21-24 (301, Ox) [\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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26. Immunity of Employee<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

This clause, diametrically opposed to the exoneration clause, is incorporated into documents recording the cession of liturgies. In its sole attestation, the appointee, accompanying the declaring party to the metropolis, is absolved of all liability. The adjectives used to denote this are identical. BGU II 638.10\u201316 (143 CE, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u1f30[ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 | 11<\/sup> \u03b5\u0323[\u1f30]\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1|12<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 | 13<\/sup> \u1f04[\u03c3]\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 14<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5|15<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3], \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1(\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd[\u03b1]\u03b9. ... (\u2018\u2026 [Since I have hired ?] you to join me in my journey to the metropolis and follow my commands and I furnish you unassailable and undisturbed in relation to the matters connected with the service, let no one be allowed to transgress any of the terms recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: J\u00f6rdens (1990): 187.<\/span>\r\n

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27. Cooperation of Employer<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n\r\nIn a single document, P.Lond. II 306.23-24 (145 CE, Arsinoites), an appointment of assistance by a praktor argyrikon<\/em>, the appointed praktor<\/em> is required to assist the employee, if needed. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 [\u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f41 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4[\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9]\u03c2, \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 24<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af]\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u0323\u03bd[\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And Stotoetis shall join in the work of collecting whenever there is need, because the appointment has been made on these terms\u2019) (transl.: Sel.Pap.<\/em> 2, p. 437).\r\n\r\nBibl.: Hagedorn (1984): 83.<\/span>\r\n
\r\n

28. Arrears<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

SB VIII 10205.20-22 (222\/3 or 226\/7 or 242\/3 CE, Oxyrhynchos), recording the cession of the liturgy of tax collection, addresses the event of deficits. The substitutes assume no liability for the deficit, which remains a collective responsibility of the original appointees to the praktoreia<\/em>. (Cf. Lewis, P.Leit.<\/span><\/strong>, p. 29): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4[\u03c5]\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3|21<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1[\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b1]\u1f50|22<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018The share of the persons who are lacking in means and prove difficult to collect from (should devolve) upon the group of official appointees (to the collectorship)\u2019 (transl. Lewis, P.Leit., p. 28). See also P.Oxy. LXXXIV 5473.24-25 (561 CE, Oxyrhynchos).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Wallace<\/span> (1938): 138-140, 292, 321; Hengstl<\/span> (1972): 72.\r\n

Section V. Marriage<\/h1>\r\n
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29. Symbiosis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The symbiosis<\/em> clause is introduced into marriage documents in the Arsinoite nome in the early Roman period, primarily with \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u1f79\u03c9, the verb introducing reciprocal pronoun (\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \/ \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2), and with the adverbs \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (cf. Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou<\/span> (2019): 60-61). If the marriage was established before the present act, this fact will be recorded as well. P.Ryl. II 154.18\u201320 (66 CE, Bacchias) provides an extended version of the same text, recording the husband\u2019s right to dispose of the prosphora<\/em>. (cf. usufruct clause<\/a>): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u0323[\u03b2]\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf]\u1f56\u03bd | 19<\/sup> [\u1f11\u03b1]\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf[\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf]\u1f31 \u03b3[\u03b1]\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f25 \u03c4\u03b5 \u0398\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03a7\u03b1[\u03b9]\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4]\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 20<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c5]\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7[\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1]\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14[\u03c4\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018Let both Thaisarion and Chairemon the parties to the marriage live blamelessly together as in their previous married life, Chaeremon carrying out all the yearly work of cultivation\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 159). In P.Mich. V 340.39\u201340 (45\/6 CE, Tebtynis), an account of their joint daughter is added superlinearly: [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc]\u03b2\u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 40<\/sup> [\u1f29\u03c1\u03ac]\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \\\u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2)\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \\\u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u1fc6\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1fa7) \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1.\/ (\u2018Accordingly let Haryoutes and Herakleia live together with one another just as formerly, in contentment, as there has been born to them a female child whose name is [ - - ] (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 325). The nominal form \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 is recorded once, in BGU I 252.1.6\u20137 (98 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83 n. 3; Rupprecht (2002): 550.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 252.6-7 (98, PtolEu); IV<\/strong> 1045.1.16-18 (154, Alabanthis?); CPR<\/strong> I<\/strong> 27.11-12 (189, PtolEu); P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 61d.6-7 (II, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 340.39-40 (45\/6, Teb); 606.7-8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.11-12 (343\/358, ArsN); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 154.18-20 (66, Bac); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 225.1-9, ll. 5-6 (IIs<\/sup>, UP); 225.10-24, l. 20? (IIs<\/sup>, UP); IV<\/strong> 237.19-20 (142, PtolEu); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1115.16-17 (152, Teb); 1117.36-38 (138, Teb); PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 10r<\/sup>.14-28, ll. 24-28 ? (173\/4, OxN); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10924.14-15 (114, Thead); XXVIII<\/strong> 17049 (II, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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30. Husband\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In marriage, the husband is obliged to maintain his wife (see \u2018Maintenance in Marriage<\/a>\u2019); in documents from the Ptolemaic period, Augustan Alexandria, and early Roman Oxyrhynchos, his conduct is also subject to a broad range of restrictions. Some of these restrictions are also recorded elsewhere. Notable examples are \u2018casting out\u2019 the wife (\u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), which recurs in the context of lease and labour contracts, and \u2018dealing fraudulently\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) with her, which is attested in acts of sale, in particular parachoreseis<\/em> as early as the late Ptolemaic period. Other types of restrictions, also found in other contexts, relate to the alienation of family property without the wife\u2019s consent: \u2018alienating\u2019 (\u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd), \u2018selling\u2019 (\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), and \u2018mortgaging\u2019 (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). The terms are used positively, to define the capacities of the purchaser following the conveyance of title to landed property and slaves (cf., in particular, \u2018freedom of future disposition<\/a>\u2019 in wills and the \u2018capacity clause<\/a>\u2019 in sales, diaireseis<\/em>, and secured loans), and negatively, to denote the restraints on these actions in secured sales (see, \u2018Restraint Clause<\/a>\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Other restrictions, however, are specific to marriage. This is particularly evident in prohibitions against acts that would compromise the exclusivity of the union: \u2018bringing in another woman\u2019 (\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), \u2018having a concubine or a lover-boy\u2019 (\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), or \u2018begetting children\u2019 (\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). However, restrictions also extend to derogatory conduct that are not, in strict linguistic terms, marriage-specific: \u2018maltreat\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), \u2018outrage\u2019 (\u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), or \u2018committing injustice\u2019 against her (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). Cf., e.g., P.Tebt. I 104.18\u201323 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 | 19<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b1]\u03b3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u1f70 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 20<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4]\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03c3[\u03b7]\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd [\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f27\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1{\u03b9} | 22<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f51\u0323\u03b2\u0323[\u03c1\u03af\u03b6]\u03b5[\u03b9]\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \\\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd\/ \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4[\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018It will not be lawful for Philiskos to bring in any wife other than Apollonia, nor to keep a concubine or lover, nor to beget children by another woman in Apollonia\u2019s lifetime, nor to live in another house over which Apollonia will not be mistress, nor to eject or insult or ill-treat her, nor to alienate any of their property to Apollonia's disadvantage\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 452).<\/p>\r\n

The clause largely fell into disuse in the Roman period outside the Oxyrhynchite nome but was reintroduced in the sixth century: P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.11-14 (566\u2013573 CE, Antinoopolis). Various forms of abuse\u2014\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, \u1f00\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2014are now subsumed under \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9, which is frequently in use in other formulaic contexts in the Byzantine period. The other long-standing prohibition, that of casting out the wife, is expressed by \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9, a verb attested in earlier times, but the document also gives a list of exceptions, introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2; This allows the scribe to describe the wife\u2019s forms of misconduct and the manner of their prosecution. Withdrawing from the wife\u2019s bedstead, if taken literally, appears more severe than the earlier penalty: \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5] | 12<\/sup> [\u03c0]\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\\\u03c3\/\u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\\\u03b8\/\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u2039\u03bd\u203a| [\u03c0]\u03bb\u0323[\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00]\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03af\u0323 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03bf]\u03af\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323, [\u03bc\u03b7]\u03b4\u0323\u02bc \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6]\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f00]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018In no manner shall I treat you contemptuously (and) cast you out of the cohabitation, except for the cause of prostitution, shameful act, and physical misconduct, that shall be made known by at least three reliable, being citizens and civilians, free persons, and on no account shall I withdraw from your bedstead nor commit any other type of misconduct or insolence\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: H\u00e4ge (1968): 75-80, 160-165; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83-86; Rupprecht (2002): 547; Yiftach (2003): 187-190.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.14-16 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.18-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.15-17 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.21-23? (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.14-17 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.20-24 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.11-12 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 30.b.18-19 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 237.8 (II, ArsN); 238.b.5-10 (II, ArsN); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67310.11-14 (566-573, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.10-12 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.8-9 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.20-21, 28-31 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.4-7 (II, UP); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 2.19-24 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Ifao<\/span> III<\/strong> 5.6-7 (II, Ox); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 339.3 (46, Teb); 343.8 (54, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.14-16 (81-96, Ox); 372.9-12 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 497.2-3 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.13-14 (343-358, ArsN); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.18-23 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.4-8 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 8986.24-26 (641, Apol); XII<\/strong> 11053.c, d (267A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.10-13 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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31. Husband\u2019s Misconduct<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The oldest marriage document from Egypt, P.Eleph. 1.10\u201313 (310 BCE, Elephantine) records the consequences of the husband\u2019s failure to fulfill his marital duties. A detailed protasis<\/em> records his apprehension and sequential incrimination before three men whom both parties approve. The subsequent apodosis<\/em> stipulates the obligation to return the dowry and to pay a fine of 1,000 Alexandrian drachms.\u00a0Unlike later documents, the verb denoting the return of the dowry is \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, which is routinely used for \u2018regular\u2019 payments, rather than for fines. Only the fine is introduced by a compound of \u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, in this case, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, which appears in the aorist imperative (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9): \u03b5\u1f30\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b7\u03b9 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (or \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) | 11<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bc \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0391, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af|12<\/sup>\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0391. \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 | 13<\/sup> \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (or \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd. (\u2018If Herakleides is convicted of doing any of these, and Demetria proves this before three men, whom they both sanction, let Herakleides return Demetria the dowry of 1,000 drachms, which she has brought into the joint house, and let him pay as indemnity 1,000 drachms of Alexander\u2019s coins. And let the right execution be employed by Demetria and those acting with Demetria, as if resulting from a suit that has been brought to completion, against Herakleides himself, and all his assets, on land and sea alike\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

In later documents, the board of three men is absent, but the vocabulary remains closely aliegned with that of P.Eleph. 1. So P.Gen. 21.7\u20139 (II BCE,<\/span> Unknown Provenance), in which the protasis<\/em> relates not only to misconduct but also to his neglect of maintaining the wife, still introduces the procedure of the husband\u2019s apprehension. In the apodosis<\/em>, the imperative aorist of \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 is now routinely used, with the dowry and the hemiolion<\/em> as the object: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 | 8<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70\u0313\u0301\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac|9<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018If it is proven that he has done any of these, or did not provide his wife with the necessities, clothing or anything else, let Menekrates immediately pay Arsinoe the dowry increased by a half\u2019). The Alexandrian marriage synchoreseis<\/em> include the clause either with a protasis<\/em> (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3, e.g., BGU IV 1100.25\u201331, 30 BCE \u2013 14 CE, Alexandria), or as direct continuation following an account of the husband's duties (\u2018Or else...\u2019). In the apodosis<\/em>, the composite verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, here always in the present tense, is followed by the adverb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 and the dowry (\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f75) as the object. The dowry is increased by half (\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1). The praxis<\/em> clause is recorded in the genitive absolute with the wife (or her family members) in the dative. The husband, his sureties, and property are recorded in the genitive, introduced by \u1f10\u03be. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1051.20-28 (30A<\/sup><\/span>\u201314 Alexandria): \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4[\u1f77]|21<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 25<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f57 | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd| 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af|28<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Or else let him (scil. Hierax, the husband), and Didyme (his mother) immediately return the aforesaid dowry increased by a half, Lykaine having the right of execution from Hierax himself and from Didyme his surety, and from whomever of the two she chooses, and from all their property as if resulting from a court action\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

A clause prescribing sanctions for the misconduct of the husband is absent in marriage documents in the Roman period. It appears only in the Byzantine period, but with significantly altered vocabulary. The only concrete duty that the husband violates, and is specified in this clause, is that of casting out his wife. Other forms of misconduct are subsumed under kataphronesis, which functions here as an umbrella term, as in other types of \u2018paramonic\u2019 contracts. See, in particular, the phrase \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67310v<\/sup>.1\u20135 (566-573, Antin):\u2627 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 [\u03bc]\u03ad \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c6[\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af] \u03c3\u03bf\u0323\\\u03c5\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1]\u03c6\u0323\u03b7[\u03b3]\u03b7\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1[\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd], \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03c3]\u03b5\u0323 | 2<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9], \u1f11\u0323[\u03c4\u03bf]\u03af\u0323[\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u0323[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c7\u0323[\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4]\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1fc7 \u03ba[\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd]\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323[(\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2)] | 3<\/sup> [\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bc]\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b7] \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff3 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \\\u1f00\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb]\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u1f51\\\u03c0\/\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]\/, [\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af]\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03bf\u03c1\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 4<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u0323\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If it happens that I show you contempt at any time whatsoever or on any occasion in the aforementioned manner, or cast you out without reasonable cause as aforesaid, I am prepared to pay you, on account of a penalty for your contempt, 18 solidi<\/em> demanded with action and paid by me indisputably, without objection, delay, chance postponement, lawsuit, judgement, any excuse or any sort of legal demur\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 217-226 ; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 85-87; Rupprecht (2002): 549; Yiftach (2003): 187-190<\/span>.\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.16-19 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.20-28 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.18-22 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.27-32 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.18-23 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.25-31 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.12-14 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.12-19 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.10-13 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.22-24 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.7-9 (II, UP); P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. 2.19-24 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1711 .42-49, 68 [with P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67310v<\/sup>.1-5] (566-573, Antin); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.18-23 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.8-9 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

32. Wife\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The act of marriage elicits a type of paramone<\/em>: the wife must remain with her husband, and he may not cast her out. In the Ptolemaic period, the duties of the wife are reported both positively, and negatively in two separate clauses. In P.Tebt. I 104 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris), which may be considered paradigmatic, we read (ll. 13\u201315): [\u1f14]\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1{\u03b9} \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1fc6[\u03ba\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 (\u2018Apollonia shall remain with Philiskos, obeying him as a wife should her husband, owning their property in common with him\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, 452). The first part of the clause, in terms of content, closely resembles paramone<\/em> contracts, stipulating the employee\u2019s duty to remain with his employer and follow the employer\u2019s instructions (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.). However, the vocabulary of the labour contract is deliberatedly avoided, to maintain a clear distinction between marriage and a regular labour contract. Thus, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f71 + dat., \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1, and normal marital conduct as behavioral standards (\u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1fc6[\u03ba\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2) are unique to this type of contract. K\u03c5\u03c1\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 is alien to labour contracts, of course. The vocabulary here is that accustomed in documents that grant title to an alienated asset (See, in particular, the capacity clause<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n

The paramonic background is also evident in the clause that regulates the wife\u2019s conduct. In P.Tebt. I 104.27-31 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris), we read: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7[\u03b4\u1f72] | 28<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \\\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\/ \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce[\u03bc]\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9[\u03b9] | 29<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1[\u1f76] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5[\u03af]\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9] | 30<\/sup> \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018In the same way it shall not be lawful for Apollonia to spend the night or day away from the house of Philiskos without Philiskos\u2019 consent or to have intercourse with any man or to ruin the common household or to bring shame upon Philiskos in any way that causes a husband shame\u2019). The wording \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 is well attested, verbatim<\/em>, in paramone<\/em> contracts. Other formulations, \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, correspond to those used in wet-nurse contracts, where the wet nurse is enjoined against engaging in sexual intercourse and against spoiling her milk. In the first case, however, the verb differs (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u1f73\u03c9 rather than \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9), while in the second, although the verb remains the same, the object differs entirely: \u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b1 instead of \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2. The verb \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03c9 is, on the other hand, confined to the marriage contract.<\/p>\r\n

The Alexandrian synchoresis<\/em> presents a different formulation. BGU IV 1101.14\u201317 (13 BCE, Alexandria): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af(\u03b1\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5(\u1fd6\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1(\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78(\u03bd) | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd] \u03b2\u03af\u03bf(\u03bd) \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf(\u03bd) \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5(\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) | 16<\/sup> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c9\u0323(\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce(\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8(\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb(\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd(\u1f78\u03bd) | 17<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f36\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb(\u03c9\u03b9) \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And Dionysia shall observe her duties toward her husband and toward the joint family, shall not stay out of Ammonios\u2019 house by night or by day without Ammonios\u2019 consent, shall not ruin or inflict damage on the joint family, and shall not become intimate with another man\u2019). The key innovation is \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1, which conveys the same meaning as \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. While documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome maintain continuity with their Ptolemaic counterparts, those originating in the Arsinoites prescribe the wife\u2019s \u2019proper conduct\u2019 without specifying her individual duties: P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.10 (172-175, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c3\u03ac\u03ca\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0395[\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0]\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018Let Tephorsais conduct herself blamelessly and irreproachably in the course of the marriage\u2019). The sixth-century documentation returns to the Ptolemaic level of detail but employs an entirely different vocabulary to do so. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.14\u201319 (566-573 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f60\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323, | 16<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u1f76] \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f05\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03be\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\\\u03c2\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\\\u03b1\u03b9\/[\u03c4\u03ac]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af[\u03c7\u03b1 \u1f55]\u03b2\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f01\u0323\u03c8\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f01\u03c8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f35\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd[\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 18<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u02bc \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1f72 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c3\u0323\u03bf[\u03b9] | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03ce\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd{\u03b5}\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1[\u03ad\u03c3]\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018And indeed your propriety showing obedience to me and maintaining toward me all goodwill and complete affection in all fine and beneficial deeds, being subject to me in all manners that are befitting for all noblest wives to display toward their fortunate and most beloved husbands without outrage, swift disdain, and contempt of any kind, but shall always keep the household and will remain favorably disposed toward me\u00a0consequent upon my good and chaste devotion to you\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83-86; Rupprecht (2002): 548-549, 551; Yiftach (2003): 190-195.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1045.20-21 (154, Alabanthis?); 1050.19-23 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.28-31 (30a<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.22-29 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.32-39 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1100.31-35 (30a<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.14-17 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 24.26-27 (136, PtolEu); 30.b.20-22 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 237.4 (II, ArsN); 238.d (II, ArsN); P.Bon.<\/span><\/strong> 26.2-3 (I, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.137-142 (566-570, Antin?); III<\/strong> 67310.14-19 (566-573, Antin); 67340v<\/sup>.14-19, 40-47 (VI, Antin); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.17-20 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.9-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. 2.15-17 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 220.8-9 (223\/4, PtolEu?); P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 82.4-8 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 294.18-19 (160, PtolEu);\u00a0 V<\/strong> 1711.34-42 (566-573, AntinN); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.10 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.13 (81-96, Ox); 372.12-13 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 497.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 131.14-15 (363, ArsN); P.Tebt.<\/span> I<\/strong> 104.13-15, 27-30 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.1-2, 9-10 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb); PSI<\/span> I<\/strong> 64.1-4, 18-22 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); SB<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 8986.27-29 (641, Apol); XII<\/strong> 11053.e (267a<\/sup><\/span>(?), Tholt?); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.13-16 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XXVIII<\/strong> 17050.6-7 (II, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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33. Wife\u2019s Misconduct<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Sanctions against misconduct on the part of the wife are introduced in the earliest marriage document, P.Eleph. 1.10-13 (310 BCE, Elephantine): the document does not contain an independent clause, recording the duties of the wife. Rather, they are reported in the present clause, in the protasis<\/em>. Should she be apprehended acting fraudulently resulting in her husband\u2019s shame (\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b9), she is to be deprived of everything that she has brought into the marriage. Appended is an account of the accusation procedure, which is identical to that found in the clause relating to the husband\u2019s misconduct (ll. 6-8): \u03b5\u1f30\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u27e6\u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u27e7 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, | 7<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f67\u03bc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, | 8<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 (...\u2018If Demetria is discovered doing any evil to the shame of her husband Herakleides, she is to be deprived of all that she brought, but Herakleides shall prove whatever he alleges against Demetria before three men whom they both approve\u2019 (transl. Rowlandson (1998):<\/span> no. 123). The clause is also recorded in Alexandrian marriage synchoreseis<\/em>, where we find both texts with (BGU IV 1098.39: ed.: [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1), and without protasis<\/em> (BGU IV 1051.32, below). The verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 (\u2018show\u2019, \u2018prove\u2019) is also used in the clause penalizing misconduct by the husband. In this case too, there are some echoes of the incrimination procedure of P.Eleph. 1, but it is hardly as institutionalized as there. Misconduct will result in the wife losing her dowry. Appended is the general penalty clause<\/a>, subjecting both parties to prostimon<\/em> for misconduct. BGU IV 1051.28-35 (30 BCE-14 CE, Alexandria): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5 \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 31<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 32<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7\u03bd] | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u27e6\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u27e7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u2039\u03c3\u203a\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2) | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 | 35<\/sup> \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u1ff3 (\u2026..\u2018and (on the understanding that) Lykaina does not (sleep away or) be away for a day from Hierax\u2019s house without Hierax\u2019s approval, or damage the home, or be with another man, or (if she does), after being judged guilty of having done so, she is deprived of her dowry apart from that whoever violates the terms of the contract is subject to the prescribed penalty\u2019). While the clause enumerating acts of misconduct by the wife is still incorporated in the chora in the late Ptolemaic period, the present clause is replaced by that introducing divorce on the wife's initiative. In the Byzantine period, a clause treating the consequences of misconduct of the wife employs the same terminology (in particular the verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9) as that relating to misconduct on the part of the husband. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1711.49-52 (566-573 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 50<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03af\u03b1\u03c2] | 51<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f34\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) \u1f10\u03c0\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323[\u03c2] | 52<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u0323[\u03bc]\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u0323[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u03bc \u00a0\u0323[ \u00a0\u0323] \u00a0\u0323[ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] (...\u2018you, my aforesaid bride and wife, Scholastikia, being subject to the same, equal penalty if you show contempt to me under the provisions recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 217-226; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 85-87; Rupprecht (2002): 549; Yiftach (2003): 190-195.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.23-24 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.32-33 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.29-31 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.39-40 (19-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1101.17-18 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); IV<\/strong> 1463.1-4 (246A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.10-13 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1711.49-52 [with P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 67310v<\/sup>.4-5] (566-573, Antin).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section VI. Violation of Duty<\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

34. Breach of Terms of Contract (General)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause that introduces sanctions for the failure of a worker or a lessee to perform the duties as in the contract is relatively rare. It also varies considerably by time. Four relevant documents are early Ptolemaic, stemming from the Zenon archive; they report the duties in general terms. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zen. IV 59787 ll. 90-115 (III BCE, Philadelphia?): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323[\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5]\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd,<\/span>| 100<\/sup><\/span> \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 [\u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u0323[\u03bb]\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 101\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 102\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03ad\u0323\u03b7[\u03b9 \u03c4]\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 | 103<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 (\u2018If they do not perform, the sureties themselves will be allowed to perform them, or else let them pay as compensation whatever these works require\u2019). Clauses with similar contents are attested throughout the Roman and Byzantine period but are so differently formulated as to rule out any sense of continuity. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1119.25\u201327 (6\/5 BCE,<\/span> Alexandria): \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 26\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03bc\u03c0[\u03ad]\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 [\u1f10\u03b3\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]|27<\/sup>\u03c6\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u2039\u1f70\u203a \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 (\u2018And if some of the vines or the roses are lost, I shall plant as a substitution the same plants in the course of the year\u2019). P.Flor. III 384.31-35 (489 CE, Herm): \u03b5[\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf] | 32\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c3\u03cd \u03c4\u03b5 \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03ac[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2] | 33<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2] \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 34\u00a0<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4[\u1f78] \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1]\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03bf\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3[\u03c4\u03b9]\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018If you do not perform this, you, the lessee, and you the sureties, mandatores<\/em>, and each of you shall pay by virtue of mutual surety the penalty stipulated below\u2019). See also Digest.19.2.51pr.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 149-160, 163; 164; Herrmann (1958): 149-150; Visky (1970): 346; Hennig (1972): 116-117.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 323.13-17 (651, ArsPol) [labour; failure to detain]; II<\/strong> 404.5-10 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6[\u03c2] |<\/u> \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 |<\/u> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce(\u03c3\u03c9) |<\/u> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03c9 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79);]; 644.35-38 (69, SokN) [lease; unclear]; IV<\/strong> 1065.12-15 (98, ArsN)?; XIX<\/strong> 2837.17-21 (582, Herm)?; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.4-7 (83-96, Alex) [lease; \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3*]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.26-27 (568, Antin) [labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4[\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c3\u1f7a \u1f00\u03bd\u0323[\u03ac]\u03b3\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4(\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3]\u03b9 \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fd6]\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b9[\u03c2, \u1f00]\u03ba\u0323\u03c1[\u03af]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be]\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u0323\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc[\u03bd\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323, | \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03c3]\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c7\u03c1[\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2] \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b4\u03cd]\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc(\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd);]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 59668.2-4 (256-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil?) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71;]; IV<\/strong> 59787.90-115, ll. 99-104 (IIIA<\/sup>,<\/span> Alex) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323[\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5]\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 54.18-23 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf];\u00a0IV<\/strong> 79.18 (256A<\/sup><\/span>-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u0323[\u03ad\u03bb]\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \\\u1f00\/\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6[\u03b9] [ -ca.?- ];]; X<\/strong> 255.16-18 (131A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9|\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u03b7[\u03b3\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323[\u03bd];]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 69.7-9 (Ia<\/sup><\/span>\/I, UP); P.Flor. III <\/span><\/strong>384.31-35 (489?, Herm) [lease; ed.: \u03b5[\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf] | \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2;]; 384.31-35 (489, Herm); P.Gen. IV<\/strong> 188.18-20 (616, ArsPol\/Bousiris); <\/span>P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> I 20.12-15 (319, Oasis Magna) [failing to purchase the object]; <\/span><\/strong>P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1166.13-15 (43, Herm) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1[\u03cd]\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9;]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4436g + 4344, ll. 15-17 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead?) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6]; V<\/strong> 349.11-13 (30, ArsN) [labour; no delivery of product];P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 5.9-11 (241, Kysis) [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03d5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.];\u00a0 P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.19-21 (138, Ox) [ed.: \u03bf\u1f57 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1[\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9;]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.14-17 (301, Ox) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.47-49 (257, Senepta\/Nomou Epoikion) [labour; ed.: \u1f00\u0323|\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03bf\u0323\u1f57 \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u0323[\u03b8\u03ad]\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323;]; LXII<\/strong> 4350.12-15 (576, Ox) [collection of taxes], 4351.10-13 (VIl<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); P.Pintaudi<\/strong> 34.12-14 (after 235, ArsN); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 16, ll. 70-71 (139\/40, ArsN) [ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72] | [\u03bc\u1f74] \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 [.]\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5[ - - ;];<\/u>\u00a0 44.6-7 (VI, Antai\/Aphr); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup>.19-20 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour; ed.: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd [\u03bc]\u1f74\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] |20<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd];]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 815.5r<\/sup>.10-27, l. 23 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; SB <\/span><\/strong>XXVI<\/strong> 16662.5-6 (VI, AntaiN); XXX <\/strong>17338.19 (621, ArsPol): [labour; \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u1f72 (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u1f76) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2]; 17408.1-6 (V\/VI, UP) [labour; \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u0323\u1fc7 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u0323 [\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd | 5<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section VII. Standard of Conduct<\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

35. Epimeleia<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The clause \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The maintenance and care shall be incumbent on me the lessee\u2019) is used in just 11 documents, the earliest from the early third century and the latest from the early fourth, all originating in the Arsinoite nome. The clause is attested only in the cases of houses, yards, and livestock, and never in land leases. A possible, yet severely damaged antecedent is P.Athen. 15.4 (83\/96 CE, Alexandria) -ca.?- \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03be\u0323\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u0323[ -ca.?- ]. In house leases, the term \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 is used in combination with \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 to denote the lessee\u2019s obligation to maintain the house unimpaired\u2014a duty paired with the lessor\u2019s responsibility of making repairs. A case in point is BGU I 253.12-15 (244\u2013248 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6[\u03c2] | 13<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd|15<\/sup>[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The repair or rebuild required in the future shall be incumbent upon you, while I will be responsible for maintenance and attention\u2019). In contracts that record the lease of livestock, the \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 is mentioned alongside the lessee\u2019s right to the offspring. Cf., e.g., P.Princ. III 151.17\u201318 (after 341 CE, Ibion): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3|\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1[\u03ad]\u03c8\u0323[\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u0323[\u03c2 \u1f10]\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018The offspring of these also belongs to the lessee, and its care and entire maintenance is incumbent upon him\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: N\u00f6rr (1960): 187,<\/span> n. 2; M\u00fcller (1985): 268-269; Alonso (2012):<\/span> 26-36 with further literature.\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 253.12-15 (244-248, PtolEu) [house]; II<\/strong> 606.11-12 (306, PtolEu) [cattle court]; XI<\/strong> 2034.11-12 (II\/III, PtolEu) [house]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 244.17 (II\/III, ArsN); P.Alex.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 5.20-21 (215, ArsN) [livestock]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.1-4 (83-96, Alex); P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 55.12-13 (325, Dinnis) [room]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1833.8-9 (IV, UP) [livestock]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 4.4-5 (314, Panop) [garden and olive yard]; 9.4 (339, PanopN) [date palm]; P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 151.17-18 (after 341, Ibion) [livestock]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 99.9-10 (III, HermN) [domain land]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 71.22-23 (306, Thead) [livestock]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.19-21 (270, PtolEu) [house]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7814.29-30 (256, Ox) [dovecote]; 8086.14-16 (268, Sentrempaei) [livestock].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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36. Kataphronesis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

With a single forerunner in the Roman period\u2014P.Ryl. II 88.24\u201326 (156 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1[\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30]\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f22 \u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 | 26<\/sup> \u1f45\u03c1\u03ba[\u1ff3] (\u2018... the responsibility, if anything occurs by my neglect, resting on my private property\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 54)]\u2014the kataphronesis<\/em> clause, setting out the consequences of contemptuous conduct, is recorded only in the Byzantine period, in two cases in leases of vineyards, and under sharecropping conditions (e.g., SB VIII 9778.15\u201318: VI CE, Arsinoites). It entitles the lessor, in the case of kataphronesis<\/em> in the course of the contract, to deprive the lessee of his share of the product. Cf. e.g., P.Ross.Georg. III 51.22\u201325 (630 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4]\u1f72 \u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b9]\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7[\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f22 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7(\u03bd) | 24<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u0323 | 25<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd) \u03c6\u03b8\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1[\u03cd]\u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018If I show contempt with regard to the maintenance of the estate or am condemned for inflicting damage on the product itself, you will be entitled to remove me from the estate without compensation, even if I have already completed the vintage\u2019), where the case of contempt is considered alongside that of inflicted damage. A different formulation and vocabulary are applied in P.Flor. III 384.83\u201390 (489 CE?, Hermopolis), which records the leasing of a bath: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 84<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f41[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c3\u0323[\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 85<\/sup> \u03b4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 | 86<\/sup> [\u03bc]\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f40\u03bb[\u03b9\u03b3]\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 87<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5]\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u0323[\u03c3\u03c4]\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u0323[\u1fc6]\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03b2\u03b1]|88<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af]\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4]\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd| 89<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6(?)] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u0323 \u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (perhaps \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd ?, editio princeps<\/em>, p. 116) \u03c4 \u0323[ \u0323] | 90<\/sup> [ -ca.?- \u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03c4]\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018None of the parties having the right, you, the lessee, to neglect the lease or to conduct yourself carelessly with regard to the heating of said bath and said matronicium,<\/em> or to wish (?) to pay less than the agreed rent - - without my written act of partnership (?)\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: N\u00f6rr (1960): 186-192; Hennig (1967): 79; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 246, 257.<\/span>\r\n

P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.4 (VI, UP); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 384.83-90 (489?, Herm); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 46.20-21 (559, Aphr); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 51.22-25 (630, ArsPol); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 88.24-26 (156, ArsN); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9294.21-23 (VI\/VII, ArsN); VIII<\/strong> 9778.15-18 (VI, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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37. Blabos<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Liabilities\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma\r\n

The nouns \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7, as well as the verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, are routinely used in diverse formulaic contexts (cf., e.g., protopraxia<\/a>, duties in lease<\/a>, wife\u2019s conduct<\/a>). In penalty clauses<\/a>, the transgressing party is sometimes subject to compensation for \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7. The clause presented here is different, in that the \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 is the key circumstance that elicits the consequences recorded in the apodosis<\/em>. The employee\u2019s fault is implied in SB III 7188.43 (154 BCE, Arsinoites), and is explicitly stated in P.Mich. V 312.32-33 (34 CE, Talei). The consequence is merely the repair of the inflicted damage: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) | 33<\/sup> \u03b2\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03b2]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u03ba\u2039\u03bf\u203a\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (\u2018If any damage occurs to the bronze vessels through fault of the lessees, the repairs shall be a charge against them\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 248-249). Compensation for damage without blame is set out in the Byzantine labour contract P.Cair.Masp. I 67001.26-28, 31-32 (514 CE, Aphrodite): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018If a damage should result from the assigned estate, we, the aforesaid, without delay assume responsibility to your reverence (for compensation) at our own expense in full) \u2019, (26-28) and \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 | 32<\/sup> \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018\u2026and indeed we will, as stated, assume responsibility for the same damage at our own risk and from our own assets\u2019). (31-32).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 26-27; Taubenschlag (1955): 458-460.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1122.26 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.12-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN ?); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67001.26-28, 31-32 (514, Aphr); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.32-34 (34, Talei); SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 7188.43-46 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

38. Loss of Object of Service<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties, Compensation\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In P.Bas. I 2.10-12 (190 CE, Arsinoites?), four camel drivers are entrusted with the transportation of three male camels. The clause deals with the prospect of the death of some of the camels as they are being transported. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 11<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03af\u03c3]\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be [\u03b1]\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd \u1f41\u03b4\u1f78\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc[\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1|12<\/sup>\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1[\u03b1]|\u03b3\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7[\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 (\u2018Should one of them fall in the way, we will bring you his mark to you and no investigation will be conducted against us\u2019).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

39. Theft<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Before the Byzantine period, the act of theft is recorded in just three documents and is discussed in detail in only two: P.Mich. X 587.10\u201312 (24\/5 CE, Tebtynis) and PSI X 1120.4 (Il\/IIe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance). In the former, theft is treated in an extensive clause that penalizes various types of misconduct: apospasis<\/em>, apallag\u00ea<\/em>, damage, and any other type of violation. The protasis<\/em> discusses theft expressis verbis<\/em> (\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) as well as the retention of objects given to the employee for safekeeping (\u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd). Taking as an exception the violent removal of the object (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9), the document introduces in the apodosis<\/em> a different penalty for \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 and withholding of an object given for safekeeping. The penalty for \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 is fivefold, for \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 150% with regular interest, and for a withheld object its simple value as assessed by the employer\/depositary: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 | 17<\/sup>\u00a0\u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5|18<\/sup>\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1{\u03bd}, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f11\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb[\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) | 2<\/sup>0<\/sup>\u00a0\u1f22 \u03b1\u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03b7\u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9) \u1f22 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u2039\u03c3\u03bf\u203a\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7) | 21<\/sup> \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 23 <\/sup>\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 24 <\/sup>\u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fc6\u0323\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c2 \u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 | 25 <\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [(\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26 <\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03af]\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u2039\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2\u203a | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11]\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ae(\u03c3\u1fc3) | 28<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd {\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 | 31<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70) | 32<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9[\u03b3]\u03bd\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd) \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 33<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7(\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac|34<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and it shall not be permissible for Pabelle\u2019es to remove his daughter within the period, but if he does remove her, or if she herself departs of her own free will, or if they violate any of the aforesaid terms in any other way, or if she is convicted of stealing(?) or damaging or removing anything belonging to Harmiysis or his representatives, or does not restore in sound condition whatever she has received to guard, unless it is taken from her by force, the party of the first part shall pay forthwith to Harmiysis both the forty-eight drachmai of silver that he has received from him as aforesaid, increased by one-half and with the interest, and a fine of one hundred drachmai, and to the treasury, and the damages; and for each day on which she is disorderly \u2026 (he shall pay) three obols<\/em> of bronze and the principal, and five times the value of the stolen object, and one and a half times the value of the object removed {and simple interest}, and if she does not return or restore it in sound condition (he shall pay) the price corresponding to the value as assessed by Harmiysis, the right of execution resting with Harmiysis against both the debtor and his property, as if in accordance with a legal judgment\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The act of theft is also taken into consideration in Byzantine contracts that record the lease of vineyards under sharecropping conditions. In this context, the act of theft may be considered in connection with kataphronesis<\/em> and the premature removal of crops. SB XVIII 13999.1\u20133 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03b4[\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03ae\u0323\u03c3[\u03c9] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u0323[\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c0]\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fe6] | 2<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b8\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af[\u03b1\u03bd] | 3<\/sup>\u00a0[\u1f51]\u03bc\u0323\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03be\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018If I show contempt toward the work, or am found guilty of theft of the fruit, and obviate the time of the vintage, you shall have the authority to chase me out of them without any (objection?)\u2019). Both the Roman and the Byzantine documents allude to some act of formal procedure of proof, expressed in P.Mich. X 587 through \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 and in SB XVIII 13999 through \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u0323[\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c0]\u1f75\u03bd. Cf. also P.Berl. Zill. 8; Berger (1911): 176.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Westermann (1914): 296-297; Taubenschlag (1955): 452-458; Freu (2022): 312.\r\n

P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 19a.10-12 (110, HermN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.22-27 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.17-19 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 677.7-10 (VI, Herm); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1120.4 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 13997.10-12 (VIIb<\/sup>, ArsN); 13998.9-12 (VI\/VII, Alexandrou Nesos); 13999.1-3 (VI\/VII, ArsN); 14000.11-13 (VI\/VII, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

Contractual duties are discussed in contracts of lease and labour. Several clauses in such contracts lay out the entire scope of the contractual duties (no. 1: lease, no. 11: labour, no. 29: wet nurse, 37: husband\u2019s duties, 39: wife\u2019s duties). In all other cases, the clauses are subject-specific. The duties of a lessee of agricultural land are addressed in eleven clauses. Some of them, such as the duty to maintain the dykes or to irrigate the land, may be recorded in a special clause. As a rule, however, lease contracts give a standardized account of the lessee\u2019s duties, instructing him to perform \u2018all the due works\u2019. The document offers a more specific account of these works primarily under special circumstances, such as when the object of the lease is a fruit plantation, in particular a vineyard. The same pattern is observable in marriage documents, where, for example, a wife must not shame her husband in any manner that causes shame to husbands. In both cases, the document does not describe the due or prohibited conduct in detail. The general clause that reports the lessee\u2019s duties is formulated as an independent sentence, always following the \u2018creation clause\u2019 and preceding that regulating the periodic payment of rent. Most of the other clauses do not exhibit such a consistent structure. In irrigation and construction clauses, among many other examples, affairs may be regulated in the genitive absolute, in a relative clause, or in a clause denoting purpose or circumstance, or as participles in creation clauses that report the assignment of person for the performance of designated duties. Ultimately, a general clause that lays down the duties of the lessee is affected by these trends as it is integrated in Late Antiquity into the creation clause.<\/p>\n

Most of these clauses may be followed by clauses that sanction breaches, but the penalty clause seems routine only after the clauses that introduce the lessee\u2019s duties to keep the land fallow and to sow it and, in marriage documents, after clauses stipulating the due marital conduct of each of the partners. Even in these cases, the clause that sanctions misconduct becomes obsolete by the beginning of the Roman period. Quite strikingly, sanctions are absent in the quantitatively most important clauses, those reporting lessees\u2019 duties and regulating employees\u2019 conduct. This absence was remedied in cases where the employee was subject to a penalty for any type of misconduct: showing contempt, causing damage, or committing theft. The three clauses, however, never pervade. The question of the prosecution of contractual misconduct thus requires further investigation.<\/p>\n

Section I. Agricultural Context<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Duties in Lease (general)<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Most lease contracts record the lessee\u2019s duties. In some cases, these duties are addressed in specific clauses (animals<\/a>, construction and repair<\/a>, epimeleia<\/em><\/a>, expenses<\/a>, fallow land<\/a>, gone<\/em><\/a>, irrigation<\/a>, maintenance of dykes<\/a>, and obligation to sow<\/a>). Usually, however, the duties are addressed more generally, in a clause instructing the lessee to perform all requisite tasks [Type1<\/strong>]<\/a>. This is an enduring practice, especially well attested in Arsinoite leases from both the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods and in documentation from Augustan Alexandria. The main term denoting these obligations is \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, qualified by an adjective denoting a given type of work (most commonly \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2) or a designation of due measure (\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9). Still qualifying \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1, the text denotes the time frame (in the Roman period, commonly \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) and the object, in the genitive; in the Roman period, the list of objects undergoes considerable extension. Commonly attested are the construction of dykes (\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), irrigation (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), ploughing (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), harrowing (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2), embankment of canals (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f75), sowing (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71), weeding (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), in particular of the avena fatua<\/em> (\u03c3\u03b9\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1). The subject of the sentence is the lessee; the verb varies. In the Ptolemaic CPR XVIII 7 (231 or 207 BCE<\/span>, Theogonis), it is \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. In Augustan Alexandria and then in Roman Arsinoites, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f04\u03b3\u03c9 are most frequently invoked. Participially added to the cultivation are the interdiction of damage (\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f13\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd) and the lessee\u2019s right to sow: thus, e.g., \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (translation below) (Hennig (1972): 114; Hagedorn, 1974<\/span>). For the resulting clause, amply attested in the first three centuries, see, e.g., P.Mert. III 107.17-19 (II CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u0323[\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03ac\u0323\u03bd|18<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03bd|19<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1]\u03ce\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1 (l<\/em>. [\u03b1\u1f31\u03c1]\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1) \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018and we will carry out all yearly tasks such as are appropriate at our own expense in the proper seasons, doing no damage, sowing whatever crops we choose except cnecus\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 28).<\/p>\n

The text is also attested elsewhere (e.g., P.Col. X 284.13-14: 311, Oxyrhynchos). Still formulated as an independent sentence [Type1]<\/a>,<\/strong> it may record specific tasks. Such a detailed account is especially common in the case of fruit plantations (particularly vineyards) or other special objects such as baths, factories, or boats. This group is commonly marked by the use of \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 plus nomen actionis<\/em>. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. L 3596.28-30 (c. 240-255, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u0323[\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 | 29<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c7\u03cc\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018If my undertaking is confirmed, I shall carry out the making, firing, and pitching of the aforesaid jars\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 239).<\/p>\n

Another means of designating the purpose [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> is set within the clause that reports the act of leasing. Here the account of the lessee\u2019s duties is connected to the main clause by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, or \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, all with the infinitive, which is predominately in the aorist tense. Formulaically, the infinitive constructions closely resemble the nominal ones discussed below [Type3]<\/a>,<\/strong> both designating purpose. Accordingly, it is not surprising to encounter synonyms: \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 = \u1f40\u03c0\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 = \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71= \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9, etc. Unlike the nominal construction, however, the infinitive is capable of developing into a complete clause, with the performer in the accusative. Thus, the infinitive construction may be used to record the full scope of the lessee\u2019s duties, including those also covered by the obligations clause. This is the case, for example, with the verbs \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1), \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2), \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2), \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1), \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1), and \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1). As a consequence of its elasticity, [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> takes over in the Byzantine period all types of provisions that were treated, in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, in the independent clause.<\/p>\n

The development of the infinitive construction had major terminological consequences: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0the suffix \u2013\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 ending, so typical in the Roman period, loses ground: cf., e.g, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018weeding\u2019), is gradually replaced by \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 and then, in the infinitive construction, by \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, and the noun \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 is replaced by \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9. [2]<\/strong> Byzantine lease contracts still exhibit nouns but they tend in many cases to be different from their Roman counterparts. The old \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 is replaced by \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, to which \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, or \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1 are now occasionally added. The new terms convey no new information about the nature of the work, just about its quality. P.Hamb. I 23.21-29 (569 CE, Antinoopolis) may be used paradigmatically. It records, in lines 21\u201323, the clause that introduces, in general terms, the lessee\u2019s duty to perform the agricultural work. Lines 23\u201329 record, mostly in the infinitive aorist, six specific duties: irrigation, digging, pruning vines, building espaliers, uprooting weeds, and gathering leaves: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 22<\/sup> \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b5\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u0323[\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f35\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 [\u03b4]\u03ae[\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 24<\/sup> \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b6\u1ff4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, | 25<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6[\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b4]\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 (read \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323, \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 (read \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf) | 26<\/sup> \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u1f76 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1f78)] \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b5 [\u03bb]\u03b1\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8[\u1ff6]\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6(?)]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03b9] \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 28<\/sup> [\u1f01]\u03c0\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6[\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c0\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \\\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\/ \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 | 29<\/sup> [\u1f21]\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u0323[\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1fc6]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 on condition that we shall hold the vineyard for the purpose of our vine-dressing and manual work; carry out every type of repair without any type of negligence and disdain; irrigate it, together with the peasant\u2019s orchard, by means of the farm animals that are located there in the due measure of irrigation, unremittingly, twice a month in the winter and three times in the summer; dig it about, as well as the vegetables located there; prune it, applying correct pruning with propping by means of our own reeds; to uproot weeds and gather leaves by all means; and perform all this diligently without reproach and blame at my own risk and mortgaging all my [property]\u2019).<\/p>\n

[Type3]<\/strong><\/a>: as early as the late Ptolemaic period, the purpose of the lease is also recorded in the clause that records the act of leasing<\/a>. The purpose is reported through the prepositions \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2, followed by a noun in the accusative. At least nineteen nouns are recorded: \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018regaining for cultivation\u2019), \u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pasture\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u1f75 (\u2018pasturage\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae (\u2018grazing after mowing\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018second crops\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018feeding\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018planting\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pasturage\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018pasture\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f75 (\u2018cutting\u2019), \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018drying of hay\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018sowing\u2019, \u2018planting\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018wood-cutting\u2019), \u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018roasting\u2019, \u2018frying\u2019), \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018pitching over\u2019), \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018sowing\u2019), \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018furnishing water\u2019), \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018burning of bricks\u2019), \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018ploughing unirrigated land\u2019). However, the designation of purpose is, in this case, functionally different from that in the clauses that elaborate obligations ([Type1]<\/strong><\/a> and [Type2]<\/a>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Rather than striving to report every single duty in minute detail, the document conveys the purpose of the lease in general terms. For most types of land, the designation is succinct; \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f75, and \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 are the most commonly used. Other terms are used to designate objects that are relatively rarely documented: six of the 19 nouns used in this clause focus on grazeland (\u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u1f75, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75) and two or three on the leasing of potteries (\u1f44\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2). [Type3]<\/a><\/strong> is frequently recorded alongside [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> and [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>. In the following list, however, are recorded only cases in which [Type3]<\/a><\/strong> is the only means of recording the lessee\u2019s duties. Cf., e.g., P.Tebt. II 375.13\u201315 (140 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis?): (\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03b5[\u1f30\u03c2] \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf|14<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb[\u1f74]\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8[\u1fc6]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018\u2026(I wish to lease) for the purpose of sowing and resowing in the first year of the lease with whatever I choose, yearly, except barley and cnecus\u2019).<\/p>\n

In the Byzantine period, this clause, now introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2, is developed so as to give a detailed account of the duties of the lessee. Cf., e.g., P.Coll.Youtie II 89.12\u201315 (485 CE, Hermopolis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b9\u03ba]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5[\u03bb]\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9]\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c1\u03c5\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af[\u03b1]\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c8{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc|15<\/sup>\u03c0\u0323[\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018To undertake the manual work of vine-dressing and to demonstrate all care, proper cultivation, maintenance, cutting of rushes, weeding, (and) digging all round, irreproachably\u2019).<\/p>\n

[Type4<\/a>]<\/strong> occurs in 44 documents, almost all from the Arsinoite nome, with some concentration in the villages of Philadelphia, Karanis, and Tebtynis. The clause most frequently adopts the form of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 (30 certain attestations): cf., e.g., P.Kron. 10.18\u201320 (116 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd | 19<\/sup> [\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9(\u03bd\u03b1) (\u2018the agricultural works and all charges be incumbent on Kronion\u2019). Alternatively (eight certain attestations), the lessee stands as the subject, followed by a verb of performance and the tasks in the accusative. This type more closely approximates Type1<\/strong><\/a>. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 311.17\u201319 (34, Talei): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 18<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u2039\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2\u203a \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9|19<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03c5\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) (\u2018\u2026 but the lessor maintaining the irrigation channels and dykes and assuming the oversight of the green crops\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 242). The first type exhibits a regional and chronological focus, stemming primarily from second-century CE Arsinoites. The second type is more regionally and chronologically dispersed and is still attested in the fifth century CE.<\/p>\n

Among the ca. 150 terms for duties, as many as 40 are particular to vineyards: \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018making into bundles and binding\u2019), \u1f00\u03bc\u03bc\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018removal of sand\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018removal of shoots\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018digging up\u2019), \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018planting vinestems\u2019), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018irrigation\u2019), \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018picking off shoots\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018continued weeding\u2019), \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 )<\/span> \u2018hoeing round the vines\u2019), \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018disposing\u2019), \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018digging up\u2019), \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f75 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018throwing outside the mud walls\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018watering\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018fixing vine-poles\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018setting up poles for vines\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018good cultivation\u2019), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018plucking, gathering\u2019), \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018pruning\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018ringing\u2019), \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018conveyance of dung\u2019), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018woodcutting\u2019), \u1f40\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018fertilization\u2019) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae (\u2018trenching round\u2019), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f75 (\u2018safeguarding\u2019), \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018digging all round\u2019), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018management\u2019), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018transporting\u2019), \u1fe5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018yield\u2019), \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018sweeping away leaves\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018breaking up the ground\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 and \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018digging\u2019), \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018spreading of manure\u2019), \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f75 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71 (\u2018collection and transportation\u2019), \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\u2018guarding\u2019), \u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018plucking of reeds\u2019), \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018cutting\u2019), \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018care\u2019), \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018fencing in\u2019), \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018thinning of foliage\u2019), \u03c7\u03c9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018loading earth\u2019), with seven focusing on other types of groves and orchards.<\/p>\n

In some cases, the term used is very rare on papyrus and entirely absent elsewhere. In the context of the early Roman documentation, these terms are integrated into the structure of the obligations clause; the structure is presented above. Such an integration is undertaken in P.Oxy. XIV 1631.5\u201314 (290 CE, Oxyrhynchos) a document focusing in its entirety on reporting the lessee\u2019s obligations: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \\\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f11\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1\/ \u27e6 Traces \u27e7 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b1 \u1f09\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 6<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3[\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f15\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2(?)] \u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3[\u03b9]\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5[\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]\u03c3[\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3]\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb]\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3[\u03bf]\u03c5 \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4[\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b5|8<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc[\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5], \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03ca\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5, \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd | 9<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00[\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4]\u03b9\u0323\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03b3\u1f74] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6[\u03bf]\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 | 10<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1(?)]\u03bf\u0323\u03c3\u03c6[\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70] \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u0323[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7|11<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2, \u03b3\u0323[\u03cd]\u03c1\u0323[\u03c9]\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03ae, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb[\u03b1]\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2, \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb|13<\/sup>\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u0323, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f31 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (\u2018We willingly agree to lease for one additional year from Hathyr of the current 6th<\/sup> year all the viticultural labour of the vineyard land owned by you near the village of Tanais, and the adjoining reed-plantation, of however many arourae<\/em> there may be, we associates of Aurelios Ktistos, undertaking half and I, Peloios, the remaining half. The tasks of the vineyard include: cutting the reeds; collecting and transporting them; proper pruning; tying (the cuttings) into bundles and binding (them); stripping and transport of leaves and throwing them outside the mud walls; layering as many vine-shoots as are necessary; digging and loosening (the soil around the vines) and trenching\u2019) (transl.: Kloppenborg (2006):<\/span> 539\u2013541). The term \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 is qualified by the adjective \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2. It is then followed by a relative clause, in which the individual duties are recorded (\u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd). The work consists of disposing of the reeds and leaves and planting the vines. The author moves on to record some general duties of the lessor (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1) and lessee (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1) alike. \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 then introduces another relative clause that describes the remaining duties in the nominative.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 61-62, 120, 259; Taubenschlag (1955): 360; Herrmann (1958): 125-128; Hennig (1972):<\/span> passim<\/em>; Rowlandson (1996): 214. M\u00fcller (1985): 246-248.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.18-19 (186, ArsN) [1]; 197.16-19 (17, Dionysias) [1]; 227.20-22 (151, ArsN) [1]; 237.14-16 (164\/5, ArsN) [1]; 308.7-10 (IV-VII, ArsN) [1]; 349.9-10 (313, ArsN) [4]; II<\/strong> 393.17-18 (167, Dionysias) [kopros]; 526.17-19 (86, SokN) [1]; 538.14-17 (100, Nilopolis) [1]; 586.17-23 (324, ArsPol) [1]; 604.22-25 (167\/8, ArsN); 633.12-15 (221, ArsN) [1]; 636.15-19 (20, Kar) [3]; 661.10-17 (140, ArsN) [1a];\u00a0644.28-35 (69, SokN) [1]; 661.10-17 (140, ArsN) [1]; III<\/strong> 840.1-2 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2]; 912.19-22 (33, SokN) [4]; 918.13-18 (110\/1, ArsN) [1]; 920.22-26 (212, Phil) [4]; IV 1067.13-16 (101\/2, Euh) [1v]; 1116.11-15 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4]; 1118.17-22 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1119.18-25 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1120.26-35 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1121.15-22, 22-24, 24-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4a]; VI<\/strong> 1223.5-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, MemphN) [1]; VII<\/strong> 1644.?-19 (294?, Phil) [1]; XI<\/strong> 2033.17-19 (before 94, Herakleia) [4]; 2123.17-20 (85, ArsN) [1]; 2124.1-3 (138-161 or 169-176, ArsN) [1]; 2127.12-16 (156, MemphN) [2]; XII 2172.17-19 (498?, Herm) [3]; 2175.5 (VI\/VII, Herm) [1v]; XIII<\/strong> 2333.13-18 (142\/3, PtolEu) [1v]; 2340.9 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XV<\/strong> 2484.7-8 (II, ArsN) [1]; XVII<\/strong> 2682.26-28 (481, Herm) [1]; 2696.<\/sup>.17-25 (616, Herm) [2]; XIX<\/strong> 2810.?-23 (559\/60, Herm); 2825.2-4 (VI, HermN); CPR<\/strong><\/span> I 31.18-26 (153, ArsN) [1]; 47.6-7 (II\/III, HerakN\/ArsN) [4]; 240.23-27 (126, SokN) [1]; 244.9-11 (II\/III, ArsN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 7.136-138 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/207A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1v]; 11.219-220 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1v]; 15.311-314 (231\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); P.Aberd.<\/strong><\/span> 183.8-9 (III, ArsN) [1]; P.Amh.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 90.13-16 (159, ArsN) [1]; 91.10-17 (159, PtolEu\/Euh) [1]; P.Amst.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 32.1-3 passim<\/em> (II\/III, ArsN) [1]; P.Ant.<\/span> II<\/strong> 89.10-15 ? (IVe<\/sup>, Antin); 105.5-8 (VI, UP) [3]; P.Apoll.<\/span><\/strong> 57.1 (VIIl<\/sup>, Apol) [2]<\/strong>; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 14.16-20 (22, Phil) [1]; 19.17-19 (153, ArsN) [1]; P.Berl.Cohen<\/span><\/strong> 19.12 (VI, Terythis) [2]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/strong><\/span> I 19.25-27 (221\/2 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [1]; 23.10-16 (252, Thead) [1v]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 17.17-18 (220, Herakleia) [1]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/strong><\/span> 98.12-15 (291, Kar) [1]; 99.15-19 (297, Kar) [1]; 100.10-13 (297, Kar) [1]; 101.4-7 (300, ArsN) [1]; 102.16-20 (303\/4, ArsN) [1]; 103.11-17 (313, Kar) [1]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67104.9-10, 12-13 (530, Aphr) [1v] [2]; 67105.21 (532, Aphr) [2]; 67106.15-16 (539, Aphr) [2]; 67107.11-13 (525\/540, Aphr) [2]; 67109.32-35 (565, Aphr) [2]; 67110.38-39 (565, Aphr) [3]; 67112.14-16 (544\/5, Aphr) [2]; 67113.10-11 (525\/6?, Aphr) [2]; 67128.18-20 (547, Aphr) [2]; II<\/strong> 67170.24-31 (54, Zmin) [2]; 67240.4 (VI, UP) [2]; III<\/strong> 67300.9-11 (527, Aphr) [2]; 67301.20-23 (530, Aphr) [2]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/strong><\/span> 41.20?-22? (IVf<\/sup>, HermN?); P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 79.6-14,15-18 (256A<\/sup><\/span>-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1v]; VII<\/strong> 179.17-23 (300, Kar) [1]; X<\/strong> 260.15-17 (149\/50?, ArsN) [1]; 273r<\/sup>.6-7, 8-9, 18-19 (204, Ox) [4]; 280.10-13 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [1v]; 284.7-8. 8-10, 10-12, 13, 17-18 (311, Ox); P.Coll.Youtie<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 27.22-25 (165, Teb) [1]; II<\/strong> 70.14-15 (272\/3 or 278\/9, Ox) [2]; 89.18 (485, Herm) [1v]; P.Corn.<\/strong><\/span> 10.21-22 (119 , Phil) [4]; 11.19-20 (204\/5 or 233\/4, Phil) [4]; P.CtYBR inv.<\/span><\/strong> 691.21-27 (547, Aphr) [1]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.2-4 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, UP) [2]; 29 (IVm<\/sup>, OxN) [2]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 26.5-7, 8-11 (159, Phil) [1v]; 29.17-20 (225, Phil) [4]; 33.15-19? (204, Phil) [4]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 75.15-17 (535, Ox); P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 28.14-16 (133, ArsN) [4]; 44.6-7 (189 KerkArs Orous) [1]; 45.1-2 (190, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1]; 47.12-16 (195, PtolEu) [1]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 307.5-7 (132, Philoteris) [1]<\/strong>; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.16-19 (239, Euh) [1]; 19.14 (248, PtolEu) [1]; 20.23-25 (127, Thead) [4]; 24.8-9 l. 9 (IIIm<\/sup>, PtolEu) [3]; 41.11,12 (140, HermN) [3]; III<\/strong> 279.11-13 (514, Aphr) [2]; 281.13-14 (517, Aphr) [2]; 282.15-20, 20-26 (abrocheia) (520, Aphr) [2]; 283.15 (536, Aphr) [2]; 286.20-21 (552, Aphr) [2]; 299.1 (VI, Herm); 315.13 (435, Sesiy) [2]; \u00a0369.1-9 (139\/149, Herm) [1v]; 370.13-17 (132, HermN) [2]; 383.3.78-80 (234, Antin); 384.23-31, 68-73 (489?, Herm) [1v] [4]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.15-18 (35, Teb) [3]<\/strong>; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 21.10 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 35.9-10 (177\/6A<\/span><\/sup>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span><\/strong> I 34.2-3 (156, Phil); 78.22-24, 26-29 (II\/III, PtolEu) [4] [1]; 188.13-15 (616, ArsPol\/Bousiris); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I 56.15-16, 19-21 (VI, HermN) [3] [1]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 54.14-17 (378, ArsN) [4]; 58.7-11 (c. 561, Herm) [2]; II<\/strong> 87.17-28 (602, Herm) [2]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I 23.21-29 (569, Antin) [2]; 64.17-19 (103, Euh) [1]; 68.10-14, 21-25 (549\/50 or 564\/5, Aphr) [1] [2]; IV<\/strong> 239.2-7, 18-20 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, Tholt?) [1v]; 269.9-10 (IIIl<\/sup>, ArsN) [1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I 80.8-12 (249, OxN) [2]; 82.23-26 (345, Ox) [2]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong>\u00a0352.13-16 (558, HermN); 353.1a-3 (VI, AntaiN) [2]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 59.3 (after 430?, AntaiN) [2]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.23-26 (98, ArsN) [2]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.15-16, 20-23 (27, Teb) [4] [1]; III<\/strong> 31.21-22 ? (73\/4, Teb) [4]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.a.3-7 (VI, Aphr) [2]; III<\/strong> 145.9-10 (Ia<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1v]; XIV<\/strong> 579a.13-20 (III, Ox) [1]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.18-20 (116, Teb) [4]; 19.21-22 (145\/6, Teb) [4]; 19a.12-13 (145, Teb) [4]; 34.8-10, 14-15, 26-29 (135, Teb) [3] [3] [1]; 41.23-26 (140, Teb) [1]; 46.19-21 (153, Teb) [1]; P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 7.8-9 (VI, HermN) [1v]; III<\/strong> 72.13-15 (118-138, PtolEu) [1]; IV 163.17-24 (279, UP) [1]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 118.20-21 (160\/1, Ox) (?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.5-6, 8-9 (sale of fodder) (VI, ArsN) [1] [4]; 113.4.14-20 (595, ArsPol) [1]; II<\/strong> 163.17-26, 33-34 (c. 88, Kar?) [1]; 168.9-12 (162, Psenharpsenesis); 216.17-21 (94, SokN) [1] [4]; 314.12-16 (149, SokN) [1]; III<\/strong> 858a.7 (153\/4, HermN) [2]; 906.15? (128, Euh) [4]; 938.1 (225, Herm) [3]; 954.15 (260, Herm) [3]; 1003.10-11 (562, HermN) [2]; 1012.34-36 (633, Herm) [3]; 1023.24-25 (V, Herm) [3]; 1050. 3-8 (VIl<\/sup>\/V, Herm) [2]; V<\/strong> 1689.14-16 (527, Aphr) [2]; 1691.17-18 (532, Aphr) [2]; 1692a.15-17 (555, Aphr) [2]; 1692b.14-15 (556, Aphr) [2]; 1693.8 (523\/4, Aphr) [2]; 1694.11-13 (516-532, Aphr) [2]; 1695.9-10 (530\/1?, Aphr) [2]; 1696.a.17 (VI, Aphr) [2]; 1696.b.11-12 (VIe<\/sup>, Aphr) [2]; 1697.10-11 (VIe<\/sup>, Aphr) [2]; 1714.36-43 (579, Antin) [2]; 1841.15-18 (536, Aphr) [2]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.15-18 (21, Phil) [1]; 17.11-13, 20-22 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [2]; 49.3-4 (VII, UP) [2]; II<\/strong> 68.24-25 (136, Kerkeosiris) [1]; III<\/strong> 107.17-19 (II, ArsN) [1]; 108.12-15 (69-79, ArsN) [1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 184.13-15 (121, Bac) [1]; 185.14-19 (122, Bac) [1]; V<\/strong> 311.17-19 (34, Talei) [4]; 312.17-19 (34, Talei) [2]; IX<\/strong> 560.17 (46, Kar) [4]; 562.12-16 (119, Kar) [4]; 564.12-13 (150, Kar) [1]; 565.17-19 (215\/6, Kar) [1]; XII<\/strong> 632.16-18 (26, Teb) [4]; 633.19-22 (c. 30, Teb) [1]; XIII<\/strong> 666.13-18 (615\/631\/646, Aphr) [2]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.22-23 (173, Ox); 791.13-15 (212\/3, Phil) [4]; XXI<\/strong> 849.8-10 (Iend<\/sup>\/IIb<\/sup>, Kar) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 23.b.1-17 (296, OxN or, HermN); 24.23-24 (297, Teb) [1]; 42b.18-19 (c. 566, Aphr) [2]; 43.7 (526, Aphr) [2]; 46.11-13 (559, Aphr) [2]; 48.21-23 (572, Aphr) [2]; 60.8-9 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.2-5, ll. 4-5 (I, ArsN) [1]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 63.26-28 (170, Teb) [1]; 65.11-13, 15-17, 21-22 (160-180, Teb) [3]; 67.4-5 (165, Teb) [1]; 78.14-15 (GA) (138\/9, Teb) [4]; 104.17-23 (127, Teb) [1]; 106.22-25 (134, Teb) [1]; 107.6-9 (153\/4, Teb) [1]; III<\/strong> 130.31-32 (165, Teb) [1]; 132.27-29 (165, Teb) [1]; 133.31-33 (165, Teb) [1]; 137.28-31 (165\/6, Teb) [1]; 138.21-23 (169, Teb) [1]; 139.23-25 (169, Teb) [1]; 140.25-28 (176, Teb) [1]; 144.14-15 (166, Teb) [1]; 187.6-7 (II, Teb) [1]; IV<\/strong> 220.21-22 (132\/3, Teb) [1]; 238.23-25 (143\/4, Teb) [1]; 239.9-11 (156, Teb) [4]; 240.18-19 (118-138, Teb) [1]; 241.9 (II, Teb) [1]; VI<\/strong> 267.11-18 (125\/6, Teb) [1]; 269.16-21 (124, Teb) [1]; 270.1-3 (129, Teb) [1]; 271.1-6 (141, Teb) [1]; 286.27-28 (139, Teb) [1]; 289.13-16 (II, Teb) [1]; 290.23-26 (II, Teb) [1]; 291.17-18 (II, Teb) [1]; 292.16-19 (II, Teb) [1]; 295.12-13 (II, Teb) [1]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 81.1-3 (III, UP) [1]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 5.8-9, 9-11 (241, Kysis) [3]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.15-17 (1, Thead) [4]; 33.14-26 (29, Kar) [1]; 34.9-10 ? (188\/9, Phil) [4]; III<\/strong> 135.19-21 (286-293, Ox) [2]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 13.24-28 (154\/5, Argeias\/SokN) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 277.4-6 (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 280.16-17 (88\/9, Ox) [3]; III<\/strong> 499.15-16 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; IV<\/strong> 729.1-5, 18 (138, Ox) (?) [1]; 730.10-11 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; 810 descriptum (134\/5, Ox); VI<\/strong> 910.8-9 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1207.15-17 (175\/6, Ox) [1v]; X<\/strong> 1279.14-19 (139, Ox) [2]; XII<\/strong> 1502v<\/sup>.7 (after 260, OxN) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.10-13 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1629.8-10 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1631.8-18, 25-28, 30-31 (280, Ox) [1v]; 1632.12-14 (353, Ox) [2] XLI<\/strong> 2974.14-15 (162, Ox) [2];\u00a0XLIII<\/strong> 3122.6-13 (322, Posompes) [oath]; XLV 3250.23-24 (c. 63, Ox) (1v); 3254.18-21? (312\/3, Ox); XLVI<\/strong> 3269.12-15 (III, Ox) [2]; 3270.18, 21-24 (309, Ox) [2]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.7-19, 36-39 (c. 257, Nomou) [1]; XLIX<\/strong> 3484.21<\/span>–30<\/span> (72\/3, Ox) [1v]; 3489.11-12, 17-19 (72\/3, Ox) [4]; L<\/strong> 3595.9-17 (243, Senepta) [2]; 3596.9-19, 28-30 (219-255, Ox) [2] [1v]; 3597.7-12, 28-30 (260, Ox) [2] [3]; LV<\/strong> 3802.13 (296, Ox) [2]; 3803.11-14 (411, Ox) [2]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.14, 22 (199, Pimpasi) [2] [3]; LX<\/strong> 4092.13 (355, Iseion Panga) [3]; LXIII<\/strong> 4383.11 (384, Ox) [3]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.8 (228, Senao\/Ox) [2]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5320.28-30 (227\/8, Ox) [1v]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 22.13-15 (VI, Aphr) [2]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 1.8-9 (298\/9 PanopN) [1v]; 3.5-6 (310 PanopN) [1v]; 7.4-7 (c. 338\/9 PanopN) [1]; P.Phil.<\/strong><\/span> 12.20-22 (150\/1 or 173\/4 , Phil) [4]; 13.15-18 (155, Phil) [4]; 15.12-15 (153\/4, Phil) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 38.17 (95\/6, Herakleia); III<\/strong> 245.16-18 (141\/2, Aphrodites Berenikis Polis) [1]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.11? (212\/3?, AphrN); 108.7-8 (VI, Ox) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.25-36 (141, Ox) [1v]; III<\/strong> 33.16-17 (522, Aphr) [2]; 44.1-5 (VI, Antai\/Aphr) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II 166.19-20, 23-26 (26, Euh) [1]; 322br<\/sup>.11-14 (II, Thead?) [1]; IV 582.6-13 (42A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN); 583v.21-22, 25-28 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1v]; 600.15-18 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1v]; 683.13-15 (244, Ox) [2]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 61.16-24 (299, Thead) [unique]; 67.13-15 (321, Thead) [1]; 69.16-17 (331, Thead) [1]; 70.9-10 (338, Boubastos) [1]; 73.13-15 (328, Thead) [1]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 47.16-17 (128, HermN); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.25-36 (69, Thead) [1v, extended]; 2.16-19, 21-24 (71, Thead) [1v]; 3.18-25, 34-36 (89\/90, Thead) [1] [1v]; 4.24-33 (87, Thead) [1]; 5.24-27 (94, Thead) [4]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 258.9-12 (II, ArsN) [1]; 267.17-22 (126-128, SokN) [1v]; V<\/strong> 358.3? (IV, UP) [2]; 387.7-9 (II, UP); 465.15-18 (230, Polydeukia) [1]; VI<\/strong> 507.8-9 (138, HermN); 535.10-14 (II, ArsN) [1]; 539.7-12?, 15-17? (290\/1, Herm) [1]; 557.9-10, 14-15 (291, Herm) [3]; 571.14-20 (175, Phil) [1]; VII<\/strong> 673.3-5 (IV, ArsN) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 706.11-28 (122\/3, PtolEu) [2]; 758.18-19 (VIIe<\/sup>, HermN); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.18-25, 37-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1v]; 106.20-22 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [1]; II<\/strong> 375.14-23 (140, PtolEu) [3]; 377.12-16, 21-23 (210, Teb) [1]; 378.17-23 (265, Teb) [1]; III<\/strong> 815.8r<\/sup>.2.1-14, l. 12 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1v]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-19, 24-26 (598 ?, Aphr) [2]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.12-17, 30-31 (323, HermN) [1v] [3]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.4-5 (V\/VI, ArsN) [2]<\/strong>; 11.19-20 (453, Herm) [1v]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 28.22-23 (576\/7, Herm) [2]; P.Vindob. G<\/span><\/strong> 13263 + 13376 + 14694.19-23 (498, Herm) [1v]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.16-17 (98, Kar) [4]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.13-16 (259\/60, Ox) [2]; II<\/strong> 52.13-15 (32, Kar) [1]; P.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 37.18-19 (620\/650\/665, Herak) [1v]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.14-15 (31, Teb); PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 31.15-19 (163\/4, ArsN) [4]; 33.20-23 (150\/1 or 173\/4 , Phil) [4]; 73.12-13 (III, Ox) [3]; IV<\/strong> 283.15-16 (550, Aphr) [2]; 296.18-21 (520, Herm); 316.19-20? (328, Ox) [4]; VII<\/strong> 772.9-11 (98-117, Ox) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 920r<\/sup>.8 (VI, OxN) [3]; 931.19-20 (524, Aphr) [2]; 934.6-8 (VI, Aphr) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1029.7-8, 10-12 (52\/3, OxN) [3]; 1070.10-15 (260\/1 or 261\/2, Ox) [3]; 1072.9-12,12-15 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; 1078.13-14 (356, Lenonos) [2]; X<\/strong> 1124.22-23 (150, Teb) [1]; 1134.20-21 (91, Teb) [4]; 1144.11-17 (99?, Teb) [1v]; XIII<\/strong> 1338.7-11, 14-17 (299, Ox) [2] [1]; XV<\/strong> 1518.15-20 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [1]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 7.14-15 (104, Kar) [1v]; SB<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 4495.1-3 ? (IV-VII, ArsN); 4681.1-7 (VI\/VII, ArsN); 4869.5-7 (IV-VII, ArsN) [2]; III<\/strong> 7188.11-19 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1 extended]; IV<\/strong>\u00a07369.11-12, 21-22 (512, Herm) [2] [1v]; 7441.9-12 (230?, UP) [4]; 7474.5, 9-12 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [4] [2]; 7480.13-18 ? (VI\/VII, Thebes) [1]; V<\/strong> 7665.11-12 (225, ArsN) [1]; 7814.9-11 (256, Ox) [2]; VI<\/strong> 9226.18-23 (II\/III, SokN) [1]; 9269.13-19 (304 , PtolEu) [1]; 9293.14-17 (573, ArsPol) [2]; 9294 (621\/2?, ArsN) [1a]; 9562.13-16 (214 , Phil) [1]; 9589.4-7 (VIL, ArsPol) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 9830.25-27 (84-96, ArsN) [1?]; 9907.15-16, 22-25 (388, Herm) [2] [4]; 9922.9-11 (159, Theog) [4]; X<\/strong> 10942.1-5 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [2]; 11024.13-16 (328, ArsN); 11047.24-27 (194\/5 ?, Teb) [1]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.23-27 (44, Thead) [1]; 11281.6-10 (172, Ox) [2]; 11403b.11-12, 15 (232\/3, OxN) [2]; 11431.6-7 (95\/6?, Kerkeesis) [1]; 11603.14-17 (157-159, PtolEu) [1]; 11711.18-20 (332, Herm) [1v]; 11718.13-16 (141, Teb) [1]; 11720.20-22 (170, Teb) [1]; 11843.19-21 (95, Teb) [4]; 11855.20-26 (547?, Aphr) [2]; 11911.15-20 (224, ArsN) [2]; 12025.9-15 (IIIl<\/sup>, Tholt) [2]; 12050.20-23 (498, Herm) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 12539.18-20 (26, Teb) [1]; 12569.8-25 (66-58a<\/sup><\/span> or 55-51A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1]; 12693 (140\/1, Ox) [2]; 12948 (448, HermN); 13004 (314, Thmouis) [2]; 13006.20-29 (144, ArsN) [1]; 13010.24-29 (144, ArsN) [1]; 13017.16-17 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13582.11-15 (184, UP) [1]; 13850.22-23 (141?, ArsN) [1]; 13885.15-17 (547\/562, ArsPol) [1]; 13997.1-3 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [2]; 13998.5-9 (VI\/VII, Alexandrou Nesos) [2]; 14000.5-11 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [3]; 14001.15-17 (486, ArsN) [1]; XX<\/strong> 14290.11-12 (III, Ox) [2]; 14416.7-9 (VI, HermN\/AntinN\/AphrN) [2]; 14464.9-12 (II, Ox) [2]; 14642.1-7 (III\/IV, Ox); 14983.5-7 (220-260, OxN) [2]; XXII<\/strong> 15346.16-19 (88\/9, Kar) [1v]; 15493.13 (435, Sesiy) [2]; 15729.17-20 (639, ArsPol) [2]; 15769.8-11, 13-14 (311, Ox) [1v]; XXIV<\/strong> 16128.3-4 (V, OxN); XXVI<\/strong> 16569.18-32 (62?, Euh) [1v]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 422.6-7 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2]; XX<\/strong> 21.16-18 (215, ArsN) [1]; 57.14-16 (263, Dionysias) [1]; 70.22-28 (261, ArsN) [4]; 126.10 (515, HermN); 131.9 (518, ArsN); 218.36-37 (VIIe<\/sup>?, HermN).<\/p>\n

\n

2. Sowing<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Sowing is one of the fundamental duties of the lessee of arable land. It is mentioned in three formulaic contexts: (1) A clause regulating the provision of seeds<\/a>. (2) A clause outlining the entire scope of the duties of the lessee<\/a>. (3) A clause introducing the duty of sowing in particular, which is the focus of the present entry. A special sowing clause is recorded [Type1]<\/strong> in twelve documents from the third through the first century BCE mostly from the Arsinoite nome. The verb denoting sowing is \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9 with the land as the object in the accusative. See, e.g., P.Col. III 54.16-18 (250 BCE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9|17<\/sup>\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f29\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 (\u2018Hegesarchos and Theopompos and Nikodemos are to sow two-thirds of the land which they have taken in wheat, the other third in barley\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 142). In another document, the duty to sow is linked to the supply of the seeds, which the lessee is also responsible for. The lessee\u2019s duty to sow, supplying his own seeds, is explicitly stated in one Ptolemaic lease contract BGU XIV 2390.19-20 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd | 20<\/sup> [ -ca.?- \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5]\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd ( \u2018Let Polyeratos sow the share of the kleros<\/em> which is entrusted to his cultivation [ – -] supplying his own grain\u2019). In Oxyrhynchite lease contracts from the first century BCE to the fourth century CE [Type2]<\/strong>, the clause is embedded into the creation clause, introduced by \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 with the infinitive aorist, preceding the account of the rent. The verbs used are, in the first century BCE \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018sow with wheat\u2019) (Ptolemaic), \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9 (\u2018sow\u2019 of cereals) (Roman), \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9 (\u2018plant or sow, usu. of green crops or fodder\u2019) (Ptolemaic and Roman). Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1629.8-10 (44 BCE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 | 9<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03c5\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u1f14]\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5, | 10<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[\u1fc6]\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018On the condition that (the lessee) shall sow half of it for the ninth year with wheat and cultivate the other half with aracus<\/em>\u2019). The clause is also recorded in one lease contract from the Byzantine period: P.Vind.Sijp. 10.15-16 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites), which also records the right of the lessee to collect the harvest for the maintenance of cattle.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 132-137; Herrmann (1958): 125-126.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 311.14-17 (VII\/VIII, Theog) [2]; IV<\/strong> 1017.7-13 (II\/III, Ox) [2]; XIII<\/strong> 2340.9 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 2390.7, 19-20 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.16-18 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1]; P.Fouad I<\/strong> 43.21-27 (189\/90, Phoboou) [1]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 22.10-12 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 23.15 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 24.9-10 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) ? [1]; 25.11-12 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 34.13-16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; 35.10-11, 15-19 (before 177\/6A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 224.11-21 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln XIV<\/strong> 579a.23-24 (III, Ars); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 118.9-16 (160\/1, Ox) [2]; P.Mert. I<\/strong> 17.11-13 (158, Oasiton Epoikion) [2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 13.6-9, 13-14, 15-16, 18 (159\/60, HermN) [2]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.7-8, 29-30 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 280.11-16 (88\/9, Ox) [2]; IV<\/strong> 730.10-11 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [2]; VI<\/strong> 910.8-9 (197, Pakerke\/Ox) [2]; X<\/strong> 1279.14-19 (139, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.10-13 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1629.8-10 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [2]; 1686.8-12 (165\/6, Ox) [2]; 1687.16-18, 23 (184\/5, Ox) [2]; XX<\/strong> 2284. b.1-7 (258, Ox) [2]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.14-16 (112, Ox) [2]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.11-12 (211, Ox) [2]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.11-14 (151, Ox) [2]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2776.14-15 (118\/9, Ox) [2]; 2795.11 (250, Ox) [2]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2874.10-12 (108, Ox) [2]; XLI<\/strong> 2974.14-15 (162, Ox) [2]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.11-12, 14-19 (70\/1, Ox) [2]; 3489.11-12, 17-19 (72\/3, Ox) [2]; L<\/strong> 3589.5-7 (II, OxN) [2]; 3591.14-16 (219, Ox) [2]; 3592.11-12 (218-261, Ox) [2]; LV<\/strong> 3800.11-14 (219, Ox) [2]; 3802.13 (296, Ox) [2]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.14 (199, Pimpasi) [2]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.8 (228, Senao\/Ox) [2]; 4595.14-16 (261, Ox) [2]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.7-9 (127, Ox) [2]; 4745.10-13, 15-16 (202, Ox) [2]; 4747.10-11 (296, Ox) [2]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.11-13, 15-17 (173\/4, Ox) [2]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.13-15 (223\/4, Ox) [2]; P.Pintaudi<\/strong> 34.14-15 (after 235, ArsN) [1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 683.13-15 (244, Ox) [2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 376.19-24 (162, Teb) [1]; III.1<\/strong> 815 8r<\/sup>.2.1-14, ll. 10-13 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1]; 819.6-7 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [1]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.19 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.15-16 (V\/VI, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.13-16 (259\/60, Ox) [2]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.20-21 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha); PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> VII<\/strong> 772.9-11 (98-117, Ox) [2]; IX<\/strong> 1029.7-8, 10-12 (52\/3, OxN) [3]; 1070.10-15 (260\/1 or 261\/2, Ox) [3]; SB<\/span> X<\/strong> 10216.10 (III\/IV, Ox) [2]; 10263.8?-10 (204, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10780.14-17 (172\/3, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.6-10 (172, Ox) [2]; 11604.8-9 (III, OxN) [2];12025.9-15 (IIIl<\/sup>, Tholt) [2]; XVI<\/strong> 12373.13 (158A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [1]; 12693 (140\/1, Ox) [2]; XVIII<\/strong> 13385.14-16 (547\/562, ArsPol); <\/span><\/strong>XX<\/strong> 14290.11-12 (III, Ox) [2]; 14464.9-12 (II, Ox) [2]; 14983.5-7 (220-260, OxN) [2]; XXIV<\/strong> 15959.6-7 (VIf<\/sup>, Aphr).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

3. Failed Sowing<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

This clause deals with the event that the lessee fails to sow the land as stipulated in the contract. It is best attested in source material from the Ptolemaic period (e.g., P.Monts.Roca IV 77.30\u201331 (148 BCE, Hephaistias): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c3]\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03b7\u03b9 [\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd], \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f70 [\u1f10]\u03ba\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03cc\u0323[\u03c1]\u03b9\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf]|\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018If he does not sow the land or, having sown it, leaves the rent, let him pay as a compensation the rent in its entirety\u2019 (transl.; editio princeps<\/em>, p. 231).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 148; Hennig (1967): 73; Kramer \u2013 S\u00e1nchez-Moreno Ellart (2017): 235.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

BGU<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 2389.26-28 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); 2390.20-21 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 24.10-11 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 25.13-14 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 34.13-16 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.8 (scr.int.), 30-31 (scr.ext.) (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias); P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.20-21 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.19-21 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 788.19-22 (125, Herm);\u00a0<\/span>SB<\/span><\/strong> XXIV<\/strong> 15959.7 (VI<\/span>f<\/sup>, Aphr).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

4. Keeping the Land Fallow<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The verb denoting \u2018leaving the land fallow\u2019, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9, appears in the imperative of the aorist or (in the Roman period) in the indicative of the future tense. The subject is the lessee and the object, in the accusative, is the piece of land, which in all cases is a share (\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2) of the object of the lease, the entire land. The clause reports the time frame: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. In the dative, the crops that may be cultivated as long as the land lies fallow are specified: \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018wild chickling\u2019), \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018beans\u2019), \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018fenugreek\u2019), \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018lentil\u2019) and \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018fodder\u2019). In one document, P.Tebt. I 105.23\u201324 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris), the scribe applies the rule of exclusion (\u03c0\u03bb\u1f75\u03bd): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37[\u03c2] \u1f10[\u1f70]\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Ptolemaios shall every year, beginning with the second year of the lease, sow half the holding with such light crops as he may select excluding oil-producing plants\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 459), perhaps also P.Yale I 51.18\u201319: 184 BCE, Kerkesoucha). Some documents report the purpose of the cultivation: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018for the pasturage and folding of sheep\u2019). See act of lease<\/a>. Unique is the case of BGU II 644.31\u201333 (69 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), recording compensation by the lessor to the lessee for leaving the land fallow: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5[\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3]|32<\/sup>[\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u1ff3 \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd) \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 33<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7d (<\/strong>\u2018the lessors giving the lessee, on account of fallow period of the plot, forty-eight silver drachms\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 218-239; Kramer \u2013 S\u00e1nchez-Moreno Ellart (2017): 242.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> II<\/strong> 644.31-33 (69, SokN) [GA; monetary compensation, text above]; XIV<\/strong> 2389.23-24 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [fut.; \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Bad.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 170.22-23 (54, Thead) [fut.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 22.20-22 (388, HermN) [ed.: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u2039\u1f10\u03bd\u203a \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4{\u03b5}\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u0323\u03c3|\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9;]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 13.17-18 (159\/60, HermN?) [fut.; \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.22-24 (127, Teb) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; purpose: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 267.17 (125\/6, Teb) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 601.29-30 (26A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I 105.23-24, 38-39 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [fut; ed.: \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37[\u03c2] \u1f10[\u1f70]\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] | \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd;]; 106.22 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2]; 108v<\/sup>.2.6 (93A<\/sup><\/span>\/60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [fut.]; III.1<\/strong> 815.4r<\/sup>.1.46-55 l. 51 ? (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.50-51 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [imp.aor..; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 51.18-20 (184A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkesoucha) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 or upon choice]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XV<\/strong> 1518.20-21 (34\/5\/6, Bac) [imp.aor.; \u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; SB<\/span> XIV<\/strong> 11279.27-29 (44, Thead) [fut.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2; \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd]; XVI<\/strong> 13017.21-22 (24A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [imp.aor.; \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2].<\/p>\n

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5. Failing to Keep the Land Fallow<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A penalty for failing to keep the land fallow is introduced in a single document, BGU XIV 2389.27\u201328 (72 CE, Herakleopolites), in which the lessee is required to pay the sum of five artabae<\/em>, in addition to the rent, for each aroura<\/em> that he does not keep fallow: \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b1\u03bb\u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 | \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u0323[\u03b1\u03c2] \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7[\u03c9\u03c1]\u1f76\u03c2 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c6[\u03bf\u03c1]\u03af[\u03bf]\u03c5 (\u2018For each aroura<\/em> (?) that the lessee does not keep fallow, let him pay as indemnity five artabae<\/em> of wheat, in addition to the rent\u2019.)<\/p>\n

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6. Irrigation<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

While the lessee\u2019s duty to irrigate the land is rather commonly attested, a specific clause dealing with the sources of the water is not. It is recorded in just 38 documents, predominantly leases of fruit plantations, in particular palm groves and vineyards. [<\/u>Type1<\/a>]<\/strong> introduces the duty of the lessee to irrigate the leased land. The number of idiosyncratic texts is relatively large, as is the array of terms used to denote the act of irrigation. \u03a0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 and \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018irrigation\u2019) (cf. Bonneau (1993): 209-211) are well represented but \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 212-214), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 214), \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, as well as the construction \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 (cf. Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 219), appear as well. In most cases, the clause introduces the duty of the lessee to irrigate the leased land, indicating the means by which the irrigation shall be undertaken, which (depending on the verbal construct) may be recorded in the dative<\/strong> (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 or \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff7: (Bonneau (1993):<\/span> 98); \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7) or in the genitive<\/strong>, introduced by \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u1fe5\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd): Bonneau (1993):<\/span> 21-22; \u1f10\u03be<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) and \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5): Bonneau (1993)<\/span>: 210. The clause also occasionally specifies the timeframe during which the irrigation is required: \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2; \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce; \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6). Also recorded is the supply of provisions necessary for the irrigation, commonly introduced through the participle of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 (e.g., \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1).<\/p>\n

As indicated above, the 38 preserved documents rarely exhibit a uniform format. There are two exceptions: [a]<\/strong>\u00a0a group of three documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, which exhibit the phrasing \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 plus dat. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 41.19\u201323 (223\/4 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10|20<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9|21<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9(\u03bd) | 22<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 | 23<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018For the irrigation of the soil, the lessee shall use the water-wheel mentioned above, providing himself with draft animals and engineers and everything else that is needed\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 168). [b]<\/strong> Three documents from the sixth- and seventh-century Arsinoites, with the formulation \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd is consistently used. Cf., e.g., SB<\/span> XXX 17338.16\u201317 (621 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/i>. \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u1fb6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f55\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018me, Georgios the lessee, performing the irrigation of the same land and providing all the hardware of the water engine down to the last item\u2019).<\/p>\n

Among the 41 documents, seven form a special group [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> in that they introduce not the lessee\u2019s duty to irrigate the land but his right to use the water to irrigate plots not owned by the lessor. See, e.g., P.Panop. 10.5\u20136 (341 CE, Panopolites): \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1[\u03b9] \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 | 6<\/sup> \u1f10[\u03b4]\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and in return for these we will be allowed to irrigate the plots of another without an irrigation fee\u2019). Three documents from the Dioskoros archive, e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67300.16\u201317 (527 CE, Aphrodite), use the same text for this purpose. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1695: \u1f00\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 | 19<\/sup> \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd [\u1f55\u03b4]\u03c9\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u0323\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9[\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2026. \u2018and I am allowed to get water unhindered from the irrigation system to land belonging to others without rent\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 160-162; Hennig (1972): 121-122; Bonneau (1991): 199-200<\/span>; Burkhalter (1997): 343-352; Freu (2022): 113-119.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> XII<\/strong> 2160.13 (488, Herm) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; dry vineland]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67300.16-17 (527, Aphr) [2: \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> X 280.1-4 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox?) [2: \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; vineland]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.16-18 (after 161, UP) [1: \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; vineyard]; 29.1-8, 10-13 (IVm<\/sup>, OxN) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 101.7-8 (78\/91, HermN): [1: \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1; arable land]; III<\/strong> 369.6-9 (139\/149, Herm) [1: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9; palm grove]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 57.15-17 (561, Herm) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.24-25 (249, OxN) [1 (GA); arable land];\u00a0P.Jena II<\/strong> 6.17-20 (477, Herm);\u00a0 P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 145.10 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [1: \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9]; P.Laur.<\/strong><\/span> I 7.3-6 (VI, HermN) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9; vineyard]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1695.18-20 (530\/1?, Aphr) [2: \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1; garden]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 326.51-52 (48, ArsN): [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.13-14 (138, Ox) [1; vineyard]; XVII<\/strong> 2137.26-27 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; arable land]; L<\/strong> 3582.6 (442, Ox) [1: \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5331.14 (474, Ox) [1: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2; i.a.<\/em> vineyard]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong><\/span> 41.19-23 (223\/4, Ox) [1: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; arable land]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 8.5-7, 9-10 (338, PanopN) [2; \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7] [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5; date-palm grove]; 9.5 (338, PanopN) [1: \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03bd; date-palm grove]; 10.5-6 (341, PanopN) [2: \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7; olive grove]; P.Phil.<\/span><\/strong> 12.22-24 (150\/1 or 173\/4, Phil): [1: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd; garden and olive-yard]; P<\/strong>.Poethke<\/strong> 29.18-23 (549, Thynis) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.21-25? (141, Ox) [1; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; 2; \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7; vineyard]; Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup>.18, 64 (471\/2, Phil) [1; vineyard]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.24-28 (71, Thead) [1; \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c9; vineyard]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 486.8-9 (504\/5, HermN) [1; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; vineyard]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 12.18-25 (101, Tebt) [diairesis]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.15-16 (323, HermN) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2; vineyard]; 9.10-11 (509, Herm) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd; vineyard]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.21-23 (150\/1 or 173\/4, Phil) [1: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd; garden and olive-yard]; XII<\/strong> 1233.8-10 (323\/4?, Panop) [1; ed.: \u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03bd] | \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03c9\u03bd; date-palm grove]; XV<\/strong> 1518.25? (34\/5\/6, Bac) [1; arable land]; SB <\/span><\/strong>VI<\/strong> 9459.5-11, 11-14 (VI, ArsN) [1; \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; vineyard]; VIII<\/strong> 9907.22-25 (388, Herm) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; orchard]; XIV<\/strong> 12050.20-23 (498, Herm) [1: \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; vineyard]; XX<\/strong> 14337.25-27 (498, Herm) [1: GA; date-palm grove]; 14416.9-10 (VI, HermN\/AntinN\/AphrodN) [1; vineyard]; 15027.3-5 (475, OxN) [1: \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2; arable]; XXII<\/strong> 15769.9-10 (311, OxN) [1: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; garden]; XXX <\/strong>17338.16-19 (621, ArsPol) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; orchard]; 17339.26 (630, ArsPol) [1: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd; orchard]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.19-21 (VI, Taamorou) [1: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; vineyard?]; ZPE<\/strong> 200, 2016, pp. 336-346 frag. B, 18-29 (163 Ophis, OxN) [1: \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; arable].<\/p>\n

\n

7. Failure to Irrigate<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In BGU XIX 2828.6\u20138 (VIIb<\/sup> CE, Hermopolis), a contract of labour, the employee is obligated to have a plot of land irrigated. Failing this, he will be subject to a fine: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1|8<\/sup>\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce. )<\/span>\u2018If I shall not perform their third irrigation (i.e., if I did not irrigate the land three times), I shall give you on that account eighteen keratia\u2019<\/em>). Another possible attestation is in P.Col. X 280.4\u20135 (269\/70 or 276\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos?).<\/p>\n

\n

8. Prohibition against Drawing Water<\/h2>\n

Category: Prohibition<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the context of a sale of wine, the vendor is prohibited from drawing water from the vineyard until he has supplied the wine. SB I 4822.3-6 (VI CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 | 4<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 5<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03c1\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b9\u03b1|6<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03c9\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 (\u2018and it shall not be permitted for me to draw water from my two plots called Tro and Pia Taoes until I have fulfilled my obligations to you.\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950):<\/span> 494 n. 2.<\/p>\n

\n

9. Maintenance of Dykes<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The duty of maintaining dykes is frequently treated in lease contracts in the clause that spells out the other duties, e.g., P.Stras. VI 571.14-16 (175 CE, Philadelphia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9]\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 | 15<\/sup> [\u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323[\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u03c2 | 16<\/sup> [\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3]\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and I will perform all the chores, the embankment of the land, irrigation and breaking up the ground\u2019). Occasionally, however, it is addressed independently. Here we note four groups. [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> is attested in the genitive absolute construction, the subject being the \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, or \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018finishing off\u2019), sometimes together with \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018guarding of dykes\u2019), with the dykes serving as modifier: the \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (\u2018casting up\u2019); \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018construction of dykes\u2019), or the \u03c7\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018dykes\u2019) themselves. The responsibility may be incumbent upon the lessor or the lessee (see list below). See, e.g., PSI IV 315.22-27 (136\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the duty of maintaining the dykes is embedded in a broader context: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9|23<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc|25<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, | 26<\/sup> \u1f03 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7|27<\/sup>[\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd -ca.?- ]\u03b7\u03c3\u03b3\u03b7 \u00a0\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 (\u2018Let the maintenance of the dykes of the aforesaid lands be incumbent upon the lessee, who acknowledges that he has received on the spot the dykes watertight, which he will return in the last year in the same condition as he has received them\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong><\/a>: the duty of the lessee to undertake embankment is stated in an independent clause, e.g., P.Oxy. IV 729.7 (138 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bd[\u03b1]\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018They will perform the embankment of dykes following the procedure routinely employed in such work in the past\u2019). [Type3]<\/u><\/strong>: a future grant, from the lessor to the lessee, for the embankment work. Cf., P.Ryl. II 171.15\u201316 (55\/6 CE, Herakleia): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1]|\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc[\u1f70\u03c2 (\u2018On the condition that after receiving for the purpose of tillage and the embankment of the land a grant of . . . silver drachmae\u2019). [Type3a]<\/u><\/strong>: confirmation of receipt of payment at the time of the lease: \u00a0\u0323BGU VII 1645.14-17 (245 CE, Philadelphia): \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 15<\/sup>\u00a0[- ca.9 -] \u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb(\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c9(\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018And I, Aurelios Sarapion, have received forthwith on account of the embankment work \u2026\u2019). Finally, [Type4]<\/strong><\/a> expresses the duty of the lessee to deliver the dykes watertight when the period of lease is over, e.g., P.Col. X 280.19 (269\/70 or 276\/7 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03bc]\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c4]\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03ce\u0323[\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u0323\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a6\u03b1\u1ff6\u03c6\u03b9 (\u2018\u2026 likewise, they shall return all the embankments watertight in the final year on the 30th<\/sup> day of Phaophi\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 118-119; Bonneau (1993): 123-127; Freu (2022): 94-96.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> II<\/strong> 519.15-17 (IV, Phil) [1: lessor]; VII<\/strong> 1645.14-17 (245, Phil) [3a]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 280.19 (269\/70 or 276\/7, Ox) [4]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.25-27 (249, OxN) [1: lessee]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 57.9-10 (IV, UP) [1: lessor]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 315.26-28 (39-41 or 43-45, ArsN) [4]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.15-17 (1, Thead) [1: lessor]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.7-10 (138, Ox) [2]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.27-30 (70\/1, Ox) [1: lessee]; L<\/strong> 3589.10-11 (II, OxN) [1: lessee]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 9.4-5 (339, PanopN) [2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.39-40 (141, Ox) [2]; P.Ryl.<\/span> II<\/strong> 171.15-16 (55\/6, Herakleia) [3]: P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 69.17-19 (331, Thead) [2]; 70.10-12 (338, Boubastos) [2]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 673.7-8 (IV, ArsN) [1: lessee]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.13-14 (31, Teb) [2 GA]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 315.22-27 (136\/7, Ox) [1: lessee]; SB<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 13850.21-22 (141?, ArsN) [2].<\/p>\n

\n

10. Koitasmos<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In lease contracts, the folding of cattle is regulated in various clauses, such as the clause that reports the act of leasing<\/a>, in which the land is said to be leased\u2014\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018for the pasturage and folding of sheep\u2019)\u2014or in that regulating the return of the object, in which the land is to be returned<\/a> \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6. In two cases, P.Sakaon 71.23\u201324 (306, Theadelphia) and P.W\u00fcrzb. 11.20\u201322 (99 CE, Arsinoites), the folding of cattle is regulated in an independent clause. In P.Sakaon 71.23\u201324, the text runs [\u03bf]\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 [\u03c4]\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf[\u03b9]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9)<\/u><\/a> \u1f22 \u03bc\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018I shall not have the right to make their habitual folds on other fields but only on those belonging to you, the owners\u2019) (transl.: P.Sakaon, p. 176).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 130-131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Section II. Non-agricultural Context<\/h1>\n
\n

11. Account of Duties in Contracts of Labour<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Since in the case of contracts of laobur the creation clause does not report the nature of the contract, a detailed account of individual obligations is necessary. One way of accomplishing this is by reporting these duties in the creation clause (\u2018<\/span>the creation of prospective employer\u2013employee relationship<\/a>\u2019 et al.), using the present or future participle, e.g., BGU I 300.3-5 (148 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (<\/span>l.<\/em> \u03c3\u03b5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf(\u03bd) | <\/span>4<\/sup> \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u1fc3 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | <\/span>5<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 (<\/span>l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2) (\u2018I have appointed you by virtue of the present <\/span>cheirographon<\/em> to administer my properties in the Arsinoite nome and to collect the revenues from the lessees\u2019). Another method is through a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunctives \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 or \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5. \u1f18\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 is followed, in the Ptolemaic period, by the future indicative (cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zenon IV 59787.90\u2013115, l. 94: III<\/span>m<\/sup> BCE, Philadelphia?). In the early Roman period, the tense changes to the infinitive aorist. For \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 or \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, on the other hand, scribes seem to use the infinitive from the outset, increasingly shifting the tense to the aorist as we move towards the Byzantine period. The aorist is also attested in this clause in independent constructions. Furthermore, it is recorded in contexts for which the contract denotes a durative action and, for this reason, calls for the present tense by default. With these constructions commonly used in this clause, occurrences of the aorist infinitive outnumber those of any other form by far: aorist infinitive 77 verbs; present infinitive 12; future infinitive eight; future indicative 15; present participle 26; future participle 22. Cf., e.g., the apprenticeship contract P.Wisc. I 4.5\u20138 (53 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5 \u03bc]\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 | <\/span>6<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323[\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f61[\u03c2] | <\/span>7<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1[\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5]|<\/span>8<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce[\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2] (\u2018In order to learn the whole weaver\u2019s trade, as he also knows it himself, for the period of one year from the present day\u2019) (transl.: <\/span>editio princeps<\/em>, p. 13). Since labour contracts cover a wide variety of activities, their vocabulary is both idiosyncratic and rich. Some verbs are unique to contracts that record the hiring of a wet nurse. Others appear in cessions of liturgy, apprenticeship, and contracts focusing on agricultural activity. Some verbs, however, especially those that generally denote an obligation to supply labour, tend to recur. This is the case especially with the verb \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9, recorded 23 times; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9, recorded in 10 documents; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9 in seven; and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 in six. Other recurrent verbs are \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1f73\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, and \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, each attested four times, \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 twice, and \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u1f73\u03c9, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9 and \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, each in a single document. Cf. also Digest. 19.2.58.1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 50; Westermann (1946): 27-32; Montevecchi (1950): 11; Herrmann (1957\/8): 130-131, 138; Adams (1964): 139, 141; Hengstl (1972): 42-43; Wolff (1974): 79; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 156-157; Bergamasco (1995): 125-127; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 156-158.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 3.18-20 (605, ArsPol) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 300.16-20 (148, ArsN) [part.fut.]; 304.14-18 (641, HerakN) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + aor.]; 323.11-13 (before 14.6.651, ArsPol); II<\/strong> 366.8-14 (645\/660, ArsPol) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + ind.fut.]; 404.10-12 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 + ind.fut.]; 638.2.1-11 (143, ArsN) [ed.: \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9;]; IV<\/strong> 1021.11-18 (III, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6 \u1fbd\u1f03 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; 1062.13-21 (236, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 1112.10-11 (after 4a<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; 1122.14-21 (13a<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; VII<\/strong> 1662.13-20, ll. 13-16 (182, PtolEu) [part.fut.]; 2185 (512?, Herm) [part.fut.]; XIX<\/strong> 2826.7-12 (483\/4,<\/span> Herm) [<\/span>\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes.]; 2827r<\/sup>.19-21 (595, Herm) [inf.aor. in the framework of an homologia]; 2828.1-5 (VIIb<\/sup>, Herm) [inf.aor., context not clear]; CPR<\/span> XVIIa<\/strong> 19.17-19 (321, Herm) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.fut. and aor.]; XVIII 1.6-7, 9-12 (231a<\/sup><\/span>\/206a<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.praes.]; P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.17-18 (206-212, Ox) [inf.aor.]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 20.13-18 (110, AphrN) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 173.1-4 (VI\/VII, UP) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 32.1-5 (c. 240, Oasis Magna); P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 13.3-4 (98, Memphis) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.31-49, 86-102 (551, Constantinople) [inf.aor.]; II<\/strong> 67158.25-28 (568, Antin); 67159.21-34 (568, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.praes.]; III<\/strong> 67305.9-12 (568, Antin) [inf.aor. + praes.]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 59182.7-8 (255a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); IV<\/strong> 59787.90-115 ll. 94a-98 (IIImA<\/span><\/sup>, Phil) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> IV 85.5-6 (244\/3a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.32-38 (569, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + inf.praes: \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.CtYBR inv<\/span><\/strong>. 153.6-10 (VI, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5, inf.aor.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 27.11-17 (132, Teb) [part.fut.]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 91.20-25 (99, Euh) [inf.aor.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.19-23 (158, PtolEu) [part.fut.]; 51.1-6, ll. 3-5 (138-161, ArsN) [part.fut.]; 80.13-15 (I\/II, HermN) [\u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 101.12-14 (78\/91, HermN) [\u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 35.4-10 (48, Ox) [part.fut.]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 9.10-14 (138-161, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.8-21 (565-579, Aphr) [inf.aor. + praes.]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 326.16-19 (98, Ankyron Polis) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + praes:\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 347.1-6 (537, Aphr); 348.1-7? (VI\/VII, UP); P.Hib.<\/span> II<\/strong> 204.1-12 (246-221 or 221-205a<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.8-11 (VI, UP) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.1.29-31 (263, Antin); II<\/strong> 101.14-15 (274\/280, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5]; P.Laur.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 166.2-6 (289\/90, Ox?) [ind.fut.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 306.13-14 (145, ArsN) [part.praes.]; II<\/strong> 331.12-18 (165, PtolEu); V<\/strong> 1705.10-11 (517\/8 or 532\/3, Aphr) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 18.27-35 (161, Ox) [part.fut.]; III<\/strong> 118.16-18 (82, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 125.1-4 (VI, OxN?); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 32-34 (46, Teb) [part.praes.]; 348.25 (26, Teb) [ind.fut.]; IX<\/strong> 574.5-9 (IVe<\/sup>, Kar) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; XI<\/strong> 603.16-21 (134, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 604.13-21 (223, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 56.9-11 (V, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; II<\/strong> 49.2-5, ll. 4-5 (I, ArsN); P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 83r<\/sup> passim<\/em> (III\/IV, Ox) [part.praes.]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.10-11 (50, Kar) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 136.14-34 (583, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.];<\/strong> 138.21-33 (610\/1, Ox) [mostly inf.aor.]; 140.13-17 (550, Ox); II<\/strong> 275.10-13 (66, Ox) [part.praes.]; III<\/strong> 498.28-31, 33-36 (II, Ox) [ind.fut.]; IV<\/strong> 725.13-15 (183, Ox) [part.praes.]; 726.14-21 (134\/5, Ox) [part.fut.]; 727.18-25 (154, Alex) [part.fut.]; 731.4-6 (9\/10, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.fut.]; VIII<\/strong> 1123.15-19 (116, Upper Egypt); XIV<\/strong> 1642.1-9 ll. 5-8 (289, Ox) [inf.aor.]; 1643.6-13 (298, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 1647.21-25 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [part.praes.]; 1692.10-25 (188, Ox) [register]; XVI<\/strong> 1894.11-17 (573, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; XIX<\/strong> 2239.10-16 (598, OxN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 2349.27-38, ll. 33-40 (70, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2769.10-25 (242, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; XLI<\/strong> 2969.6-17 (323, Ox) [oath: inf.aor.]; 2993.1-5 (323?, Ox); 2994.1-11 passim<\/em> (321-324?, Ox) [inf.aor.]; LI<\/strong> 3641.7-15 (544, Ox) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd + inf.aor.]; LVIII<\/strong> 3933.8-16 (588, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 3952.17-30,39-49 (610, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 3958.17-32 (614, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXII<\/strong> 4351<\/span>.1-9 (VI, Ox) [inf.aor.]; LXVI<\/strong> 4530.26-33 (288?, HerakN) [inf.aor.]; LXVI<\/strong> 4596.11-16 (232 or 264, Ox) [part.praes.]; LXXIV<\/strong> 5016.9-12 (IIIl<\/sup>\/IVe<\/sup>, Sinkepha) [inf.praes.]; LXXVII<\/strong> 5107.17-26 (210\/1, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; 5121.8-12 (485, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXXXI<\/strong> 5288.13-18, 22-26 (570, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 + inf.]; LXXXIV<\/strong> 5473.15-29 (561, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1fa7\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; 5474.16-35 (617\/8, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; LXXXI<\/strong> 5288.13-18, 22-26 (570, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.12-14 (54, Ox) [part.praes.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 14.8-9 (431, Ox?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + praes.]; P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 154.9-10 (546, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.7-9 (26, Ox) [inf.aor. and inf.praes.]; 104.8-11 (25\/6, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; 105.2 (432, Ox) [inf.aor.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18.25, ll. 110-111 (139\/40, ArsN); 18.72, ll. 300-301 (139\/40, ArsN); 18.74, ll. 310-312, 316-318 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 88.21-23 (156, ArsN) [ind.fut.]; 322a.2-4 (II, UP); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.19-23 (69, Thead) [imp.aor.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.50-52 (569, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; V<\/strong> 341.21-28 (85, ArsN); VII<\/strong> 658.2-4 (VI, HermN); 678.11-13 (568\/9, Herm) [inf.praes.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 317.28-29 (174\/5, Teb\/Alex) [part.fut.]; III.1<\/strong> 815 1r<\/sup>.2.25-34, ll. 33-34 (223\/2a<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [part.praes.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.9-10 (53, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + aor.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.8 (87, Ox) [inf.aor.]; 241.9-13 (III, Antin) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; IV<\/strong> 377.8-16 (249A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); V<\/strong> 515.10-16 (251a<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [oath + inf.fut.]; 549.7 (41a<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [ind.fut.]; VI<\/strong> 689a.10-13 (423\/4, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 689d.3-5,17 (420\/1?, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + inf.aor.]; 789.11-13 (IA<\/sup><\/span>\/I, HermN); 921.20-24, ll. 22-23 (143\/4, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 + ind.praes.]; IX<\/strong> 1037.11-16 (301, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + aor.]; RMO.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> no. F. 1948\/3.3, ll. 1-6 (II, UP); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.5-9 (II\/III, Alex?); VI<\/strong> 9094.8 (III, Ox?) [part.praes.]; VIII<\/strong> 10205.10-16 (222\/3 or 226\/7, Ox) [inf.fut.]; XX<\/strong> 14400.4-10 (VI\/VII, UP) [inf.aor.]; 14891.4-10 (IV, Oasis Parva); 15033.13-15 (94, Ox) [part.fut.]; 15134.7-10 (483, Ox) [inf.aor.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 17262.8-13 (246 or 256, Ox) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 217.6-10 (581, ArsPol) [\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 + inf.aor.]; XXII<\/strong> 47.6-11 (138-160?, SokN) [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 + inf.aor.].<\/p>\n

\n

12. Exclusivity Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In a contract involving the hiring of a flautist\u2014CPR XVIII 1.11\u201312 (231\/206 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014the prospective employee is prohibited from performing for others without the employer\u2019s consent. \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c5]\u03c1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 12<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f48\u03bb\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c0\u0323[\u03b9\u03ac]\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let him not serve anyone else without the consent of Olympias\u2019). Possibly also in BGU IV 1117.14-17 (13 BCE, Alexandria); CPR V 11.18-20 (IVe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance); P.Bingen 59.20-22 (33 CE, Tebtynis).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: M\u00fcller (1985): 281-282; Kramer (1991): 122-123<\/span> with further literature.<\/p>\n

\n

13. Injunction against Hiring Workers<\/h2>\n

Category: Prohibition<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

This clause is very rarely used\u2014no more than two cases within a very narrow timeframe of five years: P.Amh. II 92.18\u201320 (162\/3 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos) and P.Bodl. I 34.24\u201326 (158\/9 CE, Arsinoites): \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u1f15\u03be\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f60\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd (\u2018And I will not have partner or sublessee who is a subject to dues\u2019). The text is invoked in the context of an epidoche<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\n

14. Breach by Employer<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The contract of labour P.Col. X 255.18-20 (131 CE, Theadelphia), records an agreement regarding the conveyance of dung and sebekh<\/em> to a vineyard. Its owner is obligated to pay the salary, or the transportation charges, if he prevents the employee from performing the due conveyance: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3 or \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1f7b\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (?) \u03c3\u0323[\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018But if you cause me to be without work, I shall receive the freight charges because we agreed on reasonable terms (?)\u2019 (transl.: P.Col. X, p. 31).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Delia (1986): 61-64; Hagedorn (1991): 243-245.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

15. Construction Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The duty of rebuilding or repairing the object of the contract is attested in 35 documents, Roman and Byzantine, from the Arsinoite, Oxyrhynchite, and Hermopolite nomes, and in one case from Byzantine Edfu. Among them, 25 record leases, three labour, three sale, and four loans. The object is most commonly a building (16) or a factory, including equipment and machinery that are prone to deterioration and damage or require permanent maintenance. Accordingly, the list includes two cases of oil-presses, one water wheel, one mill, two granaries, three vineyards, and one palm grove. Stipulating construction may be the very object of the document, as in P.Oslo II 36.8\u201310 (145 CE, Theadelphia), which opens with the following clause: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd | 7<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9|8<\/sup>\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018I acknowledge that I will undertake the construction of mud walls of the aforesaid palm grove\u2019). In most cases, however, the focus is different and the construction clause acquires an accessory position. This occurs especially when the clause is phrased as a genitive absolute, as is most frequently the case (see below). The most commonly used terms are \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f75 (\u2018repair\u2019), sometimes adnominally qualified by \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018partial\u2019) and \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f75 (\u2018rebuild\u2019) and potentially qualified by \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018anew\u2019), the former denoting partial repair and the latter a complete rebuild of the object of the contract. Cf., in particular, P.M\u00fcnch. III 90.4\u20136 (363 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7[\u03c2] \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2) \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 5<\/sup> [\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u0323[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 | 6<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And let the required rebuild or also the partial repair be incumbent on you, the lessee\u2019). The object of repair stands in the genitive: \u1f50\u03bb\u1f75 (\u2018yard\u2019); \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018oil-press\u2019); \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018dwelling\u2019); \u03ba\u1f73\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (\u2018cellar, room, chamber\u2019); \u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018granary\u2019); \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018pond\u2019); \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f75 (\u2018machinery\u2019); \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (\u2018water drawing machine (saqiyah)\u2019); \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018house\u2019); \u1f44\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018instrument\u2019); \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 (\u2018vestibule, porch, portico\u2019); \u1f55\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018watering-place, well, tank\u2019). The term \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f73\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 is used once to denote complete demolition: P.Amh. II 93.18\u201321 (181. Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9{\u03c2} \u2039\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u203a | 19<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \\\u1f22\/ \u27e6Traces\u27e7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac|20<\/sup>\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd|21<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018If any type of repair or rebuilding or breakage of woodwork or tools occurs, you, Stotoetis, shall be responsible\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 118). An especially detailed account of the objects of repair appears in SPP XX\u0399\u0399 177.15\u201322 (136\/7 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1]\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd[\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 17<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf|18<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u2039\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u203a \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd [\u03bf]\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03c1]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9[\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd] | 19<\/sup> \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1[\u03b7\u03b3]\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03b5) | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd[\u03b9]\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f6f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> [\u03b4]\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f44\u0323\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd(?) \u1f44[\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 23<\/sup> [\u1f6f]\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The owner shall bear the expense of necessary repairs to the machinery and press, replacing parts worn out or broken, and furnishing axles, while the lessee shall provide the necessary lumber and pay the wages of workmen\u2019) (transl.: Johnson (1936) 367-368).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Husson (1983): 199; M\u00fcller (1985): 244-246<\/span>.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 253.12-13 (244-248, PtolEu) [GA]; II<\/strong> 606.9-11 (306, PtolEu) [GA]; IV<\/strong> 1115.7-25, 38-51 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [GA]; 1116.11-12 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [GA]; 1156v<\/sup>.22-25 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XI<\/strong> 2033.16-17 (94, Herakleia) [GA]; 2034.9-11 (II\/III, PtolEu) [GA]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 244.14-16 (II\/III, ArsN) [GA]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 93.18-21 (181, SokN) [GA]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span> I<\/strong> 23.11-13 (252, Thead) [GA]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 59302.7 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [GA]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 16.22-26 (239, Euh) [GA]; III<\/strong> 384.62 (489?, Herm); P.Fuad.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> 23.14-16 (283, Herm) [GA]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.12-13 (247, Ox) [GA]; P.Harr.<\/span> I<\/strong> 81.3-5 (VI, UP) [GA]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.b.7-8 (VI, Aphr); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 216.17-19 (94, SokN) [GA]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 76.31-34 (181, Ox); III<\/strong> 108.16-18? (69-79, ArsN) [GA]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 188.16-17 (120, Bac); V<\/strong> 312.32-34 (34, Talei); IX<\/strong> 570.15 (105\/6, Kar); XI<\/strong> 605.14-16 (117, Bac); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 53.18-20 (152\/3, Teb) [GA]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 90.4-6 (363, UP) [GA]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 36.8-10 (145, Thead); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.23-26 (223\/4, Ox) [GA]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 4.8-11 (314, PanopN) [GA]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.19-21 (141, Ox); P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 3.27-30 (89\/90, Thead) [GA]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 539.11 (290\/1, Herm); P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.17-19 (270, PtolEu); P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (V\/VI, ArsN); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.19 (143, SokN) [unique, in penalty clause]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 176.3-5 (V?, Ox); VII<\/strong> 787.18-19 (176\/7?, ArsN); XII<\/strong> 1233.25-27 (323\/4?, PanopN); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5112.59-61 (618, Apol); VIII<\/strong> 9921.16-19 (III, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 11281.28-29 (172, Ox); XVI<\/strong> 13005.19-22 (144, ArsN) [GA]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 177.13-21 (136\/7, SokN) [GA].<\/p>\n

\n

16. Wine Storage<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Wine storage is recorded in one document only, P.Stras. VII 696.7\u201310 (VI, Hermopolis), in which the vendor acknowledges his responsibility to keep the wine in the heliasterion<\/em> (LSJ s.v., place for drying fruit<\/em>) until delivery: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u0323\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f36\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 9<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 |10<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026and I am prepared to keep the aforementioned wine in the place for drying the fruits until their delivery without any objection and delay\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Jakab (2009): 138, 142.<\/span><\/p>\n

Section III. Apprenticeship, Wet-Nurse and Service Contracts<\/h1>\n
\n

17. Obligation to Teach<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Contracts of apprenticeship record the master\u2019s duty to teach the apprentice. The clause may open the document, the duty to teach deriving directly from the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, as in P.Mich. V 346a.1\u20136 (12\/13 CE, Tebtynis). In that case, the clause also reports the duration of the apprenticeship. The clause may also follow an account of the ekdosis<\/em> of the apprentice, as in P.Oxy. II. 275.16\u201319 (36 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 346a.1\u20136 (12\/13 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f48\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u2039\u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76(?)\u203a \u03a8\u03bf\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac|2<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u1f19\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae|3<\/sup>\u03c9\u03bd\u2039\u03bf\u03c2\u203a \u0395\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03 | 4<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f13\u03be | 5<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 6<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u2039\u03c3\u203a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018I, Orsenouphis (also called) Psosneus, son of Kalales, a weaver, acknowledge that I am under obligation to teach Helene, the slave of Herakleon, son of Eirenaios, the weaver\u2019s trade as I myself know it, for two years and six months dating from Pharmouthi of the present forty-second year of Caesar\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Zambon (1935): 65-66; Weber (1932): 62; Hengstl (1972): 91; Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (1999): 155-157.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 59.a.1-2, 7-8 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, PanopN?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1706.5-6 (VI, Aphr); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346a.1-6 (12\/13, Teb); 346b.1-4 (16\/7, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4238.14-16 (128, Thead); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.13-14 (66, Ox); XXXI<\/strong> 2586.16-20 (264, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.12-13 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.14-15 (54, Ox); P.Tebt.Pad.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.11-13 (in hypographe) (IIb<\/sup>, Teb); SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.16-19 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.10-13 (98-103, Ox); SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 40.22-24 (150, SokN).<\/p>\n

\n

18. Failure to Teach<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Eight contracts of apprenticeship from the Roman period take into consideration the prospect that the master fails to teach. In P.Mich. V 346a.9-12 (13 CE, Tebtynis), the scribe provides for the case that the apprentice will be trained but insufficiently. The remedy here is training by the surrenderer at the master\u2019s expense: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03c9, \u1f10\u03b4\u03b1|10<\/sup>\u03be\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac|\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1) \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1{\u03b9}, \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4|11<\/sup>\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 {\u03b5}\u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 12\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9) \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And if I shall not teach her, or she shall be considered not to know what she has been taught, you will perforce have her taught at my own expense\u2019). Elsewhere, the master is subject to epitimon,<\/em> as in P.Oxy.Hels. 29.39\u201344 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u0323[\u03c2 \u1f41] \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323| 40<\/sup>\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u0323\u03b4\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 | 41\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bb{\u03bb}\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 42\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u0323\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 | 43\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bf\u1f57 \u1f14\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b1\u2039\u03c5\u203a\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 44\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7[\u03b5]\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 (\u2018And if Heras himself does not teach the child, let him pay as compensation an equal fine, Heras and Diogenes not suffering any loss concerning the right resulting from the agreement that they have toward each other in all its existing terms\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914): 299; Zambon (1935): 65-66; Herrmann (1957\/8): 129; Adams (1964): 132; Hengstl (1972): 91; Bergamasco (1995): 120, 134; Straus<\/span> (2017): 127, 131.<\/p>\n

P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346a.9-12 (13, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.31-33 (66, Ox); 322.39-40 (36, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.37-39 (66, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.39-44 (54, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18.450ff., l. 455 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.28-30 (53, Ox); SB X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.39-40 (36, Ox); XII<\/strong> 10946.28-30? (98-103, Ox).<\/p>\n

\n

19. Idleness<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Contracts of apprenticeship include a clause dealing with the possibility that the apprentice will be idle for a variety of causes. The commonly used verbs are \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, and \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9. In P.Oxy. II 275.24\u201328 (66 CE, Oxyrhynchos) the period of idleness is reckoned per diem.<\/em> Here the deliverer is given the option of [1]<\/strong>\u00a0placing the apprentice in return (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) at the master\u2019s disposal for an equivalent period of time [II\/III CE, Arsinoites and Oxyrhynchites], [2]<\/strong> paying per diem compensation [Ie<\/sup> CE, Arsinoites and Oxyrhynchites], or [3]<\/strong> alternatively paying a fixed fine. In first-century Oxyrhynchites, remedies [1]<\/strong> and [2]<\/strong> are introduced alternatively.<\/strong> The per diem penalty is abandoned in the second and third centuries CE; here the prolongation of stay is the only consequence of idleness. See, e.g., P.Oxy. II 275.24-28 (66 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03bc\u03b5]\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc|27<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3[\u03c4]\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03b4\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018And if there are any days on which the boy fails to attend, Tryphon shall produce him for an equivalent number of days after the period is over, or shall forfeit for each day one drachma of silver\u2019). Cf. also the illness<\/a> clause.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911):<\/span> 166-167 [P.Petr. III 43.2 with P.Petr. III 42Fe]; Westermann (1914):<\/span> 303; Zambon (1935)<\/span>: 61-62; Herrmann (1957\/8)<\/span>: 129-130; Adams (1964)<\/span>: 140; Hengstl (1972)<\/span>: 112, 114-115; Bergamasco (1994):<\/span> 131-133, 169. Straus (2017):<\/span> 129.<\/p>\n

P.Bad.<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 86.17-20 (99, Hibeh) [1]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.10-11 (121, Paliga) [2]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I 101.8-10 (78\/ 91, HermN) [1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.27-30 (24\/5, Teb) [2]; P.Mich.\u0399nv.<\/span><\/strong> 4299.16-20 (20\/19A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead ?) [2]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.24-28 (66, Ox) [1,2]; IV<\/strong> 724.13-14 (155, Ox) [1]; 725.39-46 (183, Ox) [1]; 731.11-13 (9\/10, Ox) [2]; XIV<\/strong> 1647.39-43 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [2]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.35-39 (264, Ox) [2]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.27 (66, Ox) [1,2]; 2977.29-32 (239\/40, Ox) [1: \u1f41 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; XLI<\/strong> 2988.11-16 (II?, Ox) [1]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong><\/span> 29.33-36 (54, Ox) [1,2]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 385.24-26 (117, Teb) [2]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.22-24 (53, Ox) [1,2]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.9-13, 21-23 (II\/III, Alex?) [1]; X<\/strong> 10236.32-36 (36, Ox) [1,2]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.19-22 (271, Kar); XXII<\/strong> 15538.8-9 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 36 (145, SokN\/Nilopolis) [1]; 40.19-22 (150, SokN) [1, 3].<\/p>\n

\n

20. Days of Rest<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The clause, recorded in four contracts of service, all from Oxyrhynchos, generally follows an established scheme. The employee is allowed to remain idle a set amount of days (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) and the employer shall not deduct these days from his or her salary. Cf., e.g., P.Wisc. I 5.26-30 (185 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f67\u03bd \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad|28<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af|29<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 | 30<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u0323[\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] \u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018But if she should be absent for more days either because of a festival day or because of illness or on account of some imperative necessity on the part of her master, then the hire for those days will be deducted\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 19).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Zambon (1935):<\/span> 62-63; Herrmann (1957\/8):<\/span> 121; Hengstl (1972)<\/span>: 112; Bergamasco (1994):<\/span> 129-130; Straus (2017):<\/span> 128.<\/p>\n

P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 725.35-37 (183, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 1647.36-39 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox); XLI<\/strong> 2971.27 (66, Ox); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.20-26 (185, Ox); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10964.19-21 (98-103, Ox).<\/p>\n

\n

21. Violation of Rest Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Following a clause regulating days of rest during festivals, an additional clause provides for compensation for an additional time of idleness (per diem<\/em> compensation: \u03b5\u03c6\u02bc \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2). This contingency is recorded in one document only: SB XXIV 16253.21\u201325 (98-103 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The measures taken are the surrender (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) of the apprentice by his father after the end of the contract (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) for the purpose of extended paramone<\/em> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1). Alternatively, there is a per diem<\/em> compensation of one drachm: \u03b5\u03c6\u02bc [\u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2(?)] | 22<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3), \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1[\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] | 23<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u1f74\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9] (or [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u1ff3]) | 24<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2] | 25<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u0323[\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018For as many days beyond these that (the apprentice) remains idle, his father shall surrender him abiding by Papontos (or the teacher) after the duration of the contract or let him pay him as compensation for each day one silver drachm\u2019).<\/p>\n

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22. Wet Nurse\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

An account of the duties of the wet nurse is embedded in several contexts: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0surrender of her person (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). [2]<\/strong>\u00a0receipt of her provisions: \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, and [3]<\/strong>, recorded in documents from the chora<\/em>, an account of duties is introduced directly and independently by the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 at the beginning of the body of the text. In cases [1]<\/strong> and [2]<\/strong>, the duties are described in the accusative feminine participle, present tense, with the wet nurse as the subject, of course. In case [3]<\/strong>, the present and (sic!) aorist infinitive are attested. Wet-nurse contracts generally record seven duties: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0the wet nurse must take care of herself and the child (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd), [2]<\/strong>\u00a0not spoil the milk (\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1), [3]\u00a0<\/strong>avoid sexual intercourse with men (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), [4]\u00a0<\/strong>not become pregnant (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), [5]<\/strong>\u00a0and not suckle any other child (\u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd). In one document, BGU IV 1108.12-15a, 23-25 (5 BCE, Alexandria), she is also required [6]<\/strong>\u00a0to pay taxes on behalf of the child (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1). Finally, [7]<\/strong>\u00a0she must safeguard everything she has received from the parent or the owner of the infant and return it upon request (\u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9). In all cases but one, the account of the duties is arranged paratactically, with no apparent causal connection among them. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1106.26-32 (14\/3 BCE, Alexandria): \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2] | 27\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4]\u1f70\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f11\u03b1\u2039\u03c5\u203a\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 28\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 | 29\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10[\u03c0\u03b9]|30<\/sup>[\u03ba]\u03c5\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af|31<\/sup>\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd | 32<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018Since she has undertaken to nurse the child continually, she will provide her honest and appropriate care for the child on a monthly basis. She will not spoil her milk or engage in sexual activity with a man. She will also not become pregnant or take on the responsibility of nursing another child. She will take good care of any possessions or responsibilities entrusted to her and return them when requested\u2019). In one exceptional case, P.Rein. II 103.16-21 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos), sexual intercourse is prohibited as the cause of spoilage of the milk: \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd [\u03bf]\u1f56\u03bd | 17\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u2039\u03b1\u203a\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 | 18\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0]\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03bc\u1f74] \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 19\u00a0<\/sup>[\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03ba\u03c5\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 20<\/sup> \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b7]\u03bc\u03ad|21<\/sup>[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018\u2026 accordingly, Taseus will of necessity provide every assistance and care for the child as is incumbent on her. She will not cohabit with her husband so as not to harm the milk, nor will she become pregnant, nor suckle any other child nor [\u2026.]. And she will hand over the child to Paapes well nourished (?), as is incumbent upon her\u2019). (transl.: Johnson<\/span> (1936): 288\u2013289).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 178; Weber (1932): 61-62; Herrmann (1959): 493-494; Hengstl (1972): 65-66; Bradley (1990): 321-325; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 22-24; Parca (2016): 214-215; Freu (2022): 168.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1058.26-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 1106.25-33 (before 20\/2\/13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1107.11-15, 24-27 (before 27\/2\/12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1108.12-15a.23-25 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; 1109.16-20, 26-29 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 20.25-29 (110, AphrN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Oxy. LXXVIII<\/strong> 5168.16-18 (10A<\/sup><\/span>?<\/sup><\/span>, Ox);\u00a0P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.16-21 (26, Ox) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.4-5 (87, Ox) [\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9].<\/p>\n

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23. Safekeeping in Labour<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The clause introduces the duty of the employee to keep intact objects placed at his disposal by the employer. This provision is especially common in wet-nurse documents from Augustan Alexandria and contracts regulating the hiring of performers in early third-century CE Theadelphia and Antinoopolis. In Alexandrian wet-nurse contracts, the safekeeping clause is followed by a clause establishing a penalty for loss. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1058.31\u201336 (13 BCE, Alexandria): \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 | 32<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd|33<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6|34<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u0323|35<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03b1\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u1f27\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7|36<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 (\u2018\u2026 anything she (i.e., wet nurse\u2019s owner) may receive or is entrusted to her of the properties of the owner of the infant, (she concedes) that she will closely preserve them and return them to him when they are claimed back, or else pay as indemnity for each item its worth, except in the event of evident decay, from which, the decay having become manifest, let her be relieved\u2019). In contracts recording the hiring of performers, instruments (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1) are made available to these employees for the purpose of their work and must be returned intact after the festivities. P.Fam.Tebt. 54.18\u201321 (219 or 223, Antinoopolis?): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 [\u1f10]\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad[\u03c1\u03c7]\u03b5\u0323[\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5] (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5) \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1|20<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b5[\u1fd6\u03b1] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2,] \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03b1 | 21<\/sup> \u1f51[\u03bc]\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce]\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018and whatever implements of your said craft you bring with you, we will return to you in safety\u2019) (Bell, JEA<\/span><\/em> 10 (1924) 145f., followed by P.Fam.Tebt., p. 173). The \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 are specified in P.Corn. 9.12-15 (206, Philadelphia): \u1f45\u03c3[\u03b1] \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1|13<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5) \u1f30\u03bc\u03ac[\u03c4]\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u1fb6 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3[\u1ff6]\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5|15<\/sup>\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and whatsoever garments or gold ornaments you may bring down, we will guard them safely\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1959): 492-493; Wollentin (1961): 56-57; Hengstl (1972): 114; Bergamasco (1995): 126 n. 90<\/span>. Alonso (2012): 77-81.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 1058.31-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1106.31-32 (before 20.2.13, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1107.15-16 (before 27.3.13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1109.19-20 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; 1126.13-14 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [wet-nurse]; CPapGr<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.19-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [wet-nurse]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-15 (206, Phil) [performers]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 54.19-20 (219\/223, Antin?) [performers]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 326.20-23 (98, Ankyron Polis) [contract of service]; SB V<\/strong> 7612.23 (II\/III, Alex?) [apprenticeship].<\/p>\n

\n

24. Failed Safekeeping in Labour<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the wet nurse due conduct clause, the wet nurse is entrusted with unspecified objects by the deliverer, which she is ordered to safeguard and return upon request. If she does not return them, she should pay their value, except for those subject to \u2018manifest destruction\u2019 from whose return she is exempt, if the loss becomes evident. BGU 1107.14-17 (13 BCE, Alexandria); \u1f05 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \\\u03c3\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03b1\u0323\/ \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323|15<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd [\u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd] | 16<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f27\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3[\u03b8\u03c9 (\u2018and whatever she has obtained or has been entrusted with of his assets, let her keep them unimpaired and return them when requested, or let her pay as compensation the value of each object, except for the event of manifest loss, of which, if indeed it becomes evident, let her be relieved\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 178; Herrmann (1959): 492-493; Hengstl (1972):<\/span> 114 n. 102; Manca Masciadri \u2013 Montevecchi (1984): 24.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> IV<\/strong> 1058.34-36 (13a<\/sup><\/span> Alex); 1106.33-34 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1107.15-16 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1108.16a-18 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1109.21-22 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex). 1126.14-15 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPGr<\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.20-22 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Section IV. Liturgies<\/h1>\n
\n

25. Exoneration<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In documents recording the cession of liturgy, the cessionee\u2019s activity should exempt the cessioner from all liability. In this sentence, which appears frequently in the context of \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f79, the cessionee is the implied subject, followed by an infinitive of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9. The exemption of the cessioner is expressed in routinely applied adjectives. Exceptions are listed below. The exoneration clause is also used in two third-century diaireseis from the Hermopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes. A paradigmatic example is P.Oxy. XIV 1626.18\u201321 (325 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 19<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03ae|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1fe5\u03b1\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018… and that I, Ptolemaios, am to provide the salary found to have accrued, in order to make the decani<\/em> free from any trouble, annoyance, or loss in all matters pertaining to said office of rhabdouchos<\/em>\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 2). The same wording is used in the loan contract in P.Oxy. II 270.7\u201310 (94 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the surety is relieved of his duties: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5|8<\/sup>\u03bd\u03cc\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 9<\/sup> \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f27\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 10<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u1fc3 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 11<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u039c\u03b5|13<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1 (\u2018(the acknowledging party declares) that she shall safeguard Sarapion also called Clarus and his assigns in every way against molestation and exaction on account of the security which the said Sarapion also called Clarus has given to Herakleides son of Apollonios son of Chairemon his mother being Herais daughter of Didymos, of the said city, according to an agreement made through the same record-office in the present month Mecheir\u2019). (transl.: Sel.Pap., p. 171).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Hengstl (1972): 72; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 200-201, 203-205.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1062.21-24 (236, Ox); P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49.18-19 (206-212, Ox); P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.11-13 (396, Ox); P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 64.19-24 (269\/70, Ox) [\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.8-9 (211, Herm) [diairesis; \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.7-10 (94, Ox); XIV<\/strong> 1626.19-21 (325, Ox); 1638a.25 (282, Ox) [diairesis]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.18-20 (301, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1037.21-24 (301, Ox) [\u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\n

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26. Immunity of Employee<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

This clause, diametrically opposed to the exoneration clause, is incorporated into documents recording the cession of liturgies. In its sole attestation, the appointee, accompanying the declaring party to the metropolis, is absolved of all liability. The adjectives used to denote this are identical. BGU II 638.10\u201316 (143 CE, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u1f30[ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 | 11<\/sup> \u03b5\u0323[\u1f30]\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1|12<\/sup>\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 | 13<\/sup> \u1f04[\u03c3]\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 14<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5|15<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3], \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1(\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd[\u03b1]\u03b9. … (\u2018\u2026 [Since I have hired ?] you to join me in my journey to the metropolis and follow my commands and I furnish you unassailable and undisturbed in relation to the matters connected with the service, let no one be allowed to transgress any of the terms recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: J\u00f6rdens (1990): 187.<\/span><\/p>\n

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27. Cooperation of Employer<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In a single document, P.Lond. II 306.23-24 (145 CE, Arsinoites), an appointment of assistance by a praktor argyrikon<\/em>, the appointed praktor<\/em> is required to assist the employee, if needed. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 [\u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f41 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4[\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9]\u03c2, \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 24<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af]\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u0323\u03bd[\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And Stotoetis shall join in the work of collecting whenever there is need, because the appointment has been made on these terms\u2019) (transl.: Sel.Pap.<\/em> 2, p. 437).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Hagedorn (1984): 83.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

28. Arrears<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

SB VIII 10205.20-22 (222\/3 or 226\/7 or 242\/3 CE, Oxyrhynchos), recording the cession of the liturgy of tax collection, addresses the event of deficits. The substitutes assume no liability for the deficit, which remains a collective responsibility of the original appointees to the praktoreia<\/em>. (Cf. Lewis, P.Leit.<\/span><\/strong>, p. 29): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4[\u03c5]\u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3|21<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1[\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b1]\u1f50|22<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018The share of the persons who are lacking in means and prove difficult to collect from (should devolve) upon the group of official appointees (to the collectorship)\u2019 (transl. Lewis, P.Leit., p. 28). See also P.Oxy. LXXXIV 5473.24-25 (561 CE, Oxyrhynchos).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Wallace<\/span> (1938): 138-140, 292, 321; Hengstl<\/span> (1972): 72.<\/p>\n

Section V. Marriage<\/h1>\n
\n

29. Symbiosis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The symbiosis<\/em> clause is introduced into marriage documents in the Arsinoite nome in the early Roman period, primarily with \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u1f79\u03c9, the verb introducing reciprocal pronoun (\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \/ \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2), and with the adverbs \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (cf. Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou<\/span> (2019): 60-61). If the marriage was established before the present act, this fact will be recorded as well. P.Ryl. II 154.18\u201320 (66 CE, Bacchias) provides an extended version of the same text, recording the husband\u2019s right to dispose of the prosphora<\/em>. (cf. usufruct clause<\/a>): \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u0323[\u03b2]\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf]\u1f56\u03bd | 19<\/sup> [\u1f11\u03b1]\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf[\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf]\u1f31 \u03b3[\u03b1]\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f25 \u03c4\u03b5 \u0398\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03a7\u03b1[\u03b9]\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4]\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 20<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c5]\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a7[\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1]\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14[\u03c4\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018Let both Thaisarion and Chairemon the parties to the marriage live blamelessly together as in their previous married life, Chaeremon carrying out all the yearly work of cultivation\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 159). In P.Mich. V 340.39\u201340 (45\/6 CE, Tebtynis), an account of their joint daughter is added superlinearly: [\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc]\u03b2\u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 40<\/sup> [\u1f29\u03c1\u03ac]\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \\\u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2)\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \\\u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u1fc6\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1fa7) \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1.\/ (\u2018Accordingly let Haryoutes and Herakleia live together with one another just as formerly, in contentment, as there has been born to them a female child whose name is [ – – ] (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 325). The nominal form \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 is recorded once, in BGU I 252.1.6\u20137 (98 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83 n. 3; Rupprecht (2002): 550.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 252.6-7 (98, PtolEu); IV<\/strong> 1045.1.16-18 (154, Alabanthis?); CPR<\/strong> I<\/strong> 27.11-12 (189, PtolEu); P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 61d.6-7 (II, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 340.39-40 (45\/6, Teb); 606.7-8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.11-12 (343\/358, ArsN); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 154.18-20 (66, Bac); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 225.1-9, ll. 5-6 (IIs<\/sup>, UP); 225.10-24, l. 20? (IIs<\/sup>, UP); IV<\/strong> 237.19-20 (142, PtolEu); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1115.16-17 (152, Teb); 1117.36-38 (138, Teb); PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 10r<\/sup>.14-28, ll. 24-28 ? (173\/4, OxN); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10924.14-15 (114, Thead); XXVIII<\/strong> 17049 (II, Teb).<\/p>\n

\n

30. Husband\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In marriage, the husband is obliged to maintain his wife (see \u2018Maintenance in Marriage<\/a>\u2019); in documents from the Ptolemaic period, Augustan Alexandria, and early Roman Oxyrhynchos, his conduct is also subject to a broad range of restrictions. Some of these restrictions are also recorded elsewhere. Notable examples are \u2018casting out\u2019 the wife (\u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), which recurs in the context of lease and labour contracts, and \u2018dealing fraudulently\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) with her, which is attested in acts of sale, in particular parachoreseis<\/em> as early as the late Ptolemaic period. Other types of restrictions, also found in other contexts, relate to the alienation of family property without the wife\u2019s consent: \u2018alienating\u2019 (\u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd), \u2018selling\u2019 (\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), and \u2018mortgaging\u2019 (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). The terms are used positively, to define the capacities of the purchaser following the conveyance of title to landed property and slaves (cf., in particular, \u2018freedom of future disposition<\/a>\u2019 in wills and the \u2018capacity clause<\/a>\u2019 in sales, diaireseis<\/em>, and secured loans), and negatively, to denote the restraints on these actions in secured sales (see, \u2018Restraint Clause<\/a>\u2019).<\/p>\n

Other restrictions, however, are specific to marriage. This is particularly evident in prohibitions against acts that would compromise the exclusivity of the union: \u2018bringing in another woman\u2019 (\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), \u2018having a concubine or a lover-boy\u2019 (\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), or \u2018begetting children\u2019 (\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). However, restrictions also extend to derogatory conduct that are not, in strict linguistic terms, marriage-specific: \u2018maltreat\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), \u2018outrage\u2019 (\u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), or \u2018committing injustice\u2019 against her (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9). Cf., e.g., P.Tebt. I 104.18\u201323 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 | 19<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b1]\u03b3\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u1f70 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 20<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4]\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03c3[\u03b7]\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd [\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f27\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1{\u03b9} | 22<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f51\u0323\u03b2\u0323[\u03c1\u03af\u03b6]\u03b5[\u03b9]\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \\\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd\/ \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4[\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018It will not be lawful for Philiskos to bring in any wife other than Apollonia, nor to keep a concubine or lover, nor to beget children by another woman in Apollonia\u2019s lifetime, nor to live in another house over which Apollonia will not be mistress, nor to eject or insult or ill-treat her, nor to alienate any of their property to Apollonia’s disadvantage\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 452).<\/p>\n

The clause largely fell into disuse in the Roman period outside the Oxyrhynchite nome but was reintroduced in the sixth century: P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.11-14 (566\u2013573 CE, Antinoopolis). Various forms of abuse\u2014\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, \u1f00\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2014are now subsumed under \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9, which is frequently in use in other formulaic contexts in the Byzantine period. The other long-standing prohibition, that of casting out the wife, is expressed by \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9, a verb attested in earlier times, but the document also gives a list of exceptions, introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2; This allows the scribe to describe the wife\u2019s forms of misconduct and the manner of their prosecution. Withdrawing from the wife\u2019s bedstead, if taken literally, appears more severe than the earlier penalty: \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5] | 12<\/sup> [\u03c0]\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\\\u03c3\/\u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\\\u03b8\/\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u2039\u03bd\u203a| [\u03c0]\u03bb\u0323[\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00]\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03af\u0323 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03bf]\u03af\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323, [\u03bc\u03b7]\u03b4\u0323\u02bc \u1f11\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 [\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6]\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f00]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018In no manner shall I treat you contemptuously (and) cast you out of the cohabitation, except for the cause of prostitution, shameful act, and physical misconduct, that shall be made known by at least three reliable, being citizens and civilians, free persons, and on no account shall I withdraw from your bedstead nor commit any other type of misconduct or insolence\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: H\u00e4ge (1968): 75-80, 160-165; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83-86; Rupprecht (2002): 547; Yiftach (2003): 187-190.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.14-16 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.18-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.15-17 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.21-23? (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.14-17 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.20-24 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.11-12 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 30.b.18-19 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 237.8 (II, ArsN); 238.b.5-10 (II, ArsN); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67310.11-14 (566-573, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.10-12 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.8-9 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.20-21, 28-31 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.4-7 (II, UP); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 2.19-24 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Ifao<\/span> III<\/strong> 5.6-7 (II, Ox); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 339.3 (46, Teb); 343.8 (54, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.14-16 (81-96, Ox); 372.9-12 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 497.2-3 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.13-14 (343-358, ArsN); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.18-23 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.4-8 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 8986.24-26 (641, Apol); XII<\/strong> 11053.c, d (267A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.10-13 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex).<\/p>\n

\n

31. Husband\u2019s Misconduct<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The oldest marriage document from Egypt, P.Eleph. 1.10\u201313 (310 BCE, Elephantine) records the consequences of the husband\u2019s failure to fulfill his marital duties. A detailed protasis<\/em> records his apprehension and sequential incrimination before three men whom both parties approve. The subsequent apodosis<\/em> stipulates the obligation to return the dowry and to pay a fine of 1,000 Alexandrian drachms.\u00a0Unlike later documents, the verb denoting the return of the dowry is \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, which is routinely used for \u2018regular\u2019 payments, rather than for fines. Only the fine is introduced by a compound of \u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, in this case, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, which appears in the aorist imperative (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9): \u03b5\u1f30\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b7\u03b9 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (or \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) | 11<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bc \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u0391, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af|12<\/sup>\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0391. \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 | 13<\/sup> \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (or \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd. (\u2018If Herakleides is convicted of doing any of these, and Demetria proves this before three men, whom they both sanction, let Herakleides return Demetria the dowry of 1,000 drachms, which she has brought into the joint house, and let him pay as indemnity 1,000 drachms of Alexander\u2019s coins. And let the right execution be employed by Demetria and those acting with Demetria, as if resulting from a suit that has been brought to completion, against Herakleides himself, and all his assets, on land and sea alike\u2019).<\/p>\n

In later documents, the board of three men is absent, but the vocabulary remains closely aliegned with that of P.Eleph. 1. So P.Gen. 21.7\u20139 (II BCE,<\/span> Unknown Provenance), in which the protasis<\/em> relates not only to misconduct but also to his neglect of maintaining the wife, still introduces the procedure of the husband\u2019s apprehension. In the apodosis<\/em>, the imperative aorist of \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 is now routinely used, with the dowry and the hemiolion<\/em> as the object: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 | 8<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70\u0313\u0301\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac|9<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018If it is proven that he has done any of these, or did not provide his wife with the necessities, clothing or anything else, let Menekrates immediately pay Arsinoe the dowry increased by a half\u2019). The Alexandrian marriage synchoreseis<\/em> include the clause either with a protasis<\/em> (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3, e.g., BGU IV 1100.25\u201331, 30 BCE \u2013 14 CE, Alexandria), or as direct continuation following an account of the husband’s duties (\u2018Or else…\u2019). In the apodosis<\/em>, the composite verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, here always in the present tense, is followed by the adverb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 and the dowry (\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f75) as the object. The dowry is increased by half (\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1). The praxis<\/em> clause is recorded in the genitive absolute with the wife (or her family members) in the dative. The husband, his sureties, and property are recorded in the genitive, introduced by \u1f10\u03be. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1051.20-28 (30A<\/sup><\/span>\u201314 Alexandria): \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4[\u1f77]|21<\/sup>\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 25<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f57 | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd| 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af|28<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Or else let him (scil. Hierax, the husband), and Didyme (his mother) immediately return the aforesaid dowry increased by a half, Lykaine having the right of execution from Hierax himself and from Didyme his surety, and from whomever of the two she chooses, and from all their property as if resulting from a court action\u2019).<\/p>\n

A clause prescribing sanctions for the misconduct of the husband is absent in marriage documents in the Roman period. It appears only in the Byzantine period, but with significantly altered vocabulary. The only concrete duty that the husband violates, and is specified in this clause, is that of casting out his wife. Other forms of misconduct are subsumed under kataphronesis, which functions here as an umbrella term, as in other types of \u2018paramonic\u2019 contracts. See, in particular, the phrase \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67310v<\/sup>.1\u20135 (566-573, Antin):\u2627 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 [\u03bc]\u03ad \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c6[\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af] \u03c3\u03bf\u0323\\\u03c5\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1]\u03c6\u0323\u03b7[\u03b3]\u03b7\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1[\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd], \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03c3]\u03b5\u0323 | 2<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u0323[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9], \u1f11\u0323[\u03c4\u03bf]\u03af\u0323[\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u0323[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c7\u0323[\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4]\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1fc7 \u03ba[\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd]\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323[(\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2)] | 3<\/sup> [\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bc]\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b7] \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff3 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \\\u1f00\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb]\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u1f51\\\u03c0\/\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]\/, [\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af]\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03bf\u03c1\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 4<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u0323\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If it happens that I show you contempt at any time whatsoever or on any occasion in the aforementioned manner, or cast you out without reasonable cause as aforesaid, I am prepared to pay you, on account of a penalty for your contempt, 18 solidi<\/em> demanded with action and paid by me indisputably, without objection, delay, chance postponement, lawsuit, judgement, any excuse or any sort of legal demur\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 217-226 ; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 85-87; Rupprecht (2002): 549; Yiftach (2003): 187-190<\/span>.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.16-19 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.20-28 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.18-22 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.27-32 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.18-23 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.25-31 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.12-14 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.12-19 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.10-13 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.22-24 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.7-9 (II, UP); P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. 2.19-24 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1711 .42-49, 68 [with P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67310v<\/sup>.1-5] (566-573, Antin); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.18-23 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.8-9 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb).<\/p>\n

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32. Wife\u2019s due Conduct<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The act of marriage elicits a type of paramone<\/em>: the wife must remain with her husband, and he may not cast her out. In the Ptolemaic period, the duties of the wife are reported both positively, and negatively in two separate clauses. In P.Tebt. I 104 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris), which may be considered paradigmatic, we read (ll. 13\u201315): [\u1f14]\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1{\u03b9} \u03c0[\u03b1]\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1fc6[\u03ba\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 (\u2018Apollonia shall remain with Philiskos, obeying him as a wife should her husband, owning their property in common with him\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, 452). The first part of the clause, in terms of content, closely resembles paramone<\/em> contracts, stipulating the employee\u2019s duty to remain with his employer and follow the employer\u2019s instructions (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.). However, the vocabulary of the labour contract is deliberatedly avoided, to maintain a clear distinction between marriage and a regular labour contract. Thus, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f71 + dat., \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1, and normal marital conduct as behavioral standards (\u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1fc6[\u03ba\u03cc]\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2) are unique to this type of contract. K\u03c5\u03c1\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 is alien to labour contracts, of course. The vocabulary here is that accustomed in documents that grant title to an alienated asset (See, in particular, the capacity clause<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The paramonic background is also evident in the clause that regulates the wife\u2019s conduct. In P.Tebt. I 104.27-31 (92 BCE, Kerkeosiris), we read: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7[\u03b4\u1f72] | 28<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \\\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\/ \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce[\u03bc]\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9[\u03b9] | 29<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1[\u1f76] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5[\u03af]\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9] | 30<\/sup> \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018In the same way it shall not be lawful for Apollonia to spend the night or day away from the house of Philiskos without Philiskos\u2019 consent or to have intercourse with any man or to ruin the common household or to bring shame upon Philiskos in any way that causes a husband shame\u2019). The wording \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 is well attested, verbatim<\/em>, in paramone<\/em> contracts. Other formulations, \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, correspond to those used in wet-nurse contracts, where the wet nurse is enjoined against engaging in sexual intercourse and against spoiling her milk. In the first case, however, the verb differs (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u1f73\u03c9 rather than \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9), while in the second, although the verb remains the same, the object differs entirely: \u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b1 instead of \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2. The verb \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03c9 is, on the other hand, confined to the marriage contract.<\/p>\n

The Alexandrian synchoresis<\/em> presents a different formulation. BGU IV 1101.14\u201317 (13 BCE, Alexandria): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af(\u03b1\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5(\u1fd6\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1(\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78(\u03bd) | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd] \u03b2\u03af\u03bf(\u03bd) \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf(\u03bd) \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5(\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6(\u03c2) \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba(\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) | 16<\/sup> \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c9\u0323(\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce(\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8(\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb(\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd(\u1f78\u03bd) | 17<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f36\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb(\u03c9\u03b9) \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018And Dionysia shall observe her duties toward her husband and toward the joint family, shall not stay out of Ammonios\u2019 house by night or by day without Ammonios\u2019 consent, shall not ruin or inflict damage on the joint family, and shall not become intimate with another man\u2019). The key innovation is \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1, which conveys the same meaning as \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. While documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome maintain continuity with their Ptolemaic counterparts, those originating in the Arsinoites prescribe the wife\u2019s \u2019proper conduct\u2019 without specifying her individual duties: P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.10 (172-175, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c3\u03ac\u03ca\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0395[\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0]\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018Let Tephorsais conduct herself blamelessly and irreproachably in the course of the marriage\u2019). The sixth-century documentation returns to the Ptolemaic level of detail but employs an entirely different vocabulary to do so. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Masp. III 67310.14\u201319 (566-573 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f60\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323, | 16<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u1f76] \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f05\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03be\u1f76\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\\\u03c2\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\\\u03b1\u03b9\/[\u03c4\u03ac]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af[\u03c7\u03b1 \u1f55]\u03b2\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f01\u0323\u03c8\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f01\u03c8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f35\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd[\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 18<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u02bc \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1f72 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5, \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c3\u0323\u03bf[\u03b9] | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03ce\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd{\u03b5}\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1[\u03ad\u03c3]\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018And indeed your propriety showing obedience to me and maintaining toward me all goodwill and complete affection in all fine and beneficial deeds, being subject to me in all manners that are befitting for all noblest wives to display toward their fortunate and most beloved husbands without outrage, swift disdain, and contempt of any kind, but shall always keep the household and will remain favorably disposed toward me\u00a0consequent upon my good and chaste devotion to you\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 83-86; Rupprecht (2002): 548-549, 551; Yiftach (2003): 190-195.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1045.20-21 (154, Alabanthis?); 1050.19-23 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.28-31 (30a<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.22-29 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.32-39 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1100.31-35 (30a<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.14-17 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 24.26-27 (136, PtolEu); 30.b.20-22 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 237.4 (II, ArsN); 238.d (II, ArsN); P.Bon.<\/span><\/strong> 26.2-3 (I, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.137-142 (566-570, Antin?); III<\/strong> 67310.14-19 (566-573, Antin); 67340v<\/sup>.14-19, 40-47 (VI, Antin); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.17-20 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.9-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. 2.15-17 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 220.8-9 (223\/4, PtolEu?); P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 82.4-8 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 294.18-19 (160, PtolEu);\u00a0 V<\/strong> 1711.34-42 (566-573, AntinN); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.10 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.13 (81-96, Ox); 372.12-13 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 497.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 131.14-15 (363, ArsN); P.Tebt.<\/span> I<\/strong> 104.13-15, 27-30 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.1-2, 9-10 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Teb); PSI<\/span> I<\/strong> 64.1-4, 18-22 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); SB<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 8986.27-29 (641, Apol); XII<\/strong> 11053.e (267a<\/sup><\/span>(?), Tholt?); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.13-16 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XXVIII<\/strong> 17050.6-7 (II, Teb).<\/p>\n

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33. Wife\u2019s Misconduct<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Sanctions against misconduct on the part of the wife are introduced in the earliest marriage document, P.Eleph. 1.10-13 (310 BCE, Elephantine): the document does not contain an independent clause, recording the duties of the wife. Rather, they are reported in the present clause, in the protasis<\/em>. Should she be apprehended acting fraudulently resulting in her husband\u2019s shame (\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b9), she is to be deprived of everything that she has brought into the marriage. Appended is an account of the accusation procedure, which is identical to that found in the clause relating to the husband\u2019s misconduct (ll. 6-8): \u03b5\u1f30\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u27e6\u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u27e7 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, | 7<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f67\u03bc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, | 8<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 (…\u2018If Demetria is discovered doing any evil to the shame of her husband Herakleides, she is to be deprived of all that she brought, but Herakleides shall prove whatever he alleges against Demetria before three men whom they both approve\u2019 (transl. Rowlandson (1998):<\/span> no. 123). The clause is also recorded in Alexandrian marriage synchoreseis<\/em>, where we find both texts with (BGU IV 1098.39: ed.: [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1), and without protasis<\/em> (BGU IV 1051.32, below). The verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 (\u2018show\u2019, \u2018prove\u2019) is also used in the clause penalizing misconduct by the husband. In this case too, there are some echoes of the incrimination procedure of P.Eleph. 1, but it is hardly as institutionalized as there. Misconduct will result in the wife losing her dowry. Appended is the general penalty clause<\/a>, subjecting both parties to prostimon<\/em> for misconduct. BGU IV 1051.28-35 (30 BCE-14 CE, Alexandria): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5 \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u02bc \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 31<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f36\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 32<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7\u03bd] | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u27e6\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u27e7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u2039\u03c3\u203a\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2) | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 | 35<\/sup> \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u1ff3 (\u2026..\u2018and (on the understanding that) Lykaina does not (sleep away or) be away for a day from Hierax\u2019s house without Hierax\u2019s approval, or damage the home, or be with another man, or (if she does), after being judged guilty of having done so, she is deprived of her dowry apart from that whoever violates the terms of the contract is subject to the prescribed penalty\u2019). While the clause enumerating acts of misconduct by the wife is still incorporated in the chora in the late Ptolemaic period, the present clause is replaced by that introducing divorce on the wife’s initiative. In the Byzantine period, a clause treating the consequences of misconduct of the wife employs the same terminology (in particular the verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9) as that relating to misconduct on the part of the husband. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1711.49-52 (566-573 CE, Antinoopolis): \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 50<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03af\u03b1\u03c2] | 51<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f34\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2) \u1f10\u03c0\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323[\u03c2] | 52<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u0323[\u03bc]\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u03b9\u0323[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u03bc \u00a0\u0323[ \u00a0\u0323] \u00a0\u0323[ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] (…\u2018you, my aforesaid bride and wife, Scholastikia, being subject to the same, equal penalty if you show contempt to me under the provisions recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 217-226; Beaucamp<\/span> (1992): 85-87; Rupprecht (2002): 549; Yiftach (2003): 190-195.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1050.23-24 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.32-33 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1052.29-31 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1098.39-40 (19-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1101.17-18 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); IV<\/strong> 1463.1-4 (246A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.10-13 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1711.49-52 [with P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 67310v<\/sup>.4-5] (566-573, Antin).<\/p>\n

Section VI. Violation of Duty<\/h1>\n
\n

34. Breach of Terms of Contract (General)<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause that introduces sanctions for the failure of a worker or a lessee to perform the duties as in the contract is relatively rare. It also varies considerably by time. Four relevant documents are early Ptolemaic, stemming from the Zenon archive; they report the duties in general terms. Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zen. IV 59787 ll. 90-115 (III BCE, Philadelphia?): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323[\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5]\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd,<\/span>| 100<\/sup><\/span> \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 [\u03c4]\u03bf\u1fd6[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u0323[\u03bb]\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 | 101\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f22 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 102\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03ad\u0323\u03b7[\u03b9 \u03c4]\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 | 103<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 (\u2018If they do not perform, the sureties themselves will be allowed to perform them, or else let them pay as compensation whatever these works require\u2019). Clauses with similar contents are attested throughout the Roman and Byzantine period but are so differently formulated as to rule out any sense of continuity. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1119.25\u201327 (6\/5 BCE,<\/span> Alexandria): \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 26\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03bc\u03c0[\u03ad]\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 [\u1f10\u03b3\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]|27<\/sup>\u03c6\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u2039\u1f70\u203a \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 (\u2018And if some of the vines or the roses are lost, I shall plant as a substitution the same plants in the course of the year\u2019). P.Flor. III 384.31-35 (489 CE, Herm): \u03b5[\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf] | 32\u00a0<\/sup>\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c3\u03cd \u03c4\u03b5 \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03ac[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2] | 33<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2] \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 34\u00a0<\/sup>\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4[\u1f78] \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u1f11\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1]\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03bf\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3[\u03c4\u03b9]\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018If you do not perform this, you, the lessee, and you the sureties, mandatores<\/em>, and each of you shall pay by virtue of mutual surety the penalty stipulated below\u2019). See also Digest.19.2.51pr.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 149-160, 163; 164; Herrmann (1958): 149-150; Visky (1970): 346; Hennig (1972): 116-117.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 323.13-17 (651, ArsPol) [labour; failure to detain]; II<\/strong> 404.5-10 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6[\u03c2] |<\/u> \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 |<\/u> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce(\u03c3\u03c9) |<\/u> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03c9 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79);]; 644.35-38 (69, SokN) [lease; unclear]; IV<\/strong> 1065.12-15 (98, ArsN)?; XIX<\/strong> 2837.17-21 (582, Herm)?; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.4-7 (83-96, Alex) [lease; \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3*]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67305.26-27 (568, Antin) [labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4[\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03c3\u1f7a \u1f00\u03bd\u0323[\u03ac]\u03b3\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4(\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3]\u03b9 \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fd6]\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b9[\u03c2, \u1f00]\u03ba\u0323\u03c1[\u03af]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9[\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be]\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u0323\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc[\u03bd\u1f78]\u03bd\u0323, | \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03c3]\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c7\u03c1[\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2] \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b4\u03cd]\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc(\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd);]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 59668.2-4 (256-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil?) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71;]; IV<\/strong> 59787.90-115, ll. 99-104 (IIIA<\/sup>,<\/span> Alex) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323[\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5]\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 54.18-23 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf];\u00a0IV<\/strong> 79.18 (256A<\/sup><\/span>-248A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u0323[\u03ad\u03bb]\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \\\u1f00\/\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6[\u03b9] [ -ca.?- ];]; X<\/strong> 255.16-18 (131A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9|\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u03b7[\u03b3\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323[\u03bd];]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 69.7-9 (Ia<\/sup><\/span>\/I, UP); P.Flor. III <\/span><\/strong>384.31-35 (489?, Herm) [lease; ed.: \u03b5[\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf] | \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2;]; 384.31-35 (489, Herm); P.Gen. IV<\/strong> 188.18-20 (616, ArsPol\/Bousiris); <\/span>P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> I 20.12-15 (319, Oasis Magna) [failing to purchase the object]; <\/span><\/strong>P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1166.13-15 (43, Herm) [labour; ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1[\u03cd]\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9;]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4436g + 4344, ll. 15-17 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Thead?) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6]; V<\/strong> 349.11-13 (30, ArsN) [labour; no delivery of product];P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 5.9-11 (241, Kysis) [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03d5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.];\u00a0 P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.19-21 (138, Ox) [ed.: \u03bf\u1f57 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1[\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9;]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.14-17 (301, Ox) [labour; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.47-49 (257, Senepta\/Nomou Epoikion) [labour; ed.: \u1f00\u0323|\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03bf\u0323\u1f57 \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u0323[\u03b8\u03ad]\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323;]; LXII<\/strong> 4350.12-15 (576, Ox) [collection of taxes], 4351.10-13 (VIl<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); P.Pintaudi<\/strong> 34.12-14 (after 235, ArsN); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 16, ll. 70-71 (139\/40, ArsN) [ed.: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72] | [\u03bc\u1f74] \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 [.]\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5[ – – ;];<\/u>\u00a0 44.6-7 (VI, Antai\/Aphr); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup>.19-20 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour; ed.: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f67\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd [\u03bc]\u1f74\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] |20<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd];]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 815.5r<\/sup>.10-27, l. 23 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; SB <\/span><\/strong>XXVI<\/strong> 16662.5-6 (VI, AntaiN); XXX <\/strong>17338.19 (621, ArsPol): [labour; \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u1f72 (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u1f76) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2]; 17408.1-6 (V\/VI, UP) [labour; \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72] \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u0323\u1fc7 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u0323 [\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd | 5<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\n

Section VII. Standard of Conduct<\/h1>\n
\n

35. Epimeleia<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The clause \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The maintenance and care shall be incumbent on me the lessee\u2019) is used in just 11 documents, the earliest from the early third century and the latest from the early fourth, all originating in the Arsinoite nome. The clause is attested only in the cases of houses, yards, and livestock, and never in land leases. A possible, yet severely damaged antecedent is P.Athen. 15.4 (83\/96 CE, Alexandria) -ca.?- \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03be\u0323\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u0323[ -ca.?- ]. In house leases, the term \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 is used in combination with \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 to denote the lessee\u2019s obligation to maintain the house unimpaired\u2014a duty paired with the lessor\u2019s responsibility of making repairs. A case in point is BGU I 253.12-15 (244\u2013248 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6[\u03c2] | 13<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 | 14<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd|15<\/sup>[\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018The repair or rebuild required in the future shall be incumbent upon you, while I will be responsible for maintenance and attention\u2019). In contracts that record the lease of livestock, the \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 is mentioned alongside the lessee\u2019s right to the offspring. Cf., e.g., P.Princ. III 151.17\u201318 (after 341 CE, Ibion): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3|\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1[\u03ad]\u03c8\u0323[\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u0323[\u03c2 \u1f10]\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018The offspring of these also belongs to the lessee, and its care and entire maintenance is incumbent upon him\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: N\u00f6rr (1960): 187,<\/span> n. 2; M\u00fcller (1985): 268-269; Alonso (2012):<\/span> 26-36 with further literature.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 253.12-15 (244-248, PtolEu) [house]; II<\/strong> 606.11-12 (306, PtolEu) [cattle court]; XI<\/strong> 2034.11-12 (II\/III, PtolEu) [house]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 244.17 (II\/III, ArsN); P.Alex.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 5.20-21 (215, ArsN) [livestock]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.1-4 (83-96, Alex); P.Haun.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 55.12-13 (325, Dinnis) [room]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1833.8-9 (IV, UP) [livestock]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 4.4-5 (314, Panop) [garden and olive yard]; 9.4 (339, PanopN) [date palm]; P.Princ.<\/span> III<\/strong> 151.17-18 (after 341, Ibion) [livestock]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 99.9-10 (III, HermN) [domain land]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 71.22-23 (306, Thead) [livestock]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 37.19-21 (270, PtolEu) [house]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7814.29-30 (256, Ox) [dovecote]; 8086.14-16 (268, Sentrempaei) [livestock].<\/p>\n

\n

36. Kataphronesis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Duties, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

With a single forerunner in the Roman period\u2014P.Ryl. II 88.24\u201326 (156 CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1[\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30]\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f22 \u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 | 26<\/sup> \u1f45\u03c1\u03ba[\u1ff3] (\u2018… the responsibility, if anything occurs by my neglect, resting on my private property\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 54)]\u2014the kataphronesis<\/em> clause, setting out the consequences of contemptuous conduct, is recorded only in the Byzantine period, in two cases in leases of vineyards, and under sharecropping conditions (e.g., SB VIII 9778.15\u201318: VI CE, Arsinoites). It entitles the lessor, in the case of kataphronesis<\/em> in the course of the contract, to deprive the lessee of his share of the product. Cf. e.g., P.Ross.Georg. III 51.22\u201325 (630 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4]\u1f72 \u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323[\u03b9]\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7[\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f22 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7(\u03bd) | 24<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u0323 | 25<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd) \u03c6\u03b8\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1[\u03cd]\u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018If I show contempt with regard to the maintenance of the estate or am condemned for inflicting damage on the product itself, you will be entitled to remove me from the estate without compensation, even if I have already completed the vintage\u2019), where the case of contempt is considered alongside that of inflicted damage. A different formulation and vocabulary are applied in P.Flor. III 384.83\u201390 (489 CE?, Hermopolis), which records the leasing of a bath: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 84<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f41[\u03c0\u03bf]\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c3\u0323[\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 85<\/sup> \u03b4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 | 86<\/sup> [\u03bc]\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f40\u03bb[\u03b9\u03b3]\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 | 87<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5]\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u0323[\u03c3\u03c4]\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u0323[\u1fc6]\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03b2\u03b1]|88<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af]\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4]\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd| 89<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6(?)] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u0323 \u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (perhaps \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd ?, editio princeps<\/em>, p. 116) \u03c4 \u0323[ \u0323] | 90<\/sup> [ -ca.?- \u03c7]\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u0323[\u03b5\u03c4]\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018None of the parties having the right, you, the lessee, to neglect the lease or to conduct yourself carelessly with regard to the heating of said bath and said matronicium,<\/em> or to wish (?) to pay less than the agreed rent – – without my written act of partnership (?)\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: N\u00f6rr (1960): 186-192; Hennig (1967): 79; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 246, 257.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 74.4 (VI, UP); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 384.83-90 (489?, Herm); P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 46.20-21 (559, Aphr); P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 51.22-25 (630, ArsPol); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 88.24-26 (156, ArsN); SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9294.21-23 (VI\/VII, ArsN); VIII<\/strong> 9778.15-18 (VI, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

37. Blabos<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Liabilities<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/p>\n

The nouns \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7, as well as the verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9, are routinely used in diverse formulaic contexts (cf., e.g., protopraxia<\/a>, duties in lease<\/a>, wife\u2019s conduct<\/a>). In penalty clauses<\/a>, the transgressing party is sometimes subject to compensation for \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7. The clause presented here is different, in that the \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 is the key circumstance that elicits the consequences recorded in the apodosis<\/em>. The employee\u2019s fault is implied in SB III 7188.43 (154 BCE, Arsinoites), and is explicitly stated in P.Mich. V 312.32-33 (34 CE, Talei). The consequence is merely the repair of the inflicted damage: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) | 33<\/sup> \u03b2\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03b2]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u03ba\u2039\u03bf\u203a\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (\u2018If any damage occurs to the bronze vessels through fault of the lessees, the repairs shall be a charge against them\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 248-249). Compensation for damage without blame is set out in the Byzantine labour contract P.Cair.Masp. I 67001.26-28, 31-32 (514 CE, Aphrodite): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f10\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018If a damage should result from the assigned estate, we, the aforesaid, without delay assume responsibility to your reverence (for compensation) at our own expense in full) \u2019, (26-28) and \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 | 32<\/sup> \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018\u2026and indeed we will, as stated, assume responsibility for the same damage at our own risk and from our own assets\u2019). (31-32).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 26-27; Taubenschlag (1955): 458-460.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1122.26 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.12-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN ?); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67001.26-28, 31-32 (514, Aphr); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.32-34 (34, Talei); SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 7188.43-46 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

38. Loss of Object of Service<\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties, Compensation<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In P.Bas. I 2.10-12 (190 CE, Arsinoites?), four camel drivers are entrusted with the transportation of three male camels. The clause deals with the prospect of the death of some of the camels as they are being transported. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 11<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03af\u03c3]\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be [\u03b1]\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd \u1f41\u03b4\u1f78\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc[\u03b5]\u1fd6\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1|12<\/sup>\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1[\u03b1]|\u03b3\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7[\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78[\u03c2] \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 (\u2018Should one of them fall in the way, we will bring you his mark to you and no investigation will be conducted against us\u2019).<\/p>\n

\n

39. Theft<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Before the Byzantine period, the act of theft is recorded in just three documents and is discussed in detail in only two: P.Mich. X 587.10\u201312 (24\/5 CE, Tebtynis) and PSI X 1120.4 (Il\/IIe<\/sup> CE, Unknown Provenance). In the former, theft is treated in an extensive clause that penalizes various types of misconduct: apospasis<\/em>, apallag\u00ea<\/em>, damage, and any other type of violation. The protasis<\/em> discusses theft expressis verbis<\/em> (\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) as well as the retention of objects given to the employee for safekeeping (\u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd). Taking as an exception the violent removal of the object (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | \u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9), the document introduces in the apodosis<\/em> a different penalty for \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 and withholding of an object given for safekeeping. The penalty for \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 is fivefold, for \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 150% with regular interest, and for a withheld object its simple value as assessed by the employer\/depositary: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 | 17<\/sup>\u00a0\u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u0323[\u03c4]\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5|18<\/sup>\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1{\u03bd}, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f11\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb[\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03c9\u03bd) | 2<\/sup>0<\/sup>\u00a0\u1f22 \u03b1\u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03b7\u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3]\u03b1\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9) \u1f22 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u2039\u03c3\u03bf\u203a\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b6\u2039\u03bf\u03bc\u203a\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7) | 21<\/sup> \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f09]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f22 \u03bb\u03b1|22<\/sup>\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 23 <\/sup>\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u2039\u1f41\u203a \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 24 <\/sup>\u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03c1]\u1fc6\u0323\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c2 \u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 | 25 <\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) [(\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26 <\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03af]\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u2039\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2\u203a | 27<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11]\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ae(\u03c3\u1fc3) | 28<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd | 30<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd {\u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 | 31<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70) | 32<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9[\u03b3]\u03bd\u0323\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd) \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u1f09\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 33<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7(\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7(\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac|34<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and it shall not be permissible for Pabelle\u2019es to remove his daughter within the period, but if he does remove her, or if she herself departs of her own free will, or if they violate any of the aforesaid terms in any other way, or if she is convicted of stealing(?) or damaging or removing anything belonging to Harmiysis or his representatives, or does not restore in sound condition whatever she has received to guard, unless it is taken from her by force, the party of the first part shall pay forthwith to Harmiysis both the forty-eight drachmai of silver that he has received from him as aforesaid, increased by one-half and with the interest, and a fine of one hundred drachmai, and to the treasury, and the damages; and for each day on which she is disorderly \u2026 (he shall pay) three obols<\/em> of bronze and the principal, and five times the value of the stolen object, and one and a half times the value of the object removed {and simple interest}, and if she does not return or restore it in sound condition (he shall pay) the price corresponding to the value as assessed by Harmiysis, the right of execution resting with Harmiysis against both the debtor and his property, as if in accordance with a legal judgment\u2019).<\/p>\n

The act of theft is also taken into consideration in Byzantine contracts that record the lease of vineyards under sharecropping conditions. In this context, the act of theft may be considered in connection with kataphronesis<\/em> and the premature removal of crops. SB XVIII 13999.1\u20133 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03b4[\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03ae\u0323\u03c3[\u03c9] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u0323[\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c0]\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fe6] | 2<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b8\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af[\u03b1\u03bd] | 3<\/sup>\u00a0[\u1f51]\u03bc\u0323\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03be\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018If I show contempt toward the work, or am found guilty of theft of the fruit, and obviate the time of the vintage, you shall have the authority to chase me out of them without any (objection?)\u2019). Both the Roman and the Byzantine documents allude to some act of formal procedure of proof, expressed in P.Mich. X 587 through \u1f01\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 and in SB XVIII 13999 through \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u0323[\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb[\u03bf\u03c0]\u1f75\u03bd. Cf. also P.Berl. Zill. 8; Berger (1911): 176.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914): 296-297; Taubenschlag (1955): 452-458; Freu (2022): 312.<\/p>\n

P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 19a.10-12 (110, HermN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 587.22-27 (24\/5, Teb); P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.17-19 (10, Philagris);\u00a0P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 677.7-10 (VI, Herm); PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1120.4 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, UP); SB<\/span> XVIII<\/strong> 13997.10-12 (VIIb<\/sup>, ArsN); 13998.9-12 (VI\/VII, Alexandrou Nesos); 13999.1-3 (VI\/VII, ArsN); 14000.11-13 (VI\/VII, ArsN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-32","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":102,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2576,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/revisions\/2576"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=32"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}