{"id":33,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:16","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-7-provisions\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T15:20:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T13:20:55","slug":"chapter-7-provisions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-7-provisions\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 7: Provisions","rendered":"Chapter 7: Provisions"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

The following three sections focus on payments and provisions set forth in the contract in addition to remuneration: provisions that are needed for the performance of the contractual duties, the maintenance of the employee or other principal, and, finally, taxes owed on the object of the contract. In all three cases, scribes apply two main methods. One is the \u2018sphere of responsibility\u2019 formula: invoking the genitive absolute, the provision owed as the subject; the participle of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77 + \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77 + the responsible party standing in the accusative. In this construction, no reference is made to the date or extent of the delivery; the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 is optional in the case of provisions and routine in that of taxation. When the other method is used, the present or future act of delivery is recorded.<\/p>\r\n

Here, two constructions appear. The verb may be used absolutely, without a direct object, as in verbs that denote maintenance such as \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9. Much more common, however, is the use of verbs of delivery: \u2018give\u2019 or \u2018receive\u2019 followed by the object of the delivery or the receipt in the accusative: \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 in the case of delivery, and \u1f01\u03c0\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9 in that of receipt. As the direct object, the scribe records the category of provision\u2014\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75. Alternatively, the commodity (in cash or in kind) appears as the direct object and the category is introduced by a preposition or a semi-prepositional construction (in particular: \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u1ff3, \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd). Finally, the verb of delivery or receipt is followed by specification of the commodity distinct from any generic designation. Such is the case in clauses that regulate the delivery of seeds, animals, and materials needed for the performance of the designated act. Such clauses are used in different contractual settings. Some are exclusive to leases, as in expenses, seeds, or animals in lease. Others are common in contracts of labor and marriage, while a third group, composed of clauses that regulate the payment of taxes, are common in any contract that entails the conveyance of a taxable object.<\/p>\r\n

The categories are different in each of these three sections: prochreia<\/em> in provisions, tropheia<\/em> in maintenance, as are the types of commodities involved. The accounting in each section also varies in accordance with the nature of the legal act. Namely, all contracts that record the transfer of title (temporary and permanent alike) regulate the payment of taxes but the accounting is much more elaborate in lease contracts than in acts of sale. In the category of maintenance, the husband\u2019s duty to provide for his wife is based on the general standard of befitting, with no recording of quantities or types of nourishment as are reported in contracts of labour.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section I. Expenses<\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

1. Expenses (General)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Expenses\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Several clauses in lease contracts assign expenses entailed by the contract to different parties: \u2018taxes in lease<\/a>\u2019, \u2018seeds<\/a>\u2019, \u2018construction costs<\/a>\u2019, \u2018transportation costs<\/a>\u2019, and others. See the respective entries. In the present case, by contrast, the scribe takes expenses into consideration without necessarily addressing their specific purpose, notably by using the adjectives \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 or \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u2018the remaining expenses\u2019; cf., e.g., P.Aberd. 45.16-18 (141 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd (...\u2018and the charges for the dioikesis<\/em> paid on other accounts shall become my responsibility\u2019), or P.Heid. V 351.24-25 (534\/5 CE, Aphrodite): [- ca.15 - \u03c4]\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1(\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 | 25<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (...\u2018and we will assume the other expenses jointly\u2019). The PSI I 32.15-17 formulation (208 CE, Herakleopolites) is simpler: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2018all the expenses will be borne by you\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 142<\/span> [in lease]; Herrmann (1958): 131-132; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 210<\/span> [liturgies].<\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV 1120.19-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XX<\/strong> 2869.21-23 (57\/8, ArsN?); P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 45.16-18 (141, SokN) [GA; ed.: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd;]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.20-23 (162\/3, SokN) [\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9; \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 170.25-26 (54, Thead) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 . . \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03b9; ed.: [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03bc\u0323\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22\u0323 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd;]; P.Cair.Masp. I<\/span><\/strong> 67104.16-17 (530, Aphr) [GA; \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.9-12? (204, Ox) [\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; ed.: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[ -ca.?- ];]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.10-11 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [ed.: \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5;]; P.Flor. II<\/strong> 368r<\/sup>.11 (96, Herm); P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 20.9-10 (319, Oasis Magna) [\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u03c6\u1f79\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd*]; P.Heid.<\/span> V<\/strong> 351.24-25 (534\/5, Aphr) [\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.1-2 (VI, Herm) [ed.: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323[\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 -ca.?- ];]; V<\/strong> 1794.13-14 (488, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; 1833,2-7 (IV, UP); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 310.11-12 (26\/7, ArsN): [ed.:[\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1510.5-11 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [\u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd]; XLIX<\/strong> 3484.18-21 (72\/3, Ox) [GA: ed. \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u0323[\u03c9]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323;]; LXI<\/strong> 4132.30-34 (619, Ox) [ed.: \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 31<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 32<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6) \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 33<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u1f13\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd]; LXVII<\/strong> 4597.20-21 (294, Ox) [GA: \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Sarap.<\/strong> 51.20-26 (125, Herm); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 92.11-12 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9; \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 218.12-14 (150, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9; \u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 108v<\/sup>.2.5 (93A<\/sup><\/span> or 60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bd);]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 17.12-15 (180-192, ArsN) [phoretra]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 22.23-25 (130, Maoza) [ ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf|\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd;]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 32.15-17 (208, HerakN) [GA; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 316.10-11 (328, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; SB<\/span> I <\/strong>5112.59-62 (618, Apol);; XIV<\/strong> 11599.15-17 (155, UP); XVIII<\/strong> 13885.5-7 (547\/562, ArsPol) [GA,<\/span> ed.: \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c7\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f05\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03cc]\u03c1\u03b8\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03bd;]; XXVI<\/strong> 16569.14-16 (62 ?, Euh) [ed. [\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4]\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 15<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u0323[\u03b9\u03b2]\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323[. . . . . . .] | 16<\/sup> [- ca.11 - \u03bf\u1f30]\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03bf[\u03b9\u03c2;]; SPP XXII<\/strong> 177.33-34 (136\/7, SokN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

2. Seeds<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Seeds are recorded in purchase contracts with future delivery, loan contracts, and lease contracts. In documents of the last-mentioned type, we distinguish among four usages: [1] in the rent clause<\/a>, where the recorded rent is said to be reckoned with or without the inclusion of seeds; [2] in a clause stipulating the lessee\u2019s duty to sow the land<\/a>; [3] in some cases of prochreia;<\/a> and [4] in the present case, where the seeds are recorded in a special clause and carry no label. The sixty-nine documents listed below date to all four periods: the Ptolemaic (thirteen documents), the Roman to the end of the third century (thirty-four), the late Roman (five), and the Byzantine (fifteen).<\/p>\r\n

The term for seeds in all periods is \u03c3\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. When expressed by means of a noun, the act of supply is termed \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, a combination largely superseded in the sixth century by \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1. The clause is not uniform; rather, ten documents record past and one-time delivery with an independent clause [Type1]<\/strong><\/a>. The clause commonly takes the form of an homologia<\/em>, the verbs \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 expressing the act of receipt. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XLIX 3488.23-25 (70\/1 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5|24<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\\\u03b9\/\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 25<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 (\u2026\u2018And the lessee acknowledges that he has received from Dionysios ten artabae of wheat as seeds\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

A recurrent future receipt [Type2<\/a>: fourteen texts]<\/strong> may take the form of an independent clause, the subject of which is commonly the assignor. The act of delivery is denoted through \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 as well as the active or medial voice of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9. Type2<\/strong> is especially well documented in the early Ptolemaic sources but remains in use in later times as well. BGU VI 1263.11-13 (215\/4 BCE, Tholthis): [\u03b4\u03cc]\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u02bc\u00a0\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u0395\u1f54\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1[\u03bf\u1fe6] \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u2039\u03af\u203a\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018let Eupolis give them as seed for each aroura one wheat artaba for his personal use\u2019); P.Tebt. I 108<\/span>v<\/sup>.2.4 (93\/60 BCE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9) \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (\u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b9\u03b5) (\u2026.\u2018on the condition that he shall give fifteen artabae as seed\u2019); SB VI 9110.15-17 (26 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8]|16<\/sup>\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f13\u03be ] | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba[\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018The lessor shall provide the lessees with sixteen artabae of wheat and ten artabae of barley as seeds and the work of ox-teams\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The recurrent supply of seeds may also be expressed participially in the genitive absolute [<\/strong>Type3<\/strong>:<\/a> twenty-two texts]. The clause may record the assignment or receipt of the seeds, the subject being the assignor and the assignee, respectively.<\/strong> The vocabulary, however, is different from that used in Type2<\/strong>. The act of supply is expressed through \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9. Cf., e.g., P.Flor. I 20.21-23 (127 CE, Theadelphia): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf|23<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd (\u2026. \u2018said Horos providing seeds, a sower, and the weeding\u2019); P.Lips. I 23.21-24 (374 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9\u03b3]\u03b9\u2039\u03b3\u203a\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03b5) | \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b1] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1|\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5|\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (read \u03bc\u03ad|\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 (.\u2026\u2018me undertaking the [supply of] the seeds and all expenses from sowing to harvest\u2019); P.Flor. I 18.22-24 (147\/8 CE, Arsinoites): \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 23<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (...\u2018me receiving the seeds from the public granary every year on their account\u2019). Alternatively, the document may treat the requirement of provision in general terms: defining the party who should provide the seeds in \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2 with the accusative, the provision itself standing as the subject (the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019). This formulation [Type 4<\/a>: eighteen texts]<\/strong> appears almost exclusively in the genitive absolute (e.g., P.Ifao III 31.19-20 (73\/4 CE, Tebtynis): [\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c3]\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7[\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2] | 20<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4[\u1f78\u03bd] \u1f48\u03bd\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c6[\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018the provision of the seeds being the responsibility of Onnophris\u2019); SB XIV 11855.26-27 (547 CE?, Aphrodite): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03b7\u03c2)) (\u2018and the seed-corn being provided in equal shares\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Herrmann (1958): 129-130;<\/span> Michurski (1956): 132-137.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.15-16 (186, ArsN) [4; sperma]; 197.12-14 (17, Dionysias) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9]; 227.14-16 (151, ArsN) [2; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: sperma]; 308.11-12 (VI-VII, ArsN) [4; sperma]; III<\/strong> 840.3-4 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [sperma]; VI<\/strong> 1263.11-13 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1264.15-17 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1266.13-15 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [3; \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9: sperma]; X<\/strong> 1943.7-8 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.6-7 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 2384.3-4 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 2389.5-6 (scr.int.), 21-22 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Apoll.<\/span><\/strong> 57.5-6 (VIIl<\/sup>, Apol) [2; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: spermabolia]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.4-6 (III, UP) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 59.18-20 (33, Teb) [2; \u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: spermata]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 67128.11-18 (547, Aphr); III<\/strong> 67308.1-3 (526, Aphr) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u0323\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.9-12 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 18.22-29 (147\/8, ArsN) [3; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: sperma]; 20.21-23 (127, Thead) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 25.10-15 l. 12 (IIIm<\/sup>?, PtolEu) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; III<\/strong> 282.17-20 (520, Aphr) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.27-32 (189\/90, Phoboou, OxN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 2.14-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 68.22-23 (549\/50 or 564\/5, Aphr) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 351.19 (534\/5, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; 353.3-4 (VI, AntaiN) [4; spermabolia]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.14-15 (27, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; III<\/strong> 31.19-20 (73\/4, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.17-18 (116, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 22.14-16 (388, HermN) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; 23.21-24 (374, Herm) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; 24.6-8 (IV, Herm) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; P.Lond.<\/span> I<\/strong> 113.4.16-19 (595, ArsPol) [4; alongside other provisions]; V<\/strong> 1649.13-17 (516-532, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; 1841.18-19 (536, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 311.16-17 (34, Talei) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; IX 555.17-18 (107, Kar) [2; \u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: sperma]; XII<\/strong> 632.15-16 (26, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 633.4-7 (c. 30, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.18?-20 (III, OxN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 24.17-19 (297, Teb) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 46.16-17 (559, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 239.9-11 (156, Teb) [4; sperma]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.14-15 (1, Thead) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 34.8-9 (188\/9, Phil) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1628.14-18 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 1629 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XVI<\/strong> 1976.14-21 (582, Ox) [1; \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: spermabolia]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.21-25 (112, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 2775.8-15 (3, Ox) [1; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2]; XLI<\/strong> 2973.22-23 (103, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XLV<\/strong> 3260.14-16 (323, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9?; sperma]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.23-27 (70\/1, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; LXIII<\/strong> 4398.17-24 (553, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 44.6 (VI, Antai\/Aphr) [3; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Sorb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 17.5-9 (scr.int.), 5-10 (scr.ext.) (257A<\/sup><\/span>, Mermertha) [\u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 218.10-11 (150, ArsN) [1; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: spermatismos]; VII<\/strong> 673.1 (IV, ArsN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 108v<\/sup> 2.6 (93a<\/sup><\/span>\/60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Yale<\/span> I<\/strong> 67.12-13 (31, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; PSI<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 934.8-11 (VI, Aphr) [2; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: spermabolia]; X<\/strong> 1129.11-13 (24\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1134.19-20 (91, Teb) [4; spermabolia]; SB<\/span> IV<\/strong> 7474.8 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; VI<\/strong> 9110.15-17 (26, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 9589.10-12 (VIl<\/sup>, ArsPol) [4; sperma]; VIII<\/strong> 9922.9-11 (159, Theog) [4; sperma]; X<\/strong> 10216.15 (III\/IV, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XIV<\/strong> 11487.17-19 (91\/2, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; 11843.15-16 (95, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; 11855.26-27 (547?, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.18-19 (547\/562, ArsPol) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1]; XXII<\/strong> 15240.11-13 (156A<\/sup><\/span>, Ammonias) [1; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: spermatismos]; XXVI<\/strong> 16662.3-4 (VI, AntaiN) [3; spermabolia]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 22.10-12 (216\/7, Herak\u039d) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; ZPE 200<\/strong>, 2016, pp. 336-346 (163, Ophis, OxN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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3. Prochreia<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Advance Payment\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The prochreia<\/em> is recorded in sixty-two documents: one recording the sale of wine, eleven labour contracts<\/a>, twenty loan contracts<\/a>, and thirty lease contracts<\/a>. The clause is safely attested for the first time in a legal document in the lease contract SB<\/span> X 10274 from 98 CE Oxyrhynchos and then recurs in contracts until the seventh century CE. In leases<\/strong>, the object is cash, grain, or cattle. In lease contracts, two usages in particular stand out for their frequency: [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> eight documents stipulate the lessor\u2019s general duty to come up with a prochreia<\/em> of seeds during the term of the contract, although the occasion on which the seeds are to be supplied is not specified. This usage is always expressed within the framework of a genitive absolute, the category sometimes [Type1a]<\/strong> functioning as the subject (1a: e.g., P.Sakaon 70.7-9 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 8<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1]\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03b9[ \u0323 \u0323] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018And the prochreia<\/em> of the seeds will be provided by you, the land owner, [... ] from the common threshing floor in the best quality\u2019), sometimes [Type1b]<\/strong> as the object with the lessor as the subject [below, 1b. E.g. BGU II 586.21-23 (324 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\\\u03b1\/ \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad\u03c1]\u03bc[\u1f71]\u03c4\u0323o\u03c2 [ \u0323 \u0323] \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018you, the landowner, providing all the quadrupeds and the prochreia<\/em> of seed\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> recording specific past or future assignment: in three documents, the lessee acknowledges the receipt of grain at the beginning of the contract (Cf., e.g., P.Oslo III 135.14-19: 286-293 CE, Oxyrhynchos). In three others, the delivery of oxen as part of the prochreia<\/em> is recorded in the contract (e.g., P.Col. X 284.12: 311 CE, Oxyrhynchos and below) and in another, the wine-sale contract PSI X 1122.19-22 (VI CE, Oxyrhynchites), the cash payment is meant to be used by the lessee for the acquisition of livestock. In all other cases in which a prochreia<\/em> is recorded, it is connected with the delivery of cash, usually at the beginning of the term of the lease. In thirteen cases, the document records the delivery of a prochreia<\/em> by the lessor to the lessee (e.g., P.Berl.Zill. 7.22-23: 574 CE, Oxyrhynchos and below). In one document only, P.Stras. V 336b.25-26 (212\/3 CE, Arsinoites), delivery is by the lessee to the lessor and effectively functions as an advance payment of some of the rent.<\/p>\r\n

In loan<\/strong> contracts<\/strong>, the clause records the delivery of cash. The prochreia<\/em> has some key features of a paratheke<\/em>: it is designated \u1f00\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018warranted against all risk\u2019), and instead of setting out the date of return in advance, it is conditioned on a certain event: an initiative by the lender, the borrower\u2019s leaving the latter\u2019s estate or, if the borrower owns a piece of land currently in the lender\u2019s possession, being cast out of the estate. Moreover, the prochreia<\/em> is closely connected with an estate, for which reason the prochreia<\/em> is usually qualified in the genitive (cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XVI 1975.6-10 )<\/span>496 CE, Oxyrhynchos(<\/span>: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf and further below), or with an agricultural activity that qualifies the prochreia<\/em> mostly in the genitive (cf., e.g., SB VI 9459.1-5 (VI CE, Arsinoites): \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, and further below).<\/p>\r\n

The tight connection between the prochreia<\/em> and an object or a task is also evident in contracts of labour,<\/strong> e.g. P.Mich. XVIII 792 (221 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd and further evidence below. In labour contracts, the prochreia<\/em> is also used as a prepayment of some of the salary, the quantity and quality of which are detailed in the preceding clause. Cf., e.g, P.Heid. V 350.30-35 (612 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6. In the specific context of an apprenticeship contract, the prochreia<\/em> functions as a loan from the master to the apprentice\u2019s assignor. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXI 2586.30-34 (264 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The loan contract P.Michael. 44.11-14 )<\/span>527 CE, Aphrodite(<\/span> is paradigmatic: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4[\u03b1]\u03c2 \u1f14[\u03c7\u03c9 (?)] | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 [\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76(?)] | 13<\/sup> \u03a4\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u2039\u03ba\u203a\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 (?)] | 14<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[ -ca.?- ]. (\u2018And I have them with me for the same agricultural plot of mine, which is under your control, in the surroundings of Tmous Pond under the category of prochreia<\/em> alongside the other assignments in cash and kind that have already been undertaken\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Herrmann (1958): 130-131; Kastner (1962): 34-36; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 276-284; Freu (2022):<\/span>\u00a0e.g., 44-50, 118-122.\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 295.13-17 (591, ArsPol) [2; loan]; II<\/strong> 586.22-23 (324, ArsPol) [1b; lease; seeds?]; CPR<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.20-21 (IV, Herak) [lb; lease; seeds]; O.Claud.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 572.2-5 (140, Mons Claudianus) [2; loan, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 149.7-12 (VI, Ox) [2; loan; \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u1fbd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b7\u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Berl.Zill.<\/span><\/strong> 7.22-23 (574, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.9-12 (604, Herm) [2; loan; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2]; 82.7-11 (533, Herm) [3a; \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9* \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*; loan, cash] ; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 284.12 (311, Ox) [2; lease; oxen]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 70.6-9 (VII, Herm) [2; loan; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59.1-4 (V\/VI, AntaiN) [2; loan]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346.10-12 (VI, UP) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; 350.30-35 (612, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 44.1-3 (VI\/VII UP) [2; loan]; 48.15-18 (582, Ox) [2; loan]; P.Ifao<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 8.7-20 (64, Thead) [2; loan]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.5-7 (418, OxN) [2; loan; \u1f27\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 46.13-17 (153, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.7 (VI, ArsN) [1a; labour]; 113.4.17-18 (595, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; III<\/strong> 1037.2-10 (VI, HermN) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u0323\\\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\/\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 | \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6;]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 666.28-30 (615\/631\/646, Aphr) [2; lease; cash for cattle]; XV<\/strong> 728.1-3 (IV\/V, UP) [2; loan]; XVIII<\/strong> 792.6-11, 11-17 (221, Ox) [2; labour; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd* \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 43.12-14, 19-20 (526, Aphr) [2; Lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 44.11-14 (527, Aphr) [2; loan]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.29-33 (127, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; VI<\/strong> 267.23-28 (125\/6, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 135.14-19 (286-293, Ox) [2; lease; delivery by lessor; delivery in kind]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.12-16 (138, Ox) [3; lease; future cash delivery by lessor]; VI<\/strong> 910.13-21 (197, Pekerke\/Ox) [2; lease; delivery by lessor; seeds]; VIII<\/strong> 1125.2-9 (II, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; XVI<\/strong> 1975.6-10 (496, Ox) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]\u03c6\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf;]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.30-34 (264, Ox) [2; Labour]; L<\/strong> 3589.13-16 (II, OxN) [2; lease; by lessor; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; LXVII<\/strong> 4596.16-21 (232\/264, Ox) [2; labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u0323[\u03b1\u03c2] | \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2;]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5320.15-18 (227\/8, Ox) [2; lease; oxen; by lessor; \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u0323\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [- ca.35 -];]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 34.a.6-12 (VI, ArsPol) [2; loan; ed.: \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5;]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 74.309-310 ? (139\/40, ArsN) [labour]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 15.3-7 (104, MagdMir) [2; loan; ed.: \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323|\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f72\u03be \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323];]; 20.6-9 (121, Herm) [1; loan]; 51.8-9 (125, Herm) [2; cash]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.7-9 (321, Thead) [1b; lease]; 70.7-9 (338, Boubastos) [1a; lease]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 336a.26-28 (212\/3, ArsN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 336b.25-26 (212\/13, ArsN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessee]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 378.11-16 (265, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1078.21-23 (356, Lenonos) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; X<\/strong> 1122.19-22 (VI, OxN) [2; sale; wine; cash allowance for the purchase of oxen]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4739.13-14 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 9284.6-11 (553, Herm) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae[\u03bc\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u03c2;]; 9459.1-5 (VI, ArsN) [2; loan; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; 9589.7-10 (VIl<\/sup>, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; X<\/strong> 10274.11-13 (98, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 10565.6-15 (155, ArsN) [2; loan]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.17-21 et al. (547\/ 562, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; XX<\/strong> 15027.7 (475, OxN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; XXII<\/strong> 15769.14 (311, Ox) [2; lease; oxen]; XXIV<\/strong> 15959.3-5 ? (VIf<\/sup>, Aphr) [2; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 [\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2*;]; 16274.6-7 (V, UP) [2; cash]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 217.15-18 (581, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4]; 219.26-28 (604, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

4. Animals in Lease<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Animals are treated in twenty-three lease contracts: ten Roman (to the end of the third century), and thirteen Byzantine. All are recorded in documents from well-documented nomes, particularly in the Arsinoite source material (19). A rather wide variety of terms is used to designate livestock; the most common and seemingly \u2018official\u2019 term is \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018quadruped\u2019), used whenever the established genitive absolute construction is invoked in order to introduce the lessor\u2019s responsibility for the provision of the quadrupeds (see text below). Within the relatively limited body of evidence, however, one also finds other general terms\u2014\u03ba\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (always in the plural: \u2018flocks and herds\u2019), as well as those recording more specific types of animals: \u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018calf\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (\u2018bullock, bull, ox, or cow\u2019), \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 as well as their adjectival derivatives: e.g., P.Sakaon 67.10 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n

The treatment of animals in lease contracts is twofold. Rarely [Type1]<\/strong> terms of their nourishment (BGU XII 2139.14-15 (432 CE, Herm): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u0323[\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1ff6\u03c2] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f30\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba(\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) (\u2026.\u2018on the condition that you feed one goat with the soilage of the yields of the felicitously upcoming second indiction\u2019). More common is a provision for the delivery of livestock: this is expressed in key formulations, the first [Type2a]<\/strong> being a general discussion of the requirement in the genitive absolute. In most of these cases, the livestock appears as the subject and the person responsible for providing it stands in the accusative, introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (the \u2018sphere-of-liability\u2019 formula). In this case, the livestock is to be supplied alongside other provisions. Cf., e.g. BGU III 840.2-4 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd | 3<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9(\u03bd) | 4<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3]\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018\u2026responsibility for the [supply of] quadrupeds of every type, the advance payment of seeds, and the pulling out of the fodder belongs entirely to you, the landlord\u2019). In a different formulation, also in the genitive absolute, the provider is recorded as the subject of the clause [Type2b]<\/strong> and the livestock as the object, as in the case of BGU II 586.21-23 (324 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\\\u03b1\/ \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad\u03c1]\u03bc[\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2 [ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018you, the landlord, providing all the quadrupeds and the seed loans\u2019). Elsewhere, the document records the lessee\u2019s acknowledgment of receipt of the livestock [Type3]<\/strong>: P.Col. X 284.12 (311, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf (\u2018and I have received two young oxen on loan\u2019). The remaining documentation stipulates the future delivery or receipt of the cattle [Type4]<\/strong>. P.Sakaon 67.9-11 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] \u03b6\u0323\u03c5\u03b3\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf|11<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf]\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03ba\u03bf]\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018I shall also receive a sufficient number of teams of oxen and asses from the time of irrigation to the harvest, including the harvest itself\u2019). This formula recurs in P.Oxy. IV 729.16-17 (138 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1f70\u0323 \u2039\u03b4\u1f72\u203a [\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u1ff3 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> [\u03a6\u03b1\u1ff6\u03c6\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5]\u03bd\u0323\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc[\u03ae\u03c3]\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (...\u2018and the lessees will receive the cattle [\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7] required by the water-supplier, five oxen and three calves, at their value on the twentieth of Phaophi of the twenty-third year and will document in writing the return of the estimated value when the term of the contract comes to an end\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl. Schnebel (1925): 172-180, 352-355 [lease]; Bolla (1940): 9-13;<\/span> Taubenschlag (1955): 369 [lease]; Herrmann (1958): 132-133<\/span>. Compare Pernin (2014):<\/span> no. 64.<\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 308.10 (IV-VII, ArsN) [2a]; II<\/strong> 586.21-22 (324, ArsPol) [2b]; III<\/strong> 840.2-3 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2a]; XII<\/strong> 2139.14-15 (432, Herm) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong>\u00a0284.12 (311, Ox) [3]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 16.19-22 (239, Euh) [3]; P.Gen.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 34.3-5 (156, ArsN?) [4]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.6-7 (VI, ArsN) [2a]; 113.4.17 (595, ArsPol) [2a]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.41-43 (34, Talei) [3]; XI<\/strong> 609.31-34 (244, Teb) [4]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.15-17 (III, OxN) [3]; 24.19-20 (297, Teb) [2b]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 81.3-4 (III, UP) [3]; P.Oxy.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 729 .16-18. 39-44 (hyp.) (138, Ox) [4]; XLI<\/strong> 2973.23 (103, Ox) [2b]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.9-11 (321, Thead) [4]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.23-25 (69, Thead) [4]; 2.20-21 (71, Thead) [4];\u00a0\u00a0P.Vind.Sijp.<\/strong><\/span> 10.16 (V\/VI, ArsN) [1]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9294.17-18 (IV\/VII, ArsN); 9459.14-16 (VI, ArsN); 9562.18-19 (214, Phil) [4]; 9589.7-10 (VI, ArsPol) [2a]; X<\/strong> 10573.10-12 (11A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN\/OxN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.17-19 (547\/562, ArsPol) [2a]; XXVI<\/strong> 16569.21-23 (62?, Euh) [4].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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5. Athanatos<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

According to the communis opinio<\/em> the adjective \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 means that the lessee would be liable to return the objects of lease at their stated value regardless of their wear and tear and particularly, in the case of cattle, of the demise of individual items. The designation \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 is used for the qualification of animals, and routinely appears in the clause recording the act of leasing<\/a> (cf., e.g., P.Stras. I 30,4-9: 276 CE, Theadelphia), in that stipulating the terms of their restitution<\/a> (cf., e.g., SB 11024.17-18: 328 CE, Arsinoites), as well as in the replacement clause<\/a>. In P.Vind.Sijp. 10.7-10, the lessee acknowledges the immediate receipt of money on account of the price (for the purchase?) of \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 of the status of \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 destined for the irrigation work. He has also received one chisel for the purpose of the work (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd). The chisel, too, is said to be \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. Here the scribe reports the metal and the weight. In the present case, labeling the object \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 would imply that after the period of lease ends, the lessee will be required to return objects of the same value, if not the money itself, notwithstanding the condition of the objects originally purchased. P.Vind.Sijp. 10.7-10 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u0323\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03b6\u1ff4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f13\u03be \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 | 9<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)] \u03c7\u03c1(\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03bd\u03bf(\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) \u03db \u03c0(\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70) \u03ba\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b4 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 \u03be\u0323\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03be\u03bf\u0390\u03b4\u03b1) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f15\u03be (\u2018I, the lessee Nilammon, having already received from you, the landowner, forthwith from hand to hand, from the house, as the price of cattle in the category of immortals, that render service in lifting water for said land, six gold solidi, twenty-four keratia deducted, total six gold solidi, twenty-four keratia deducted, in the measure of this city, and for the execution of the work one chisel, it too in the category of immortals, of pure iron, six litra in weight\u2019). Identical contents probably recur in P.Ross.Georg. III 55.14-16 (630 CE, Arsinoiton Polis). See also CJ. 8.37.8 (294 CE).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 352; Bolla (1940): 66-82; Taubenschlag (1955): 370; Pr\u00e9aux (1966b): 161-164; Hengstl (1979): 238; J\u00f6rdens (1988): 99-104; Alonso (2012): 56-61.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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6. Supply of Materials<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause that documents the supply of commodities is incorporated into sixty-eight documents from the Roman and Byzantine periods: 28 leases, nine labour contracts, and 31 sales of wine. Except for the last category, it is never routine. Regionally, 20 documents stem from the Oxyrhynchite nome, 19 from the Arsinoites, and 16 from the Hermopolite nome. In its most common iteration (48 cases), the clause takes the form of a genitive absolute, recording in most cases the act of delivery and not the receipt of the provision. However, the independent clause, in the infinitive or in the (future) indicative, is also attested (11 cases). The most common verb that denotes supply is \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, used in 50 texts, followed by \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (5), \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 or one of its composites (5). As the object of the delivery, the clause may record all the recipient\u2019s requirements for the performance of the contract. E.g., P.Vind.Sijp. 10.5-6 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c7\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f05\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03cc]\u03c1\u03b8\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03bd (....\u2018you, the landlord, furnishing all types of objects that I wish for the maintenance of said estate\u2019). In most cases, however, the object of the delivery is specified: recurrent are empty jars (\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1) [Cf. Mayerson (1997): 47-52]<\/span>, recorded nine times; flax (\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1: 2) in the context of leases of a linen weaving workshop or fishing rights; and papyrus rolls (\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: 2), when the recipient\u2019s duties involve scribal activities. The location of the clause varies, inserted where its record makes the most sense. Thus, in the lease of linen weaving workshop P.Dubl. 31.12-18 (355 CE, Panopolis), the lessee is instructed in the rent clause to provide ten linen items as rent, for which the lessor is expected, in the same context, to provide the raw material: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 | 13<\/sup> \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|15<\/sup>\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f51\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 (... \u2018and I shall pay as rent, on the one hand for the half part, two hundred silver talents, and as rent on the other hand for the two loom-frames (?) [I shall pay you] by weaving ten linen items, with you providing the raw material\u2019) (transl.: P.Dublin, p. 164). In contracts recording deliveries of wine, the provision of the jars is recorded in the context of the delivery of the wine. Cf., e.g., P.Amst. I 48.10-15 (VI CE, Hermopolites): \u1f05\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 (l<\/em>. \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1) \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|11<\/sup>\u03b4\u03ce\u0323\u03c3\u03c9\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03b9]\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u03c4\u1ff7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u1f74\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 | 12<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u1f30\u03bd[\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba]\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u0323\u1f34\u0323\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03bd\u03ad\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03bb\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 | 14<\/sup> \u03bc[\u03ad]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03ba \u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 ( ...\u2018which I shall repay you on the occasion of the harvest in the month of Mesore of the fruits of the felicitous fifteenth indiction in new, excellent, and acceptable wine, each knidion<\/em> measuring three xestoi<\/em>, you supplying new jars for this purpose\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 132-133; M\u00fcller (1985): 253-254 J\u00f6rdens (1990): 324-325; Mayerson (1997): 47-52; Jakab (2009): 139-144.<\/span><\/p>\r\nGA: genitive absolute; ic.: independent clause\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 981.11-17 (77, Diospolites) [GA; choreg.: papyrus rolls and exp. connected with the conventus]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> IX<\/strong> 25.9-10 (Vm<\/sup>, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 4.12-13 (VI, Alexandrou Nesos) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XVIII<\/strong> 5.99-100 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; XIX<\/strong> 31.10-11 (Vs<\/sup>, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Amst.<\/span><\/strong> I 48.15 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 23.19 (82, Thead) [GA; choreg.: \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 6.6-7 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 232.15 (III, Ox) [GA; parech.]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.6-9 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 31.16-17 (355, Panop) [GA; parech.: \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 65.8-9 (570\/1, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 190.15 (522\/3?, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.17-24 ? (249, OxN) [ic.; parech.: \u1f04\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Heid.<\/span> V<\/strong> 358.6 (524\/5, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.1.31-39 (263, Antin) [GA; parech.:<\/strong> waste pieces (cf. commentary, pp. 144-145)]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 306.16-18 (145, ArsN) [GA; choreg.: papyrus rolls]; 390.3 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; III<\/strong> 1001.21 (539, HermN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; III<\/strong> 1166.11-13 (43, Herm) [ic.; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9:<\/span> fodder]; V<\/strong> 1833.2-4 (IV, UP) [GA; parech.:<\/span> pasturage]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.34-38 (34, Talei) [GA; parech.:<\/span> lead]; 349.9-11 (30, ArsN) [ic. (ind. fut.); \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9:<\/span> mulberry trees]; IX<\/strong> 560.18 (46, Kar) [ic.; choreg.]; XI<\/strong> 608.11 (VI, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.6-13 (III, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> ropes and other requisites]; P.Naqlun<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 23.7-8 (c. 590-596, Naqlun) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 43.2 (140\/1, Prosopites) [ic.; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.5-7, 10-11 (138, Ox) [ic.; parech.: the necessities (with additional account)]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.17 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [ic.; choreg.: \u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.17 (301, Ox);\u00a0XLV<\/strong> 3250.20-22 (c. 63, Ox) [Part.; parech. (med.): provision of the boat; seamen]; XLVI<\/strong> 3267.10-11 (37-41, Ox) [ic.; parech. (med.): fishermen]; XLIX<\/strong> 3512.14-15 (492, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; L<\/strong> 3596.34-36 (219-255, Ox) [ic. (homologia); \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; LXXVII<\/strong> 5123.14-15 (555, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.PalauRib.<\/strong><\/span> 21.8 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1];P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.13 (521\/2, Antin) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 101.12-13 (198-209, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 51.21-22 (630, ArsPol) [ic.; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 (\u1f14[\u03c3]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd):<\/span> chisel]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 97.10-11 (139, UP) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1 and a storehouse]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 50.8-10 (124, HermN) [ed.: \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u0323 \u1f51|9<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 {\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 | 10<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u0323\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1;]; 51.18-20 (125, Herm) [GA; parech.: water, bonds and a bale picker]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 2.8 (VI, HerakN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.10 (435, Herm) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; VII<\/strong>\u00a0677.4-7 (VI, Herm);\u00a0696.2 (VI, Herm) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (V\/VI, ArsN) [GA; parech.: all the necessities]; P.Worp 37.19-21 (620\/650\/665, Herak); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1122.18-19, 25-28 (VI, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 1233.11-12 (323\/4?, PanopN); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8264.15-16 (524, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; VI<\/strong> 9294.14-15 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 9587.21-22 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: chisel and \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 9921.13-16 (III, Ox) [ic.; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03af\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.24-27 (172, Ox) [ic.; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9]; XVI<\/strong> 12486.17-18 (470, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 12639.18-19 (VI, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 13037.15 (522\/3, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13150.12-15 (II, Ox) [GA; parech.: posts, net, necessities]; 13997.5-6, 6-7 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1] [GA; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: chisel]; XXII<\/strong> 15595.11 (VI\/VII, HermN); 15597.11 (both: 537, Herm) [both: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 15725.9 (VI, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XXX <\/strong> 17328.6 (546\/561, Herak) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1];<\/span><\/strong> 17339.25-26 (630, ArsPol) [GA; parech: ed.: \u03c3\u03af\u03b4\u03b7]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd;]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 125.5 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 135.7-8 (VI, Tin) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 141.3 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 144 + 381.3 (VI, Kynon\/ArsPol); 151.4 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; <\/span>XXII<\/strong> 35.4-11 [ic.; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 8.9 (669, Syron Kome\/Palosis) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1].<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

7. Workers\u2019 Transport and per Diem<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Contractual Duties\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the context of performance contracts, the employer is responsible for transporting the performers, providing them with \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 in the course of their stay, and sending them back home safe and sound. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXIV 2721.22-35 (234 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 23\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc|24<\/sup>\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f48\u03be\u03c5|25<\/sup>\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|26<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 27\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 28\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74{\u03bd} \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 30<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u0323|31<\/sup>\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c2] \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b8\u03bc\u1ff7\u0323 | 32<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u0323[\u03ae]\u03c1\u0323\u03b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba[\u03bf]\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae|33<\/sup>\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b9\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd|34<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f34\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c2\u00b7 (\u2018\u2026 and they will transport him alongside the others, act of God apart, from the Oxyrhynchite nome with three donkeys and will transport them to the village and will also provide them with safe and undisturbed lodging and after the four days, having satisfied them with all the hire money and the separate deliveries in kind, all to the full amount, they will necessarily transport them on the 15th<\/sup> day to the same Oxyrhynchite nome with the equal number of three donkeys truly and faithfully\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 116).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Hengstl<\/span> (1972): 50-51.\r\n\r\nP.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 9.15-18 (206, Phil); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1275.22-25 (III, Souis\/Ox); XXXIV<\/strong> 2721.22-35 (234, Ox); LXXIV<\/strong> 5014.18-26 (III, Ibion Ammoniou).\r\n

Section II. Maintenance<\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

1. Maintenance in Labour<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause stipulating the employer\u2019s duty to provide for the employee is recorded in thirty-seven documents, from the reign of Augustus to the Byzantine period. The clause is especially common in apprenticeship contracts (seventeen) and is also documented in nursing contracts (three); similar circumstances are evident in other documents as well. The verb<\/strong> most frequently used in a contract of labour in reference to the delivery of provisions is \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9<\/strong> (thirteen cases); two alternatives are \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9<\/strong> and \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/strong>. In one document, the scribe reports the receipt (\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1). In most cases, the active voice of \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9<\/strong> is used in a finite rather than a participial construction. The objects of the delivery are recorded in the accusative: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75<\/strong>, and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2<\/strong>. It is particularly in connection with this verb, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, that the scribe specifies the cash value of the allowance (P.Oxy. II 322.19-24 (36 CE, Oxyrhynchos), and other instances below). Other frequently used verbs are \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, commonly combined into one formula. \u03a4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 appears most often medially and participially, chiefly within the framework of a genitive absolute or in the accusative case. If used medially, the beneficiary is the subject and the provider appears in the genitive, introduced by the preposition \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc. If it is used actively, which happens much less often, the subject is the provider, and the beneficiary stands in the accusative. The verb \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 is invoked in eighteen documents, both actively and medially. As with \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, in almost all cases (fourteen) it appears in a participial construction, in twelve it occurs as a genitive absolute, and in fourteen it is used in combination with \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9.<\/p>\r\n

In several instances, the scribe integrates all three elements into the same text, each verb exhibiting the traits discussed above. In the apprenticeship contract, P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2875.15-19 (IIIe<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos), \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 appear in the genitive absolute, with a medio-passive participle, with the apprentice as the subject; the object of the medio-passive participle of \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, lost in the lacuna at the end of line 19, is probably the provision: \u03c4\u0323[\u03bf]\u1fe6 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03bf\u1fe6] \u0396\u03c9\u0390\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5] | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u0323[\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]|17<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5[\u03bd\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u0323[\u03c4]\u03b9\u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u0323[\u03ac]|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u0323[\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1 .] \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u0323(....\u2018Zoilos to be fed and clothed by the overseer for said time and also to be provided by the same overseer with - - - six [drachmas?] per month as pay\u2019). In P.Tebt. II 385.12-15 (117 CE, Tebtynis), the beneficiary is the subject of a genitive absolute in the case of \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, whereas in that of \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 and \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (which is equivalent in this case to \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9), also in the genitive absolute, the active voice is chosen with the assignor as the subject: \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 [\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f2d[\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] | 14<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6[\u03af]\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb[\u03cc]\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4[\u03ad]\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2, | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. (... \u2018the child being fed by his mother, to whom said Heron shall give four drachmas each month on account of food, said Heron clothing the child and also assuming responsability for the state taxes on his account during the two years\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914):<\/span> 298-299, 310-311; Taubenschlag (1932a): 514-515; Zambon (1935): 52-53, 54, 57-58; Herrmann (1957\/8): 124-125; Adams (1964): 135, 142-143; Hengstl (1972): 67-68, 106-112; Bergamasco (1994): 128, 137-140.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1106.45-47 (before 20.3.13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; VII<\/strong> 1647.14-15 (129, Phil) [GA; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9]; XI<\/strong> 2041.11-14 (201, ArsN) [GA; \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 59.a.1, 3, 5-6 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, PanopN?); P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.84-126, ll. 85-96 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.1-2 (VI, AntinN?) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.): \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 26.9 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.12 (121, Paliga) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 37.4-5 (48, Ox?) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9: cash-estimate]; P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 73.11-16 (IIIb<\/sup>, Phil) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9 (m.-p.): \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1]; P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 62.9 (98, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: cash-estimate]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 75.9-12 (308, Oasis Magna) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2: cash-estimate]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.12-14 (VI, UP) [\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>. XIV<\/strong> 576.11-13 (194, HermN) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Leipz.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9 (III, Mem) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.): cash-estimate]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 118.19-22 (82, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.): cash-estimate]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.8.1-2 (42, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.), \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; V<\/strong> 346a.6-9 (12\/3, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; 346b.4-5 (16\/7, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.13-14 (10, Philagris) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4238.17 (128, Thead); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.11-12 (50, Kar) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.14-17 (66, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; IV<\/strong> 725.15-16 (183, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.14-16 (264, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2875.15-17 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.13-15, 21-27 (66, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; 2977; LXXVIII 5168.7-10 (18A<\/sup><\/span>?; Ox) [Part.; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong> 29.15-29 (139\/40, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Ross.Georg. II<\/strong> 18.450-458, l. 454 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Tebt. II<\/strong> 385.12-15 (117, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (m.-p.): \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; P.Tebt.Pad.<\/strong> 19.9 (IIe, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Wisc. I<\/strong> 5.11-14 (185, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; PSI <\/strong>V<\/strong> 549.9-10 (42\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); VIII<\/strong> 962 B.37-38 (131\/2, Herak) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9]; SB VI<\/strong> 9094.10 (III, Ox?) [Part.: \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; 9374.19-25 () [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (act.): \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; X<\/strong> 10236.19-24 (36, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9: cash-estimate]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.14-15 (271, Kar) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXII <\/strong>15538.7 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9; part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXIV<\/strong> 16320.13-14 (293-304, Kellis) [inf.: \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; SPP XX<\/strong> 123.27-29 (445, Herak); XXII<\/strong> 40.13-14 (150, SokN).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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2. Provisions for Employee<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Special allowances, usually by the employer, are given to the employee on special account. This act is usually reported from the employee\u2019s viewpoint using the verb \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9. The account is introduced through \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, or \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1, both in the genitive. Most documents record a cash payment; in other cases, however, the delivery is in kind. Such is the case in P.Bour. 14.12-17 (126 CE, Arsinoites): \u039b\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 | 13<\/sup> [\u03c0]\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41\u0323[\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1] \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 14 <\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7(\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f13\u03be \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14|15<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f08\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03c3[\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f13\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f44\u03c1\u03bd{\u03b5}\u03b9|16<\/sup>\u03b8\u0323[\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae(\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f11\u0323\u03be\u0323(\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9|17<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03c5 -ca.?- \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3]\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 [ \u0323]\u03b7 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. (\u2018\u2026having received from the declaring party six drachmas and two kotylae<\/em> of oil on account of breastfeeding every month, and one keramion<\/em> of wine and four birds each year upon the feast of the Amesysia as a drink offering, and half a [- -] silver [- -] on account of the six months of nursing each month\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 514-515.<\/span>\r\n

P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.12-17 (126, ArsN) [\u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5; cash and kind]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.2 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2; cash]; 4.2-3 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2; cash]; P.Lond.<\/span> II<\/strong> 306.18-22 (145, ArsN) [\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03c8\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5; cash]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 603.14-15 (134, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; nature not indicated]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 287.13-15 (377, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; VI<\/strong> 710.9-10 (II, Ox?) [cash and kind].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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3. Allowance for Apprentice<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

P.Oxy.Hels. 29.20-29 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos), an apprenticeship contract, records an allowance by the assignor to the apprentice for the duration of the period of training: \u1f21 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 22<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, | 23<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f21 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf(\u1fe6\u03c2) | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\\\u03c2\/ | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd | 26<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u0323[\u03cc\u03b3]\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf {\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd} \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9{\u03b9} | 28<\/sup> \u1f41 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 | \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018And said Apollonous will clothe her son for the duration of the two years, in return for the twenty-four silver drachmas that Heras will give her, of which Apollonous acknowledges that she has already received twelve drachmas from Heras immediately. And let Heras undertake the delivery to the mother of the remaining twelve drachms on account of clothing in the month of Sebastos of the coming year\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 508-509, 514-515.<\/span>\r\n

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4. Maintenance in Marriage<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Fifty-four marriage documents explicitly affirm the husband\u2019s duty to provide for his wife. The verb denoting the act of provision in the Ptolemaic period, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9 (e.g., P.Gen. I 21.2-3:II BCE, Uknown Provenance), is superseded in the Roman period by \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9. \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, exceedingly rare in contracts of labour (P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2875.19, IIIe<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos) is common in marriage contracts. The object in the accusative, nourishment (\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), extremely common in contracts of labour, is very rarely recorded (BGU IV 1050.12: 12\/11 BCE, Alexandria; SB XVIII 13886.12: 488\/9 CE, Oxyrhynchites). Occasionally, the clause documents specific objects of support. Cf., e.g,. BGU VI 1463.4-6, 8-11 (247\/6 BCE, Elephantine), in which the husband is instructed to provide his wife with an item of clothing (\u1f31\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd), sandals (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1), and victuals (\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 and Battaglia<\/span> (1989): 135). Alternatively, in CPR I 24.18-20 (136 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), the mother of the bride undertakes to support the couple in the first year of marriage with a fixed quantity of wheat. Elsewhere, the only object specified is the \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018clothing\u2019). This, however, relates to the husband\u2019s general duty to clothe his wife, not to a specific piece of clothing. Apart from clothing, the clause refers to \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f73\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018the necessities\u2019) and \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 (\u2018everything else that befits a wedded wife\u2019). The husband is supposed to provide for his wife at home and abroad (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, or, in Alexandria: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) and to do so in accordance with his own standard of living. BGU I 183.6-8 (85 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7|7<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03b8[\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9] \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b2\u03af\u03c9|8<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018Horos furnishing the necessities, the clothing, and the other things in turn, from his property and whatever is proper for a wedded wife according to his means both at home and abroad in the course of their joint life, not being subject to accusation\u2019). A different formulation is used in the Byzantine period. Cf., e.g., CPR I 30.18-21 (388 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 | 19<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2026.\u2018and all that befits wedded wives with reverend husbands he shall display to her on the condition that she love and comfort and attend to Megas himself, her future husband by the grace of God\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 517-520; Yiftach (2003): 188-189.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.6-8 (85, SokN); 251.6-7 (81, SokN); III<\/strong> 717.15-19 (149, ArsN); IV<\/strong> 1045.1.18-19 (154, Alabanthis?); 1050.11-14 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.14-18 (30A<\/sup><\/span>\u201314, Alex); 1052.12-15 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.11-14 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.14-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.9-11 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1463.4-6, 8-11 (246A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); XIII<\/strong> 2328.7-9 (Vm<\/sup>, ArsN) ?; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.21-22 (158, ArsN); 24.20-26 (136, PtolEu); 27.12-14 (189, PtolEu); 28.4-6 (110, PtolEu); 30.b.16-18 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 236.5-6 (81-96, SokN); 237.5-7 (II, ArsN); 238.b.1-5 (II, ArsN); P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 61d.7-9 (II, ArsN); P.Bon.<\/span><\/strong> 26.1-2 (I, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.98-114 (566-570, Antin?); III<\/strong> 67310.8-11 (566-573, Antin); 67340.33-35 (VI, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.8-10 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.4-6 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.31-35 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.2-3 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 2.17-19 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 220.7-8 (223\/4, PtolEu?); P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 30.20-22 (138-160, ArsN); P.Lond.<\/span> II<\/strong> 294.11-12, 17-18 (160, PtolEu); V<\/strong> 1711.26-29 (566-573, Antin); P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 72.21-23 (162, Teb); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XV<\/strong> 700.9-13 (143\/153, Kar); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.8-10 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 372.5-6 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 496.8 (127, Ox); VI<\/strong> 905.8-11 (170, OxN); X<\/strong> 1273.22-24 (260, OxN); XII<\/strong> 1473.10-11 (201, OxN); XLIX<\/strong> 3491.17-18 (157\/8, Ox); 3500.7-9 (III, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 131.12-14 (363, ArsN); VI<\/strong> 533.10-12 (II, UP); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.16-18 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Teb); P.Ups.Frid<\/span><\/strong> 2.7-8 (59\/60, Teb); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 11053.b (267A<\/sup><\/span>?, Tholt?); XVIII<\/strong> 13886.11-16 (488\/9, OxN); XXVIII<\/strong> 17050.7-8 (II, Teb).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

5. Provisions for the Elderly<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Provisions, Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In only four documents\u2014 one Ptolemaic and three Roman\u2014are provisions for the elderly recorded. In P.Mich. V 321.17-21 (42 CE, Tebtynis), the author of the document bequeaths his assets after his death in theory but waives his freedom of disposal with immediate effect, so that the de facto<\/em> delivery of the assets seems immediate. For this reason, one of the heirs is to support him in his old age. This requirement, which coincides with the payment of the taxes, is expressed through the verb \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9, the definition of the time frame (\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc-\u1f10\u03c0\u03af formula), the intervals (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), and the categories of support introduced by \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd + gen. The object of said support, in cash and kind, stands in the accusative.<\/p>\r\n

In two other cases (P.Oxy. I 104.17-19: 96 CE, Oxyrhynchos; P.Select. 14.25-27: II CE, Arsinoites), the clause is associated with the maintenance of a widow and, in a third case, the Ptolemaic P.Eleph. 2.10-13 (284 BCE, Elephantine), it concerns the event of an unexpected debt or need of the parents, who jointly draw up this deed. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 321.17-21 (42 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f41 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f43\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039d\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (read \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f43\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 19<\/sup> \u1f38\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u0394\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u2039\u2039\u203a\u03af\u203a\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u1ff3 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd {\u03b5}\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 {\u1f67\u03bd} \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72[\u03c1] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 21<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03ac\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd) (\u2018Ischyrion, also called Nestnephis, shall also pay all public taxes in cash and in kind on the two arouras, and he shall provide me, as long as I live, from the present time annually in the month of Drousilleios, on account of food and payments in kind, with twelve artabs of new, pure, and unadulterated wheat, measured in the six-choinix measure of the broker in Talei, and with twelve drachmas of silver annually on account of clothes and oil and expenses; and he shall pay all the public charges on in my behalf for both the tax on flute players and the tax on music\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 263-264).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 510-512, 517, 520-521; (1956): 173-179 ; Rupprecht (1998): 233-234; Thoma (2018): 152-155.<\/span>\r\n

BGU IV<\/strong> 1013.12-15 (41-68, ArsN); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.10-13 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V 321.17-21 (42, Teb); 322a.32-33 (46, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.17-19 (96, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.25-27 (II, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Section III. Taxation<\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

1. Taxes in Sale<\/h2>\r\nCategory: taxation\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Taxes are mentioned in sale documents in two settings. One is a clause in which the vendor affirms that he will surrender the object to the purchaser free of liabilities, in some cases giving an account of applicable taxes. In the other clause, the vendor confirms his liability to pay past liabilities, while the purchaser shall become responsible for all those ensuing in the future. The clause is recorded in 50 documents, all dating to the Roman period. In most of these cases (48), the document records the sale of land or other real property. Syntactically, much as in the case of leases, taxes recorded in sale documents may be reported as the subject of the clause, frequently within a genitive absolute construction in the \u2018sphere of liability formulation\u2019 (33) [Type1]<\/strong>. They are said to be directed toward the prospective taxpayer: \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f6f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. Additional constructions are commonly used, viz., the prospective payer as the subject of the clause followed by \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 and tax categories as the object in the accusative (11) [Type3]<\/strong>: e.g., SB I 5673.14-16 (147 CE, Hermopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd. The latter formulation also occurs participially at times [Type2]<\/strong>. Cf., e.g., P.Bas. 5.6-8 (III CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9]|8<\/sup>\u03ba\u1f71 (\u2018paying on their account the state-taxes, in grain and in cash\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

While the clause in some texts records specific taxes (e.g., PSI VIII 918.6-7 (38\/9 CE, Tebtynis): geometria<\/em>), as a rule, scribes circumscribed fiscal liabilities by means of umbrella terms. The most common is \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, recorded in 34 cases, in 14 as an adjective modifying \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. The term \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, always in the plural, is recorded in 12 cases, and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae in 5. In the context of all-embracing lists, one also encounters the adjectives \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, and \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 as modifiers of \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1. The adjectives \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 and \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 modify \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae. Cf., e.g., P.Stras. III 144.12-14 (244 CE, Hermopolites): [\u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9]\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f72\u0323\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8[\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc]|13<\/sup>\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b1 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) [\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6]|14<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (\u2026.\u2018all state taxes and compulsory cultivation up to and including the past first year being discharged by me, the vendor, and from the present second year being discharged by you\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Stollwerck (1971): 90-114.<\/span>\r\n

\r\nBGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 87 (144, SokN) [1; d.p.]; II<\/strong> 422.15-17 (139\/40, ArsN) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.]; III<\/strong> 917.17-18 (348, PtolEu) [1; d.]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.11-13 (309\/10, Herm) [1; d.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.10-11 (II\/III, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; VII<\/strong> 14.14-15 (305, Herm) [1; d.teles., epim.pantoi., annon., epib.kanonik., all.ekphor.phor.]; XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.6-8 (321?, Herm) [1]; XVIIb<\/strong> 6.8 (184\/5, Panop) [3; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 4.77-79 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1; \u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd: basilik.]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 96.7-8 (213, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.6-8 (III, UP) [2; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2: d.teles.sitik.arg.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67169.4-5 (569, Antin) [1; annon., pantoi.chrys.]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 254.12-13 (129, Ox?); [1; grammat.teles.]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.25-26 (227, Sachare) [2; \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 380.15-16 (203\/4, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 21.27-29 (253-260, UP) [1; prosph., teles.pantoi.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.9-10 (142\/3, Herm) [1]; 51.18-19 (202, OxN) [1; (no GA) prosph.]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 138.3.11-29, l. 20 ? (92, Senepta) [1]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.8-13 (VI, UP); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.14-17 (57\/8, OxN) [\u1f15\u03be\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Leid.Inst.<\/span><\/strong> 50.6-8 (211\/2?, OxN) [1 (no GA); prosph.]; 104.13 (IV\/V, Ox?) [3; epiklas., epim.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 6.2.11-14 (306, Herm) [1; d., epim., annon., epib.pantoi., kanonik.all.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.3-6 (VI, Herm); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 636.15-17 (302, PtolEu) [1; d.pantoi.sitik.krith.arg., annon., het.epib.p., theia.diatyp]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.22-29 (544\/559, Aphr) [3; d.teles.pantoi., epib., chrysik., naul., annoniak., pantoi.]; 45.48-50 (540, Aphr) [2]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.15 (128, Teb) [1 (not GA); tel.p.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 504.28 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1 (not GA); d.]; IV<\/strong> 721.14-15 (13\/4, Ox) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.]; IX 1208.21-22 (291, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; XIV<\/strong> 1636 (249, Ox) [1; d.pantoi.]; 1700.20-22 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [1 (not GA); teles.pantoi.]; 1704.14-15 (298, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.];<\/strong> XLI<\/strong> 2989.20-23 (III, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3498.29-33 (274, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; P.Petaus<\/span><\/strong> 17.24-34, ll. 29-31 (184, PtolEu) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: teles.]; 18.21-33 ll. 28-29 (185, ArsN) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: teles.]; 22 ll. 26-40, ll. 39-40 (after 185, Syron Kome) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: tel.]; 23.24-26 (185\/6, Pharbaithos) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: tel.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 38.7-10 (II, UP) [1; eid.d.p.; all.tel.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 163.11-13 (140, HermN) [1; epim.d.p.]; 164.12-15 (171, HermN) [1; d., epim.p.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 144.12-14 (245, HermN) [1; d., epim.p.]; IV<\/strong> 201.31-33 ? (162, Dionysias) [3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 379.16-17 (128, Teb) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.15-16 (hyp.) (250, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.19-25 (V?, HermN) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.a.14 (18, Ox) [1; d.p.]; VIII<\/strong> 918.6-7 (38\/9, Teb) [1; geom.]; X<\/strong> 1144.7-10 (99?, Teb) [2; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: d.p., monod., d.pht., p.teles.]; XIII 1341.15-16 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; XV<\/strong> 1550.27 (IIIf<\/sup>, Ox); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5673.14-16 (147, HermN) [3; \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: d.]; VI<\/strong> 9219.17-18 (319, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.pantoi.]; XXII<\/strong> 15612.8-10 (199?, UP) [1 (no GA); prosph.]; 15618.12 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [3; d.teles.p]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 74.15-16 (hypogr.) (after 276?, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; 117.13-14 (411, Koba) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: d.tel.pantoi.; epib.p.]; 121.25-29 (439, Herm) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; tel.p].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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2. Taxes in Credit<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Taxation\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Taxes are taken into consideration in six loan contracts; in cases of security, the burden of payment devolves on the debtor (who is also the owner of the asset). In one case, where the loan is given in order to create an apprenticeship, the surrenderer of the apprentice is held liable. In the Roman period, payment of taxes is regulated in the genitive absolute, in the context of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019. Cf., e.g., P.Kron. 17.23-24 (140 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1|<\/span>24<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03b1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4]\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf.<\/p>\r\n

P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> 44.15-17 (44, Ox) [enoikesis; GA; d.]; 49.19 (100, Teb) [antichresis; GA.; d.]; P.Hib.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 85.19-27 (261A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN?) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9; ekphor.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 17.23-24 (140, Teb) [antichresis; GA; d.p.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.23-26 (II, OxN) [real security; GA.; tel., kataloch.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 35-36 (46, Teb) [apprenticeship; GA; laike syntaxis] ; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 390.26-27 (167, Teb) [antichresis; GA.; d.p.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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3. Taxes in Labour<\/h2>\r\nCategory: taxation\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Most of the fourteen contracts of labour that include the tax clause are apprenticeship contracts or involve weavers. Among these texts, seven are of [Type1]<\/u><\/strong>, i.e., the question of taxes is regulated within the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019, mostly in the genitive absolute. In seven other occurrences, however [Type2],<\/strong> the prospective payer is identified as the subject of the clause in the genitive absolute (two cases) or [Type 3]<\/strong> in an independent clause (five cases). In type2 and type3, the verbs (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9) are those generally used to denote payment. Some contracts introduce the obligation to pay the \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, others enumerate apprenticeship-specific charges (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f71\u03be\u03b9\u03b1), and yet a third group records capitation taxes that are due during the contract on the employee\u2019s account (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \u1f51\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae). Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 29.29-32 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 30<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 | 31<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f51\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 32<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bd (\u2018If a poll tax or a dike tax or a pig tax or taxes for the trade are required from the boy, they shall devolve upon Heras\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 114).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914)<\/span>: 313-314; Wallace (1938): 193-203; Herrmann (1957\/8): 126-128; Wipszycka (1971): 126-130; Bergamasco (1995): 134-136; Kruse (1996): 155-158; Straus<\/span> (2017): 130-131.<\/p>\r\n

P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.11-14 (223A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: \u03c3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.8.2 (42, Teb) [apprenticeship; 2; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9: gerd.tel.]; V<\/strong> 355.4-9 (c. 48-56, Teb) [contract of service: weavers; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9: laik.synt. gerd., tel.dapan., tel.chom.balan.kren., metrem.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.16-17 (66, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); d.]; XIV<\/strong> 1647.44-46 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1; cheiron.ekdos.tel.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2875.19-21 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [apprenticeship; 2; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: d.]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.15-18, 18-21 (66, Oxyrhynchos) [apprenticeship; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: cheiron., katakr.] [1; ic.; laog., chom., hyike]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.29-32 (54, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); laog., chom., hyike, d.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 384.11-12 (10, Teb) [contract of service; weavers; 1: epitriton]; 385.15-16 (117, Teb) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); d.]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9374.25-29 (169, Teb) [apprenticeship; 3; d.]; X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.25-32 (36, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1; laog., chom., hyike]; XII<\/strong> 10946.13-19 (98-103, Ox) [apprenticeship; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9: d.p.]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 40.15-16 (150, SokN) [apprenticeship; 1; d.p.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

4. Taxes in lease<\/h2>\r\nCategory: taxation\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

While a special clause providing for the payment of taxes is already recorded in eight Ptolemaic leases, only in the Roman period does it become commonplace, with 333 occurrences. The Byzantine period, from the fifth century onward, yields just 14 documents, most from the fifth century CE. In Late Antiquity, then, a special clause dealing with the parties\u2019 tax liabilities seems to fall into desuetude. As a rule, the object of the lease is a workshop or some other facility in some cases, but is usually is agricultural land. Rules regarding tax payments may be laid down in an independent clause with the taxpayer in the nominative and the tax category in the accusative, usually introduced by \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 or \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9. Such is the case in 24 documents [type3]<\/strong>. The same formulation may also be integrated into the flow of the text through the use of the same construction in the genitive absolute [Type2]<\/strong>; but this wording is employed in six documents only. By far the most common wording (319 texts) is attained by use of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 in the genitive absolute [Type1]<\/strong> with the tax as the subject, followed by the participle of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 and the prospective taxpayer in the accusative. As a rule, taxes are to be paid by the lessor, who is mentioned by name, contractual position (\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2), or proprietary status (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (or part.: \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd), \u03b5\u1f50\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1).<\/p>\r\n

The general term for a tax is \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd or \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. It is also, naturally, the most common term in the tax clause, recorded in 280 documents. In most cases, it is used substantively (\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) or as an adjective modifying \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (21 cases) or \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (20 cases). The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 are sometimes set in connection with the object (\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 or \u03c4\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1) as well as with the period of the lease (\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1). Alternatively, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 is modified by the adjectives \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (134) or \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b1 (11 texts) and also, in some cases, by adjectives that define the type of commodity (most commonly grain: \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (14) and cash: \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (13)). Additional categories vary by region; thus, in Hermopolite, Oxyrhynchite and Herakleopolite lease contracts, one finds other generic tax names, which, used together, may cover all types of possible charges. Starting from the third century, one complements \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 with the noun \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (18 cases), to which \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (17) and \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 (15) would be added in the fourth century. P.Charite 7.18-21 = P.Cair.Preis. 39 (349 CE, Hermopolis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 19<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u2039\u03bd\u03c9\u203a\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd (\u2018all public charges and all contributions, taxes, and annonae and compulsory cultivations being chargeable to you, the landlord\u2019). (\u2018All the public charges and all contributions and supplementary taxes shall be borne by you, the landlord\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The Arsinoite source material yields a different picture, some scribes recording individual tax categories: \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1, the \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 or \u03bd\u03b1\u1f7b\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1. Moreover, within type1<\/strong> Arsinoite scribes tend to express two liabilities as a pair, one assigned to the lessor and the other to the lessee. These responsibilities are not all necessarily fiscal. In P.Mil.Vogl. IV 239.9-13 (156 CE, Tebtynis), for example, the lessee is responsible for works, seeds and irrigation, and the lessor held liable for the taxes: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4(\u03b1) | 10<\/sup> \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf[\u03c4]\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc[\u03bf]\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd | 12<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018The labour, seeds, and irrigation duties shall be chargeable to said Pebaus and state-taxes to said Kronion\u2019). A category regularly discussed along with other concepts in the tax clause is the \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (frequently spelled \u03c6\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd), the transportation charges. This term is recorded in sixty-nine documents, all Arsinoite and dating to the period between the mid-first and mid-third century CE. Especially well-represented is the village of Tebtynis, in regard to which the term appears in thirty-four documents. The Arsinoite source material records several types of \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1: the \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (17 texts); the \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 (35), the \u1f40\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 (8), the \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 and the \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (1 attestation each).<\/p>\r\n

Sometimes the same phoretra<\/em> are reported to be for both the \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 and the \u1f40\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd. Conversely, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 are not, with one exception, termed in the same document also \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6. The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 and \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 seem to be mutually exclusive terms. The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 are contrasted to \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, the former being paid for by the lessee and the latter by the lessor. Cf., e.g., P.Tam.Tebt. 47.21-24 (195 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf|22<\/sup>\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323, \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 23<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u1f51\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 (\u2018The public transport-taxes shall be chargeable to me, Heraklios, but all other public taxes to you\u2019). By contrast, \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 is set in opposition to the \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. Cf., e.g., P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span> III 140.33-37 (176 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 [\u1f10]\u03bc[\u1f72] \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u03c4[\u1ff6]\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af[\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c6[\u03bf]|35<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1]\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323, | 36<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4]\u1f72\u0323 \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd] \u1f10\u03ba|37<\/sup>\u03c6\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u00b7(\u2018The transportation charges relating to the sowing of wheat shall be chargeable to me, and those attributed to shipment of the rent in kind to you\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 115-126; Wallace (1938): 20-30; Bolla (1940): 61; Taubenschlag (1955): 360-361; Herrmann (1958): 122-124.; Stollwerck (1971): 90-114, 119-127; Rupprecht (1982b): 465-467; M\u00fcller (1985): 248-153; Rowlandson (1996): 226, 330-352.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.16-18 (186, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 166.9-12 (157, ArsN) [1; d.p.; except pht.]; 227.16-18 (151, ArsN) [d.pht]; 237.12-13 (164\/5, ArsN) [1; d.p., eid.p]; 241.40-43 (177, Kar) [2]; II<\/strong> 519.15-16 (IV, Phil) [1; d., epib.p., erg.-chom.]; 538.19-21 (100, Phil) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 586.23-24 (324, ArsPol) [1; d.p.]; 604.19 (167\/8, ArsN) [1]; 644.41-44 (69, SokN) [1]; 661.24-25 (140, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; III<\/strong> 831.12-14 (201, SokN) [dragmat.]; 912.19-22 (33, SokN); 918.25-26 (110\/1, ArsN) [1; d.p. except]; 920.22-26 (212, Phil) [1; georg.erg.p., d.tel., p.epikl.]; IV<\/strong> 1018.21-23 (III, ArsN) [1; d.p. except pht.]; 1067.17-19 (101\/2, Euh) [1; d.]; 1092.24-25 (372, Herm) [1; d.pantoi.]; IV<\/strong> 1116.12-15 (13a<\/sup><\/span>Alex) [1; d., embol., epib., epikop., ekbol., olenat., stegn.]; VI 1271.9-10 (180A<\/sup><\/span>-145A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil\/ Thead) [3; basilik.p.]; VII<\/strong> 1644.22-24 (294?, Phil) [d.p.]; 1645.16-17 (245, Phil) [1; erg.chom., d.p.sitik.arg.]; XI<\/strong> 2032.12-13 (113, PtolEu) [3; ed.: \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;]; 2125.14-15 (II\/III, HermN) [1; d.p.]; XII<\/strong> 2148.16-17 (375, Herm) [1; d.tel.]; XIII<\/strong> 2340.12-14 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1; d.]; XV<\/strong> 2484.1-4 (II, ArsN) [4; d.p., geom.]; XIX<\/strong> 2801.1-10, ll. 6-7 (Im<\/sup>, HermN) [3; ed.: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03c9] \u03b5[\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd;]; 2801.11-17, l. 16 (Im<\/sup>, HermN) [1 (no GA); d.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 31.30-31 (153, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 36.19-21 (225, Peenamis) [1; d.p.]; 40.28-31 (300, Herak) [1; teloum.p.]; 42.22-23 (IV, Herak) [1; d.p.]; 44.4-6 ? (IV, HerakN\/ArsN) [1; d.p., epim., epib., annon.]; 47.6-7 (II\/III, HerakN\/ArsN) [1; teres.-karp., epib.-kom., d.pht.]; 240.28-30 (126, SokN) [1; art., d.p.]; 247.16-17 (335, Herak) [1; d.p.]; V<\/strong> 8.25-28 (320, HermN) [1; d., ann., tel.pantoi]; VIII<\/strong> 46.11-12 (IV, HermN) [1; d.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 7.131-132 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/207A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [3; \u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9: basil.p.]; 11.222-223 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [3; d.]; P.Alex.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 5.17-18 (215, ArsN) [1; p.]; P.Alex<\/span><\/strong>.Inv. 67.8-9 (II\/III, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 90.18-20 (159, ArsN) [1; pht.episp., all.d.]; 91.17-19 (159, PtolEu\/Euh) [d.pht., all.d.p.]; 92.15-18 (162\/3, SokN) [1; teloum.]; 93.15-18 (181, SokN) [1; d.p. except telos thyeion]; 106.1-2 (281, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 42.4-5, 16 (III\/IV, Mermertha) [1; d.p.]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 89.16-19 ? (IVe<\/sup>, Antin) [d.; epim., epib., annon.]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 170.26-28 (54, Thead) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9: d.phak., monod.-chort.]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.20-23 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [2; ekphor.]; 16.9 (346\/7, OxN) [1; d.]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span><\/strong> I 19.32-35 (222\/1 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [1; d.p., pht.d.]; 20.12-14 (149, OxN) [1;\u00a0d.]; P.Berl.Zill.<\/span><\/strong> 7.25-26 (574, Ox) [\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 59.13-18 (33, Tebtynis) [3; delivery in kind]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 34.21-24 (158\/9, ArsN) [1; teloum.]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 17.12-13 (220, Herakleia) [1; d.p. except pht.]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 99.21-23 (297, Kar) [1; d.p.]; 100.15-16 (297, Kar) [1; d.p.]; 101.9-10 (300, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 102.21-23 (303\/4, ArsN) [1; d.p., annon., epib.p., theia.diatyp.]; 103.11-15 (313, Kar) [1; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: p.sitik.arg., annon.]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/span><\/strong> 41.23-24? (IVf<\/sup>, HermN) [1; d.p.]; P.Charite<\/span><\/strong> 7.18-21 (347, Herm) [1; d.p., epim., annon., epib.]; ; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 179.23-24 (300, Kar) [1; d.p.]; X<\/strong> 260.13-15 (149\/50?, ArsN) [1; art.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 27.29-31 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; II<\/strong> 68.23-24 (266, Ox) [1; d.]; 70.18-19 (272\/3 or 278\/9, Ox) [1; d.]; 80.18 (315, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 11.20-22 (204\/5 or 233\/4, Phil) [1; d.p.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 26.1-5, 10-11 (159, Phil) [3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; sitik.arg.teles.]; 29.16-18 (225, Phil) [1; erg.p., pht.d.]; 33.12-14? (204, Phil) [1; teles.d., erg., potism.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 5.13-16 (98, ArsN) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 28.18-21 (133, ArsN) [1; art., naub.]; 44.9-11 (189, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1; art., naub.]; 45.8-10 (190, Kereksoucha Orous) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 47.21-24 (195, PtolEu) [1; pht.d., all.d.]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 307.5-19 (132, Philoteris) [1; d.p., pht.episp.]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I 16.27-30 (239, Euh) [1; d.]; 17.15-18 (341, HermN) [1; d., epim.pantoi.]; 19.12-13 (248, PtolEu) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 41.21-22 (140, HermN) [1; pht.]; 85.14-16 (91, HermN) [1; d.]; III<\/strong> 325.15-16 (489, Ox) [1; d.]; 353.4 (83-95, HermN) [1; d.]; 354.5-9 (I\/II, HermN) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2?)]; 368r<\/sup>.9-10 (96, Herm) [3]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 43.32-34 (189\/90, Phoboou) [1; d.]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 21.12 (178, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67.11-13 (382\/3, Phil) [1; d.p.]; 69.9-11 (386, Phil) [1; d.p.]; 78.24-26 (II\/III, PtolEu) [1; d.p., erg.p.]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.12-16 (320 Oasis Magna) [pht.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 54.18-19 (378, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 9.15-17 (392, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 20.12-14 (258, Phil\/Tanis) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 64.21-23 (103, Euh) [1; pht.d., enoik.]; IV 269.11-12? (IIIl<\/sup>, ArsN) [1; d.]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.28-29 (249, OxN) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 224.21-27 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [4]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 22.18-19 (394, Herm) [1; d.]; 57.8-9 (IV, UP) [1; d.pantoi., chom.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 149.18-20 (after 212, OxN) [1; d.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 19.22-23 (145\/6, Teb) [1; d.]; 19a.13-15 (145, Teb) [1; d.erg., potism., tel., d.p.]; 34.11-14, 19-24 (135, Teb) [1; art., naub., d.p., pht.episp.]; 41.16-20, 30-32 (140, Teb) [1; naub.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 72.20-21? (118-138, PtolEu) [1]; IV<\/strong> 165.8-9 (305, Ox) [1; d.]; 166.9-10 (289\/90, Ox?) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9]; P.Lips.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.24-27 (320, Herm) [1; d.pantoi.teles.]; 20.17-18 (381, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.pantoi., epib., annon.]; 22.25-26 (388, Herm) [1; d.tel.p.]; 23.24-26 (374, Herm) [1; d.teles.p.]; 24.8-9 (IV, Herm) [1; d.teles.p.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 163.30-31 (88, Kar?) [1; parag., dapan.]; 314.18-20 (149, SokN) [1; pht.onel., ekphor., eid.p.]; III<\/strong> 838.1 (123, UP) [1]; 906.15 (128, Euh) [1]; 938.11-13 (225, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 979.18-20 (346, Herm) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 1171v<\/sup>b 2.15-19 (41\/2, Herm) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 112.3-4 (151, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 17.28-30 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 68.27-32 (136, Kerkeo) [1; pht.d., parag.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 184.21-22 (121, Bac) [1; pht.episp.]; 185.22-23 (122, Bac) [1; pht.d.]; IX<\/strong> 564.11-12 (150, Kar) [4; d., phor.]; 565.13-15 (215\/6, Kar) [1; d.p.]; XI<\/strong> 609.23-26, 34-36 (244, Teb) [1; d.] [4; d.phor.]; 610.27-29 (282, Ox) [1; d.]; 611.17-18 (412, Ox) [1; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.24-26 (173, Ox) [1]; 791.19-21 (212\/3, Phil) [1; pht. \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 24.24-26 (297, Teb) [1; d.]; 34.8 (VI, UP) [3; anab.-naub.]; 42b.19-21 (c. 30.12.566, Aphr) [3; \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9: d.syntel.]; 43.18-19 (526, Aphr) [1; katabole]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 53.15-18 (152\/3, Teb) [1; teloum.diplom., peloch., theia.episkeue]; 63.33-35 (169\/70, Teb) [1; d.p., pht.episp.]; 78.16 (138\/9, Teb) [1; geor.erg.p., potism., d.p.]; 104.25-27 (127, Teb) [1; pht.d., parag.-ekphor., onelat.]; 106.27-30 (134, Teb) [1; pht.episp, parag.-ekphor.]; 107.11-13 (153\/4, Teb) [1; pht.-episp, parag.-ekphor.]; III<\/strong> 131.5-7 (165, Teb) [1; teres., pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 132.32-34 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 133.37-39 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp, parag.ekphor.]; 138.25-27 (169, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 139.29-31 (169, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 140.33-37 (176, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 144.19-21 (166, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 187.9-11 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; IV<\/strong> 220.24-26 (132\/3, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 238.27-31 (143\/4, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 239.11-12 (156, Teb) [erg., sperm., potism., d.tel.p.]; 240.21-23 (118-138, Teb) [1; pht.]; 241.12-15 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., onel., parag.ekphor.]; VI<\/strong> 267.20-23 (125\/6, Teb) [1; pht.d.; onel.; paragog.ekphor.]; VI<\/strong> 269.24-25 (124, Teb) [1; pht.]; VI 270.6-8 (125\/6, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 271.8-13? (141, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 272.1-3 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 273.15-19 (168, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 286.31-33 (139, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 288.18-19 (155, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 289.20-22 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 290.29-31 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 291.21-24 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 89.22-24 (339, Herm) [1; d.teles.]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 33.26-28 (29, Kar) [1; ekphor.,\u00a0dapan.]; 34.10-14 (188\/9, Phil) [1; erg.p., d.p.]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 13.35-38 (shared) (154\/5, Argeias\/SokN) [1; d.pht.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 101.26-34 (142, Ox) [1; d.]; 102.16-17 (306, Ox) [1; d.]; 103.14-15 (316, Ox) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 277.7-8 (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3; parag., theris.]; III<\/strong> 499.20-22 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [1; d.]; 501.30-31 (186, Ox) [1; d.]; 502.40-43 (164, Ox) [1; phylaktron, plynthenoumene]; IV<\/strong> 730.16-18 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [1; d.]; 810 descriptum (134\/5, Ox); 910.23-24 (197, Pekerke\/Ox) [1; d.]; 913.17-18 (443, Ox) [1; d.]; VIII<\/strong> 1125.12-14 (II, Ox) [1; d.]; XIV<\/strong> 1686.16 (165\/6, Ox) [1; d.]; 1689.20-22 (266, Ox) [1; d.]; 1691.13-14 (291\/2, Ox) [1; d.]; XVII<\/strong> 2137.28-29 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [1; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 2189.18-19 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.39-40 (112, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.15-16 (211, Ox) [1; d.]; 2585.13-14 (315, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.22-23 (151, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2795.14-15 (250, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2874.20-21 (108, Ox) [1; d.]; 2973.17-22 (103, Ox) [1; teloum.d.p.sitik.arg.]; 2974.19-21 (162, Ox) [1; d.]; XLV<\/strong> 3256.19 (317\/8, Ox) [1; d.]; 3257.11-12 (318, Ox) [1; d., annon.]; 3260.16-17 (323, Ox) [1; d.]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.34 (257, Ox) [1; d.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.36-38 (70\/1, Ox) [1; d.]; L<\/strong> 3558.8-11 (133, Psenyris); 3589.12-13 (II, OxN) [1; aperg.chom., hydroph., d.]; 3591.22-24 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; LV<\/strong> 3800.19-21 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; 3802.16-17 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.37-39 (199, Pimpasi) [1; d.]; LXI<\/strong> 4121.13-14 (289\/90, Ox) [1; d.]; LXIII<\/strong> 4390.22-23 (469, Ox) [1; d., anab.-naub.]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.11-12 (228, Senao\/Ox) [1; d.]; 4595.23-25 (261, Ox) [1; d.]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.13-15 (127, Ox) [1; d.]; 4745.19-22 (202, Ox) [1; d.]; 4747.12-14 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; 4753.18-19 (341, Ox) [1; d.]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.23-24 (173\/4, Ox) [1; d.]; LXXXIII<\/strong> 5370.1-2 (VI, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.29-31 (223\/4, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 1.9-10 (298\/9, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 2.7-9 (308, PanopN) [1; d., epib.]; 3.11 (310, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 4.11-12, 15-17 (314, PanopN) [1; d.p., annon.]; 5.7 (334, PanopN) [1; d.]; 6.9-10 (336, PanopN) [1; d.p., epib.]; 8.13-14 (338, PanopN) [1; d.p]; 9.8-9 (339, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 10.6-7 (341, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; P.Phil.<\/span><\/strong> 14.19-22 (155, Phil) [1; eid., pht.d.]; 15.18-21 (153\/4, Phil) [1; d.arg.teles., pht.d.episp.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 36.11-12 (88, Poteu) [1; d.p.]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 39.11-12 (III, UP) [1; d.]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 60.9-16 (164, ArsN) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9; ed.: \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u0323[\u03c3]\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c0]\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u0323;]; 82.26-28 (304\/5, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.9-10 (212\/3, AphrN) [1; pht., d.p.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.17-18 (141, Ox) [1; sitik.arg.d.p.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.12-14 (238, MagdMir) [1; d., epim.]; 167.18-23 (39, Euh) [1; d.peloch., tel.artopol.]; 168.14-16 (120, HermN) [1; ekphor.-ousias]; 169.14-15 (197, HermN) [1; d.p.]; 172.18-26 (208, ArsN) [1; erg.p., kataspasm., ocheias; potism., perichom., anab.-dioryg.]; IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup> l. 50 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [apom.]; 683.25 (244, Ox) [1; d.p.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.15-16 (321, Thead) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 68.21-23 (325, Thead) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 69.19-21 (331, Thead) [1; d.teles.p.]; 70.11-12 (338, Thead) [3; anab.-chom., d.p.]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 23.9-11 (121, HermN) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 24.11-12 (123, HermN) [1; d.p.]; 26.14-15 (125, MagdMir) [1; d.p.]; 27.25-26 (125, HermN) [1; d.]; 44.17-18 (123, Akoris) [1; d.p.]; 45.19-20 (127, Sinkere) [1; d.p.]; 46.29-30 (128, Mnachis) [1; d.]; 47.14-15 (128, HermN) [1; d.p.]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 3.37-39 (89\/90, Thead) [2]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.21-22 (268, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; III<\/strong> 137.15-17 (315, Nagogis) [1; d., epim.]; IV<\/strong> 218.6-10, 12-16, 14-16 (150, ArsN) [1; epim., d., ekphor.]; 282.8-12 (161-169, ArsN) [1; d.p. except pht.]; V<\/strong> 358.4-5 (IV, UP) [1; d.p.pantoi]; 362.14-17 (149\/50, Euh) [1; d.p., pht.ekphor.]; 387.3-6 (II, UP) [1; sitik.arg.]; 465.21-24 (230, Polydeukia) [1; d.p. except pht.]; VI<\/strong> 507.6-7 (138, HermN) [1; d.]; 539.12-13 (290\/1, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 557.21-22 (291, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 571.25-26 (175, Phil) [1; d.p.]; VII<\/strong> 673.6-7 (IV, ArsN) [1; d.p., anab.-d.chom.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.22-26 (134, Theog) [1; d.p., prosmet., pht.episp.]; 373.11-14 (110\/1, Teb) [4; d.]; 375.25-27 (140, PtolEu) [1; pht.d.]; 377.27-30 (210, Teb) [1; pht.episp.; parag.-ekphor.]; 378.23-24 (265, Teb) [1; d.p.]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 25.24-26 (161, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 10.6-8 (IV, HermN) [1; d.p.tel.annon.]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.31-32 (323, HermN) [1; d.pantoi.tel., annon.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.19-20 (259\/60, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 70.1-3 (229\/30?, Ox) [1; d.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 30.8-9 (82, HermN) [1; d.]; 31.15-19 (163\/4, ArsN) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 32.19-20 (208, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; 34.17-18 (397, Herm) [1; d.teles.]; 77.28-30 (551, Ox) [1; d.]; III<\/strong> 178.2-3 (291, Ox) [1; d.]; 187.15-16 (274\/5 or 280\/1 or 289\/90, Ox) [1; d.]; IV<\/strong> 316.13-14 (328, Ox) [1; d.]; V<\/strong> 468.15-18 (200, Ox) [1; d.]; 469.14-15 (334, Ox) [1; d.]; VII<\/strong> 739.11-13 (163, Ox) [1; d., synt.]; 787.16-18 (176\/7?, ArsN) [peloch., diplom., artop.]; 788.16-18 (125, HermN) [1; d.]; VIII<\/strong> 880.18-19 (254\/5, Ox) [1; d.]; 918.6-7 (38\/9, Teb) [1; geom.]; IX<\/strong> 1030.17-19 (109, Ox) [1; tektonikoi mistoi, d.]; 1069.17-19 (246, Ox) [1; d.]; 1070.17-19 (160\/1 or 161\/2, Ox) [1; d.tel., epim.pantoi.]; 1071.17-18 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; 1078.23-25 (356, Lenonos) [1; anab.-naub.]; X<\/strong> 1097.5-8 (54\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: opheilem.tel.; epigr.]; 1124.26-27 (150, Teb) [1; pht.-episp, parag.-ekphor.]; 1134.19-23 (91, Teb) [1; choreg.-sperm., georgik.erg., pht.episp., loip.d.teles.]; 1134.21-23 (91, Teb) [1; sper.chor., geor.erg., pht.episp., loip.d.teles.]; 1143.18-22 (164, Teb) [4: d.teles.p.sitik.arg.]; XII<\/strong> 1233.25-29 (323\/4?, PanopN) [1; d.teles., epib.]; XIII<\/strong> 1330.14-15 (after 3.275, Ox) [1; d.p.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4414.14-17 (143, Kar); 5670.14-15 (167-192, ArsN) [1; all.teloum.p.]; IV<\/strong> 7443.13-14 (285, Ox) [1; d.]; 7474.14 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 7665.14-16 (225, ArsN) [1; d.p., pht.]; V<\/strong> 7666.7-8 (330 PanopN) [1; d.]; VI<\/strong> 9226.24-25 (II\/III, SokN) [1; d.p.]; 9269.22-23 (304, PtolEu) [1; d.p.]; VIII<\/strong> 9876.14-15 (534, HerakN) [2; d.tel.]; 9918.13-14 (179\/80, OxN) [1; d.]; 9919.1-2 (IIIl<\/sup>, OxN) [1; d.]; 9922.11-12 (159, Theog) [1; erg., sperm., d.p., eid.p.]; X<\/strong> 10216.16-17 (III\/IV, Ox) [1; d.]; 10263.13-15 (204, Ox) [1; d.]; 10532.17-18 (87\/8, Ox) [1; d.]; XII<\/strong> 10780.21-24 (172\/3, Ox) [1; d.p.]; 10982.15-17 (288, Phil) [1; erg.p., anab.-dioryg., d.p., epib.]; 11228.27-29 (204, OxN) [3; d.p.]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.15-16 (172, Ox) [1; d.]; 11431.10-11 (95\/6?, Kerkeesis) [1; pht.d.]; 11487.19-21 (91\/2, Teb) [geor.erg., pht.]; 11603.22-24 (157-159, PtolEu) [1; pht.episp.onel.]; 11711.23-24 (332, Herm) [1; e.teles.p.]; 11718.18-20 (141, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 11720.27 (170, Teb) [1; pht.]; XVI<\/strong> 12983.13-14 (161-169, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 13006.39-41 (144, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 13010.35-36 (144, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13161.8-28, ll. 24-25 [1; d.p.]; 13161.29-48, ll. 41-42; 13161.49-60 ll. 57-58 (after 29.11.138, ArsN\/HermN) [1; d.p.]; 13582.19-20 (184, UP) [1; d.]; XX<\/strong> 14315.28-35 (32\/3, Teb) [1; sakkeg., dragmat.]; 14337.17-19 (103, Ox) [1; d.]; 14338.6-17 (120, Ox) [1; d.pantoi.; epim.]; 14464.16-18 (II, Ox) [1; d.]; 14983.12-13 (220-260, OxN) [1; d.]; 14984.3-4 (140-210, OxN) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323;]; XXII<\/strong> 15388.4-13 (117-161, Thead); 15613.16-20 (111, Teb) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6: ekphor., prosmet., merism., epiklas., monod.-chort., pht.d.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16128.1-2 (V, OxN); SPP<\/span> II<\/strong> p. 33, ll. 14-16 (328, Herm) [1; d.p., epim., achyr.]; V<\/strong> 119r<\/sup>.220-22 (before 266, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; 119r<\/sup>7.20-22 (266, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; XX<\/strong> 21.21-24 (215, ArsN) [1; p.d.]; 22.17-18 (216\/7, HerakN) [1; p.d.]; 55.12-13 (250, HerakN) [1; p.d.]; 70.21-22 (261, ArsN) [1; d.p., erg.p, chomatism., potism., hyposchism., skaphet., xerol., kormop., anab.]; 104.2-3 (383, UP) [1; d.p.]; 113.2-4 (401, UP) [1; d.p.]; T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.14-16 [1; d.]; ZPE 200<\/strong>, 2016, pp. 336-346 frag. b 28-29 (163, Ophis, OxN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

The following three sections focus on payments and provisions set forth in the contract in addition to remuneration: provisions that are needed for the performance of the contractual duties, the maintenance of the employee or other principal, and, finally, taxes owed on the object of the contract. In all three cases, scribes apply two main methods. One is the \u2018sphere of responsibility\u2019 formula: invoking the genitive absolute, the provision owed as the subject; the participle of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77 + \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77 + the responsible party standing in the accusative. In this construction, no reference is made to the date or extent of the delivery; the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 is optional in the case of provisions and routine in that of taxation. When the other method is used, the present or future act of delivery is recorded.<\/p>\n

Here, two constructions appear. The verb may be used absolutely, without a direct object, as in verbs that denote maintenance such as \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9. Much more common, however, is the use of verbs of delivery: \u2018give\u2019 or \u2018receive\u2019 followed by the object of the delivery or the receipt in the accusative: \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 in the case of delivery, and \u1f01\u03c0\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9 in that of receipt. As the direct object, the scribe records the category of provision\u2014\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75. Alternatively, the commodity (in cash or in kind) appears as the direct object and the category is introduced by a preposition or a semi-prepositional construction (in particular: \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u1ff3, \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd). Finally, the verb of delivery or receipt is followed by specification of the commodity distinct from any generic designation. Such is the case in clauses that regulate the delivery of seeds, animals, and materials needed for the performance of the designated act. Such clauses are used in different contractual settings. Some are exclusive to leases, as in expenses, seeds, or animals in lease. Others are common in contracts of labor and marriage, while a third group, composed of clauses that regulate the payment of taxes, are common in any contract that entails the conveyance of a taxable object.<\/p>\n

The categories are different in each of these three sections: prochreia<\/em> in provisions, tropheia<\/em> in maintenance, as are the types of commodities involved. The accounting in each section also varies in accordance with the nature of the legal act. Namely, all contracts that record the transfer of title (temporary and permanent alike) regulate the payment of taxes but the accounting is much more elaborate in lease contracts than in acts of sale. In the category of maintenance, the husband\u2019s duty to provide for his wife is based on the general standard of befitting, with no recording of quantities or types of nourishment as are reported in contracts of labour.<\/p>\n

Section I. Expenses<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Expenses (General)<\/h2>\n

Category: Expenses<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Several clauses in lease contracts assign expenses entailed by the contract to different parties: \u2018taxes in lease<\/a>\u2019, \u2018seeds<\/a>\u2019, \u2018construction costs<\/a>\u2019, \u2018transportation costs<\/a>\u2019, and others. See the respective entries. In the present case, by contrast, the scribe takes expenses into consideration without necessarily addressing their specific purpose, notably by using the adjectives \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 or \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u2018the remaining expenses\u2019; cf., e.g., P.Aberd. 45.16-18 (141 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd (…\u2018and the charges for the dioikesis<\/em> paid on other accounts shall become my responsibility\u2019), or P.Heid. V 351.24-25 (534\/5 CE, Aphrodite): [- ca.15 – \u03c4]\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1(\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 | 25<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (…\u2018and we will assume the other expenses jointly\u2019). The PSI I 32.15-17 formulation (208 CE, Herakleopolites) is simpler: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 (\u2018all the expenses will be borne by you\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 142<\/span> [in lease]; Herrmann (1958): 131-132; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 210<\/span> [liturgies].<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> IV 1120.19-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XX<\/strong> 2869.21-23 (57\/8, ArsN?); P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 45.16-18 (141, SokN) [GA; ed.: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd;]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 92.20-23 (162\/3, SokN) [\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9; \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 170.25-26 (54, Thead) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 . . \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03b9; ed.: [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03bc\u0323\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22\u0323 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd;]; P.Cair.Masp. I<\/span><\/strong> 67104.16-17 (530, Aphr) [GA; \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.9-12? (204, Ox) [\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; ed.: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc[ -ca.?- ];]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.10-11 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [ed.: \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5;]; P.Flor. II<\/strong> 368r<\/sup>.11 (96, Herm); P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 20.9-10 (319, Oasis Magna) [\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u03c6\u1f79\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd*]; P.Heid.<\/span> V<\/strong> 351.24-25 (534\/5, Aphr) [\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.1-2 (VI, Herm) [ed.: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323[\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 -ca.?- ];]; V<\/strong> 1794.13-14 (488, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; 1833,2-7 (IV, UP); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 310.11-12 (26\/7, ArsN): [ed.:[\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd;]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1510.5-11 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [\u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd]; XLIX<\/strong> 3484.18-21 (72\/3, Ox) [GA: ed. \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u0323\u03bb\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u0323[\u03c9]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323;]; LXI<\/strong> 4132.30-34 (619, Ox) [ed.: \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 31<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 32<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6) \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 33<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u1f13\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd]; LXVII<\/strong> 4597.20-21 (294, Ox) [GA: \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; P.Sarap.<\/strong> 51.20-26 (125, Herm); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 92.11-12 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9; \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 218.12-14 (150, ArsN) [\u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9; \u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 108v<\/sup>.2.5 (93A<\/sup><\/span> or 60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bd);]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 17.12-15 (180-192, ArsN) [phoretra]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 22.23-25 (130, Maoza) [ ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf|\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd;]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 32.15-17 (208, HerakN) [GA; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 316.10-11 (328, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]; SB<\/span> I <\/strong>5112.59-62 (618, Apol);; XIV<\/strong> 11599.15-17 (155, UP); XVIII<\/strong> 13885.5-7 (547\/562, ArsPol) [GA,<\/span> ed.: \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c7\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f05\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03cc]\u03c1\u03b8\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03bd;]; XXVI<\/strong> 16569.14-16 (62 ?, Euh) [ed. [\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4]\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 15<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u0323[\u03b9\u03b2]\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323[. . . . . . .] | 16<\/sup> [- ca.11 – \u03bf\u1f30]\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03bf[\u03b9\u03c2;]; SPP XXII<\/strong> 177.33-34 (136\/7, SokN).<\/p>\n

\n

2. Seeds<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Seeds are recorded in purchase contracts with future delivery, loan contracts, and lease contracts. In documents of the last-mentioned type, we distinguish among four usages: [1] in the rent clause<\/a>, where the recorded rent is said to be reckoned with or without the inclusion of seeds; [2] in a clause stipulating the lessee\u2019s duty to sow the land<\/a>; [3] in some cases of prochreia;<\/a> and [4] in the present case, where the seeds are recorded in a special clause and carry no label. The sixty-nine documents listed below date to all four periods: the Ptolemaic (thirteen documents), the Roman to the end of the third century (thirty-four), the late Roman (five), and the Byzantine (fifteen).<\/p>\n

The term for seeds in all periods is \u03c3\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. When expressed by means of a noun, the act of supply is termed \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, a combination largely superseded in the sixth century by \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1. The clause is not uniform; rather, ten documents record past and one-time delivery with an independent clause [Type1]<\/strong><\/a>. The clause commonly takes the form of an homologia<\/em>, the verbs \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9 expressing the act of receipt. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XLIX 3488.23-25 (70\/1 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5|24<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\\\u03b9\/\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 25<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 (\u2026\u2018And the lessee acknowledges that he has received from Dionysios ten artabae of wheat as seeds\u2019).<\/p>\n

A recurrent future receipt [Type2<\/a>: fourteen texts]<\/strong> may take the form of an independent clause, the subject of which is commonly the assignor. The act of delivery is denoted through \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 as well as the active or medial voice of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9. Type2<\/strong> is especially well documented in the early Ptolemaic sources but remains in use in later times as well. BGU VI 1263.11-13 (215\/4 BCE, Tholthis): [\u03b4\u03cc]\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u02bc\u00a0\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u0395\u1f54\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1[\u03bf\u1fe6] \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u2039\u03af\u203a\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018let Eupolis give them as seed for each aroura one wheat artaba for his personal use\u2019); P.Tebt. I 108<\/span>v<\/sup>.2.4 (93\/60 BCE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03ce(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9) \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (\u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b9\u03b5) (\u2026.\u2018on the condition that he shall give fifteen artabae as seed\u2019); SB VI 9110.15-17 (26 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8]|16<\/sup>\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f13\u03be ] | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba[\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018The lessor shall provide the lessees with sixteen artabae of wheat and ten artabae of barley as seeds and the work of ox-teams\u2019).<\/p>\n

The recurrent supply of seeds may also be expressed participially in the genitive absolute [<\/strong>Type3<\/strong>:<\/a> twenty-two texts]. The clause may record the assignment or receipt of the seeds, the subject being the assignor and the assignee, respectively.<\/strong> The vocabulary, however, is different from that used in Type2<\/strong>. The act of supply is expressed through \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9. Cf., e.g., P.Flor. I 20.21-23 (127 CE, Theadelphia): \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 22<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf|23<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd (\u2026. \u2018said Horos providing seeds, a sower, and the weeding\u2019); P.Lips. I 23.21-24 (374 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9\u03b3]\u03b9\u2039\u03b3\u203a\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03b5) | \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad]\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4[\u03b1] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1|\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5|\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (read \u03bc\u03ad|\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 (.\u2026\u2018me undertaking the [supply of] the seeds and all expenses from sowing to harvest\u2019); P.Flor. I 18.22-24 (147\/8 CE, Arsinoites): \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 23<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (…\u2018me receiving the seeds from the public granary every year on their account\u2019). Alternatively, the document may treat the requirement of provision in general terms: defining the party who should provide the seeds in \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2 with the accusative, the provision itself standing as the subject (the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019). This formulation [Type 4<\/a>: eighteen texts]<\/strong> appears almost exclusively in the genitive absolute (e.g., P.Ifao III 31.19-20 (73\/4 CE, Tebtynis): [\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c3]\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7[\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2] | 20<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u03c4[\u1f78\u03bd] \u1f48\u03bd\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c6[\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018the provision of the seeds being the responsibility of Onnophris\u2019); SB XIV 11855.26-27 (547 CE?, Aphrodite): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd(\u03b7\u03c2)) (\u2018and the seed-corn being provided in equal shares\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 129-130;<\/span> Michurski (1956): 132-137.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.15-16 (186, ArsN) [4; sperma]; 197.12-14 (17, Dionysias) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9]; 227.14-16 (151, ArsN) [2; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: sperma]; 308.11-12 (VI-VII, ArsN) [4; sperma]; III<\/strong> 840.3-4 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [sperma]; VI<\/strong> 1263.11-13 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1264.15-17 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1266.13-15 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [3; \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9: sperma]; X<\/strong> 1943.7-8 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.6-7 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 2384.3-4 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 2389.5-6 (scr.int.), 21-22 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Apoll.<\/span><\/strong> 57.5-6 (VIIl<\/sup>, Apol) [2; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: spermabolia]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.4-6 (III, UP) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 59.18-20 (33, Teb) [2; \u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: spermata]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 67128.11-18 (547, Aphr); III<\/strong> 67308.1-3 (526, Aphr) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u0323\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Col.<\/span> III<\/strong> 54.9-12 (250A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 18.22-29 (147\/8, ArsN) [3; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: sperma]; 20.21-23 (127, Thead) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 25.10-15 l. 12 (IIIm<\/sup>?, PtolEu) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; III<\/strong> 282.17-20 (520, Aphr) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 43.27-32 (189\/90, Phoboou, OxN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 2.14-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 68.22-23 (549\/50 or 564\/5, Aphr) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 351.19 (534\/5, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; 353.3-4 (VI, AntaiN) [4; spermabolia]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.14-15 (27, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; III<\/strong> 31.19-20 (73\/4, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.17-18 (116, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 22.14-16 (388, HermN) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; 23.21-24 (374, Herm) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; 24.6-8 (IV, Herm) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9: sperma]; P.Lond.<\/span> I<\/strong> 113.4.16-19 (595, ArsPol) [4; alongside other provisions]; V<\/strong> 1649.13-17 (516-532, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; 1841.18-19 (536, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 311.16-17 (34, Talei) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; IX 555.17-18 (107, Kar) [2; \u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: sperma]; XII<\/strong> 632.15-16 (26, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 633.4-7 (c. 30, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.18?-20 (III, OxN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 24.17-19 (297, Teb) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 46.16-17 (559, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 239.9-11 (156, Teb) [4; sperma]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 32.14-15 (1, Thead) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 34.8-9 (188\/9, Phil) [3; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1628.14-18 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; 1629 (44A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XVI<\/strong> 1976.14-21 (582, Ox) [1; \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: spermabolia]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.21-25 (112, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 2775.8-15 (3, Ox) [1; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2]; XLI<\/strong> 2973.22-23 (103, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XLV<\/strong> 3260.14-16 (323, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9?; sperma]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.23-27 (70\/1, Ox) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; LXIII<\/strong> 4398.17-24 (553, Ox) [\u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 44.6 (VI, Antai\/Aphr) [3; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: spermabolia]; P.Sorb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 17.5-9 (scr.int.), 5-10 (scr.ext.) (257A<\/sup><\/span>, Mermertha) [\u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 218.10-11 (150, ArsN) [1; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: spermatismos]; VII<\/strong> 673.1 (IV, ArsN) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 108v<\/sup> 2.6 (93a<\/sup><\/span>\/60A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; P.Yale<\/span> I<\/strong> 67.12-13 (31, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; PSI<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 934.8-11 (VI, Aphr) [2; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: spermabolia]; X<\/strong> 1129.11-13 (24\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [2; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: sperma]; 1134.19-20 (91, Teb) [4; spermabolia]; SB<\/span> IV<\/strong> 7474.8 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; VI<\/strong> 9110.15-17 (26, Teb) [3; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9: sperma]; 9589.10-12 (VIl<\/sup>, ArsPol) [4; sperma]; VIII<\/strong> 9922.9-11 (159, Theog) [4; sperma]; X<\/strong> 10216.15 (III\/IV, Ox) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; XIV<\/strong> 11487.17-19 (91\/2, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; 11843.15-16 (95, Teb) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1]; 11855.26-27 (547?, Aphr) [4; spermabolia]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.18-19 (547\/562, ArsPol) [4; \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1]; XXII<\/strong> 15240.11-13 (156A<\/sup><\/span>, Ammonias) [1; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: spermatismos]; XXVI<\/strong> 16662.3-4 (VI, AntaiN) [3; spermabolia]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 22.10-12 (216\/7, Herak\u039d) [1; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: sperma]; ZPE 200<\/strong>, 2016, pp. 336-346 (163, Ophis, OxN).<\/p>\n

\n

3. Prochreia<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Advance Payment<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The prochreia<\/em> is recorded in sixty-two documents: one recording the sale of wine, eleven labour contracts<\/a>, twenty loan contracts<\/a>, and thirty lease contracts<\/a>. The clause is safely attested for the first time in a legal document in the lease contract SB<\/span> X 10274 from 98 CE Oxyrhynchos and then recurs in contracts until the seventh century CE. In leases<\/strong>, the object is cash, grain, or cattle. In lease contracts, two usages in particular stand out for their frequency: [Type1]<\/strong><\/a> eight documents stipulate the lessor\u2019s general duty to come up with a prochreia<\/em> of seeds during the term of the contract, although the occasion on which the seeds are to be supplied is not specified. This usage is always expressed within the framework of a genitive absolute, the category sometimes [Type1a]<\/strong> functioning as the subject (1a: e.g., P.Sakaon 70.7-9 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 8<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1]\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2) \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03b9[ \u0323 \u0323] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018And the prochreia<\/em> of the seeds will be provided by you, the land owner, [… ] from the common threshing floor in the best quality\u2019), sometimes [Type1b]<\/strong> as the object with the lessor as the subject [below, 1b. E.g. BGU II 586.21-23 (324 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\\\u03b1\/ \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad\u03c1]\u03bc[\u1f71]\u03c4\u0323o\u03c2 [ \u0323 \u0323] \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2026.\u2018you, the landowner, providing all the quadrupeds and the prochreia<\/em> of seed\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong><\/a> recording specific past or future assignment: in three documents, the lessee acknowledges the receipt of grain at the beginning of the contract (Cf., e.g., P.Oslo III 135.14-19: 286-293 CE, Oxyrhynchos). In three others, the delivery of oxen as part of the prochreia<\/em> is recorded in the contract (e.g., P.Col. X 284.12: 311 CE, Oxyrhynchos and below) and in another, the wine-sale contract PSI X 1122.19-22 (VI CE, Oxyrhynchites), the cash payment is meant to be used by the lessee for the acquisition of livestock. In all other cases in which a prochreia<\/em> is recorded, it is connected with the delivery of cash, usually at the beginning of the term of the lease. In thirteen cases, the document records the delivery of a prochreia<\/em> by the lessor to the lessee (e.g., P.Berl.Zill. 7.22-23: 574 CE, Oxyrhynchos and below). In one document only, P.Stras. V 336b.25-26 (212\/3 CE, Arsinoites), delivery is by the lessee to the lessor and effectively functions as an advance payment of some of the rent.<\/p>\n

In loan<\/strong> contracts<\/strong>, the clause records the delivery of cash. The prochreia<\/em> has some key features of a paratheke<\/em>: it is designated \u1f00\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018warranted against all risk\u2019), and instead of setting out the date of return in advance, it is conditioned on a certain event: an initiative by the lender, the borrower\u2019s leaving the latter\u2019s estate or, if the borrower owns a piece of land currently in the lender\u2019s possession, being cast out of the estate. Moreover, the prochreia<\/em> is closely connected with an estate, for which reason the prochreia<\/em> is usually qualified in the genitive (cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XVI 1975.6-10 )<\/span>496 CE, Oxyrhynchos(<\/span>: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf and further below), or with an agricultural activity that qualifies the prochreia<\/em> mostly in the genitive (cf., e.g., SB VI 9459.1-5 (VI CE, Arsinoites): \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, and further below).<\/p>\n

The tight connection between the prochreia<\/em> and an object or a task is also evident in contracts of labour,<\/strong> e.g. P.Mich. XVIII 792 (221 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd and further evidence below. In labour contracts, the prochreia<\/em> is also used as a prepayment of some of the salary, the quantity and quality of which are detailed in the preceding clause. Cf., e.g, P.Heid. V 350.30-35 (612 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6. In the specific context of an apprenticeship contract, the prochreia<\/em> functions as a loan from the master to the apprentice\u2019s assignor. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXI 2586.30-34 (264 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The loan contract P.Michael. 44.11-14 )<\/span>527 CE, Aphrodite(<\/span> is paradigmatic: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4[\u03b1]\u03c2 \u1f14[\u03c7\u03c9 (?)] | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03bb\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 [\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76(?)] | 13<\/sup> \u03a4\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u2039\u03ba\u203a\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 (?)] | 14<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[ -ca.?- ]. (\u2018And I have them with me for the same agricultural plot of mine, which is under your control, in the surroundings of Tmous Pond under the category of prochreia<\/em> alongside the other assignments in cash and kind that have already been undertaken\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 130-131; Kastner (1962): 34-36; J\u00f6rdens (1990): 276-284; Freu (2022):<\/span>\u00a0e.g., 44-50, 118-122.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 295.13-17 (591, ArsPol) [2; loan]; II<\/strong> 586.22-23 (324, ArsPol) [1b; lease; seeds?]; CPR<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.20-21 (IV, Herak) [lb; lease; seeds]; O.Claud.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 572.2-5 (140, Mons Claudianus) [2; loan, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 149.7-12 (VI, Ox) [2; loan; \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u1fbd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b7\u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Berl.Zill.<\/span><\/strong> 7.22-23 (574, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.9-12 (604, Herm) [2; loan; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2]; 82.7-11 (533, Herm) [3a; \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9* \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*; loan, cash] ; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 284.12 (311, Ox) [2; lease; oxen]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 70.6-9 (VII, Herm) [2; loan; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59.1-4 (V\/VI, AntaiN) [2; loan]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 346.10-12 (VI, UP) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; 350.30-35 (612, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 44.1-3 (VI\/VII UP) [2; loan]; 48.15-18 (582, Ox) [2; loan]; P.Ifao<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 8.7-20 (64, Thead) [2; loan]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 102.5-7 (418, OxN) [2; loan; \u1f27\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 46.13-17 (153, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.7 (VI, ArsN) [1a; labour]; 113.4.17-18 (595, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; III<\/strong> 1037.2-10 (VI, HermN) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b4\u0323\\\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u0323\/\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 | \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6;]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 666.28-30 (615\/631\/646, Aphr) [2; lease; cash for cattle]; XV<\/strong> 728.1-3 (IV\/V, UP) [2; loan]; XVIII<\/strong> 792.6-11, 11-17 (221, Ox) [2; labour; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd* \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 43.12-14, 19-20 (526, Aphr) [2; Lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 44.11-14 (527, Aphr) [2; loan]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 104.29-33 (127, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; VI<\/strong> 267.23-28 (125\/6, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 135.14-19 (286-293, Ox) [2; lease; delivery by lessor; delivery in kind]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.12-16 (138, Ox) [3; lease; future cash delivery by lessor]; VI<\/strong> 910.13-21 (197, Pekerke\/Ox) [2; lease; delivery by lessor; seeds]; VIII<\/strong> 1125.2-9 (II, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; XVI<\/strong> 1975.6-10 (496, Ox) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]\u03c6\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf;]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.30-34 (264, Ox) [2; Labour]; L<\/strong> 3589.13-16 (II, OxN) [2; lease; by lessor; \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; LXVII<\/strong> 4596.16-21 (232\/264, Ox) [2; labour; ed.: \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u0323[\u03b1\u03c2] | \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2;]; LXXXII<\/strong> 5320.15-18 (227\/8, Ox) [2; lease; oxen; by lessor; \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u0323\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [- ca.35 -];]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 34.a.6-12 (VI, ArsPol) [2; loan; ed.: \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5;]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 18 no. 74.309-310 ? (139\/40, ArsN) [labour]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 15.3-7 (104, MagdMir) [2; loan; ed.: \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323|\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f72\u03be \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323];]; 20.6-9 (121, Herm) [1; loan]; 51.8-9 (125, Herm) [2; cash]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.7-9 (321, Thead) [1b; lease]; 70.7-9 (338, Boubastos) [1a; lease]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 336a.26-28 (212\/3, ArsN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 336b.25-26 (212\/13, ArsN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessee]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 378.11-16 (265, Teb) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1078.21-23 (356, Lenonos) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; X<\/strong> 1122.19-22 (VI, OxN) [2; sale; wine; cash allowance for the purchase of oxen]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4739.13-14 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 9284.6-11 (553, Herm) [2; loan; ed.: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae[\u03bc\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u03c2;]; 9459.1-5 (VI, ArsN) [2; loan; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; 9589.7-10 (VIl<\/sup>, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; X<\/strong> 10274.11-13 (98, Ox) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; 10565.6-15 (155, ArsN) [2; loan]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.17-21 et al. (547\/ 562, ArsPol) [1a; lease]; XX<\/strong> 15027.7 (475, OxN) [2; lease; cash delivery by lessor]; XXII<\/strong> 15769.14 (311, Ox) [2; lease; oxen]; XXIV<\/strong> 15959.3-5 ? (VIf<\/sup>, Aphr) [2; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 [\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2*;]; 16274.6-7 (V, UP) [2; cash]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 217.15-18 (581, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4]; 219.26-28 (604, ArsPol) [2; labour; \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2].<\/p>\n

\n

4. Animals in Lease<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Animals are treated in twenty-three lease contracts: ten Roman (to the end of the third century), and thirteen Byzantine. All are recorded in documents from well-documented nomes, particularly in the Arsinoite source material (19). A rather wide variety of terms is used to designate livestock; the most common and seemingly \u2018official\u2019 term is \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018quadruped\u2019), used whenever the established genitive absolute construction is invoked in order to introduce the lessor\u2019s responsibility for the provision of the quadrupeds (see text below). Within the relatively limited body of evidence, however, one also finds other general terms\u2014\u03ba\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (always in the plural: \u2018flocks and herds\u2019), as well as those recording more specific types of animals: \u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018calf\u2019), \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (\u2018bullock, bull, ox, or cow\u2019), \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 as well as their adjectival derivatives: e.g., P.Sakaon 67.10 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n

The treatment of animals in lease contracts is twofold. Rarely [Type1]<\/strong> terms of their nourishment (BGU XII 2139.14-15 (432 CE, Herm): \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b1{\u03bd} \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u0323[\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1ff6\u03c2] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f30\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba(\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) (\u2026.\u2018on the condition that you feed one goat with the soilage of the yields of the felicitously upcoming second indiction\u2019). More common is a provision for the delivery of livestock: this is expressed in key formulations, the first [Type2a]<\/strong> being a general discussion of the requirement in the genitive absolute. In most of these cases, the livestock appears as the subject and the person responsible for providing it stands in the accusative, introduced by the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (the \u2018sphere-of-liability\u2019 formula). In this case, the livestock is to be supplied alongside other provisions. Cf., e.g. BGU III 840.2-4 (VI\/VII CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd | 3<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9(\u03bd) | 4<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3]\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018\u2026responsibility for the [supply of] quadrupeds of every type, the advance payment of seeds, and the pulling out of the fodder belongs entirely to you, the landlord\u2019). In a different formulation, also in the genitive absolute, the provider is recorded as the subject of the clause [Type2b]<\/strong> and the livestock as the object, as in the case of BGU II 586.21-23 (324 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03c1]\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4[\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bd|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\\\u03b1\/ \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0[\u03ad\u03c1]\u03bc[\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2 [ \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u03c0\u03c1[\u03bf]|23<\/sup>\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018you, the landlord, providing all the quadrupeds and the seed loans\u2019). Elsewhere, the document records the lessee\u2019s acknowledgment of receipt of the livestock [Type3]<\/strong>: P.Col. X 284.12 (311, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf]\u03c5\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf (\u2018and I have received two young oxen on loan\u2019). The remaining documentation stipulates the future delivery or receipt of the cattle [Type4]<\/strong>. P.Sakaon 67.9-11 (321 CE, Theadelphia): \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] \u03b6\u0323\u03c5\u03b3\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf|11<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf]\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03ba\u03bf]\u03bc{\u03bc}\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018I shall also receive a sufficient number of teams of oxen and asses from the time of irrigation to the harvest, including the harvest itself\u2019). This formula recurs in P.Oxy. IV 729.16-17 (138 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c4\u1f70\u0323 \u2039\u03b4\u1f72\u203a [\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u1ff3 \u03b2\u03cc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> [\u03a6\u03b1\u1ff6\u03c6\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5]\u03bd\u0323\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc[\u03ae\u03c3]\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (…\u2018and the lessees will receive the cattle [\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7] required by the water-supplier, five oxen and three calves, at their value on the twentieth of Phaophi of the twenty-third year and will document in writing the return of the estimated value when the term of the contract comes to an end\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl. Schnebel (1925): 172-180, 352-355 [lease]; Bolla (1940): 9-13;<\/span> Taubenschlag (1955): 369 [lease]; Herrmann (1958): 132-133<\/span>. Compare Pernin (2014):<\/span> no. 64.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 308.10 (IV-VII, ArsN) [2a]; II<\/strong> 586.21-22 (324, ArsPol) [2b]; III<\/strong> 840.2-3 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [2a]; XII<\/strong> 2139.14-15 (432, Herm) [1]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong>\u00a0284.12 (311, Ox) [3]; P.Flor.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 16.19-22 (239, Euh) [3]; P.Gen.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 34.3-5 (156, ArsN?) [4]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 113.3.6-7 (VI, ArsN) [2a]; 113.4.17 (595, ArsPol) [2a]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.41-43 (34, Talei) [3]; XI<\/strong> 609.31-34 (244, Teb) [4]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.15-17 (III, OxN) [3]; 24.19-20 (297, Teb) [2b]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 81.3-4 (III, UP) [3]; P.Oxy.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 729 .16-18. 39-44 (hyp.) (138, Ox) [4]; XLI<\/strong> 2973.23 (103, Ox) [2b]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.9-11 (321, Thead) [4]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 1.23-25 (69, Thead) [4]; 2.20-21 (71, Thead) [4];\u00a0\u00a0P.Vind.Sijp.<\/strong><\/span> 10.16 (V\/VI, ArsN) [1]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9294.17-18 (IV\/VII, ArsN); 9459.14-16 (VI, ArsN); 9562.18-19 (214, Phil) [4]; 9589.7-10 (VI, ArsPol) [2a]; X<\/strong> 10573.10-12 (11A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN\/OxN) [1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13885.17-19 (547\/562, ArsPol) [2a]; XXVI<\/strong> 16569.21-23 (62?, Euh) [4].<\/p>\n

\n

5. Athanatos<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

According to the communis opinio<\/em> the adjective \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 means that the lessee would be liable to return the objects of lease at their stated value regardless of their wear and tear and particularly, in the case of cattle, of the demise of individual items. The designation \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 is used for the qualification of animals, and routinely appears in the clause recording the act of leasing<\/a> (cf., e.g., P.Stras. I 30,4-9: 276 CE, Theadelphia), in that stipulating the terms of their restitution<\/a> (cf., e.g., SB 11024.17-18: 328 CE, Arsinoites), as well as in the replacement clause<\/a>. In P.Vind.Sijp. 10.7-10, the lessee acknowledges the immediate receipt of money on account of the price (for the purchase?) of \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1f70 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 of the status of \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 destined for the irrigation work. He has also received one chisel for the purpose of the work (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd). The chisel, too, is said to be \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. Here the scribe reports the metal and the weight. In the present case, labeling the object \u1f00\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 would imply that after the period of lease ends, the lessee will be required to return objects of the same value, if not the money itself, notwithstanding the condition of the objects originally purchased. P.Vind.Sijp. 10.7-10 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites): \u1f10\u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u0323\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03bf\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03b6\u1ff4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f13\u03be \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 | 9<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)] \u03c7\u03c1(\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) \u03bd\u03bf(\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) \u03db \u03c0(\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70) \u03ba\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323(\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b4 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 \u03be\u0323\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u03be\u03bf\u0390\u03b4\u03b1) \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f15\u03be (\u2018I, the lessee Nilammon, having already received from you, the landowner, forthwith from hand to hand, from the house, as the price of cattle in the category of immortals, that render service in lifting water for said land, six gold solidi, twenty-four keratia deducted, total six gold solidi, twenty-four keratia deducted, in the measure of this city, and for the execution of the work one chisel, it too in the category of immortals, of pure iron, six litra in weight\u2019). Identical contents probably recur in P.Ross.Georg. III 55.14-16 (630 CE, Arsinoiton Polis). See also CJ. 8.37.8 (294 CE).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Schnebel (1925): 352; Bolla (1940): 66-82; Taubenschlag (1955): 370; Pr\u00e9aux (1966b): 161-164; Hengstl (1979): 238; J\u00f6rdens (1988): 99-104; Alonso (2012): 56-61.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

6. Supply of Materials<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause that documents the supply of commodities is incorporated into sixty-eight documents from the Roman and Byzantine periods: 28 leases, nine labour contracts, and 31 sales of wine. Except for the last category, it is never routine. Regionally, 20 documents stem from the Oxyrhynchite nome, 19 from the Arsinoites, and 16 from the Hermopolite nome. In its most common iteration (48 cases), the clause takes the form of a genitive absolute, recording in most cases the act of delivery and not the receipt of the provision. However, the independent clause, in the infinitive or in the (future) indicative, is also attested (11 cases). The most common verb that denotes supply is \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9, used in 50 texts, followed by \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (5), \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 or one of its composites (5). As the object of the delivery, the clause may record all the recipient\u2019s requirements for the performance of the contract. E.g., P.Vind.Sijp. 10.5-6 (V\/VI CE, Arsinoites): \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c7\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u1f05\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323[\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | 6<\/sup> [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03cc]\u03c1\u03b8\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u03bd (….\u2018you, the landlord, furnishing all types of objects that I wish for the maintenance of said estate\u2019). In most cases, however, the object of the delivery is specified: recurrent are empty jars (\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1) [Cf. Mayerson (1997): 47-52]<\/span>, recorded nine times; flax (\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1: 2) in the context of leases of a linen weaving workshop or fishing rights; and papyrus rolls (\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: 2), when the recipient\u2019s duties involve scribal activities. The location of the clause varies, inserted where its record makes the most sense. Thus, in the lease of linen weaving workshop P.Dubl. 31.12-18 (355 CE, Panopolis), the lessee is instructed in the rent clause to provide ten linen items as rent, for which the lessor is expected, in the same context, to provide the raw material: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 | 13<\/sup> \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|15<\/sup>\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f51\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 17<\/sup> \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 (… \u2018and I shall pay as rent, on the one hand for the half part, two hundred silver talents, and as rent on the other hand for the two loom-frames (?) [I shall pay you] by weaving ten linen items, with you providing the raw material\u2019) (transl.: P.Dublin, p. 164). In contracts recording deliveries of wine, the provision of the jars is recorded in the context of the delivery of the wine. Cf., e.g., P.Amst. I 48.10-15 (VI CE, Hermopolites): \u1f05\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 (l<\/em>. \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1) \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|11<\/sup>\u03b4\u03ce\u0323\u03c3\u03c9\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03b9]\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u03c4\u1ff7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u1f74\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 | 12<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u1f30\u03bd[\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba]\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u0323\u1f34\u0323\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03bd\u03ad\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03bb\u203a\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 | 14<\/sup> \u03bc[\u03ad]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03ba \u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 ( …\u2018which I shall repay you on the occasion of the harvest in the month of Mesore of the fruits of the felicitous fifteenth indiction in new, excellent, and acceptable wine, each knidion<\/em> measuring three xestoi<\/em>, you supplying new jars for this purpose\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Herrmann (1958): 132-133; M\u00fcller (1985): 253-254 J\u00f6rdens (1990): 324-325; Mayerson (1997): 47-52; Jakab (2009): 139-144.<\/span><\/p>\n

GA: genitive absolute; ic.: independent clause<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 981.11-17 (77, Diospolites) [GA; choreg.: papyrus rolls and exp. connected with the conventus]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> IX<\/strong> 25.9-10 (Vm<\/sup>, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 4.12-13 (VI, Alexandrou Nesos) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XVIII<\/strong> 5.99-100 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/<\/span>206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; XIX<\/strong> 31.10-11 (Vs<\/sup>, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Amst.<\/span><\/strong> I 48.15 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 23.19 (82, Thead) [GA; choreg.: \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Athen.Xyla<\/span><\/strong> 6.6-7 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 232.15 (III, Ox) [GA; parech.]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 25.6-9 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 31.16-17 (355, Panop) [GA; parech.: \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 65.8-9 (570\/1, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 190.15 (522\/3?, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.17-24 ? (249, OxN) [ic.; parech.: \u1f04\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Heid.<\/span> V<\/strong> 358.6 (524\/5, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.1.31-39 (263, Antin) [GA; parech.:<\/strong> waste pieces (cf. commentary, pp. 144-145)]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 306.16-18 (145, ArsN) [GA; choreg.: papyrus rolls]; 390.3 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; III<\/strong> 1001.21 (539, HermN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; III<\/strong> 1166.11-13 (43, Herm) [ic.; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9:<\/span> fodder]; V<\/strong> 1833.2-4 (IV, UP) [GA; parech.:<\/span> pasturage]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 312.34-38 (34, Talei) [GA; parech.:<\/span> lead]; 349.9-11 (30, ArsN) [ic. (ind. fut.); \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9:<\/span> mulberry trees]; IX<\/strong> 560.18 (46, Kar) [ic.; choreg.]; XI<\/strong> 608.11 (VI, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 19.6-13 (III, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> ropes and other requisites]; P.Naqlun<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 23.7-8 (c. 590-596, Naqlun) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 43.2 (140\/1, Prosopites) [ic.; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 729.5-7, 10-11 (138, Ox) [ic.; parech.: the necessities (with additional account)]; XIV<\/strong> 1628.17 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [ic.; choreg.: \u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2859.17 (301, Ox);\u00a0XLV<\/strong> 3250.20-22 (c. 63, Ox) [Part.; parech. (med.): provision of the boat; seamen]; XLVI<\/strong> 3267.10-11 (37-41, Ox) [ic.; parech. (med.): fishermen]; XLIX<\/strong> 3512.14-15 (492, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; L<\/strong> 3596.34-36 (219-255, Ox) [ic. (homologia); \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; LXXVII<\/strong> 5123.14-15 (555, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.PalauRib.<\/strong><\/span> 21.8 (VI, HermN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1];P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.13 (521\/2, Antin) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 101.12-13 (198-209, OxN) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 51.21-22 (630, ArsPol) [ic.; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 (\u1f14[\u03c3]\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd):<\/span> chisel]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 97.10-11 (139, UP) [GA; parech.:<\/span> \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1 and a storehouse]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 50.8-10 (124, HermN) [ed.: \u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u0323 \u1f51|9<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 {\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323} \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 | 10<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u0323\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1;]; 51.18-20 (125, Herm) [GA; parech.: water, bonds and a bale picker]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 2.8 (VI, HerakN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.10 (435, Herm) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; VII<\/strong>\u00a0677.4-7 (VI, Herm);\u00a0696.2 (VI, Herm) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; P.Vind.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (V\/VI, ArsN) [GA; parech.: all the necessities]; P.Worp 37.19-21 (620\/650\/665, Herak); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1122.18-19, 25-28 (VI, OxN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 1233.11-12 (323\/4?, PanopN); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8264.15-16 (524, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; VI<\/strong> 9294.14-15 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 9587.21-22 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: chisel and \u03be\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 9921.13-16 (III, Ox) [ic.; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03af\u03b1]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.24-27 (172, Ox) [ic.; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9]; XVI<\/strong> 12486.17-18 (470, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 12639.18-19 (VI, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 13037.15 (522\/3, HermN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13150.12-15 (II, Ox) [GA; parech.: posts, net, necessities]; 13997.5-6, 6-7 (VIIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1] [GA; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: chisel]; XXII<\/strong> 15595.11 (VI\/VII, HermN); 15597.11 (both: 537, Herm) [both: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 15725.9 (VI, Ox) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; XXX <\/strong> 17328.6 (546\/561, Herak) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1];<\/span><\/strong> 17339.25-26 (630, ArsPol) [GA; parech: ed.: \u03c3\u03af\u03b4\u03b7]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd;]; SPP<\/span> III<\/strong> 125.5 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 135.7-8 (VI, Tin) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 141.3 (VI\/VII, ArsPol) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; 144 + 381.3 (VI, Kynon\/ArsPol); 151.4 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1]; <\/span>XXII<\/strong> 35.4-11 [ic.; \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 8.9 (669, Syron Kome\/Palosis) [GA; parech.: \u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b1].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

7. Workers\u2019 Transport and per Diem<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Contractual Duties<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the context of performance contracts, the employer is responsible for transporting the performers, providing them with \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 in the course of their stay, and sending them back home safe and sound. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXIV 2721.22-35 (234 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 23\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc|24<\/sup>\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f48\u03be\u03c5|25<\/sup>\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|26<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 27\u00a0<\/sup>\u03c0\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 28\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74{\u03bd} \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup>\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | 30<\/sup>\u00a0\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u0323|31<\/sup>\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c2] \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03b8\u03bc\u1ff7\u0323 | 32<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bb\u0323[\u03ae]\u03c1\u0323\u03b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba[\u03bf]\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae|33<\/sup>\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b9\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd|34<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f34\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c2\u00b7 (\u2018\u2026 and they will transport him alongside the others, act of God apart, from the Oxyrhynchite nome with three donkeys and will transport them to the village and will also provide them with safe and undisturbed lodging and after the four days, having satisfied them with all the hire money and the separate deliveries in kind, all to the full amount, they will necessarily transport them on the 15th<\/sup> day to the same Oxyrhynchite nome with the equal number of three donkeys truly and faithfully\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 116).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Hengstl<\/span> (1972): 50-51.<\/p>\n

P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 9.15-18 (206, Phil); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1275.22-25 (III, Souis\/Ox); XXXIV<\/strong> 2721.22-35 (234, Ox); LXXIV<\/strong> 5014.18-26 (III, Ibion Ammoniou).<\/p>\n

Section II. Maintenance<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Maintenance in Labour<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause stipulating the employer\u2019s duty to provide for the employee is recorded in thirty-seven documents, from the reign of Augustus to the Byzantine period. The clause is especially common in apprenticeship contracts (seventeen) and is also documented in nursing contracts (three); similar circumstances are evident in other documents as well. The verb<\/strong> most frequently used in a contract of labour in reference to the delivery of provisions is \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9<\/strong> (thirteen cases); two alternatives are \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9<\/strong> and \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/strong>. In one document, the scribe reports the receipt (\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1). In most cases, the active voice of \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9<\/strong> is used in a finite rather than a participial construction. The objects of the delivery are recorded in the accusative: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75<\/strong>, and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2<\/strong>. It is particularly in connection with this verb, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, that the scribe specifies the cash value of the allowance (P.Oxy. II 322.19-24 (36 CE, Oxyrhynchos), and other instances below). Other frequently used verbs are \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, commonly combined into one formula. \u03a4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 appears most often medially and participially, chiefly within the framework of a genitive absolute or in the accusative case. If used medially, the beneficiary is the subject and the provider appears in the genitive, introduced by the preposition \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc. If it is used actively, which happens much less often, the subject is the provider, and the beneficiary stands in the accusative. The verb \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 is invoked in eighteen documents, both actively and medially. As with \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, in almost all cases (fourteen) it appears in a participial construction, in twelve it occurs as a genitive absolute, and in fourteen it is used in combination with \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9.<\/p>\n

In several instances, the scribe integrates all three elements into the same text, each verb exhibiting the traits discussed above. In the apprenticeship contract, P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2875.15-19 (IIIe<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos), \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 and \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 appear in the genitive absolute, with a medio-passive participle, with the apprentice as the subject; the object of the medio-passive participle of \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, lost in the lacuna at the end of line 19, is probably the provision: \u03c4\u0323[\u03bf]\u1fe6 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03bf\u1fe6] \u0396\u03c9\u0390\u03bb\u0323[\u03bf\u03c5] | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u0323[\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9]|17<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5[\u03bd\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03cc]\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u0323[\u03c4]\u03b9\u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u0323[\u03ac]|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u0323[\u03bf]\u1fe6\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1 .] \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u0323(….\u2018Zoilos to be fed and clothed by the overseer for said time and also to be provided by the same overseer with – – – six [drachmas?] per month as pay\u2019). In P.Tebt. II 385.12-15 (117 CE, Tebtynis), the beneficiary is the subject of a genitive absolute in the case of \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, whereas in that of \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 and \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (which is equivalent in this case to \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9), also in the genitive absolute, the active voice is chosen with the assignor as the subject: \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 [\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f2d[\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] | 14<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6[\u03af]\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb[\u03cc]\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4[\u03ad]\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03c2, | 15<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. (… \u2018the child being fed by his mother, to whom said Heron shall give four drachmas each month on account of food, said Heron clothing the child and also assuming responsability for the state taxes on his account during the two years\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914):<\/span> 298-299, 310-311; Taubenschlag (1932a): 514-515; Zambon (1935): 52-53, 54, 57-58; Herrmann (1957\/8): 124-125; Adams (1964): 135, 142-143; Hengstl (1972): 67-68, 106-112; Bergamasco (1994): 128, 137-140.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1106.45-47 (before 20.3.13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; VII<\/strong> 1647.14-15 (129, Phil) [GA; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9]; XI<\/strong> 2041.11-14 (201, ArsN) [GA; \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 59.a.1, 3, 5-6 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, PanopN?); P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.84-126, ll. 85-96 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 91.1-2 (VI, AntinN?) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.): \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 26.9 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [GA; \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 20.12 (121, Paliga) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 37.4-5 (48, Ox?) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9: cash-estimate]; P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 73.11-16 (IIIb<\/sup>, Phil) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9 (m.-p.): \u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1]; P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 62.9 (98, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: cash-estimate]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 75.9-12 (308, Oasis Magna) [\u1f14\u03c7\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2: cash-estimate]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 62.12-14 (VI, UP) [\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>. XIV<\/strong> 576.11-13 (194, HermN) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Leipz.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9 (III, Mem) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.): cash-estimate]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 118.19-22 (82, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (m.-p.): cash-estimate]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.8.1-2 (42, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.), \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; V<\/strong> 346a.6-9 (12\/3, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; 346b.4-5 (16\/7, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 931 + P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 249.13-14 (10, Philagris) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Mich.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 4238.17 (128, Thead); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.11-12 (50, Kar) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.14-17 (66, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; IV<\/strong> 725.15-16 (183, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.14-16 (264, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2875.15-17 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.13-15, 21-27 (66, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; 2977; LXXVIII 5168.7-10 (18A<\/sup><\/span>?; Ox) [Part.; \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9: \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong> 29.15-29 (139\/40, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Ross.Georg. II<\/strong> 18.450-458, l. 454 (139\/40, ArsN); P.Tebt. II<\/strong> 385.12-15 (117, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (m.-p.): \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; P.Tebt.Pad.<\/strong> 19.9 (IIe, Teb) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; P.Wisc. I<\/strong> 5.11-14 (185, Ox) [Part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; PSI <\/strong>V<\/strong> 549.9-10 (42\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox); VIII<\/strong> 962 B.37-38 (131\/2, Herak) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9]; SB VI<\/strong> 9094.10 (III, Ox?) [Part.: \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; 9374.19-25 () [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9 (m.-p.); \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 (act.): \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1]; X<\/strong> 10236.19-24 (36, Ox) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75; \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9: cash-estimate]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.14-15 (271, Kar) [GA; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXII <\/strong>15538.7 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9; part.; \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9]; XXIV<\/strong> 16320.13-14 (293-304, Kellis) [inf.: \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03c9, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9 (m.-p.)]; SPP XX<\/strong> 123.27-29 (445, Herak); XXII<\/strong> 40.13-14 (150, SokN).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

2. Provisions for Employee<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Special allowances, usually by the employer, are given to the employee on special account. This act is usually reported from the employee\u2019s viewpoint using the verb \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9. The account is introduced through \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, or \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1, both in the genitive. Most documents record a cash payment; in other cases, however, the delivery is in kind. Such is the case in P.Bour. 14.12-17 (126 CE, Arsinoites): \u039b\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 | 13<\/sup> [\u03c0]\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f41\u0323[\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1] \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 14 <\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7(\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f13\u03be \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14|15<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f08\u03bc\u03b5\u0323\u03c3[\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf]\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f13\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f44\u03c1\u03bd{\u03b5}\u03b9|16<\/sup>\u03b8\u0323[\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae(\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f11\u0323\u03be\u0323(\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9|17<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03c5 -ca.?- \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3]\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 [ \u0323]\u03b7 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. (\u2018\u2026having received from the declaring party six drachmas and two kotylae<\/em> of oil on account of breastfeeding every month, and one keramion<\/em> of wine and four birds each year upon the feast of the Amesysia as a drink offering, and half a [- -] silver [- -] on account of the six months of nursing each month\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 514-515.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.12-17 (126, ArsN) [\u1f51\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5; cash and kind]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.2 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2; cash]; 4.2-3 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [\u03c4\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2; cash]; P.Lond.<\/span> II<\/strong> 306.18-22 (145, ArsN) [\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03c8\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5; cash]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 603.14-15 (134, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; nature not indicated]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 287.13-15 (377, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd]; VI<\/strong> 710.9-10 (II, Ox?) [cash and kind].<\/p>\n

\n

3. Allowance for Apprentice<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

P.Oxy.Hels. 29.20-29 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos), an apprenticeship contract, records an allowance by the assignor to the apprentice for the duration of the period of training: \u1f21 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u2039\u03b9\u203a\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f14\u03c4\u03b7{\u03b9} \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 22<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, | 23<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f21 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf(\u1fe6\u03c2) | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\\\u03c2\/ | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd | 26<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u0323[\u03cc\u03b3]\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 27<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf {\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd} \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9{\u03b9} | 28<\/sup> \u1f41 \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 | \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018And said Apollonous will clothe her son for the duration of the two years, in return for the twenty-four silver drachmas that Heras will give her, of which Apollonous acknowledges that she has already received twelve drachmas from Heras immediately. And let Heras undertake the delivery to the mother of the remaining twelve drachms on account of clothing in the month of Sebastos of the coming year\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 508-509, 514-515.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

4. Maintenance in Marriage<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Fifty-four marriage documents explicitly affirm the husband\u2019s duty to provide for his wife. The verb denoting the act of provision in the Ptolemaic period, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03c9 (e.g., P.Gen. I 21.2-3:II BCE, Uknown Provenance), is superseded in the Roman period by \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9. \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9, exceedingly rare in contracts of labour (P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2875.19, IIIe<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos) is common in marriage contracts. The object in the accusative, nourishment (\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), extremely common in contracts of labour, is very rarely recorded (BGU IV 1050.12: 12\/11 BCE, Alexandria; SB XVIII 13886.12: 488\/9 CE, Oxyrhynchites). Occasionally, the clause documents specific objects of support. Cf., e.g,. BGU VI 1463.4-6, 8-11 (247\/6 BCE, Elephantine), in which the husband is instructed to provide his wife with an item of clothing (\u1f31\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd), sandals (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1), and victuals (\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 and Battaglia<\/span> (1989): 135). Alternatively, in CPR I 24.18-20 (136 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), the mother of the bride undertakes to support the couple in the first year of marriage with a fixed quantity of wheat. Elsewhere, the only object specified is the \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018clothing\u2019). This, however, relates to the husband\u2019s general duty to clothe his wife, not to a specific piece of clothing. Apart from clothing, the clause refers to \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f73\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018the necessities\u2019) and \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 (\u2018everything else that befits a wedded wife\u2019). The husband is supposed to provide for his wife at home and abroad (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, or, in Alexandria: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) and to do so in accordance with his own standard of living. BGU I 183.6-8 (85 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7|7<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3[\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03b8[\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9] \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b2\u03af\u03c9|8<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd (\u2026 \u2018Horos furnishing the necessities, the clothing, and the other things in turn, from his property and whatever is proper for a wedded wife according to his means both at home and abroad in the course of their joint life, not being subject to accusation\u2019). A different formulation is used in the Byzantine period. Cf., e.g., CPR I 30.18-21 (388 CE, Hermopolis): \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 | 19<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2026.\u2018and all that befits wedded wives with reverend husbands he shall display to her on the condition that she love and comfort and attend to Megas himself, her future husband by the grace of God\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 517-520; Yiftach (2003): 188-189.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.6-8 (85, SokN); 251.6-7 (81, SokN); III<\/strong> 717.15-19 (149, ArsN); IV<\/strong> 1045.1.18-19 (154, Alabanthis?); 1050.11-14 (12\/1A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1051.14-18 (30A<\/sup><\/span>\u201314, Alex); 1052.12-15 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1099.11-14 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1100.14-20 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex); 1101.9-11 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1463.4-6, 8-11 (246A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); XIII<\/strong> 2328.7-9 (Vm<\/sup>, ArsN) ?; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.21-22 (158, ArsN); 24.20-26 (136, PtolEu); 27.12-14 (189, PtolEu); 28.4-6 (110, PtolEu); 30.b.16-18 (VI\/VII, Herak?); 236.5-6 (81-96, SokN); 237.5-7 (II, ArsN); 238.b.1-5 (II, ArsN); P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 61d.7-9 (II, ArsN); P.Bon.<\/span><\/strong> 26.1-2 (I, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.98-114 (566-570, Antin?); III<\/strong> 67310.8-11 (566-573, Antin); 67340.33-35 (VI, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 227.8-10 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 1.4-6 (310A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 30.31-35 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.2-3 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 2.17-19 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 220.7-8 (223\/4, PtolEu?); P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 30.20-22 (138-160, ArsN); P.Lond.<\/span> II<\/strong> 294.11-12, 17-18 (160, PtolEu); V<\/strong> 1711.26-29 (566-573, Antin); P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 72.21-23 (162, Teb); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XV<\/strong> 700.9-13 (143\/153, Kar); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.8-10 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 372.5-6 (74\/5, Ox); III<\/strong> 496.8 (127, Ox); VI<\/strong> 905.8-11 (170, OxN); X<\/strong> 1273.22-24 (260, OxN); XII<\/strong> 1473.10-11 (201, OxN); XLIX<\/strong> 3491.17-18 (157\/8, Ox); 3500.7-9 (III, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 131.12-14 (363, ArsN); VI<\/strong> 533.10-12 (II, UP); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.16-18 (92A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris); III.2<\/strong> 974.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Teb); P.Ups.Frid<\/span><\/strong> 2.7-8 (59\/60, Teb); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 11053.b (267A<\/sup><\/span>?, Tholt?); XVIII<\/strong> 13886.11-16 (488\/9, OxN); XXVIII<\/strong> 17050.7-8 (II, Teb).<\/p>\n

\n

5. Provisions for the Elderly<\/h2>\n

Category: Provisions, Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In only four documents\u2014 one Ptolemaic and three Roman\u2014are provisions for the elderly recorded. In P.Mich. V 321.17-21 (42 CE, Tebtynis), the author of the document bequeaths his assets after his death in theory but waives his freedom of disposal with immediate effect, so that the de facto<\/em> delivery of the assets seems immediate. For this reason, one of the heirs is to support him in his old age. This requirement, which coincides with the payment of the taxes, is expressed through the verb \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c9, the definition of the time frame (\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc-\u1f10\u03c0\u03af formula), the intervals (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), and the categories of support introduced by \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd + gen. The object of said support, in cash and kind, stands in the accusative.<\/p>\n

In two other cases (P.Oxy. I 104.17-19: 96 CE, Oxyrhynchos; P.Select. 14.25-27: II CE, Arsinoites), the clause is associated with the maintenance of a widow and, in a third case, the Ptolemaic P.Eleph. 2.10-13 (284 BCE, Elephantine), it concerns the event of an unexpected debt or need of the parents, who jointly draw up this deed. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 321.17-21 (42 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f41 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f43\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039d\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 18<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (read \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f43\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 19<\/sup> \u1f38\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u0394\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u2039\u2039\u203a\u03af\u203a\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u1ff3 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd {\u03b5}\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 {\u1f67\u03bd} \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72[\u03c1] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 21<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03ac\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd) (\u2018Ischyrion, also called Nestnephis, shall also pay all public taxes in cash and in kind on the two arouras, and he shall provide me, as long as I live, from the present time annually in the month of Drousilleios, on account of food and payments in kind, with twelve artabs of new, pure, and unadulterated wheat, measured in the six-choinix measure of the broker in Talei, and with twelve drachmas of silver annually on account of clothes and oil and expenses; and he shall pay all the public charges on in my behalf for both the tax on flute players and the tax on music\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 263-264).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Taubenschlag (1932a): 510-512, 517, 520-521; (1956): 173-179 ; Rupprecht (1998): 233-234; Thoma (2018): 152-155.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU IV<\/strong> 1013.12-15 (41-68, ArsN); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.10-13 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V 321.17-21 (42, Teb); 322a.32-33 (46, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.17-19 (96, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.25-27 (II, ArsN).<\/p>\n

Section III. Taxation<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Taxes in Sale<\/h2>\n

Category: taxation<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Taxes are mentioned in sale documents in two settings. One is a clause in which the vendor affirms that he will surrender the object to the purchaser free of liabilities, in some cases giving an account of applicable taxes. In the other clause, the vendor confirms his liability to pay past liabilities, while the purchaser shall become responsible for all those ensuing in the future. The clause is recorded in 50 documents, all dating to the Roman period. In most of these cases (48), the document records the sale of land or other real property. Syntactically, much as in the case of leases, taxes recorded in sale documents may be reported as the subject of the clause, frequently within a genitive absolute construction in the \u2018sphere of liability formulation\u2019 (33) [Type1]<\/strong>. They are said to be directed toward the prospective taxpayer: \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f6f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. Additional constructions are commonly used, viz., the prospective payer as the subject of the clause followed by \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 and tax categories as the object in the accusative (11) [Type3]<\/strong>: e.g., SB I 5673.14-16 (147 CE, Hermopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd. The latter formulation also occurs participially at times [Type2]<\/strong>. Cf., e.g., P.Bas. 5.6-8 (III CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9]|8<\/sup>\u03ba\u1f71 (\u2018paying on their account the state-taxes, in grain and in cash\u2019).<\/p>\n

While the clause in some texts records specific taxes (e.g., PSI VIII 918.6-7 (38\/9 CE, Tebtynis): geometria<\/em>), as a rule, scribes circumscribed fiscal liabilities by means of umbrella terms. The most common is \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, recorded in 34 cases, in 14 as an adjective modifying \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f73\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. The term \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, always in the plural, is recorded in 12 cases, and \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae in 5. In the context of all-embracing lists, one also encounters the adjectives \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, and \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 as modifiers of \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1. The adjectives \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 and \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 modify \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae. Cf., e.g., P.Stras. III 144.12-14 (244 CE, Hermopolites): [\u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9]\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f72\u0323\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8[\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc]|13<\/sup>\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b1 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) [\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2] \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6]|14<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2 (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (\u2026.\u2018all state taxes and compulsory cultivation up to and including the past first year being discharged by me, the vendor, and from the present second year being discharged by you\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Stollwerck (1971): 90-114.<\/span><\/p>\n


\nBGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 87 (144, SokN) [1; d.p.]; II<\/strong> 422.15-17 (139\/40, ArsN) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.]; III<\/strong> 917.17-18 (348, PtolEu) [1; d.]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.11-13 (309\/10, Herm) [1; d.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.10-11 (II\/III, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; VII<\/strong> 14.14-15 (305, Herm) [1; d.teles., epim.pantoi., annon., epib.kanonik., all.ekphor.phor.]; XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.6-8 (321?, Herm) [1]; XVIIb<\/strong> 6.8 (184\/5, Panop) [3; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 4.77-79 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [1; \u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd: basilik.]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 96.7-8 (213, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.6-8 (III, UP) [2; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2: d.teles.sitik.arg.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67169.4-5 (569, Antin) [1; annon., pantoi.chrys.]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 254.12-13 (129, Ox?); [1; grammat.teles.]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.25-26 (227, Sachare) [2; \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 380.15-16 (203\/4, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 21.27-29 (253-260, UP) [1; prosph., teles.pantoi.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.9-10 (142\/3, Herm) [1]; 51.18-19 (202, OxN) [1; (no GA) prosph.]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 138.3.11-29, l. 20 ? (92, Senepta) [1]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.8-13 (VI, UP); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 141.14-17 (57\/8, OxN) [\u1f15\u03be\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd]; P.Leid.Inst.<\/span><\/strong> 50.6-8 (211\/2?, OxN) [1 (no GA); prosph.]; 104.13 (IV\/V, Ox?) [3; epiklas., epim.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 6.2.11-14 (306, Herm) [1; d., epim., annon., epib.pantoi., kanonik.all.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 1015.3-6 (VI, Herm); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 636.15-17 (302, PtolEu) [1; d.pantoi.sitik.krith.arg., annon., het.epib.p., theia.diatyp]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.22-29 (544\/559, Aphr) [3; d.teles.pantoi., epib., chrysik., naul., annoniak., pantoi.]; 45.48-50 (540, Aphr) [2]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.15 (128, Teb) [1 (not GA); tel.p.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 504.28 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1 (not GA); d.]; IV<\/strong> 721.14-15 (13\/4, Ox) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.]; IX 1208.21-22 (291, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; XIV<\/strong> 1636 (249, Ox) [1; d.pantoi.]; 1700.20-22 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [1 (not GA); teles.pantoi.]; 1704.14-15 (298, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.];<\/strong> XLI<\/strong> 2989.20-23 (III, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3498.29-33 (274, Ox) [1 (not GA); prosph.]; P.Petaus<\/span><\/strong> 17.24-34, ll. 29-31 (184, PtolEu) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: teles.]; 18.21-33 ll. 28-29 (185, ArsN) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: teles.]; 22 ll. 26-40, ll. 39-40 (after 185, Syron Kome) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: tel.]; 23.24-26 (185\/6, Pharbaithos) [3; \u1f15\u03be\u03c9: atel.; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: tel.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 38.7-10 (II, UP) [1; eid.d.p.; all.tel.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 163.11-13 (140, HermN) [1; epim.d.p.]; 164.12-15 (171, HermN) [1; d., epim.p.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 144.12-14 (245, HermN) [1; d., epim.p.]; IV<\/strong> 201.31-33 ? (162, Dionysias) [3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 379.16-17 (128, Teb) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.15-16 (hyp.) (250, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.19-25 (V?, HermN) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.a.14 (18, Ox) [1; d.p.]; VIII<\/strong> 918.6-7 (38\/9, Teb) [1; geom.]; X<\/strong> 1144.7-10 (99?, Teb) [2; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: d.p., monod., d.pht., p.teles.]; XIII 1341.15-16 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; XV<\/strong> 1550.27 (IIIf<\/sup>, Ox); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5673.14-16 (147, HermN) [3; \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9: d.]; VI<\/strong> 9219.17-18 (319, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.pantoi.]; XXII<\/strong> 15612.8-10 (199?, UP) [1 (no GA); prosph.]; 15618.12 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [3; d.teles.p]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 74.15-16 (hypogr.) (after 276?, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; 117.13-14 (411, Koba) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: d.tel.pantoi.; epib.p.]; 121.25-29 (439, Herm) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; tel.p].<\/p>\n

\n

2. Taxes in Credit<\/h2>\n

Category: Taxation<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Taxes are taken into consideration in six loan contracts; in cases of security, the burden of payment devolves on the debtor (who is also the owner of the asset). In one case, where the loan is given in order to create an apprenticeship, the surrenderer of the apprentice is held liable. In the Roman period, payment of taxes is regulated in the genitive absolute, in the context of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019. Cf., e.g., P.Kron. 17.23-24 (140 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1|<\/span>24<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03b1\u1f76\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4]\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf.<\/p>\n

P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> 44.15-17 (44, Ox) [enoikesis; GA; d.]; 49.19 (100, Teb) [antichresis; GA.; d.]; P.Hib.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 85.19-27 (261A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN?) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9; ekphor.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 17.23-24 (140, Teb) [antichresis; GA; d.p.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.23-26 (II, OxN) [real security; GA.; tel., kataloch.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 241.24-38, ll. 35-36 (46, Teb) [apprenticeship; GA; laike syntaxis] ; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 390.26-27 (167, Teb) [antichresis; GA.; d.p.].<\/p>\n

\n

3. Taxes in Labour<\/h2>\n

Category: taxation<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Most of the fourteen contracts of labour that include the tax clause are apprenticeship contracts or involve weavers. Among these texts, seven are of [Type1]<\/u><\/strong>, i.e., the question of taxes is regulated within the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019, mostly in the genitive absolute. In seven other occurrences, however [Type2],<\/strong> the prospective payer is identified as the subject of the clause in the genitive absolute (two cases) or [Type 3]<\/strong> in an independent clause (five cases). In type2 and type3, the verbs (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9) are those generally used to denote payment. Some contracts introduce the obligation to pay the \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, others enumerate apprenticeship-specific charges (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f71\u03be\u03b9\u03b1), and yet a third group records capitation taxes that are due during the contract on the employee\u2019s account (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \u1f51\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae). Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.Hels. 29.29-32 (54 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 | 30<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 | 31<\/sup> \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f51\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 32<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bd (\u2018If a poll tax or a dike tax or a pig tax or taxes for the trade are required from the boy, they shall devolve upon Heras\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 114).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Westermann (1914)<\/span>: 313-314; Wallace (1938): 193-203; Herrmann (1957\/8): 126-128; Wipszycka (1971): 126-130; Bergamasco (1995): 134-136; Kruse (1996): 155-158; Straus<\/span> (2017): 130-131.<\/p>\n

P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.11-14 (223A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [3; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9: \u03c3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.8.2 (42, Teb) [apprenticeship; 2; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9: gerd.tel.]; V<\/strong> 355.4-9 (c. 48-56, Teb) [contract of service: weavers; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9: laik.synt. gerd., tel.dapan., tel.chom.balan.kren., metrem.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 275.16-17 (66, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); d.]; XIV<\/strong> 1647.44-46 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1; cheiron.ekdos.tel.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2875.19-21 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [apprenticeship; 2; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9: d.]; XLI<\/strong> 2971.15-18, 18-21 (66, Oxyrhynchos) [apprenticeship; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: cheiron., katakr.] [1; ic.; laog., chom., hyike]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 29.29-32 (54, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); laog., chom., hyike, d.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 384.11-12 (10, Teb) [contract of service; weavers; 1: epitriton]; 385.15-16 (117, Teb) [apprenticeship; 1 (no GA); d.]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9374.25-29 (169, Teb) [apprenticeship; 3; d.]; X<\/span><\/strong> 10236.25-32 (36, Ox) [apprenticeship; 1; laog., chom., hyike]; XII<\/strong> 10946.13-19 (98-103, Ox) [apprenticeship; 3; \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9: d.p.]; SPP<\/span> XXII<\/strong> 40.15-16 (150, SokN) [apprenticeship; 1; d.p.].<\/p>\n

\n

4. Taxes in lease<\/h2>\n

Category: taxation<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

While a special clause providing for the payment of taxes is already recorded in eight Ptolemaic leases, only in the Roman period does it become commonplace, with 333 occurrences. The Byzantine period, from the fifth century onward, yields just 14 documents, most from the fifth century CE. In Late Antiquity, then, a special clause dealing with the parties\u2019 tax liabilities seems to fall into desuetude. As a rule, the object of the lease is a workshop or some other facility in some cases, but is usually is agricultural land. Rules regarding tax payments may be laid down in an independent clause with the taxpayer in the nominative and the tax category in the accusative, usually introduced by \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 or \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9. Such is the case in 24 documents [type3]<\/strong>. The same formulation may also be integrated into the flow of the text through the use of the same construction in the genitive absolute [Type2]<\/strong>; but this wording is employed in six documents only. By far the most common wording (319 texts) is attained by use of the \u2018sphere of liability formula\u2019 in the genitive absolute [Type1]<\/strong> with the tax as the subject, followed by the participle of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af, the preposition \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 and the prospective taxpayer in the accusative. As a rule, taxes are to be paid by the lessor, who is mentioned by name, contractual position (\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2), or proprietary status (\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (or part.: \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd), \u03b5\u1f50\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1).<\/p>\n

The general term for a tax is \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd or \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. It is also, naturally, the most common term in the tax clause, recorded in 280 documents. In most cases, it is used substantively (\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) or as an adjective modifying \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (21 cases) or \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (20 cases). The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 are sometimes set in connection with the object (\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 or \u03c4\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1) as well as with the period of the lease (\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1). Alternatively, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 is modified by the adjectives \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (134) or \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b1 (11 texts) and also, in some cases, by adjectives that define the type of commodity (most commonly grain: \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (14) and cash: \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (13)). Additional categories vary by region; thus, in Hermopolite, Oxyrhynchite and Herakleopolite lease contracts, one finds other generic tax names, which, used together, may cover all types of possible charges. Starting from the third century, one complements \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 with the noun \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (18 cases), to which \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (17) and \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 (15) would be added in the fourth century. P.Charite 7.18-21 = P.Cair.Preis. 39 (349 CE, Hermopolis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 19<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u2039\u03bd\u03c9\u203a\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f72 | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd (\u2018all public charges and all contributions, taxes, and annonae and compulsory cultivations being chargeable to you, the landlord\u2019). (\u2018All the public charges and all contributions and supplementary taxes shall be borne by you, the landlord\u2019).<\/p>\n

The Arsinoite source material yields a different picture, some scribes recording individual tax categories: \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1, the \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 or \u03bd\u03b1\u1f7b\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1. Moreover, within type1<\/strong> Arsinoite scribes tend to express two liabilities as a pair, one assigned to the lessor and the other to the lessee. These responsibilities are not all necessarily fiscal. In P.Mil.Vogl. IV 239.9-13 (156 CE, Tebtynis), for example, the lessee is responsible for works, seeds and irrigation, and the lessor held liable for the taxes: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4(\u03b1) | 10<\/sup> \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf[\u03c4]\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc[\u03bf]\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd | 12<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1[\u1f78]\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018The labour, seeds, and irrigation duties shall be chargeable to said Pebaus and state-taxes to said Kronion\u2019). A category regularly discussed along with other concepts in the tax clause is the \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (frequently spelled \u03c6\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd), the transportation charges. This term is recorded in sixty-nine documents, all Arsinoite and dating to the period between the mid-first and mid-third century CE. Especially well-represented is the village of Tebtynis, in regard to which the term appears in thirty-four documents. The Arsinoite source material records several types of \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1: the \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (17 texts); the \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 (35), the \u1f40\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 (8), the \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b1\u03ba\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 and the \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (1 attestation each).<\/p>\n

Sometimes the same phoretra<\/em> are reported to be for both the \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 and the \u1f40\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd. Conversely, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 are not, with one exception, termed in the same document also \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6. The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 and \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 seem to be mutually exclusive terms. The \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 are contrasted to \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, the former being paid for by the lessee and the latter by the lessor. Cf., e.g., P.Tam.Tebt. 47.21-24 (195 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf|22<\/sup>\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323, \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 23<\/sup> \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u1f51\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 (\u2018The public transport-taxes shall be chargeable to me, Heraklios, but all other public taxes to you\u2019). By contrast, \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 is set in opposition to the \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. Cf., e.g., P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span> III 140.33-37 (176 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 [\u1f10]\u03bc[\u1f72] \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 34<\/sup> \u03c4[\u1ff6]\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af[\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03c6[\u03bf]|35<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1]\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323, | 36<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4]\u1f72\u0323 \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd] \u1f10\u03ba|37<\/sup>\u03c6\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u00b7(\u2018The transportation charges relating to the sowing of wheat shall be chargeable to me, and those attributed to shipment of the rent in kind to you\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 115-126; Wallace (1938): 20-30; Bolla (1940): 61; Taubenschlag (1955): 360-361; Herrmann (1958): 122-124.; Stollwerck (1971): 90-114, 119-127; Rupprecht (1982b): 465-467; M\u00fcller (1985): 248-153; Rowlandson (1996): 226, 330-352.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 39.16-18 (186, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 166.9-12 (157, ArsN) [1; d.p.; except pht.]; 227.16-18 (151, ArsN) [d.pht]; 237.12-13 (164\/5, ArsN) [1; d.p., eid.p]; 241.40-43 (177, Kar) [2]; II<\/strong> 519.15-16 (IV, Phil) [1; d., epib.p., erg.-chom.]; 538.19-21 (100, Phil) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 586.23-24 (324, ArsPol) [1; d.p.]; 604.19 (167\/8, ArsN) [1]; 644.41-44 (69, SokN) [1]; 661.24-25 (140, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; III<\/strong> 831.12-14 (201, SokN) [dragmat.]; 912.19-22 (33, SokN); 918.25-26 (110\/1, ArsN) [1; d.p. except]; 920.22-26 (212, Phil) [1; georg.erg.p., d.tel., p.epikl.]; IV<\/strong> 1018.21-23 (III, ArsN) [1; d.p. except pht.]; 1067.17-19 (101\/2, Euh) [1; d.]; 1092.24-25 (372, Herm) [1; d.pantoi.]; IV<\/strong> 1116.12-15 (13a<\/sup><\/span>Alex) [1; d., embol., epib., epikop., ekbol., olenat., stegn.]; VI 1271.9-10 (180A<\/sup><\/span>-145A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil\/ Thead) [3; basilik.p.]; VII<\/strong> 1644.22-24 (294?, Phil) [d.p.]; 1645.16-17 (245, Phil) [1; erg.chom., d.p.sitik.arg.]; XI<\/strong> 2032.12-13 (113, PtolEu) [3; ed.: \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u0323[\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd;]; 2125.14-15 (II\/III, HermN) [1; d.p.]; XII<\/strong> 2148.16-17 (375, Herm) [1; d.tel.]; XIII<\/strong> 2340.12-14 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1; d.]; XV<\/strong> 2484.1-4 (II, ArsN) [4; d.p., geom.]; XIX<\/strong> 2801.1-10, ll. 6-7 (Im<\/sup>, HermN) [3; ed.: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03c9] \u03b5[\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4]\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd;]; 2801.11-17, l. 16 (Im<\/sup>, HermN) [1 (no GA); d.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 31.30-31 (153, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 36.19-21 (225, Peenamis) [1; d.p.]; 40.28-31 (300, Herak) [1; teloum.p.]; 42.22-23 (IV, Herak) [1; d.p.]; 44.4-6 ? (IV, HerakN\/ArsN) [1; d.p., epim., epib., annon.]; 47.6-7 (II\/III, HerakN\/ArsN) [1; teres.-karp., epib.-kom., d.pht.]; 240.28-30 (126, SokN) [1; art., d.p.]; 247.16-17 (335, Herak) [1; d.p.]; V<\/strong> 8.25-28 (320, HermN) [1; d., ann., tel.pantoi]; VIII<\/strong> 46.11-12 (IV, HermN) [1; d.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 7.131-132 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/207A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [3; \u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9: basil.p.]; 11.222-223 (231A<\/sup><\/span>\/206A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [3; d.]; P.Alex.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> 5.17-18 (215, ArsN) [1; p.]; P.Alex<\/span><\/strong>.Inv. 67.8-9 (II\/III, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 90.18-20 (159, ArsN) [1; pht.episp., all.d.]; 91.17-19 (159, PtolEu\/Euh) [d.pht., all.d.p.]; 92.15-18 (162\/3, SokN) [1; teloum.]; 93.15-18 (181, SokN) [1; d.p. except telos thyeion]; 106.1-2 (281, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; P.Amst.<\/span> I<\/strong> 42.4-5, 16 (III\/IV, Mermertha) [1; d.p.]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 89.16-19 ? (IVe<\/sup>, Antin) [d.; epim., epib., annon.]; P.Bad.<\/span> VI<\/strong> 170.26-28 (54, Thead) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9: d.phak., monod.-chort.]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 3.20-23 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, Ta Memnoneia) [2; ekphor.]; 16.9 (346\/7, OxN) [1; d.]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span><\/strong> I 19.32-35 (222\/1 or 225\/6, Kerkesephis) [1; d.p., pht.d.]; 20.12-14 (149, OxN) [1;\u00a0d.]; P.Berl.Zill.<\/span><\/strong> 7.25-26 (574, Ox) [\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 59.13-18 (33, Tebtynis) [3; delivery in kind]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 34.21-24 (158\/9, ArsN) [1; teloum.]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 17.12-13 (220, Herakleia) [1; d.p. except pht.]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 99.21-23 (297, Kar) [1; d.p.]; 100.15-16 (297, Kar) [1; d.p.]; 101.9-10 (300, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 102.21-23 (303\/4, ArsN) [1; d.p., annon., epib.p., theia.diatyp.]; 103.11-15 (313, Kar) [1; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: p.sitik.arg., annon.]; P.Cair.Preis.<\/span><\/strong> 41.23-24? (IVf<\/sup>, HermN) [1; d.p.]; P.Charite<\/span><\/strong> 7.18-21 (347, Herm) [1; d.p., epim., annon., epib.]; ; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 179.23-24 (300, Kar) [1; d.p.]; X<\/strong> 260.13-15 (149\/50?, ArsN) [1; art.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 27.29-31 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; II<\/strong> 68.23-24 (266, Ox) [1; d.]; 70.18-19 (272\/3 or 278\/9, Ox) [1; d.]; 80.18 (315, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 11.20-22 (204\/5 or 233\/4, Phil) [1; d.p.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 26.1-5, 10-11 (159, Phil) [3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; sitik.arg.teles.]; 29.16-18 (225, Phil) [1; erg.p., pht.d.]; 33.12-14? (204, Phil) [1; teles.d., erg., potism.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 5.13-16 (98, ArsN) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 28.18-21 (133, ArsN) [1; art., naub.]; 44.9-11 (189, Kerkesoucha Orous) [1; art., naub.]; 45.8-10 (190, Kereksoucha Orous) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 47.21-24 (195, PtolEu) [1; pht.d., all.d.]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 307.5-19 (132, Philoteris) [1; d.p., pht.episp.]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I 16.27-30 (239, Euh) [1; d.]; 17.15-18 (341, HermN) [1; d., epim.pantoi.]; 19.12-13 (248, PtolEu) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 41.21-22 (140, HermN) [1; pht.]; 85.14-16 (91, HermN) [1; d.]; III<\/strong> 325.15-16 (489, Ox) [1; d.]; 353.4 (83-95, HermN) [1; d.]; 354.5-9 (I\/II, HermN) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae(\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2?)]; 368r<\/sup>.9-10 (96, Herm) [3]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 43.32-34 (189\/90, Phoboou) [1; d.]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 21.12 (178, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67.11-13 (382\/3, Phil) [1; d.p.]; 69.9-11 (386, Phil) [1; d.p.]; 78.24-26 (II\/III, PtolEu) [1; d.p., erg.p.]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.12-16 (320 Oasis Magna) [pht.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 54.18-19 (378, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 9.15-17 (392, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 20.12-14 (258, Phil\/Tanis) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 64.21-23 (103, Euh) [1; pht.d., enoik.]; IV 269.11-12? (IIIl<\/sup>, ArsN) [1; d.]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.28-29 (249, OxN) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 224.21-27 (IIl<\/sup>\/IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [4]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 22.18-19 (394, Herm) [1; d.]; 57.8-9 (IV, UP) [1; d.pantoi., chom.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 149.18-20 (after 212, OxN) [1; d.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 19.22-23 (145\/6, Teb) [1; d.]; 19a.13-15 (145, Teb) [1; d.erg., potism., tel., d.p.]; 34.11-14, 19-24 (135, Teb) [1; art., naub., d.p., pht.episp.]; 41.16-20, 30-32 (140, Teb) [1; naub.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 72.20-21? (118-138, PtolEu) [1]; IV<\/strong> 165.8-9 (305, Ox) [1; d.]; 166.9-10 (289\/90, Ox?) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9]; P.Lips.<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.24-27 (320, Herm) [1; d.pantoi.teles.]; 20.17-18 (381, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.pantoi., epib., annon.]; 22.25-26 (388, Herm) [1; d.tel.p.]; 23.24-26 (374, Herm) [1; d.teles.p.]; 24.8-9 (IV, Herm) [1; d.teles.p.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 163.30-31 (88, Kar?) [1; parag., dapan.]; 314.18-20 (149, SokN) [1; pht.onel., ekphor., eid.p.]; III<\/strong> 838.1 (123, UP) [1]; 906.15 (128, Euh) [1]; 938.11-13 (225, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 979.18-20 (346, Herm) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 1171v<\/sup>b 2.15-19 (41\/2, Herm) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 112.3-4 (151, UP) [1; d.p.]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 17.28-30 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 68.27-32 (136, Kerkeo) [1; pht.d., parag.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 184.21-22 (121, Bac) [1; pht.episp.]; 185.22-23 (122, Bac) [1; pht.d.]; IX<\/strong> 564.11-12 (150, Kar) [4; d., phor.]; 565.13-15 (215\/6, Kar) [1; d.p.]; XI<\/strong> 609.23-26, 34-36 (244, Teb) [1; d.] [4; d.phor.]; 610.27-29 (282, Ox) [1; d.]; 611.17-18 (412, Ox) [1; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.24-26 (173, Ox) [1]; 791.19-21 (212\/3, Phil) [1; pht. \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 24.24-26 (297, Teb) [1; d.]; 34.8 (VI, UP) [3; anab.-naub.]; 42b.19-21 (c. 30.12.566, Aphr) [3; \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9: d.syntel.]; 43.18-19 (526, Aphr) [1; katabole]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 53.15-18 (152\/3, Teb) [1; teloum.diplom., peloch., theia.episkeue]; 63.33-35 (169\/70, Teb) [1; d.p., pht.episp.]; 78.16 (138\/9, Teb) [1; geor.erg.p., potism., d.p.]; 104.25-27 (127, Teb) [1; pht.d., parag.-ekphor., onelat.]; 106.27-30 (134, Teb) [1; pht.episp, parag.-ekphor.]; 107.11-13 (153\/4, Teb) [1; pht.-episp, parag.-ekphor.]; III<\/strong> 131.5-7 (165, Teb) [1; teres., pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 132.32-34 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 133.37-39 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp, parag.ekphor.]; 138.25-27 (169, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 139.29-31 (169, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 140.33-37 (176, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 144.19-21 (166, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 187.9-11 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; IV<\/strong> 220.24-26 (132\/3, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 238.27-31 (143\/4, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 239.11-12 (156, Teb) [erg., sperm., potism., d.tel.p.]; 240.21-23 (118-138, Teb) [1; pht.]; 241.12-15 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., onel., parag.ekphor.]; VI<\/strong> 267.20-23 (125\/6, Teb) [1; pht.d.; onel.; paragog.ekphor.]; VI<\/strong> 269.24-25 (124, Teb) [1; pht.]; VI 270.6-8 (125\/6, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 271.8-13? (141, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 272.1-3 (165, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 273.15-19 (168, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 286.31-33 (139, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 288.18-19 (155, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 289.20-22 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 290.29-31 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 291.21-24 (II, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 89.22-24 (339, Herm) [1; d.teles.]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 33.26-28 (29, Kar) [1; ekphor.,\u00a0dapan.]; 34.10-14 (188\/9, Phil) [1; erg.p., d.p.]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 13.35-38 (shared) (154\/5, Argeias\/SokN) [1; d.pht.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 101.26-34 (142, Ox) [1; d.]; 102.16-17 (306, Ox) [1; d.]; 103.14-15 (316, Ox) [1; d.]; II<\/strong> 277.7-8 (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3; parag., theris.]; III<\/strong> 499.20-22 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [1; d.]; 501.30-31 (186, Ox) [1; d.]; 502.40-43 (164, Ox) [1; phylaktron, plynthenoumene]; IV<\/strong> 730.16-18 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [1; d.]; 810 descriptum (134\/5, Ox); 910.23-24 (197, Pekerke\/Ox) [1; d.]; 913.17-18 (443, Ox) [1; d.]; VIII<\/strong> 1125.12-14 (II, Ox) [1; d.]; XIV<\/strong> 1686.16 (165\/6, Ox) [1; d.]; 1689.20-22 (266, Ox) [1; d.]; 1691.13-14 (291\/2, Ox) [1; d.]; XVII<\/strong> 2137.28-29 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [1; d.]; XVIII<\/strong> 2189.18-19 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; XXII<\/strong> 2351.39-40 (112, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.15-16 (211, Ox) [1; d.]; 2585.13-14 (315, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.22-23 (151, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2795.14-15 (250, Ox) [1; d.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2874.20-21 (108, Ox) [1; d.]; 2973.17-22 (103, Ox) [1; teloum.d.p.sitik.arg.]; 2974.19-21 (162, Ox) [1; d.]; XLV<\/strong> 3256.19 (317\/8, Ox) [1; d.]; 3257.11-12 (318, Ox) [1; d., annon.]; 3260.16-17 (323, Ox) [1; d.]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.34 (257, Ox) [1; d.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3488.36-38 (70\/1, Ox) [1; d.]; L<\/strong> 3558.8-11 (133, Psenyris); 3589.12-13 (II, OxN) [1; aperg.chom., hydroph., d.]; 3591.22-24 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; LV<\/strong> 3800.19-21 (219, Ox) [1; d.]; 3802.16-17 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; LVII<\/strong> 3911.37-39 (199, Pimpasi) [1; d.]; LXI<\/strong> 4121.13-14 (289\/90, Ox) [1; d.]; LXIII<\/strong> 4390.22-23 (469, Ox) [1; d., anab.-naub.]; LXVII<\/strong> 4594.11-12 (228, Senao\/Ox) [1; d.]; 4595.23-25 (261, Ox) [1; d.]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.13-15 (127, Ox) [1; d.]; 4745.19-22 (202, Ox) [1; d.]; 4747.12-14 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; 4753.18-19 (341, Ox) [1; d.]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.23-24 (173\/4, Ox) [1; d.]; LXXXIII<\/strong> 5370.1-2 (VI, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 41.29-31 (223\/4, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 1.9-10 (298\/9, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 2.7-9 (308, PanopN) [1; d., epib.]; 3.11 (310, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 4.11-12, 15-17 (314, PanopN) [1; d.p., annon.]; 5.7 (334, PanopN) [1; d.]; 6.9-10 (336, PanopN) [1; d.p., epib.]; 8.13-14 (338, PanopN) [1; d.p]; 9.8-9 (339, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; 10.6-7 (341, PanopN) [1; d.p.]; P.Phil.<\/span><\/strong> 14.19-22 (155, Phil) [1; eid., pht.d.]; 15.18-21 (153\/4, Phil) [1; d.arg.teles., pht.d.episp.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 36.11-12 (88, Poteu) [1; d.p.]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 39.11-12 (III, UP) [1; d.]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 60.9-16 (164, ArsN) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9; ed.: \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u0323[\u03c3]\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c0]\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u0323;]; 82.26-28 (304\/5, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.9-10 (212\/3, AphrN) [1; pht., d.p.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 19.17-18 (141, Ox) [1; sitik.arg.d.p.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.12-14 (238, MagdMir) [1; d., epim.]; 167.18-23 (39, Euh) [1; d.peloch., tel.artopol.]; 168.14-16 (120, HermN) [1; ekphor.-ousias]; 169.14-15 (197, HermN) [1; d.p.]; 172.18-26 (208, ArsN) [1; erg.p., kataspasm., ocheias; potism., perichom., anab.-dioryg.]; IV<\/strong> 583v<\/sup> l. 50 (170A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [apom.]; 683.25 (244, Ox) [1; d.p.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 67.15-16 (321, Thead) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 68.21-23 (325, Thead) [1; d.p., annon., epib.]; 69.19-21 (331, Thead) [1; d.teles.p.]; 70.11-12 (338, Thead) [3; anab.-chom., d.p.]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 23.9-11 (121, HermN) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 24.11-12 (123, HermN) [1; d.p.]; 26.14-15 (125, MagdMir) [1; d.p.]; 27.25-26 (125, HermN) [1; d.]; 44.17-18 (123, Akoris) [1; d.p.]; 45.19-20 (127, Sinkere) [1; d.p.]; 46.29-30 (128, Mnachis) [1; d.]; 47.14-15 (128, HermN) [1; d.p.]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 3.37-39 (89\/90, Thead) [2]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.21-22 (268, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; III<\/strong> 137.15-17 (315, Nagogis) [1; d., epim.]; IV<\/strong> 218.6-10, 12-16, 14-16 (150, ArsN) [1; epim., d., ekphor.]; 282.8-12 (161-169, ArsN) [1; d.p. except pht.]; V<\/strong> 358.4-5 (IV, UP) [1; d.p.pantoi]; 362.14-17 (149\/50, Euh) [1; d.p., pht.ekphor.]; 387.3-6 (II, UP) [1; sitik.arg.]; 465.21-24 (230, Polydeukia) [1; d.p. except pht.]; VI<\/strong> 507.6-7 (138, HermN) [1; d.]; 539.12-13 (290\/1, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 557.21-22 (291, Herm) [1; d., epim.]; 571.25-26 (175, Phil) [1; d.p.]; VII<\/strong> 673.6-7 (IV, ArsN) [1; d.p., anab.-d.chom.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 311.22-26 (134, Theog) [1; d.p., prosmet., pht.episp.]; 373.11-14 (110\/1, Teb) [4; d.]; 375.25-27 (140, PtolEu) [1; pht.d.]; 377.27-30 (210, Teb) [1; pht.episp.; parag.-ekphor.]; 378.23-24 (265, Teb) [1; d.p.]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 25.24-26 (161, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 10.6-8 (IV, HermN) [1; d.p.tel.annon.]; P.Vind.Sal.<\/span><\/strong> 8.31-32 (323, HermN) [1; d.pantoi.tel., annon.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 7.19-20 (259\/60, Ox) [1; d.]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 70.1-3 (229\/30?, Ox) [1; d.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 30.8-9 (82, HermN) [1; d.]; 31.15-19 (163\/4, ArsN) [1; d.p.sitik.arg.]; 32.19-20 (208, HerakN) [1; d.p.]; 34.17-18 (397, Herm) [1; d.teles.]; 77.28-30 (551, Ox) [1; d.]; III<\/strong> 178.2-3 (291, Ox) [1; d.]; 187.15-16 (274\/5 or 280\/1 or 289\/90, Ox) [1; d.]; IV<\/strong> 316.13-14 (328, Ox) [1; d.]; V<\/strong> 468.15-18 (200, Ox) [1; d.]; 469.14-15 (334, Ox) [1; d.]; VII<\/strong> 739.11-13 (163, Ox) [1; d., synt.]; 787.16-18 (176\/7?, ArsN) [peloch., diplom., artop.]; 788.16-18 (125, HermN) [1; d.]; VIII<\/strong> 880.18-19 (254\/5, Ox) [1; d.]; 918.6-7 (38\/9, Teb) [1; geom.]; IX<\/strong> 1030.17-19 (109, Ox) [1; tektonikoi mistoi, d.]; 1069.17-19 (246, Ox) [1; d.]; 1070.17-19 (160\/1 or 161\/2, Ox) [1; d.tel., epim.pantoi.]; 1071.17-18 (296, Ox) [1; d.]; 1078.23-25 (356, Lenonos) [1; anab.-naub.]; X<\/strong> 1097.5-8 (54\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3; \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: opheilem.tel.; epigr.]; 1124.26-27 (150, Teb) [1; pht.-episp, parag.-ekphor.]; 1134.19-23 (91, Teb) [1; choreg.-sperm., georgik.erg., pht.episp., loip.d.teles.]; 1134.21-23 (91, Teb) [1; sper.chor., geor.erg., pht.episp., loip.d.teles.]; 1143.18-22 (164, Teb) [4: d.teles.p.sitik.arg.]; XII<\/strong> 1233.25-29 (323\/4?, PanopN) [1; d.teles., epib.]; XIII<\/strong> 1330.14-15 (after 3.275, Ox) [1; d.p.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4414.14-17 (143, Kar); 5670.14-15 (167-192, ArsN) [1; all.teloum.p.]; IV<\/strong> 7443.13-14 (285, Ox) [1; d.]; 7474.14 (c. 254\/5, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 7665.14-16 (225, ArsN) [1; d.p., pht.]; V<\/strong> 7666.7-8 (330 PanopN) [1; d.]; VI<\/strong> 9226.24-25 (II\/III, SokN) [1; d.p.]; 9269.22-23 (304, PtolEu) [1; d.p.]; VIII<\/strong> 9876.14-15 (534, HerakN) [2; d.tel.]; 9918.13-14 (179\/80, OxN) [1; d.]; 9919.1-2 (IIIl<\/sup>, OxN) [1; d.]; 9922.11-12 (159, Theog) [1; erg., sperm., d.p., eid.p.]; X<\/strong> 10216.16-17 (III\/IV, Ox) [1; d.]; 10263.13-15 (204, Ox) [1; d.]; 10532.17-18 (87\/8, Ox) [1; d.]; XII<\/strong> 10780.21-24 (172\/3, Ox) [1; d.p.]; 10982.15-17 (288, Phil) [1; erg.p., anab.-dioryg., d.p., epib.]; 11228.27-29 (204, OxN) [3; d.p.]; XIV<\/strong> 11281.15-16 (172, Ox) [1; d.]; 11431.10-11 (95\/6?, Kerkeesis) [1; pht.d.]; 11487.19-21 (91\/2, Teb) [geor.erg., pht.]; 11603.22-24 (157-159, PtolEu) [1; pht.episp.onel.]; 11711.23-24 (332, Herm) [1; e.teles.p.]; 11718.18-20 (141, Teb) [1; pht.episp., parag.ekphor.]; 11720.27 (170, Teb) [1; pht.]; XVI<\/strong> 12983.13-14 (161-169, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 13006.39-41 (144, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; 13010.35-36 (144, ArsN) [1; d.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13161.8-28, ll. 24-25 [1; d.p.]; 13161.29-48, ll. 41-42; 13161.49-60 ll. 57-58 (after 29.11.138, ArsN\/HermN) [1; d.p.]; 13582.19-20 (184, UP) [1; d.]; XX<\/strong> 14315.28-35 (32\/3, Teb) [1; sakkeg., dragmat.]; 14337.17-19 (103, Ox) [1; d.]; 14338.6-17 (120, Ox) [1; d.pantoi.; epim.]; 14464.16-18 (II, Ox) [1; d.]; 14983.12-13 (220-260, OxN) [1; d.]; 14984.3-4 (140-210, OxN) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323;]; XXII<\/strong> 15388.4-13 (117-161, Thead); 15613.16-20 (111, Teb) [3; \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6: ekphor., prosmet., merism., epiklas., monod.-chort., pht.d.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16128.1-2 (V, OxN); SPP<\/span> II<\/strong> p. 33, ll. 14-16 (328, Herm) [1; d.p., epim., achyr.]; V<\/strong> 119r<\/sup>.220-22 (before 266, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; 119r<\/sup>7.20-22 (266, Herm) [1; d.p., epim.]; XX<\/strong> 21.21-24 (215, ArsN) [1; p.d.]; 22.17-18 (216\/7, HerakN) [1; p.d.]; 55.12-13 (250, HerakN) [1; p.d.]; 70.21-22 (261, ArsN) [1; d.p., erg.p, chomatism., potism., hyposchism., skaphet., xerol., kormop., anab.]; 104.2-3 (383, UP) [1; d.p.]; 113.2-4 (401, UP) [1; d.p.]; T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.14-16 [1; d.]; ZPE 200<\/strong>, 2016, pp. 336-346 frag. b 28-29 (163, Ophis, OxN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-33","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/33"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":84,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/33\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2574,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/33\/revisions\/2574"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/33\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=33"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=33"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=33"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}