{"id":35,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:16","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-9-warranty\/"},"modified":"2025-12-07T20:19:13","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T19:19:13","slug":"chapter-9-warranty","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-9-warranty\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 9: Warranty","rendered":"Chapter 9: Warranty"},"content":{"raw":"
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In documents that record the alienation of immovables and slaves, the vendor is obligated to defend the purchaser\u2019s title and refrain from challenging it himself\/herself. In the Ptolemaic katagraphai<\/em>, the name of the \u2018propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em>\u2019, who is the vendor himself, appears at the end of the document, but his function is not elaborated on in the clause. In contemporary lease contracts and in sale and lease contracts from the Roman and Byzantine periods, the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is routinely attested, with the persons or claims from which the vendor should defend the purchaser appearing in the genitive and introduced by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79. In the case of land conveyances, the list of claims is highly detailed, documenting an array of private claims and assorted routine tasks. As such, it is comparable to the list that appears in the tax clauses. Another clause, the basilikon kolyma<\/em>, relates to special circumstances that relieve the alienator of the bebaiosis<\/em> requirement. A second means of granting warranty is the surrender clause, which records the surrender of the object by the alienator to the alienee with an array of adjectives expressing its unencumbered state. The surrender clause also specifies persons and claims against whom the bebaiosis<\/em> should be directed; thus, it is equifunctional to the bebaiosis<\/em> clause. Yet another path to the same goal is via the defension clause, which differs from the two foregoing clauses in that it explicitly fends against all third-party challengers and reports the way defension should be undertaken. Finally, the no-lawsuit clause enjoins vendors themselves from challenging the purchaser\u2019s possession and title. The warranty clauses are detailed, developed, and attested in a large majority of land and slave sale contracts in the Roman and Byzantine periods. Accordingly, they are also followed by penalty clauses that prescribe an extensive array of punitive measures in anticipation of violation of each of the four aforementioned provisions. The penalty clause that anticipates any type of contractual breach (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f73\u03c9) evolved in the same context. For this reason, it is studied in the present section as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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1. Propoletes<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The propoletes<\/em> clause recurs in katagraphai<\/em> that record land sales in Ptolemaic Egypt and is also incorporated into two slave sales from the Roman period, one from Oxyrhynchos and the other from Dura Europos. In katagraphai<\/em> from mid-Ptolemaic Pathyris and Krokodilopolis, a nominal sentence names the propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em>, who in this documentation is always the vendor. As the object of his active stance, in the genitive, are \u2018all aspects of the act of purchase\u2019 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. A relative clause, with a relative pronoun in the accusative anteceded by the vendor\u2019s name, reports in the aorist indicative the purchaser\u2019s approval of the propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> (\u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). Cf., e.g., P.Adler 9.12-13 (104 BCE,<\/span> Pathyris): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u1f09\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bd\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u2039\u03bd\u203a\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f31) \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) (\u2018Acting as propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> is the vendor Aketephnachthes, whom Senenouphis and Sempelaias the purchasers have recognized as such\u2019). P.K\u00f6ln IV 187, from 146 BCE Herakleopolis, may exhibit a different formulation but the text is damaged: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1ff6\u0323[\u03bd\u0323 (?) \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u1f41\u0323 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 | [\u03b4]\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018\u2026acting as propoletes is the vendor, the purchaser having recognized him as such\u2019). Another version is evident in P.Dura 25.9-10 (180 CE, Dura Europos), where the compound form of \u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (here: \u2018undertake\u2019) is used introducing the duty of defension: \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd | 10<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2] \u1f21\u0323[\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018Lysias the vendor acts as guarantor and broker according to the law and has undertaken, if anyone should lay claim to the objects of the sale, the slave and the half share of the vineyard, that he will oppose it and establish a clear title for Heliodoros.\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 129-130). Cf. also P.Oxy. II 375.20-21 (79 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b5[\u03bf\u1fd6] (l<\/em>. \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bf\u1fd6]) [\u1f41 \u0398\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2] | \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018Theon acts as a propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> of the same slaves as stated above\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Partsch (1909): 340-358; Schwarz (1920): 154; Montevecchi (1939): 20-21; Pringsheim (1950): 103, 437-442; Wolff (1978): 190-191; Rupprecht (1982b):<\/span> 238 n. 21, 243-245; (1983): 620; Straus (2004): 139-140, 142-143; Vierros (2012a): 178-182.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 994.3.6-8 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 996.3.9-11 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 997.2.10-11 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 998.1.11-13 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 999.1.9-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1000.1.8-9 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); VI<\/strong> 1259.10-11 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Adler<\/span><\/strong> 1.2.7-8 (134A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 3.2.16-3.3 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 5.2.10-11 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 7.14-16 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 8.11-12 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 9.2.12-13 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 11.2.13-14 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 12.10-11 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 13.2.5-6 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 16.12-13 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 17.10-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 18.9-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 21.2.10-11 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path?); P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 51.2.28-29 (88A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 6.26-27 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis, Path); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.17-19 (342, Kar); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 25.9-11 (180, Dura Europos); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33r<\/sup>.1-5, ll. 4-5 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 33r<\/sup>.6-29, ll. 24-26 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 33v<\/sup>.49 (after 103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes ?); 36.2.8-9 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); II<\/strong> 15.2.10-12 (139A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis); 23a.2.11-3.2 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 32.9-10 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 35.10-11 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 50.2.28-29 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 51.8-9 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path);<\/span> IV<\/strong> 187.25-26 (146A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Lips<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.10-11 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 2.9-10 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 676.9-10 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 678.11-13 (99\/98A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 879.3.23-25 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 881.2.27-29 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 882.2.17-18 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Parva); 883.2.25-26 (88A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1204.2.23-24 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1206.2.23-24 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1207.2.23-24 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1208.2.15-17 (97A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1209.2.16-17 (89A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.10-11 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 375.20-21 (79, Ox); 380.14-15 (79, Ox); LXIII<\/strong> 4359.7-10 (324, Ox); P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 5a 2.4-5; b 31-34 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 17.14-16 (153, Sy ?); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 581.11-12 (121A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 81.30-31 (115A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Magna); 84.28-29 (114A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 86.22-24 (111A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 87.2.16 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 88.3.29-33 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 89.10-12 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 90.2.21-22 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1016.36-37 (129A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Magna); 1018.13-14 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); 1022.18-19 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); 1024.7-8 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 1025.18-19 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 428.10-12 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); III<\/strong> 6645 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XX<\/strong> 14393.10-11 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXIV<\/strong> 16315.11-13 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXVI<\/strong> 16799.3-5 (210\/9A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil ?); XXVIII<\/strong> 17265.a.2.3-9, l. 9; a.2.10-16, l. 16; a.2.17-23, ll. 22-23; a.3.1-3, l. 3; a.3.10-16, l. 16; b.1.5-10, l. 10; b.1.11-15, l. 15; b.1.16-20, l. 20; b.1.21-26, l. 26; b.2.1-6, l. 6; b.2.7-13, l. 13; c.1.1-2, l. 2; c.1.3-9, l. 9; c.1.10-14, l. 14; c.1.15-19, l. 19 (111\/10A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXX<\/strong> 17364.7-8 (113\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); UPZ<\/strong> II<\/strong> 180b.32-34 (113<\/span>A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 181.2.12-13 (105<\/span>A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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2. Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The bebaiosis<\/em> clause is recorded in 795 documents: 505 sales, 228 leases, 44 loans, six contracts of labour, three wills, and five diaireseis<\/em>. In both lease and sale documents, the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is most common in reference to real estate (285 sales, virtually all leases). In sales, it is also common in documents recording the conveyance of animals (101) and slaves (48). The corpus in question features three key formulations:<\/p>\r\n

[Type1]<\/strong> is an independent clause, the verb \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c9 appearing in the indicative or in indirect discourse (viz., mostly introduced by \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9) in the infinitive. The tense is largely future but occasionally present, e.g., P.Mich. III 189.17-19 (123 CE, Bacchias), and only rarely aorist, e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1641.8 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The independent construction is already used in documents recording conveyance of species objects\u2014viz., leases, sales, and secured loans\u2014throughout the Ptolemaic period. Ptolemaic sales, however, take the form of katagraphe<\/em>, in which instead of the bebaiosis<\/em> clause the scribe simply records the identity of the \u2018bebaiotes<\/em> and propoletes<\/em>\u2019. Consequently, the Ptolemaic evidence originates primarily in leases.<\/p>\r\n

A group of leases from Tholthis and its surroundings already exhibits the key traits that will hallmark the bebaiosis<\/em> clause in later times: the conveyor in the nominative, the conveyed object in the accusative, and the recipient in the dative. P.Frankf. 1.40-42 (213 BCE<\/span>, Tholthis): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9 | 41<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd|42<\/sup>[\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323[\u03c2] \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf[\u1f7a\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03] \u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u00b7(\u2018\u2026 and let Apollonios warrant for Neoptolemos the plot and the cultivated crops just as he has leased them out\u2019). In another document, BGU XIV 2390.26-27 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites) a second scribe then adds what will become another key feature of the bebaiosis<\/em> clause: the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc with the genitive, specifying what should be warded off by the conveyor. \u03b2\u0323\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u0323[\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72] \u0394\u03b9\u03b6\u03ac\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf\u1f7a]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \\\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\/ \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u00b7 ( \u2018... and let Dizaolos warrant for Polyeratos and for his representatives the half of three shares of a plot, and the cultivated crops, free of any liability until the fruit has been reaped, according to the terms of the lease\u2019). In this case, the \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc construction is introduced by the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2. This adjective recurs in later times as well; see, in particular, the formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u0323\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u0323 \u03bc\u0323[\u03bf\u03b9] \u03c4\u0323[\u1f74\u03bd] | 35<\/sup> \u03bc[\u03af]\u03c3\u03b8(\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03c1(\u1f70\u03bd) \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u0323(\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018\u2026and you will warrant for me the lease also free of all public dues\u2019). (P.Mil.Vogl. VI 290.34-35: II CE, Tebtynis) and Rupprecht<\/span> (1982a): 464). At the same time, in the Roman period, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 is not indispensable; the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc may derive directly from the verb. The level of detail varies: some scribes make do with the succinct formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9]\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3[\u1fc3] \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b9 (\u2018warrant in every form of warrant\u2019) (e.g., P.Lond. III 842.19: 140 CE, Apias). They may also, however, name the person(s) who ought to perform the bebaiosis<\/em>\u2014the alienator, his family, and his\/her\/their representatives. This is the formulation used most commonly in P.Hamb. I 30.16-17 (89 CE, Philadelphia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03b3]\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03c4]\u03bf\u03c3\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u0323[\u03c2] | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u039d\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and Tetosiris, the declaring parties, and her representatives, shall warrant for Nikarion and her representatives\u2019). The object of the bebaiosis<\/em> may be the assigned asset (\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd) or the contract (\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd). In the case of sale, multiple obligors may be termed mutual sureties (\u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2). Finally, the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, discussed above, may be used to denote [a]<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0the claims to be warded off by the assignor [cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1983): 621-622], [b]<\/strong>\u00a0any potential challenger to the assignee\u2019s position, or [c]\u00a0<\/strong>the timeframe in relation to which the assignee\u2019s position is challenged. [ad a]<\/u><\/strong> Some scribes address public and private liabilities in general terms, e.g., \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (e.g., P.Mich. V 309.6-7: I CE, Teb?), or \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (e.g., P.Mich. V 311.22-24: 34 CE, Teb). Others stress liabilities to the state. In lease, the formulation is simple and succinct: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (e.g., P.Mil.Vogl. III 140.42-43: 176 CE, Tebtynis). In sales, on the other hand, an effort is made to elaborate on all possible taxes and liabilities. See, e.g., P.Kron. 48.15-18 (35 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 (free from) all public debts, from every impost, the naubia<\/em>, the artab<\/em> tax and surtaxes, the imposts of the village and all other claims\u2019). Some scribes focus on private liabilities: cf., e.g., CPR XV 2.6 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03ac\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 from all types of all instruments and all agreements and every type of liability\u2019) [an exhaustive list in Rupprecht (1982a): 465-467 with further literature]. [ad b]<\/u><\/strong> The preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc with the genitive is first used to denote a potential challenger in the sale document SPP XXII 22.17-19 (142 CE, Philopator and Theogenous) and even earlier in the lease contract P.Mil.Vogl. II 78.19-20 (138 CE, Tebtynis): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad|20<\/sup>[\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] (\u2018warrant him from everyone intending to make a seizure\u2019). It then becomes widespread in the late second and third centuries, commonly used exclusively, viz., not accompanied by types [a] or [c]. As is frequently the case elsewhere, it acquires its most comprehensive form in Byzantine documentation: T.Varie 2.7-8 (VII CE?, Unknown Provenance): \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u2039\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u203a \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3) \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f7c\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2) | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22] \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u2039\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u203a \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018... we warranting the sale with every form of warranty against anyone who has proceeds or will proceed against you, both our children, heirs, and inheritors of these objects\u2019). [ad c]<\/u><\/strong> The preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc is employed to delineate the time frame in two distinct usages. The first [1]<\/strong> is associated with past liabilities, cf., P.Ryl. II 162.20-22 (159 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1[\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7]\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 | 22<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4[\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f14\u03bc\u03c0]\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u03c3|23<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd ( \u2018\u2026 the acknowledging party will guarantee the objects of this sale in perpetuity with every guarantee against all past charges public and private\u2019) and in a alternative formulation conveying the same notion: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 322.12 (47\/8 CE, Tebtynis). The second [2]<\/strong> pertains to the exclusion of future lawsuit, e.g., CPR I 4.15-17 (52 CE, Herakleia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 16<\/sup> \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u2039\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u203a \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u03c1|17<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0{\u03c0}\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and the acknowledging parties, they and all their offspring, will warrant for Arteriors in all forms of warranty, from now to all time, as stated above, in perpetuity\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

[Type2]<\/strong> In the genitive absolute [Cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1982a): 476, (1983) 623], only in sales from the Roman period and primarily from the Hermopolite nome, the formulation \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 (\u2018... the warranty in every respect being incumbent on me, the seller\u2019) is encountered. The construction \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 is restored in a petition from Augustan Alexandria: BGU III 1001.12 (30 BCE-14 CE). It is securely attested in the petition P.Mich. V 232.26-27 from 36 CE Tebtynis and in a quitclaim contract composed two years earlier\u2014P.Mich. V 266.16-17\u2014that rules out the bebaiosis<\/em>. In the following Arsinoite evidence, the formulation is used to record a preexisting bebaiosis<\/em> (P.Mich. V 326.59-60 (48 CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 60<\/sup> \u039b\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and the four persons aforesaid, Maron and Herodes and Didymos and Herakleides, also called Lourios, shall not in any way incur any loss with respect to the guarantee devolving upon Herakleides the elder\u2019). In the second half of the first century, the construction is acculturated into the scheme of the sale contact\u2014cf. P.Oxy. I 83.20.19-21 (83 CE, Oxyrhynchos)\u2014and then recurs sporadically throughout Egypt, from Prosopites to Panopolis. The evidence, however, accumulates especially in documentation from Kellis and the Hermopolite nome, where it is still incorporated in SB XVIII 13173.67-70, a slave sale from 629 or 644 CE).<\/p>\r\n

[Type3]<\/strong> In the genitive absolute, primarily in leases of the Roman period and largely from the Oxyrhynchite nome, the formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 on the lease being guaranteed\u2019), later also \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 [Cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1982b): 474-476, (1983): 624]. B\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 is used in six Ptolemaic documents from the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. In the Roman period, on the other hand, it becomes standard in the Oxyrhynchites. Initially, it is added to the independent bebaiosis<\/em> clause, as in P.Oxy. II 277.11-12 (19 BCE, Oxyrhynchos): [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1]\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u0394\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 [\u03b2]\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9], [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5]\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and let Dionysios warrant the lease with every form of warranty. As long as the lease is subject to warranty \u2026.\u2019). The earliest Oxyrhynchite evidence of the independent use of the genitive absolute is P.Oxy. VIII 1124.8.1-10 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Oxyrhynchite evidence abounds in ensuing centuries; the latest attestation is P.Oxy. XIV 1695.25 of 360 CE Oxyrhynchos.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-41; Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 82-90 [lease]; 188; Partsch (1909): 344-358; Mitteis (1912): 188; Schwarz (1920): 171-178; Woe\u00df (1924): 278-289; Wolff (1946): 63-65; Pringsheim (1950): 356-370, 441-444; Taubenschlag (1955): 325-326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160; Rupprecht (1982a): 464-477; (1982b): 243-244; (1983): 618-624; M\u00fcller (1985): 227-236; Straus (2004): 142-145.<\/span><\/p>\r\nStructure of the entries: [contract; type of clause; type of apo: type of liability]\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 71.18-19 (189, Kar) [sale; 1]; 87.16-18 (144, SokN) [sale; 1]; 94.11-12 (289, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.]; 100.9 (159, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.23-25 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 177.11-13 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 193.16-18 (136, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 227.18-20 (151, ArsN) [lease; 1; d.p., d.eid.]; 228.8-9 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 233.9-12 ? (161-169, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., p.art.naub., d.tel.; opheilem.; c] ; 282.38-39 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 350.8-12 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; 1; a: p.d.idiot., laog., empoi.]; II<\/strong> 427.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1]; 446.18 (169-177, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 453.12-14 (154, SokN) [sale; 1]; 468.15-18 (150, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: p.d.]; 469.10 (156-160, UP) [sale; 1]; 526.22-23 (86, SokN) [lease; 1]; 542.15-16 (165, Athenas Kome) [sale; 2]; 584.6-7 (44, UP) [sale; 1]; 666.18 (177, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.tel., p.eid.]; 667.11-12 (222, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.: laog., idiot., p.empoi.] ; III<\/strong> 709.13-14 (138-161, Kar) [sale; 1]; 806.8 (1, UP) [sale; 1]; 825.9-11 (190\/1, ArsN) [sale; 2; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 859.11-13 (161-163, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 883.8-10 (II, Kar) [sale; 1; a: art.naub.arith., p.eid.; c]; 887.4-5,11,15-17,19-20 (<\/strong>151, Side) [sale; 1; \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; 901.1-3 ? (II\/III, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi.]; 906.19-21 (34\/5, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.; c]; 910.1.8-10 (70, SokN) [sale; 1]; 912.31 (33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 913.11-12 (206, Myra) [sale; 2 (\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2)]; 917.18-19 (348, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: idiot., zet.] ; 937.18-19 (250, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 986.17 (117-138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 987.7-9 (19\/45, ArsN) [sale; 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 1002.13 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [sale; 1; a]; IV<\/strong> 1048.11-14 (100\/1 or 110\/1, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., epib.-kom., katakr.]; 1049.13-15 (342, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 1059.12-13 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [sale; 1];1118.50-51 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1119.46-50 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1120.46-48 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1130.19-24 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; 2]; VI<\/strong> 1262.21 (216\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1264.26-27 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1266.32-35 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1267.17-21 (before 266\/5A<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0or 228\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1]; 1270.22-23 (191A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1271.2 (180A<\/sup><\/span>-145A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil\/Thead) [lease; 3]; VII<\/strong> 1643.11-13 (II, Phil) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.12 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 1732.10-12 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; 1]; 1735.18-19 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; 1]; X<\/strong> 1943.16-17 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1944.15-16 (214\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1948.f (213\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholthis) [lease; 1]; 1949.6-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1950.5-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1]; XI<\/strong> 2049.14-15 (II, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 2050.19 (106, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2052.8-9 (II, Herakleia?) [sale; 1]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [sale]; 2055.15-16 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 2095.24-25 (83, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 2112.4-5 (Im<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 2335.9-11 (42\/3, UP) [sale; 1]; 2340.16-17 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [lease; 3]; 2341.10 (II, Kar) [lease; 1]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.13-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2384.14-16 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2388.22-23 (191A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 2389.28-29 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [lease; 1]; 2390.25-29 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [lease; 1] [3]; 2395.26-29 (221A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [loan; 1]; XV<\/strong> 2477.2-3 (I, Ars) [sale; 1]; 2478.8-9 (90-96, Kar) [sale; 1]; 2482.6-9 (191, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2698.20-21 (VII, Herm) [sale; 1]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.14 (309\/10, Herm) [sale; 2]; 2831.15-16 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; 3]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.5-10 (II\/III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 3.10 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 4.15-18 (52, Herakleia) [sale; 1; c]; 63.21 (223-235, HerakN) [sale] ?; 64.24-27 (227, Peenamis) [sale; 1]; 89.12-13 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 103.23 (III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 113.10 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 122.7-15? (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 123.5 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 133.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 137.5-6 (c. 200, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 138.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; 1]; 140.1 (c. after 221, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 141.8-9 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 142.4-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 144.4-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 146.2-3 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.7-9 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 158.5-6 (193-211, ArsN) [sale]; 162.15-17 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 175.18 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 179.13? (I\/II, PtolEu?) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d.]; 187.8-11 (145, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 198.8-11 (138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 203.5 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 204.7? (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 206a.10-12 (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d., idiot.chreo., laog.]; 206b.10-12 (138-161, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: opeilema.d.idiot., laog.]; 207.26- (II, ArsN); 211.1 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 216.1-2 (I\/II, SokN) [sale; 1]; VI<\/strong> 2.22-24 (144, Kerkesoucha) [sale; 1]; 73.28 (222-235, HerakN) [sale; 1]; VII<\/strong> 14.15-16 (305, Herm) [sale; 2]; 36.10-12 (331, Herm) [sale; 1; b]; 48.8-9 (V, HerakN) [sale; 2; a: analom., zemiom. (future)]; VIII<\/strong> 18.9-11 (III, Ox) [sale; 1]; XV<\/strong> 1.15-16 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synal.p., p.eid.]; 2.6 (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 47.4-5 (46\/7, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.8-10 (316, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.log.idiot.polit.; b]; 17a.8 (321?, Herm) [sale; 2]; XVIIb<\/strong> 3.17-27, l. 23 (184, Panop) [loan; 1]; 6.11 (184\/5, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 18.15-31, ll. 26-27 (217\/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 36.8 (217\/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 39.8 (217\/8 , Panop) [sale; 1]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 60.15-18 (346, Dionysias) [sale; 1; b]; 64.22-26 (337-350, Alex or Phil) [sale; 1]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 95.9-10 (109, Herm) [sale; 2]; 96.8 (213, Herm) [sale; 2]; 102.15-16 (180, PtolEu) [sale; 2]; P.Amst.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 1.41-44, ll. 33-34 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 19.16 (153, ArsN) [lease]; 25.13-14 (61, Kar) [sale; 1]; 27.20-22 (150, Kar) [sale; 1]; P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 19a.9-10 (110, HermN) [sale; 1]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 47.26-30 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme) [sale; 2]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.8 (III, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 7.19-20 (117-138, ArsN) [loan; 1]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.17-19 (136, Bac) [sale; 1]; 16.11-12 (346\/7, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span><\/strong> I 20.16-17 (149, OxN) [lease; 3]; 21.9-11 (309, KynopN) [sale; 2]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 52.1-6 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN)<\/span> [sale; 1]; 60.10 (46, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 61.10-11 (56, Teb) [sale; 1]; 75.4-5 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [sale; 1]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 44.5-7 (310, UP) [sale; 2]; 45.19-21 (c. 610, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; P.Brem.<\/span><\/strong> 68.9-10 (99, Herm ?) [loan; 2]; P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 7.16-18 (152, SokN) [sale; 1]; 97.15 (II, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Cair.Goodsp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.10-11 (341, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 83.9-13 (IIIs<\/sup>, UP) [sale; 2]; 86.6-7 (309, Kar) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.30-45, 58-64 (571\/2, Aphr) [sale, ed.: \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 67098.28-30 (540-565, Aphr?) [sale; 1; b]; II<\/strong> 67169.53-54 (569, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.10-11 (342, Kar) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 219.14-16 (140, Alex) [sale; 1]; 222.31, 2.59-63 (160\/1, Upper Egypt) [sale; \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6]; 232.17 (III, Ox) [lease; 3]; 254.7-13 (129, Ox?) [sale; 3]; 263.12-15 (178, Memphites) [sale; 1; b]; 264.13-15 (178, Pitos) [sale; 1; b]; X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.9 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 284.17 (311, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Coles<\/span><\/strong> 27.15 (IVb<\/sup>, UP) [antikatallage]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.16-20 (44, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.sitik.argyr., epigr.p., p.eid.] ; II<\/strong> 68.26 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 70.21-22 (272\/3 or 279\/89, Ox) [lease; 3]; 71.30-31 (281, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 75.8-9 (III, Herm) [sale; 2]; 80.19-20 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; 83.16-17 (353, Ox) [will; 2]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 13.19-22 (311, Ox) [sale; 2]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 27.16 (363, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 8GH.6-7 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13GH.5-6 (23, SokN) [1]; 14GH.5 (29, SokN) [1]; 16GH.4-5, 11 (34?, SokN) [1]; 21GH.4-5 (45, SokN) [1]; 27GH.8-9 (54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 28GH.8 (55, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35GH.3-4 (41, SokN) [sale; 1]; 37 GH.7 (20\/1, SokN) [diairesis; 1]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.13-14 (138-161, Phil) [sale; 1]; 28.8-9 (223, Phil?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Duk. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.8-11 (518-527?, UP) [gift; 1; b]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.22-25 (227, Sachare) [sale, unique]; 27. a,b (225-240, Dura Europos) [sale; unique]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 63.2 (III, UP) [loan; 1]; 72.2 (IV, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 3.18-24 (92 , PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p.sitik.arg., katakr., p.eid.; c]; 5.16-17 (98, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 23.13-14 (123, Teb) [sale; 1]; 27.17-18 (132, Teb) [labour; 2]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 92.19 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.8 (153, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; 20.29-30 (127, Thead) [lease; 1]; 22.22-23 (177, PtolEu) [sale; 1; b]; 25.10-15 l. 13 (IIIm<\/sup>?, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 29.1-2 (IV, HermN?) [sale; 2]; 40.7-16, ll. 12-14 (162\/3?, HermN) [sale; 2]; 47a.13-14 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; 1 (part.)]; 51.10-14, l. 14 (138-161, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 81.15 (103, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; III<\/strong> 380.6,17-18 (203\/4, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.22-25 (35, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.teles.p.; p.eid.]; 43.38-39 (189\/90, Phoboou) [lease; 3]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 1.40-42 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2.29-34 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8.19 (144, UP) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 34.32 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [3]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.7?-8? (145\/6, UP) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., opheile.p.d.idiot., eid.p.]; 20.4-8 (III, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.14-15 (137, SokN) [sale; 1]; 30.13-15 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35.10 (161, ArsN?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.17-18 (345, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 39.4-5 (205A<\/sup><\/span>\/180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [sale; 1; a: syng., synal.]; 49.19-20 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Grenf.<\/span> I<\/strong> 60.34-35 (582?, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; II<\/strong> 46.16 (137, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 74.15-17 (302, Kysis) [sale; 1]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.10-11 (209, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 28.7-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [loan; 1]; 30.16-19 (89, Phil) [loan; 1]; 38.11-13 (182, LetopN) [sale; 1; b]; 64.26-27 (103, Euh) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 97.12-13 (104\/5, Phil) [sale]; III<\/strong> 217.12-13 (If<\/sup>, Ox ?) [sale]; 218.5-7 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; 2]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.30-31 (249, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.17-18 (VI, UP) [sale; 1; b: epileus.antipoi.]; P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 90.17-18 (222A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.2-4 (148\/9?, ArsN) [loan; 1; a: p.opheilem.] ; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 35.8-11 (181\/213, Phil) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 54.13-14 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.27-29 (27, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 22.23-25 (113, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 33.17? (163\/4, ArsN) [sale]; III<\/strong> 31.28 (73\/4, Teb) [1]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.9 (298\/9, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.11-13 (331, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 8.9-10 (362, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 30.19-20 (363, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 34.9-10,14-15 (315, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 35.11-14? (IV, Kellis) [sale; 1]; 36.2-3,6-7 (308, Kellis) [sale; 1] [2]; 38a.14-16 (333, Kellis) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 149.23-24 (after 212, OxN) [lease; 3]; 150.9-10 (226\/242, OxN) [lease; 3]; 155.10-11 (VI, UP) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 193.5-6 (V\/VI, Antin ?) [sale; 1; b]; V<\/strong> 232.13-14 (330\/338, Terenythis) [sale; 2]; VI<\/strong> 275.1-4? (104\/3a<\/sup><\/span> or 101\/100A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: basil.idiot.opheilem.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.21-23 (116, Teb) [lease; 1]; 19a.17 (145, Teb) [lease; 1]; 20.22-26 (146, Teb) [lease; 1]; 34.33-34 (135, Teb) [lease; 1]; 48.12-23 (35, Teb) [sale; 1; d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., pleon., epib.-kom., all.p.apait.]; P.Laur.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 165.10-11 (305, Ox) [3]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.12-13 (256, Herm) [sale; 2]; 4.18-20 (293, Herm) [sale; 2]; 6.2.14 (306, Herm) [sale; 2]; 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 2.1-2 (178, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 140.14-17 (69-79, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.teles.p., idiot.p.empoi.]; 154.11-13 (68, Kar) [sale; 1]; 168.13-14 (162, Psenharpsenesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 229.7-10 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [sale; stipulatio]; 262.6- (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 282.18-20 (69, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 303.24 (142, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 320.19 (157\/8, SokN) [sale; 1]; 333.28 (166, SokN) [sale; 1]; 339.12-14 (179, UP) [sale; 1]; 438.16 (134\/5, Kar) [lease; 1]; 466.19 (143, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 842.19 (140, Apias) [lease; 1]; 870.14-16 (IV, Panop) [loan; 1; b]; 909a.9-11 (136, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 977.34-37 (330, Antin) [sale; 1]; 1132b.10 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1164c.22-26 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164e.15-17 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164f.24-29 ? (212, Antin) [sale; 2 (unique)]; 1168.8 (44, Herm) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot.]; V<\/strong> 1686.36-39 (565, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 1724.46-51 (578, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 1734.5-6 (578-582, Sy) [sale; 1; b];\u00a0P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 9.33 (47\/8, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 10.12 (Il<\/sup>?, SokN) [sale; 1]; 11.17-19 (26-33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13.14-17 (29, SokN) [sale; 1]; 14.16-17 (44, SokN) [sale; 1]; II<\/strong> 109.5-9 (123\/4 or 136\/7, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.25-26 (21, Phil) [lease; 1; a: d]; 17.32-33 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; 19.9 (173, Ox) [sale; 1]; II<\/strong> 68.33-34 (136, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 76.15-16 (181, Ox) [lease; 1 (GA)]; III<\/strong> 120.2-3 (I\/II, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Meyer<\/span><\/strong> 12.28-29 (115, Thead) [lease; 1]; 13.16-17 (141, Apias) [sale; 1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.9 (42, Teb) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 188.12-16 (120, Bac) [loan; 1]; 189.17-19 (123, Bac) [loan; 1]; V<\/strong> 241 1-14, ll. 6-7 (46, Teb) [sale; 1]; 249.4 (18, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 250.5-6 (18, Teb) [sale; 1]; 251.14-15, 35-36 (19, Talithis) [sale; 1]; 252.5-7 (25\/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.epigr., artab., naub., arith., all.p.eid., idiot.p.empoi]; 253.10-12 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p.eid.]; 254.4-7 (29\/30, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epigr.p., p.eid., idiot.empoi.]; 256.5-9 (29\/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p; epigr.; naub., artab., time-g., all.p.apait.; idiot.empoi.]; 257.8-9 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid.]; 258.8-13 (32\/3 or 33\/4, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid. (past); idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 259.14-18 (33, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 262.20-25 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p., artab., naub., arith., time-g., epib.-kom., pleon., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 263.15-22 (35\/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 264.11-14 (37, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi. \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 267.9-13 (41\/2, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., pleon., time-g., epib., prostim., all.p.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 269.3-4,9-10, 19-20 (42, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 272.6-9 (45\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., apom., eparour., geom., naub., all.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 273.6-9 (46, ArsN) [sale; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., time-g., prostim., all.p.apait., idioit.empoi.]; 274.9-13 (46\/7 or 47\/8, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 276.7-8 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 277.4-6 (48, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 278.5-6 (c. 30, ArsN) [sale: 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5]; 280.5-6 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 281.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 282.6-7 (I, Teb) [sale; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 290.11-12 (37?, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 291.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 293.6 (Ie<\/sup>, Teb\/Theog) [sale; 1]; 294.7-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 296.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 297.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; b]; 298.12-14 (I, ArsN) [sale]; 299.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., idiot.]; 300.9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 301.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 304.8-10 (42, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 305.13-15 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 306.12-13 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p.eid.]; 307.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 308.5 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.eid.]; 309.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 310.16-17 (26\/7, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.idiot.p.]; 311.22-24 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 312.43-44 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 326.58-62 (48, Teb) [2; unique]; 328.1.5-6 (29\/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 332.11-15 (47\/8, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 335.1.8-10 (c. 56, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; VI<\/strong> 428.6-7 (154, Kar) [sale; 1]; IX<\/strong> 550.17-20 (99, Kar) [sale; 1]; 551.22 (103, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 552.12 (131, Kar) [sale; 1]; 553.2-3 (284, Kar) [sale; 2]; 563.21-22 (128\/9, Kar) [lease; 1; a: d.opheilem., p.eid.]; 564.15-17 (150, Kar) [lease; unique]; 570.14 (105\/6, Kar) [loan; 1]; X<\/strong> 583.13-15 (78, Bac) [sale; 1]; 585.13-20 (87, Bac) [loan; 1]; 586.17-18 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 3]; XI<\/strong> 605.10-13 (117, Bac) [loan; 1]; 610.24-27 (282, Ox) [lease; 3]; XII<\/strong> 633.29-31 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 634.21-23 (25\/6, Teb) [lease; 3]; 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [loan; 1]; 636.12-13 (302, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 663.20-23 (VI, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 664.31-32 (585\/6 or 600\/1, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; XV<\/strong> 707.13-15 (185, Ox?) [sale; 1]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.26 (173, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.44-45 (544\/559, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 41.50-51 (539-554, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 45.59-60 (540, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 52G.22-24 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 55.13-14 (307, Ox) [3]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.14-15 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teloum.d.sitik.arg., a.tel.p. (past); idiot., p.empoi.]; II<\/strong> 78.18-20 (138\/9, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; 104.34-36 (127, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 105.25-28 (132\/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.];106.32-34 (134, Teb) [1; a: d.p.]; 107.16-18 (153\/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; III<\/strong> 140.41-42 (176, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 186.9-11 (99, Teb) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 220.29-30 (132\/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 238.31-32 (143\/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 239.15-16 (156, Teb) [lease; 1]; 241.17-18 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; VI<\/strong> 267.30-32 (125\/6, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 270.11-12 (129, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 290.34-35 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 291.27-29 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.9-10, 31-33 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [1]; 78.16-18 (49-54, Ox) [1]; 79.16-18 (37-69, SokN) [1]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.43 (581, Sy) [sale; 1]; 9.70-71 (585, Sy) [sale]; 11.43-44 (586, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 12.34-35 (590\/1, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 13.37-40 (594 Sy) [sale; 1; b]; III<\/strong> 84.14-15 (211, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Narm.<\/span>2006<\/strong> 6.8-9 (106\/7, Thead?) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epigr.p., p.eid.; idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 29.18-21 (III\/IV, HerakN) [sale; 1]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 13.13-19 (198, OxN) [sale] (sui generis); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 138.10-11 (323, Ox) [3]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 11.13-15 (149, Hiera Nesos) [loan; 1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 94.19-21 (83, Ox) [sale; 2]; 95.30-34 (129, Ox) [sale; 2]; 99.9-10 (55, Ox) [sale; 1]; 100.13-15 (133, Ox) [sale; 1]; 101.25-26 (142, Ox) [lease; 3]; 102.18 (306, Ox) [lease; 3]; 103.16 (316, Ox) [lease; 3]; II<\/strong> 263.15-16 (77, Ox) [sale; 1]; 264.10-12 (54, Ox) [sale; 1]; 277.12 ? (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [lease; 1; 3]; III<\/strong> 499.24-25 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [lease; 3]; 501.34-35 (186, Ox) [lease; 3]; 502.24-25 (164, Ox) [lease; 3]; 577.40-41 (117\/8, Ox) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 719.22-25 (193, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.oph., apog.-and., eid.all.]; 730.21-22 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [lease; 3]; VI<\/strong> 910.29 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [lease; 3]; 912.15-16 (235, Ox) [lease; 3]; VII<\/strong> 1036.21-22 (272, Ox) [3]; VIII<\/strong> 1124.7-8 (26, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1125.15-16 (II, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1127.13-14 (183, Ox) [lease; 3]; IX<\/strong> 1207.11-12 (175\/6 ?, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1209.22-25 (252, Ox) [sale; 1: ed.: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6];]; X<\/strong> 1270.36-46 (159, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak., p.eid., aperg.-chom., d.tel.]; 1277.13-14 (257, Ox) [sale; 1: \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9]; XII<\/strong> 1475.30-32 (267, Ox) [sale; 1]; XIV<\/strong> 1631.28-29 (280, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1632.19-20 (353, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1638.26-28 (282, Ox) [diairesis; 1; a: oph., katoch.p., teloum.d., tel.p., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1641.8-9 (68, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 1689.26-27 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1691.16 (291\/2, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1695.25 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1707.12-15 (204, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 1708.15-17 (311, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XVII<\/strong> 2109.37-38 (261, Ox) [3]; 2136.8-10 (291, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 2137.31 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; XVIII<\/strong> 2188.2 (107, Ox) [lease; 3]; XX<\/strong> 2284.b.1 (258, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXII<\/strong> 2349.27-38 l. 33 (70, Ox) [labour; 2]; 2351.42-43 (112, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.17-20 (211, Ox) [lease; 1]; 2585.15-16 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.26 (151, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2720.21-22 (41-54, OxN) [sale; 1]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2777.31-33 (212, Ox) [sale; 1]; 2795.17-18 (250, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2846.14-15 (Is<\/sup>, OxN) [sale; 1]; 2874.24 (108, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLI<\/strong> 2951.1-5 (267, Ox) [sale; evictio, Latin]; 2974.23-24 (162, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.17 (305, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 3144.12 (313, Ox) [sale;1; b]; 3145.18-24 (IVe<\/sup>, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XLIV<\/strong> 3200.13-14 (II\/III, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLV<\/strong> 3257.13 (318, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3260.19-20 (323, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVI<\/strong> 3270.17-18 (309, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.35-36 (c. 257, Nomou Epoikion or Senepta) [lease; 1; b]; 3386.19-20 (338, Ox); XLIX<\/strong> 3488.39-40 (70\/1, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3489.28 (72\/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; L<\/strong> 3589.18 (II, OxN) [lease; 3]; 3596.28 (240-255, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3597.27-28 (260, Ox) [lease; 3]; LVIII<\/strong> 3915.15 (30, Ox) [sale; 1]; LXIII<\/strong> 4359.7-8 (324, Ox) [sale; unique]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.23-25 (III, Nesmimis) [sale; 1; a: apog.-and., georg.basilik.ousiak.ge., p.eid.]; 4594.14-15 (228, Senao\/Ox) [lease; 3]; 4595.28-29 (261, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.16-17 (127, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4745.28-29 (202, Ox) [3]; 4746.3-4 (244-249, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4747.14-15 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4748.13-16 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4750.16-18 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4751.11-12 (310, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4752.14-17 (311, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4753.20 (341, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.26-27 (173\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXV<\/strong> 5058.28-34 (257\/8, Ox) (ext.) [sale]; LXXXVI<\/strong> 5550.17-18 (84\/87\/89\/90, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 34.17-18 (101, Ox) [sale; 1]; 41.33 (223\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; 42.6-8 (279-282, OxN); P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 7.23-24 (137\/8 or 158\/9 or 181\/2, OxN) [3]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 20.10-13 (310, Panop) [loan; 1; a]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 21.39-45 (616, This) [sale; 2]; 21 bis.21-28 (592, This) [sale; 2]; P.Petaus<\/span><\/strong> 17.24-34 ll. 32-33 (184, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 18.21-33 ll. 31-32 (185, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 22.26-40 ll. 37-39 (after 185, Syron Kome) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 23.21-24 (185\/6, Pharbaithos) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; P.Prag.<\/span><\/strong> I 53.1-2 (430, UP) [sale; 1]; II 155.14-15 (188\/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Princ.<\/span><\/strong> III 149.9-10 (177\/8, Bac) [sale; 1; b]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.23 (I\/II, Thead) [1; a: p.empo.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 14.9-10 (81-95, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; 15.18-21 (98-102, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 19.36 (141, Ox) [lease; 3]; 23.5 (156, Memphites) [sale; 1]; 30.19-21 (130\/1 or 151\/2 or 174\/5, Memphis or Delta) [loan; 2]; 32.13-14 (II, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 27.12 (234\/5, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [sale; 1]; 160.5-6 (28\/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160a.5-6 (15-36, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160b.4-5 (37, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160c1.8-9 (32, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160d1.7 (42, SokN) [1]; 161.13-17 (81, SokN) [1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p.empoi.; c]; 162.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p.; c]; 163.10 (140, HermN) [sale; 2]; 164.15 (171, HermN) [sale; 1]; 312.12-15 (82-96, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p., laog., apog., d.idiot., p.empoi.; c]; IV<\/strong> 582.13-15 (42a<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [sale; 1]; 709.9-10 (294-296, UP) [sale]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.10-11 (305, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 60.11-12 (306, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 62.9 (328, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 8.6 (102\/3, MagdMir) [sale; 1]; 9.10-11 (115\/6, HermN) [sale; 1]; 11.10-11 (128, Herm) [sale; 1]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 46.4-5 (332, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.37-38 (71, Thead) [1; a: d.]; 5.32-34 (94, Thead) [lease; 1]; 27.24-25 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14b.13-18 (211, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 52.9-10 (151, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.idiot., p.hapl.]; II<\/strong> 92.20-22 (244\/3, OxN) [1]; III<\/strong> 144.14-15 (245, HermN) [sale; 2]; 151.15-19 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 201.24-28 (162, Dionysias) [sale; 1]; 264.16 (279-282, Ox) [sale; 1]; 265.F21-22 (41-54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 370.21-23 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 1; p.opheilem.d., empoi.]; VI<\/strong> 504.14 (106, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 505.23-26 (107-115, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.]; 534.12 (before 161, Ox) [lease; 3]; 583.10-15 (115\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: eid., geomet., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 585.9 (153, Herm) [sale; 2]; VII<\/strong> 672.20 (289, Herm) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 704.22-25 (82\/3, Hephaistias) [1; a: ekphor.p., pht.episp.]; 732.14 (228\/9, Herm) [loan; 1]; IX<\/strong> 812.3-8 ll. 7-9 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 812.15-20 l. 20 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: p.eid.]; 826a.a.8-9 (96-98, SokN) [loan; 1]; 831.15-18 (162\/3, Teb) [sale; 1; katakr.p., p.eid.; c]; 886.12 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.29-30 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1]; 107.6-8 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1]; II<\/strong> 311.26-29 (134, Theog) [lease; 1]; 373.10-11 (110\/1, Teb) [lease; 1]; 375.31-32 (140, PtolEu) [lease; 1; d.]; 379.15-16 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a d., idiot.]; III.1<\/strong> 817.21 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [loan; 1]; III.2<\/strong> 819.9-11, 34-37 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [lease; 1]; 970.19-20 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [loan; 1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 9.13-16 (33, Teb); P.Thomas <\/span><\/strong>4.19-22 (41-54, Teb) [loan; 1]; 7.7-9 (69, UP) [sale; 1]; 28.17-18 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [antikatallage; 1; b: epeleus.antipoi]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.43-46 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [1; lease]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 22.11-12 (142, Side) [1; \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; 25.26-27 (161, Ox) [3]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.3-4 (VI, Aphr); P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.16-17 (hyp.) (250, Herm) [sale; 2]; 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [sale; 1]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 25.7-8 (51, SokN) [sale; 1] ; 25a.24-25 (II, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 26.10-12 (143, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., idiot.empoi.; c]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-14 (158, SokN?) [sale; 1]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.13-16 (98, Kar) [lease; 1; a: ekphor.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> I 12.2-4 (IV, UP) [sale; 2]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.17-18 (185, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7.28-29 (259\/60, Ox) [lease; 3]; 9.24-30 (183, Ox) [sale; 1: a: geom.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.aperg.hydroph.d.chom., p.all., teloum.d., tel.p. (past)]; II 58.11-12 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 59.12-13 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 22.20-23 (130, Maoza) [sale: ed.: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.17-18 (31, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 70.3-4, 6-8 (229\/30?, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.14-16 (101, Herm) [sale; 1]; 66.25-26 (V?, HermN) [2]; 79.17-18 (216\/7, Ox) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 178.5-6 (291, Ox) [lease; 3]; 182.26-29 (234, Ox) [sale; 1]; 187.17-18 (274\/5, 280\/1 or 289\/90, Ox) [lease ;3]; IV<\/strong> 316.15-16 (328, Ox) [lease; 3]; V<\/strong> 467.11-13 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 468.18-19 (200, Ox) [lease; 3]; 469.17-18 (334, Ox) [lease; 3]; VI<\/strong> 704.29-30 (II, ArsN ?) [sale; 2]; 707.15 (351, Ox) [3]; 729.a.3-4 (77?, UP) [sale, Latin]; VII<\/strong> 739.16-17 (163, Ox) [lease; 3]; VIII<\/strong> 882.5-6 (337, OxN?) [sale; 1]; 908.1.9-12 (42\/3, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi]; 909.6-7 (44, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 915.8-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., p.empoi.]; 918.5-6 (38\/9, Teb) [sale; 1; d.tel.p., epigr.p., geom., idiot., p.empoi.]; IX<\/strong> 1031.25-26 (134, Thead) [sale; 1]; 1036.17 (192, OxN) [3]; 1069.22-23 (246, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1071.20 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; X<\/strong> 1098.16-18 (51A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; 1; a: bas.idiot.opheilem.]; 1119.37-38 (156, Ox) [sale; 1]; 1124.30-31 (150, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 1129.16-18 (24\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1130.16-17 (26, Teb) [sale; 1]; 1134.25-26 (91, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1143.22-24 (164, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; XII<\/strong> 1228.19-20 (188, OxN?) [sale; 2]; 1239.16-17 (430, Antin) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 1319.1.17-18 (76, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1320.10-13 (82-88, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p. empoi.; c]; 1330.12 (after 3.272, Ox) [1] ; 1338.14 (299, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1341.14-15 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; 1(GA) b: epeleus., antipoi.]; XIV<\/strong> 1405.15-19 (133, ArsN) [sale; 1; b: epeleus.]; 1438.11 (II\/III, UP) [sale]; XV<\/strong> 1546.1-27 ll. 19 (222, HerakN) [sale; 1]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.9-11 (after 117, UP); 1699.14-15 (173\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX 6.7-10 (41, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.eid.]; 14.11-12 (III, UP) [sale; 1: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.36-37 (229, HerakN) [loan; 1]; 5112.52-53 (618 Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5113.19-21 (VII, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5114.34-35 (630-640, Apol) [sale]; 5246.15-16 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [sale]; 5247.21-22 (47, SokN) (hyp.) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synall.p., p.eid.]; 5252.30 (65, Nilopolis) [lease; 1; c]; III<\/strong> 6016.31-34a (154, Alex) [sale]; 7188.33-35 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1]; IV<\/strong> 7443.16-17 (285, Ox) [3]; 7444.8-9 (327, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7814.28-29 (256, Ox) [lease; 3]; 8007.8-9 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; 1, 2] (unique); VI<\/strong> 9109.2-6 (31, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot.p.empoi.]; 9110.23-25 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 9214.23-24 (311, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9219.18-19 (319, Herm) [sale; 2]; 9575.8-10 (II, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 9618.13-14 (192 , PtolEu) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 9829.19-21 (after 272, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9830.29 (84-96, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 9831.13 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1?]; 9873.9-10 (244, Oasis Magna) [labour; 1; b]; 9906.16-18 (193\/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 9918.16-17 (179\/80, OxN) [lease; 3]; 9919.4 (IIIl<\/sup>, OxN) [lease; 3]; X<\/strong> 10249.30-32 (58\/9, Ox) [Loan; 2]; 10263.19-20 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10531.17-20 (36, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 10532.20-21 (87\/8, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10571.13-14 (194, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10573.12-14. 14-15 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN or, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; XII<\/strong> 10780.26-27 (172\/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10784.14-15 (330-340, Oasis Magna?) [sale; 2]; 10942.21-22, 22-23 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; 11060 (246-223A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN ?) [1]; 11061.18-19 (218A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 11228.29-30 (204, OxN) [loan; 1]; 11229.10-11 (161 or 177-179, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; XIV<\/strong> 11278.7-8 (316, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11279.37-38 (44, Thead) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11281.17 (172, Ox) [lease; 3]; 11431.13-14 (95\/6, Kerkeesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 11432.13-14? (271\/2, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11487.23-25 (91\/2, Teb) [lease; 1]; 11533.1.17-18, 2.17-18 (102, Ars) [sale; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 11703.1-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 11705.11-12 (213, ArsN) [loan; 2]; 11718.22-23 (141, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11843.23-25 (95, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11895.4 (45, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 12021.15 (377, Ox) [sale; 1; c]; XVI<\/strong> 12263.8-10 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 12373.18-19 (158A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease] ?; 12539.26-27 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 12559.20 (155, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; 12612.14-17 (203, SokN) [sale; 1; b]; 12784.5 (IIIlA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN or OxN) [lease; 1]; 12957.10-12 (103-114, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 13006.36-41 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13010.34-35 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13041.6-7 (I\/II, Ox) [loan; 1]; 13042.14-15 (29, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 13072.18-19 (155, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [3]; 13154.1 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [loan; 1]; 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [lease; 2]; 13173.67-70 (629\/644, Herm) [sale; 2]; 13320.81-83 (613-641, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 13579.3 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13866.16 (138-161, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13897.18 (111, Teb) [sale; 1]; XX<\/strong> 14199.13-14 (179, Ox) [sale; 2]; 14293.16-19 (383, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 14336.1-5, 20-21 (hyp.) (91\/2 or 107\/8, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak.hier., het.eid.]; 14337.19 (103, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14338.6 (120, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14464.21-23 (II, Ox) [lease; 1]; 14983.15-16 (220-260, OxN) [lease; 3]; 14984.9-10 (140-210, OxN) [lease; 3]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.10-11 (222-235, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15328.7-8 (275-296, Kar) [sale; 2]; 15472.13-14 (134, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 15612.1-10 ? (199, UP) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epim., epiklas.]; 15613.24-25 (hyp.) (111, Teb) [lease; 1?]; 15637.13-14 (130, Thead) [sale; 1]; XXIV<\/strong> 15965.11-12 (III\/IV, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15966.12-13 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15969.26-27 (491-518, Herm) [sale; 1]; 16002.12-14 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 16054.7-8 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1; a: p.opheilem.basil.idiot.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16904.12-15 (90, SokN) [sale; 2; a: d.idiot.p., laog., idiot., p.empoi.]; 17081.17-18 (75, SokN) [sale; 1]; 9922.16-17 (159, Theog) [lease; 1; b]; XXX<\/strong> 17623.15-16 (293, Herm); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> pp. 7-8, ll. 21-23 (454, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; III<\/strong> 25.6 (VI\/VII, HerakN); XX<\/strong> 1.14-15 (83\/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10.15-17 (168, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 29.33-35 (227, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 47.18-19 (238, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 50.16-17 (168\/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; 1]; 71.14-15 (269\/70, Herm) [sale; 2]; 72.13-14 (271\/2, Herm) [sale; 2]; 74.16 (hypogr.) (after 276 ?, Herm) [sale; 2]; 110.19-20 (425-450 or 408-422, Herm) [sale; 2]; 117.8-11 (411, Koba) [sale]; 121.29-30 (439, Herm) [sale]; XXII<\/strong> 16.7-9 (217, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 20.9-10 (3?, UP) [sale; 1]; 22.17-19 (142, Philopator alias Theogenous) [sale; 1; b]; 30.11-15 (158, ArsN) [sale; 1; b]; 48.29-32 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 170.21-22 (145, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 2.7-8 (VII, UP) [sale; 1; b]; ZPE<\/strong> 200 (2016) 336-346 (163, Ophis (Ox)) [lease; 3].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

3. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The clause that introduces a penalty for failing to perform bebaiosis<\/em> excludes other types of penalty clauses and vice versa. It never appears in one document together with the \u2018general penalty clause<\/a>\u2019, a clause that introduces penalty for bringing suit<\/a>, and the one relating to failure to defend<\/a>. A clause that prescribes a penalty for the alienator\u2019s failure to perform the bebaiosis<\/em> is recorded in 67 documents\u2014a relatively small group, especially in comparison with the 795 documents that attest the bebaiosis<\/em> itself. Among these 67 documents, 45 are Ptolemaic, 15 Roman (I\u2013IV CE), and 17 Byzantine. Most of the Ptolemaic attestations are in leases, while the clause in Roman and Byzantine usage appears almost exclusively in sales. The clause dealing with the consequences of a failed bebaiosis<\/em> follows, lexically and structurally, the characteristics evident in other types of penalty clauses: the protasis,<\/em> of course, anticipates first and foremost the case of non-bebaiosis<\/em> (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1), but occasionally any type of breach (P.Tebt. I 105.33-36 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris): [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u1f72 \u2039\u03b1\u1f50\u203a\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd). In the apodosis,<\/em> the list of fines and compensations is introduced by the verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 but much more commonly \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 (33) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9]. In addition, most types of sanctions are prescribed: tim\u00ea<\/em> (14), epitimon<\/em> (32), expenses (21), damages (12), and payment to the fisc (13). As in the case of the penalty clause, scribes sometimes extend the compensation by an hemiolion<\/em> (9 cases, all for the consideration) or by a duplum<\/em> (9 on expenses, 5 on the price). The document also asserts the continued validity of the legal act. However, some peculiarities appear as well. The first is the predominance of the epitimon<\/em>; it is recorded in 25 documents and in 17 of them it is the sole penalty. Following it, at some distance, are the provisions concerning damage (16), expenses (12), and, finally, payment to the fisc (14). Thirty documents affirm the continued validity of the contract. In these instruments, however, the clause also exhibits some peculiarities: no clause dealing with the consequences of thwarted bebaiosis<\/em> introduces the prostimon<\/em>; because the alienator\u2019s fault is one of omission (not performing the bebaiosis<\/em>), there are just three declarations of the invalidity of a conflicting act (the akyros<\/em> formula). Cf., e.g., BGU XIV 2390.27-29 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3[\u03ad]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03b9] | 28<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1[\u03b9] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u0394\u03b9\u03b6\u03ac\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0[\u03bf\u03bb]\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03b3[\u03b5]|29<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0[\u03c5\u03c1]\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f21 \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 (\u2018If he does not warrant as written above, or if someone prevents Polyeratos from sowing or harvesting, let Dizaolos compensate Polyeratos by means of a penalty five talents of bronze currency as well as the aforesaid forty-five artabae<\/em> of wheat, and let nonetheless the act of lease be valid\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 160 [<\/span>lease]; Schwarz (1920) 170-184; Pringsheim (1950): 310-313, 367-368, 445; Taubenschlag (1955): 326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160, 242-243; Hennig (1967): 73; Rupprecht (1982a): 473, (1982b): 245.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1264.27-30 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1266.35-38 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1267.18-20 (before 266\/5A<\/sup><\/span> or before 228\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1280.17-18 (210A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [70 dr., epit.]; X<\/strong> 1943.18-20 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1944.10-13 (214\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1949.6-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1950.7-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1964.4-11 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-214A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [akyr., epit. per suit]; XI<\/strong> 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [parachoretikon: dipl., taxes, exp.]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.14-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit.]; 2384.16-18 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2390.27-29 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [epit., 45 artabae., kyria]; 2395.29-35, 76-83 (221A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [daneion: hemiolion, tokon: haploun, praxis]; XV<\/strong> 2478.14 (90-96, Kar); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 206a.14-18 (138-161, PtolEu) [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam., exp., fisc., kyria]; 206b.14-15 (138-161, ArsN)<\/span> [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam. and exp.: dipl., fisc., kyria];<\/span> VII<\/strong> 48.10 (V, HerakN) [kyria]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-26 (136 Bac) [price: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67098.30-31 (540-565, Aphr?) [thrice the price, kyria]; II<\/strong> 67169 (569, Antin) [thrice the price, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, exp., kyria]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 1.42-45, 96-100 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2.31-34, 77-80 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 34.24-28 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [epit., prodoma: hemiolion, praxis]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 60.39-42 (582?, Apol) [price, akyr.]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.19-21 (VI, UP) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 90.18-20 (222A<\/sup><\/span>, Th\u00f4lthis) [epit., unless kolyma]; 91.5-8 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 193.6-8 (V\/VI, Antin?) [price: double, fisc., exp.: dipl.]; VI<\/strong> 275.4-7 (104\/3a<\/sup><\/span> or 101\/0A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 154.16-17 (68, Kar) [dam., exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; III<\/strong> 977.37-42 (330, Antin) [price: dupl, fisc., dam., exp.: dipl., kyria]; V<\/strong> 1686.39-43 (565, Aphr) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; ; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 662.49-53 (615, Aphr [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 663.23-25 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 664.32-34 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.46-47 (544 or 559, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 45.56-59 (540, Aphr) [twice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 52.G.24-26 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 77.10-12, 33-36 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.33-42 (581, Sy) [price: dipl.; akyr.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 264.11-12 (54, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam.]; XVII<\/strong> 2136.12-13 (291, PtolEu) [rent: hemiolia, taxes, exp.: dipl., fisc.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.19-20 (211, Ox) [price: dipl., praxis]; LVIII<\/strong> 3915.16-18 (30, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam., epit., fisc.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [price: dipl., epitimon, fisc.]; IV<\/strong> 582.15-18 (42A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., hosidchre., fisc., kyria]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 92.22-24 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., kyria]; IV<\/strong> 265.23-26 (41-54, SokN) [dam., exp.:dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; IX<\/strong> 831.19-21 (162\/3, Teb) [kephal.: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria] ; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.33-36 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [epit., dam., kyria]; III<\/strong> 819.11-12, 37-40 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [epit., kyria]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.46-50 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.5-6 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1098.18-20 (51A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [received amount: hemiolion, epit., dam.]; XII<\/strong> 1239.17-19 (430, Antin) [price: dipl., fisc., exp.: dipl., kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5114.40-44 (630-640, Apol) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: price: dipl., exp., kyria] III<\/strong> 7188.35-40 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; XII<\/strong> 11060.1-2 (246-223A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [unless kolyma]; 11061.19-21 (218A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; XVI<\/strong> 12758.17-19 (88, PtolEu) [taxes: dipl., epit. hosidchre.]; 12784.5 (IIIlA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN\/OxN) [unless kolyma]; 13041.8-10 (I\/II, Ox) [enoikismos, fisc.]; 13220 (613-641, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; XXIV<\/strong> 16054.8-11 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [price: hemiolion, fisc., kyria]; SPP<\/span><\/strong> I pp. 7-8, ll. 24-27 (454, Antin) [price: dipl. exp.: dipl. kyria].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

4. Basilikon Kolyma<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In lease contracts from the Ptolemaic period, the basilikon kolyma<\/em> (\u2018royal hindrance\u2019) creates an exception to the rules introduced in the clause that deals with the case of a thwarted bebaiosis<\/em> (cf. \u2018non-bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019): it subjects the lessor to a penalty for failing to defend the lessee\u2019s possession unless he is impeded from doing so by a \u2018royal hindrance\u2019. In three cases, the scribe considers an event in which the bebaiosis<\/em> is indeed obviated by a royal hindrance and imposes a payment in cash on the lessor\u2014the return of the prodoma<\/em> (a sum of cash given by lessee to the lessor as a loan) in two cases (P.Frank. I 1.45-49 and P.Freib. III 34.29-31) and compensation in kind in the third (P.Hib. I 91.8-13). Cf., e.g., P.Frank. 1.42-49: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u1fc3 | 43<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9 | 44<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bc \u03bc\u03ae [\u03c4]\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd | 45<\/sup> \u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u0323[\u03c5\u03bc]\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7]\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3]\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf | 46<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4[\u03c9] \u1f08\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bb[\u03ce]\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d[\u03b5\u03bf]\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc[\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u0323\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u0323|47<\/sup>\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u0323 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u0323\u03bd [\u03c4\u03b9] \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1\u00b7\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u1f72\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9, | 48<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u0323 [\u1f21]\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u03c0]\u03c1\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03be[\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc]\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 | 49<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5] \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u0323[\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018If he does not perform the bebaiosis<\/em> as prescribed, let Apollonios pay Neoptolemos in compensation a penalty (epitimon<\/em>) in the amount of a thousand drachms unless a royal hindrance occurs. If a royal hindrance occurs, let Apollonios forthwith return to Neoptolemos the sixty drachms of the prodoma<\/em> and whatever he happens to owe in addition. And if he does not pay, let him pay hemiolion<\/em> as compensation and let Neoptolemos be entitled to employ the execution, acting in accordance with the diagramma<\/em>\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 135-136; Herrmann (1958): 156-157, 172-173; Geginat (1964): 28-33.<\/span>\r\n\r\nP.Frank.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.45-49 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 34.29-31 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 91.8-13 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN).\r\n

\r\n

5. Surrender of Purchased Object<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Surrender\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The term \u2018surrender clause\u2019 is used here to denote the act by which the object of the purchase is surrendered to the buyer. The clause is used in connection with every type of commodity: immovables, slaves, wine, grain crops, and animals. <\/span>The surrender clause is not universally attested in any type of sale document; it appears in just 184 of the 725 Greek documents from Egypt that record the sale of immovables. When we weed out the Ptolemaic <\/span>katagraphai<\/em>, the ratio is a bit more favorable but still relatively low: 173 of 556. In 30 cases the document records the delivery of animals, mostly camels and donkeys\u2014a small part of a corpus of 159 documents that record animal sales. The surrender clause appears in 50 of 80 documents recording the sale of a slave\/slaves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

The surrender clause is one of a cluster of clauses that, together with the bebaiosis<\/em> and the capacity clauses, embodies the conveyance of title. While the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is rarely omitted, however, the other two are not. Thus, of 293 documents involving the sale of immovables that record the bebaiosis<\/em>, only 88 include the surrender clause as well, whereas 205 do not. Surveying the evidence from the other direction, only 95 documents record only the surrender and not the bebaiosis<\/em>, but in most of these cases, the bebaiosis<\/em> finds expression in the surrender clause, as is commonly the case in Roman Oxyrhynchos. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1698.17-18 (269 CE?, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|18<\/sup>[\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u02bd\u2026 which perforce I shall surrender to you warranted at all times of all things with every form of warranty\u2019). In other words, bebaiosis<\/em> occurs without surrender but rarely does surrender manifest without bebaiosis<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

Within the clause, we identify two elements: the act of surrender, which may be denoted through a variety of verbs, and the quality of the object upon delivery. The verb used to denote the act of surrender varies considerably, depending on the object being surrendered. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/strong> is used most commonly in cases of land and slaves; it always relates to a future act and thus takes the imperative, the future indicative, or the infinitive. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9<\/strong> appears in regard to slaves and animals and its tense is always aorist or perfect. In one example (SB XXIV 16002: 186-190 CE, Karanis), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9 is attested in the same document as the clause with \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (ll. 10 and 13\u201315 respectively), thus stressing a qualitative difference between the two terms. The aorist indicative of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd) is invoked in cases of slaves and animals; the future tense of the same verb appears primarily for the surrender of land in land sales from the Hermopolite nome, and more rarely for slaves and fungibles.<\/p>\r\n

Apart from this thematic distinction, each verb elicits different constructions: in the case of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9, which always focuses as indicated on slaves and animals<\/strong>, the object is introduced by the verb and is predicatively qualified by the construction \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018this slave, such as she is not refundable\u2019); in the case of slaves<\/strong>, said construction may be followed by \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 (perhaps: \u2018except for the event of epilepsy and leprosy\u2019). An alternative variant, \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2, appears in only two documents (\u2018without blemish except for epilepsy and leprosy (?)\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The surrender of landed property<\/strong> is described through \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 in the Hermopolite nome and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 everywhere else. In Alexandria, the object is the act of conveyance (parachoresis<\/em>); elsewhere, it is the purchased object (see examples below). In the Hermopolite nome, the object is qualified by \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018sown\u2019) and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018free\u2019). In Alexandria, the qualifiers are \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not liable to seizure\u2019), \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018warranted\u2019), and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018clear\u2019). In the Oxyrhynchite nome, the object is described as \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2. In the Arsinoites, finally, the object is qualified through \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018untouched\u2019, \u2018unharmed\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not liable to distraint\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not mortgaged\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018unalienated\u2019), and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2; in the Herakleopolites, through \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 only. The adjectives \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2<\/strong> may be followed by additional constructions: in the former by the formulation \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018at all times, of all things, by every form of warranty\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Much more detailed and elaborate are the constructions deriving from the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2.<\/strong> The adjective is followed by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79, introducing nouns in the genitive that aim to encompass all possible liens and liabilities to which a piece of landed property may be subject. They may be divided into four main groups: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0nouns that denote any type of lien, private or public<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u1f7b\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (2), \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (29), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f75 (11: Oxy.), \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1f75 (40: Oxy.), \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (34: Ars); these nouns are further qualified by adjectives. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.19-21 (240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1]|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3]\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9[\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2(?)] | 21<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u0323[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f51\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018... free of all debt and lien of all types, public, private, of the city and the estate, and of all other types whatsoever\u2019); [2]<\/strong>\u00a0terms signifying private liabilities only<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (28: Ars.), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u1f73\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (24: Ars., Oxy., Herak.), \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (31: Ars.), \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1 (35. Ars.+Herak.), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (16: Herak., Ars.), \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (24: Ars., Herak.), \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f75\u03ba\u03b7 (4: Ars.); [3]<\/strong>\u00a0terms signifying taxes<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 (1: Ars.), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (7: Ars.), \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1f77\u03b1 (6: Ars.), \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1 (1: Ars.), \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u1f77\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (1), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75 (9: Ars., Herak.)?, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (1: Oxy.), \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f77\u03b1 (2: Ars.), \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u1f77\u03b1 (9: Ars.), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75 (4: Ars.), \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (2: Ars.), \u03c3\u03c4\u1f73\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (4: Ptol. Herak.) \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (44: Ars., Oxy.) \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 (10: Oxy.); [4]<\/strong>\u00a0services<\/strong> exacted from the landowners by the state: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (4: OxN); \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd (12: OxN); \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75 (12: OxN.); \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u03ba\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (6: Ars.), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (8: Oxy.); \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b3\u1fc6 (40: OxN).<\/p>\r\n

As indicated by the foregoing list, each region exhibits its own unique vocabulary and formulation. The Hermopolite P.Vind.Bosw. 6 (250 CE, Hermopolis) stresses primarily (3), the absence of liabilities to the state: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1(\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb(\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018free of royal land and every type of liability whatsoever\u2019). In the Herakleopolites, the late Ptolemaic BGU VIII 1733.13-15 (80-30 BCE<\/span>, Herakleopolis) first enumerates all types of liabilities to which the land may be subject and then records conflicting acts of conveyance: \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f30\u03b4\u03b9]\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f40]\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd] | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc[\u03b5\u03c4]\u03b5\u03c0[\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]|15<\/sup>\u03c6\u1fc6[\u03c2] \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u1f04\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce[\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9] (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them (i.e., the arouras<\/em>) clear of all debt, royal and private, crown taxes, imposts, from all past time until the time of the conveyance of title, and from other acts of conveyance, for all time, warranting the conveyance by every form of warranty\u2019). Some terms of this Ptolemaic text are still attested in the Herakleopolites in the third century CE. In CPR I 64.21-24 from 227 CE Peenamis, the absence of another conflicting act of conveyance is evidenced: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03b1\u1f50]|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 [\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5]\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba[\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd] | 23<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5[\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] | 24<\/sup> \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05[\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them clear of other acts of sales or other contracts or of all future challenger or claimant from now to all time\u2019). The documents from the Roman Arsinoites exhibit two main schemes. One, closely related to the contemporary Herakleopolite text, stresses the absence of conflicting acts of conveyance: CPR I 89.10-13 (III CE, Arsinoites): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5]\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70] | 11<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9|12<\/sup>[\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb]\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 13<\/sup> [\u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them clear of all other acts of conveyance and all other contracts, and all challenger and claimant from now to all time\u2019). Another formulation, the most common, occurs in SPP XX 1.15-17 (83\/4 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis). \u03a0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 is an umbrella term that is divided into public and private liabilities in subsequent lines. The record of public liabilities is detailed; of the private, it is much more succinct. The text does not address the issue of a challenge by a third party: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03bd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9[\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03c5]\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018... clear of all debt, of all government taxes and all imposts, and artaba<\/em>-taxes and naubia<\/em> and numeration taxes and land assigned to the village and all fines of all types, from former times to the preceding second year and to the same second year of Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, and of all private debts and every type of claims to all time\u2019). Finally, the Oxyrhynchite SB VI 8971.11-13 (284\/5 CE, Oxyrhynchos) deals with the possibility of a corvee and then uses the terms \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1f75 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f75, with adjectives, to address public and private liabilities alike: \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2] | 12<\/sup> [\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1]\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bb[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9] | 13<\/sup> [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f15]\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018... which we shall surrender to you clear of (liability to cultivate) royal or estate domain land from every obligation or debt or lien of any kind, public and private, and for taxes paid on other charges and extraordinary imposts and compulsory cultivation of any kind up to and including the present first year\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968)<\/span> no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 465; Wollf (1956b): 16; Zauzich (1968): 135; Rupprecht (1983): 620; Kr\u00e4nzlein (1989): 326-331; Straus (2004): 86-88.<\/span><\/p>\r\nA<\/strong>: Animals\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 L<\/strong>: Land\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 S<\/strong>: Slave\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0GCh<\/strong>: genus chattel\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 H<\/strong>: House\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.7-8 (289, ArsN) [A; acharak., hyg., asin.]; 94.13-15 (289, PtolEu) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 153.17-20 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 177.13-18 (47, ArsN) [L; anep.; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 193.18-20 (136, PtolEu) [S]; 233.9-12 (161-169, ArsN) [L; anecher., kathar.: d.tel., naub., all.eid., opheilem.]; 240.24-26 (167-169?, SokN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.]; 316.19-20 (359, Askalon) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd]; II<\/strong> 427.15-18 (159, SokN) [A]; 468.10-12, 18-21 (150, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 542.16-18 (165, Athenas Kome) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 666.18-23 (177, ArsN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 667.12-15 (222, PtolEu) [H; anap., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., laog., idiot., empoi.]; III<\/strong> 709.14-17 (138-161, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: parag., katakr.]; 859.15- (161-163, ArsN) [S]; 901.1-3 (II\/III, ArsN) [L; idiot., empoi.]; 917.13-14 (348, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., kathar.: opheilem.]; 937.10-12 (250, Herak) [S; anapor. plienep.]; 987.9-11 (19 or 45, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., idiot.]; 1002.13 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [H]; IV<\/strong> 1049.15-17 (342, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilema., d. tel. sitik. krith. argyrik. annon., graph., epib.]; 1059.8-9 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [S; sykoph., plienep.]; 1127.14-19 (18\u0391<\/sup>, Alex) [H; beb., anepaph., kathar.: enoikion, idiot., epeleus.]; 1129.30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [L]; VII<\/strong> 1642.10-11 (II, Phil) [L; kathar.]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.9-12 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; ed.: [\u1f10]\u03c6\u0323\u02bc [\u1f67\u03b9] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., all.p, all.parach.]; 1733.13-15 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L]; 1734.9-11 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas., parach.]; 1735.16-19 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.p.idiot.opheilem., all.parach.]; 1739.16-19 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., p.steph.*, epigr.p.*, p.parachor., oikonom.p.]; 1740.8-10 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN);\u00a0XI<\/strong> 2050.19-24 (106, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anenchyr., anepidan., kathar.*: opheilem.d.*, naub., artab., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.*]; 2051.11-14 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [L; sitik.arg., artab., naub., arith.]; 2052.10-11 (II, Herakleia?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, d.p.*]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan.*, kathar.*: d.tel.p., artab., naub.*, arith., epib.-kom., p.eid.]; 2055.16-20 (II, Nilopolis) [L; anepaph., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel., epigr.p., pleon., \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 2095.26-27 (83, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenech., anepidan., kathar.*]; 2113.7-9 (178\/9, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9: sporim., pler., kathar.: \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2*, p.eid.*]; 2114.5-6 (II, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9: sporim., pler., kathar.: ed.: \u03b2\u03b1[\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2;, p.eid.]; XV<\/strong> 2478.9-10 (90-96, Kar) [H; anepaph.*, kathar.: opheilem.d., idiot.*]; XX<\/strong> 2843.10-12 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L;\u00a0kathar.: p.bas., idiot.opheilem., p.steph., epigr.p., all.parach., oikonom.p. (\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2)]; CPR<\/span><\/strong> I 3.6-9 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, HerakN) [kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 4.18-21 (52, Herakleia) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 64.21-24 (227, Peenamis) [L; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 76.20-23 (222-235, HerakN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 88 + 132.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 89.10-12 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleu.empoi.]; 90.20-23 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.parachor.*, het.oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 103.20-23 (III, HerakN) [L: kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 108.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: epeleus.empoi.]; 109.7-8 (III, ArsN) [S; kathar.: het.oikonom.]; 113.7-10 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar.: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 120.6 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*, all.pras.]; 122.4-7 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; all.pras.]; 123.3-4 (III, HerakN) [kathar.: all.pras., epeleus., empoi.]; 125.2-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: ousiak., bas.ge, all.parach., het.oikonom.]; 126.8-12 (250-270, ArsN) [L; all.pras.*]; 130.1-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L?; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., empoi., epeleus.]; 131.11-13 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [H; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 139.1-3? (II, HerakN\/ArsN) [H]; 141.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 142.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 143.1-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; parach., oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 144.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 153.5-7 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [kathar.; parach.*, epeleus., empoi.*]; 158.3-4 (193-211, ArsN) [kathar.]; 172.10-12 (118?, ArsN) [kathar.: p.opheilem.d.]; 175.18-21 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenech., kathar.*: naub., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.]; 179.14-15 (I\/II, PtolEu?) [H; opheilem.d]; 181.4-6 (II, ArsN); 186.5-13 (II, ArsN) [L; epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.empoi.]; 188.13-17 (106\/7, ArsN) [L; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., epigr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 189.16 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar., all.pras., het.parach.]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [L]; 204.7 (II, ArsN) [L?]; 220.6-8 (I, SokN) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth., p.diengyema.d.idiot.]; 223.17-19 (117-37, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem., idiot., p.empoi.*]; VI<\/strong> 73.25-27 (222-35, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.pras., parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 14.11-12 (305, Herm) [L; parad.: spor., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 46.20-24 (VI, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 18.3-5 (III, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd: anapor., plienep.]; X<\/strong> 24.3-5 (522\/3, ArsPol); P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 60.18-22 (346, Dionysias) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Bastianini<\/span><\/strong> 25.14-15 (V\/VI, Narmouthis) [L; kath.: oph.]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-23 (136, Bac) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., p.empoi., pantoi.katoikik.logister., p.eid.]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 49.3 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); 52.1-6 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach.]; 60.11-13 (46, PtolEu) [L; anep., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 75.5-8 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan.]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 86.8-9 (309, Kar) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.45-48 (571\/2?, Aphr) [L]; 67120.1-6 (c. 567\/8, Aphr) [S]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.11-13 (342, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.: d.tel., annon., epib.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VIII<\/strong> 222.53-56 (160\/1, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 75.4-5 (III, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1: anapor., plienep.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.14-15 (138-161, Phil) [H; anepaph., anenech., kathar.: opheilem.d., idiok., p.empoi.]; 31.15 (II\/III, Phil);P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.13-14 (227, Sachare) [L; \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.16-19 (249, Markopolis) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 8.21-24 (251, Beth Phuraia) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 9.18-20 (252, Beth Phuraia) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 10.15-17 (250, Karrhai) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: hyg.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.14-16 (123, Teb) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., artab., naub., p.d.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.18-19 (177, PtolEu) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; III<\/strong> 380.3-4, 11-12 (203\/4, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19. 5-8?, 13? (145\/6, UP) [L; kathar.: bas.]; 21.20-27 (253-260, UP) [L; beb., kathar.: oisiake.ge, p.aperg.hydroph., d., pantoi.]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.43-47 (247, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak.ge., p.eid., epib., katoch.* p.d.idiot., teloum.d., epiklas.pantoi.*]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.4-5 (142\/3, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim.pler.]; 51.8-18 (202, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.apog.-and.; p.d.opheilem.idiot., p.all.eid., d., tel.p., merism.pantoi.]; 100.19-22 (after 1\/3\/272, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak., heter.eid., p.d.oph.idiot.]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.11-13 (209, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.*.d., laogr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 63.4 (125\/6, Thebes?) [S]; III<\/strong> 218.7 (29\/30 Oxyrhyncha) [H; ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03ad]\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u03c9\u0323\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1;]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 447.19-21 (98-117, Ankyron) [kathar.*: p.oph.]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 54.6-7 (II, ArsN) [S; anapor., plienep.]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 33.17? (163\/4, ArsN) [L; sitik.p]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.9 (298\/9, PtolEu) [S; anepaph.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 155.3-6 (VI, UP) [H; kathar.: all.pras., oikonom.]; V<\/strong> 232.9-10, 15-16 (330\/338, Terenythis) [S; anepidan., d.idiot.hieratik.]; XIII<\/strong> 535.4-6 (III, OxN) [beb., kathar.: apog.p., georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p., exp.., ked.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 74.17-21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; P.Leid.Inst.<\/span><\/strong> 50.1-6 (211\/2?, OxN) [L; kathar.: hydroph.-d.chom., p.all., d.p., epim.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I 4.1.18-20 (293, Herm) [S]; 6.2.5-8 (306, Herm) [H; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 229.15-16 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [L; et tradedisse ei mancipium s(upra) s(criptum) Eutychen bonis condicionibus]; 320.14-15 (157\/8, SokN) [A; anapor.]; III<\/strong> 1132b.8-10 (142, SokN) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2: anapor.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.9 (42, Teb); V<\/strong> 252.3 (25\/6, Teb) [L; parad. (ind.fut.)]; 265.14 (37, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., , kathar.]; 287.12 (I, Teb) [H+L; kathar.]; VI<\/strong> 428.7-8 (154, Kar) [H; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 451.3-5 (206, UP) [S; ed.: Eutyches Tislavo\u0323s\u0323 acce\u0323p[ -ca.?- ] | 4<\/sup> ab Petronia Demetr[ia -ca.?- ] |\u00a05<\/sup> Imsus\u00b7 servo\u0323s Umen\u0323[ -ca.?- ];]; X<\/strong> 583.15-16 (78, Bac) [H+Y; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: d.idiot., opheilem.]; XII 636 (302, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anench., anepidan., kathar.: tel.p.]; XV<\/strong> 707.11, 15-17 (185, Ox?) [S; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 84.16-18 (211, ArsN) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 29.14 ? (III\/IV, HerakN) [H+L]; 33.10-13 (330-340, HerakN) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1]; 41.5 (IV, UP) [anap.]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.10-12 (68, OxN) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 95.17-20 (129, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; II<\/strong> 375.14-16 (79, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; 380.10-11 (79, Ox) [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; III<\/strong> 504.22-26 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: p.d., all.tel.p.]; 505.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.]; 577.41-42 (117\/8, Ox) [H; kathar.: apogr.p., georg.bas.,ousiak., p.eid.]; IV<\/strong> 794.1-7 (85\/6, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.]; 809.19-22 (98-117, Ox?) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor. plienep.]; IX<\/strong> 1200.29-33 (266, Ox) [PT; beb., kathar.: apogr.andr., georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheile, katoch.d.idiotik.]; 1208.19-22 (291, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheilem., katoch.p.d.idiot.polit., bouleut., p.all.eid., aperg., hydroph.chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1209.17-19 (252, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; X<\/strong> 1276.14-17 (249, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.pantoi., p.eid.]; XII<\/strong> 1475.29-30 (267, Ox) [H+L; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., epeleus.]; XIV<\/strong> 1634.15-17 (222, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and.*, georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge.*, p.eid., oph.,p., p.all.]; 1635.12-13 (44A<\/sup><\/span>-37A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [L; beb.*, kathar.: bas.]; 1636.19-23, 26-31 (249, Ox) [L; epan., beb., onomat., epeleus.; teloum.d.epim.pantoi.]; 1696.14-18 (197, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ge.ousiak., p.eid., p.all.]; 1697.22-29 (242, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas.ge., ousiak., p.eid., oph.pantoi., p.all.]; 1698.17-21 (269, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph., katoch.,pantoi.d.idiot.polit.geouch.*, p.all.]; 1699.17-21 (240-280, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch. pantoi. d.idiot.polit.geouch.?, p.all.]; 1700.13-21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot.; ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7: aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.tel., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1702.10-14 (290, Ox) [PT; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., ed.: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be \u1f40\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5;]; 1705.11-12 (298, Ox) [loom; \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2]; 1706.18-20 (207, Ox) [S; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.29-34 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [L; kathar.: apog.-and.*, bas.georg., ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p.d.*idiot., p.all.]; XX<\/strong> 2270.7-9 (V\/VI?, Ox) [epan., beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2723.22-23 (III, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2777.21-25 (212, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5, anap., plienep.]; XLI<\/strong> 2972.36-39 (72, Ox) [epan.]; 2989.16-22 (\u0399\u0399\u0399, Ox) [L; hydrophyl., d.]; 2998.14-17 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor., anepilempt.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.14-16 (305, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; 3145.15-18 (IVe<\/sup>, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2; anap., anepil.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.11-12 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [L; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, kathar.: bas.p.]; 3498.27-32 (274, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.d.idiot.polit.,bouleut., p.all., aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epimer., pantoi.]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.25-28 (III, Nesmimis) [PT; kathar.: apog.-and., geom.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.all.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib<\/span><\/strong>. 11.5-9 (III, Ox?) [L; epan., beb., kathar.*: apog.-and., georg.bas., p.eid., p.all., oph.]; P.Pintaudi<\/span><\/strong> 35.15-16 (III, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p.katoch.pantoi.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.11-15 (466 (?), ArsN) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p., katoch.pantoi.]; II<\/strong> 156.4-6 (V, HermN) [H; anepaph., kathar.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 159.21-27 (31-32, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.p]; 164.5-8 (171, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: p.eid.]; 165.16-18 (266, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.11 (305, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 60.12-13 (306, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 61.16-19 (299, Thead) [An]; 62.9-11 (328, Thead) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.14-17 (211, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 79.6-7 (16\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Sy) [S; anapor.*, plienep.]; IV<\/strong> 184.6-8 (IIm<\/sup>, Ox) [Trees; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 264.12-13 (279-282, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; 266.2-8 (c. 100, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.p., georg.bas.ousiak.hiera., het.eid.]; V<\/strong> 331.13-15 (98-117, UP) [L; epig., paragr.*]; VI<\/strong> 505.17-19 (107-115, Teb) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, anapor., plienep.] ; 543.10-11 (IIf<\/sup>, SokN) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., p.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 670.1 (III, Alex) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.]; IX<\/strong> 811.9-10 (IIf<\/sup>, UP) [anepidan., kathar.]; 861.5-6 (I, UP) [L] [H; anepeph.]; P.Stras.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> nr. G 2341b (293\/4, Herm); P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 10.10-11? (IIe<\/sup>, Teb) [L; anenechyr.*, anepidan.]; P.Thomas<\/span><\/strong> 7.1-4 (69, UP) [A; anpor.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.4-5 (250, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.): sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 7.22-24 (221, Koites) [S; kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.16-17 (143, SokN) [H; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9: anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth.,p., diengyema.d.idiot.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> I 15.9-10 (Vl<\/sup>, UP) [H; epan., beb., exp., ked.*]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 9.22-24 (183, Ox); II<\/strong> 58.12-14 (298, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 59.13-14 (298, PtolEu) [H: anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.12-14 (101, Herm) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2]; 79.10-12 (216\/7, Ox) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2*, anapor.]; III<\/strong> 182.19-21 (234, Ox) [S; \u1f00\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor. plienep.]; IV<\/strong> 300.18? (324, Ox) [H]; IV 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.7-12 (18, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; VI<\/strong> 729.a.5-6 (77?, UP) [An]; VII<\/strong> 771.15-16 (321, Ox) [H]; VIII<\/strong> 882.1-3 (337, OxN?) [An]; 897.2.76-82 (93, Ox) [L]; 946.34-37 (III, Ox) [H+L]; X<\/strong> 1118.17-22 (25\/6, Ox) [L]; 1153.3 (112\/3, PtolEu) [L]; XV<\/strong> 1533.29-31 (IIIe<\/sup>?, OxN) [epan., beb.*]; 1546.1-27.17-19 (222, HerakN) [L; oikonom., p.eleus., bebai.]; 1550.17-26 (IIIf<\/sup>, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all., oph.katoch.pantoi., aperg.hydroph.-chom., teloum.p.; epim., epiklas.pantoi.]; XVI<\/strong> 1635.16-18 (c. 258-260, Ox) [ed.: \u1f10]\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2;]; XVII<\/strong> 1715.15-16 (37, Teb) [idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 14 (III, UP) [S; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2]; 15.18-20 (III\/IV, Ox) [S; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2]; 16.18-20 (330-340?, Ox?) [H; epan., beb., oph.*, p.d.idiot., epeleus.empoi.(v)]; SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 6304.7-9 (151, Ravenna) [S (latin in Greek letters)]; V<\/strong> 8007.4-5 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [S; ed.: \u1f23\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4|5<\/sup>\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u2039\u1f30\u203a\u03b4[\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3]\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 [\u1f31]\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2;]; VI<\/strong> 8971.11-13 (284\/5, Ox) [L; kathar.: georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge., p.eid.*, oph.*, katoch.p.d.idiot.*, teloum.d.*, epiklas.,* epim.pantoi.]; 9145.17-19 (184-92, ArsN) [S]; 9214.20-23 (311, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor., anepilempt.]; 9618.14-16 (192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d., artab., naub., arith., epigr.p., paragr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.d.eid.]; 9829.11-13 (after 3.272, Ox) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; 9831.10 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [H; opheilem.d.]; 9906.18-21 (193\/4, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.artab., naub., arith., epib.-kom., katakr.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; X<\/strong> 10571.15-17 (194, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 10728.16-18 (318, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: oph.,katoch.p.d.idiot.polit.bouleut., p.all.]; XII<\/strong> 11015.11-13 (III, Ox?) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.16-18 (225, Nilopolis) [S; anapor. \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2]; 11703.1-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; all.parach., het.oikonom., p.eleus.empoi.(v)., beb.]; XVI<\/strong> 12333.15-18 (189-93, Ox?) [L; epan.*, beb., kathar.: chom., all.teloum.pantoi.]; 12612.8-9 (203 SokN) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; 12752.12 (14, Talithis) [A; anapor.]; 12758.12-14 (88, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: katakr.p., p.eid.*, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 12946v<\/sup>.14-16 (474, Antin) [PT; epan.: beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13764.18-22 (148-161, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anecher, anepidan.kathar.: d.tel., artab, naub., arith., epig., paragr., katakr., epib.-kom., idiot., empoi.]; XX<\/strong> 14199.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kath.; apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all.]; 14681.19-23 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph.p., katoch.pantoi., p.all.]; 14997.6-9 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [\u0397: kathar.: bas., all.tel.]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.11-13 (222-235, Kar) [L; anapor., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: p.opheilem.*]; 15472.14-15 (134, PtolEu) [H; anep; anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: diegguem.d.idiot., p.empoi]; 15612.1-10? (199, UP) [L; d.tel., epim, epiklasm.]; 15618.14-16 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.idiot.oph., katoch., all.]; 15637.4-8 (130, Thead) [Trees: anapor.]; XXIV<\/strong> 15965.12-17 (III\/IV, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: epigr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 15702.12-14? (63, PtolEu) [S; anapor., plienep.]; 15703.12-14 (65, PtolEu) [An.: anapor., plienep.]; 15966.13-14 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7]\u03c2\u0323 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2;]; 16002.14-15 (186-190, PtolEu) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: empoi.]; XXX<\/strong> 17622.10-12 (293, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: anap., plienep.]; 17623.19-20 (293, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: anap., plienep.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 1.15-17 (834, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel.; epigr., artab., naub., arit., epib.-kom., katakr., idiot., empoi.]; 47.16-18 (238, HerakN) [L; kathar.: ousiak.+bas.g.; epigraph., parachor., oikonom., epeleus.]; 50.17-19 (168\/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel., epigr., artab., naub., arith., d.tel., epigr; art., naub., arith., epib.-kom., empoi.]; 71.8-10 (269\/70, Herm) [S; anepor., plienep.]; XXII<\/strong> 20.10-15 (3?, UP) [An.: anepaph., anenech., anepidan.; \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2]; 48.22-25 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

6. Surrender of Pledged Object<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Surrender\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The clause discussed here records the debtor\u2019s surrender of an object pledged to the creditor. It is particularly common in Oxyrhynchite loans with the menein<\/em> arrangement: six cases in all. As a rule, the surrender takes place in the future and is routinely expressed through the future indicative or aorist\/future infinitive of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, all formally denoting a future act. However, the clause is generally set in connection with the restraint clause<\/a> and seems to introduce a lien whenever the restraint clause is absent. Cf., in particular, P.Oslo II 40a.14-18 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 15<\/sup> [\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb]\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf[\u03bd\u03b1] \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd|16<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \\\u1f10\/\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 17<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72] \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018\u2026 and I shall furnish you and your representatives with the slave and her offspring born to her from now on, warranted by every form of warranty, me not being allowed to sell, mortgage, or dispose in any other manner of the slave Isarous and her offspring before I return the six hundred drachms and the interest\u2019). Thus, the clause pertains not to the future actual conveyance of the object but to the making of the object available (Ger.: bereitstellen<\/em>) to the creditor. This Bereitstellung<\/em> is immediate, of course, but does not immediately affect the debtor\u2019s possession of the object. An actual conveyance is recorded only in P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.37-39 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): [\u1f25\u03bd\u03c0]\u03b5\u03c1 [\u03bd]\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bd [\u03c3\u03bf]\u03b9 \u1f00\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f24\u03b4\u03b7] | 38<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc]\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1ff3 \u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 [\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u1f13\u03be [\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc(\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd)] (\u2018\u2026 a possession that I have already granted you perfect on account of the above sole debt of the same six solidi<\/em>\u2019). As such it signals a possessory mortgage. Compare capacity of pledgee<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n

P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.21-23 (117-138, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; hypotheke]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67309.37-38 (569, Antin) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd (perf.); hypotheke]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.14-17 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 62.13-17 (II, UP) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; hypallagma]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.5-6 (117\/8\/9, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (fut.); hypallagma]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.7-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; 30.19-20 (89, Phil) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; enoikesis]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.16-19 (II, OxN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; enoikesis]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.14-15 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; 40b.44-47 (both: 150, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.38-42 (94, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f71\u03c2]; III<\/strong> 506.35-39 (143, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.22-24 (170, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.29-34 (154, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; LXIII 4395.64-68 (499, Ox);\u00a0 P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong> 31.18-21 (86, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.5-6 (151A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (fut.); hypotheke]; IX <\/strong>826.a.9-10 (96-98, SokN);\u00a0P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.22-23 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; III.2 <\/strong>970.20-23 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; SB XIV<\/strong> 11705.6-9 (213, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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7. Surrender of Object of Lease<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Surrender\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The surrender of the object of a lease is reported in four documents only. BGU III 912.13-18 (33 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), recording the lease of a donkey, records the past receipt of the animal. In P.Oxy. XLI 2973.26-27 (103 CE, Oxyrhynchos), a land lease, the scribe records the future surrender of the misthosis<\/em> rather than of the object of the lease itself: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1[\u03af\u03c1]\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And Athenarous shall surrender to him the lease warranted and irrevocable\u2019). Cf. BGU IV 1116.33-36 (13 BCE, Alexandria) and BGU VI 1280.14-15 (210 BCE, Unknown Provenance).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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8. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em> and Thwarted Surrender<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

This clause, used in the context of land and slave sales, deals with the contravention of two particular obligations of the vendor, bebaiosis<\/em> and the surrender of an object without encumbrance. It seems to be in use solely in the Arsinoite nome. In the only possible exception, P.Mich. XV 707.19-20 (185 CE), perhaps from Oxyrhynchos, it is entirely restored. In diachronic terms, the clause seems restricted to the first two centuries CE. The array of consequences that it specifies is identical to that found in the general penalty clause<\/a>, viz., affirmation of the continued validity of the contract and the pecuniary consequences. As in the penalty clause, it is introduced by the composite verb (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3)-\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 for the return of the consideration, increased by half or doubled, compensation for damages and expenses (possibly duplum<\/em>), the epitimon,<\/em> and a penalty to the fisc. BGU I 193.24-28 (136 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis) yields a relatively complete text: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 [\u03bc]\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f78[\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b3\u1fb6\u03b8\u03b9\u03c2 [\u03c4]\u1fc7 \u0398\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f23\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4[\u03b9\u03bc]\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21[\u03bc]\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb[\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]| 26<\/sup> [\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323]\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00[\u03bd]\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9[\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03bc\u1f70]\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> [\u1f11]\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4[\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd] | 28<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1[\u03b9]\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3[\u03c1(\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1)] (\u2018If she (scil. the vendor) fails to warrant (the purchaser\u2019s title) or surrender the object unencumbered, let Segathis pay Theano as compensation the price that she has received from him increased by a half, double the amount of the exp., a penalty of seven hundred silver drachms and the same amount to the fisc, without prejudice to the continuing effect of the provisions of the contract recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127; Rupprecht (1982a): 473.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 193.24-27 (136, PtolEu) [price: hemiolia, exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; 282.39-41 (175-180, ArsN) [price: hemiolia, dam., exp., horis.prostim., ked.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 223.23-25 (117-137) [kyria, price: hemiolia, dam., exp., epit. hosidchre., kyria]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 60.14-16 (46, PtolEu) [parachoretikon kephalaion: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.26-29 (44, PtolEu) [akyr., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.17-21 ? (138-161, Phil) [dipl., kyria]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.12-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span> X<\/strong> 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [akyr., dam., price: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; XV<\/strong> 707.19-20 (185, Ox?) [price, dam., exp., epit.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 161.18-20 (81, SokN) [dam., exp., epit., fisc.]; 312.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [price: dipl., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; 313.19-20 (82-96, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Tebt.<\/span> III.1<\/strong> 817.23-27 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [return of the loan]; III.2<\/strong>\u00a0970.23-28 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [return of the loan]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1320.15-16 (82-88, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., prostim.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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9. Costs involving Court Action<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The costs of legal measures arising from the defaulted settlement of a debt are addressed in only one text: P.K\u00f6ln III 156.5-10 (582-602 CE, Antinoopolis?)\u2014\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 6<\/sup> [\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9]\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af[\u03c9\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 7<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd]\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 8<\/sup> [\u03c3]\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> [\u1f22] \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1fc7 \u03c0[ \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 | 10<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03b3]\u03c1\u0323[\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3[\u03b1]\u03b9\u00b7(\u2018Should I be in delay in the settlement and payment of said four solidi<\/em> and interest, and (as a consequence you) are compelled to take action against me and incur expenses, I am prepared to reimburse you for expenses or damages that may befall you on this account in the future, both in court and elsewhere; I acknowledge that I shall reimburse you in addition to being obligated to repay the aforesaid debt and to render you without loss in every respect\u2019).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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10. Defension<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The defension clause is recorded in 122 documents. It is already in use in Augustan Alexandria, in Greek translations of Demotic documents preserved in the archive of Satabous son of Herieus from early first century CE Soknopaiou Nesos, as well as in the formulary of slave sales first attested in papyrus in P.Stras. I 79.7 from 16\/5 BCE Syene, where following the clause in which the slave is said to be surrendered \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2, the text runs: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | [- ca.20 - \u1f22 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If an epaphe takes place, let the vendor vindicate (the purchaser\u2019s title?) or pay as indemnity the simple price, as well as compensation for the damages and expenses\u2019). Cf. also, in the same context, P.Turner 22.21-23 (142 CE, Side).<\/p>\r\n

In this document, following the vendor\u2019s affirmation of the slave\u2019s good health in the clause stipulating the disclosure of material defects<\/a>, which lists all different possible defects in detail, the text runs \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f96 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f96 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f74\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u1f92 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u0323[\u03bf\u1fe6] | 22<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7[\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03b5\u0323[\u03b9]\u03bc\u1f74\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1f76\u0323[\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323|23<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018and if should happen anything of that, or if (she) be not healthy or, if there be epaphe<\/em> of hers or of her part and be it successful (the seller has promised with his good faith) to give the double price without further notice.\u2019) (transl.: Urbanik (2010): 244).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Routinely attested in sale documents from Mesopotamia published in P.Euphrates, it is also sporadically used in Greek documents from the chora in the first and second centuries but becomes regular in the last decade of the second century CE only. In the subsequent two centuries, it appears primarily in documents from the metropoleis<\/em> (Oxyrhynchos and Ptolemais Euergetis). It endures down to the Byzantine period.<\/p>\r\n

In the defension clause, the vendor assumes the obligation to ward off (in earlier documentation) any challenger to the purchased object. Cf., e.g., P.Freib. II 8.19-21 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039f\u1f50\u03bd\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c2, \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9|21<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018And let Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous forthwith repel, by two-thirds, at their personal expense, anyone who proceeds or lays claim on account of the slaves Asklepous and Ounion or any part of them\u2019). The most common term in Egypt is \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, which may take both the present and future tense down to the third century and the future tense only in the Byzantine period.<\/p>\r\n

Outside Egypt, in the documents from third-century Mesopotamia (P.Euphrates), the vocabulary, and phrasing are different: P.Euphr. 7.12-16 (249 CE, Markopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 13<\/sup> \u1f35\u03bd\u02bc \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd|16<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7(\u2018\u2026and she (the vendor) makes pledge that if anyone lay claims to said slave or part thereof, the vendor will stand, vindicate, clear, and repel the challenger\u2019). The verbs \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f73\u03c9 (\u2018LSJ: avenge or vindicate\u2019) and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 (\u2018clear\u2019) then penetrate the Egyptian vocabulary from the late third century onward, to which one adds other verbs in line with the general Byzantine circumlocution: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018keep off\u2019) and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 (\u2018avert\u2019). The direct object of the verb is the challenger, for whom the most common term by far is the future participle of \u1f10\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018proceed against\u2019): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 which may then be followed, in Augustan Alexandria, by the purchaser, introduced by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77 + acc. Less common but still well attested is the participle \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018lay claims\u2019), later (fifth century) superseded by \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018lay counterclaims\u2019). A participle of a third verb, \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018bring a charge or accusation\u2019), is rare. The object appears in the genitive and is introduced by \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77, \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd or both, as is the case in the formula \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd. As the commonly used adverb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018forthwith\u2019) shows, the defension obligation should become effective immediately. Indispensable in all times is the vendor\u2019s requirement to pay for the defension (\u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd). In four Byzantine documents\u2014P.Grenf. I 60.35-39 (582 CE?, Apollonopolis); P.Oxy. LXIII 4395.68-77 (499 CE, Oxyrhynchos) ; SB I 5112.53-57 (618 CE, Apollonopolis); 5113.21-25 (VII CE, Apollonopolis)\u2014he must also ward off a challenger \u2018at his own expense and risk in accordance with the practice\/law in cases of sale and bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019: \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd. In documents from the third and fourth centuries, the vendor must undertake the defension \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n

The defension clause shares some functions of the bebaiosis<\/em>. In particular, whenever the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is meant to protect the purchaser from a future challenge by a third party (\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5), it is functionally identical to the defension clause. Due to this functional overlap, in 56 documents that use the defension clause, bebaiosis<\/em> is dispensed with. Such in particular is the case in the Euphrates papyri and also, to a large extent, in Augustan Alexandria. However, 66 documents exhibit both clauses and it is not always clear why one scribe omits the bebaiosis<\/em> while the other, in the same region and at the same time, does not. An excellent example is provided by P.M\u00fcnch. I 12 and P.Lond. V 1733, concerning house sales from 590\/1 and 594 CE Syene respectively. In the former, the defension clause is introduced (ll. 34-37) by the bebaiosis<\/em> clause, while in the latter (ll. 59-63) it is not. An accumulative use of functionally identical bebaiosis<\/em> and defension clauses occurs, e.g., in SB I 5114.33-39 (630-640 CE, Apollonopolis Magna): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9] | 35<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3[\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72] | 36<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u1f41 \u03c0[\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 37\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9] | 38\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03c1[\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5] | 39<\/sup>\u00a0\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1[\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018I will warrant this sale for you and at all times will keep away any person who proceeds against you or lays claim to the object. And the person who shall proceed or lay claims I the vendor, alongside those acting on my behalf, will repel, vindicate, keep away, and clear this sale at my own expense and risk according to the law on sale and bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019). For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968):<\/span> no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6-7.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 27; Schwarz (1920): 170-184; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 327-328; Zauzich (1968): 137-141; Rupprecht (1982b): 241-242; (1982a): 471-472; (1983): 623; Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017): 114-119.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.12-16 (289, ArsN) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp., ked.]; 94.19-20 (289, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 282.37-38 (175-180, ArsN) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 316.21-27 (359, Askalon) [eperch., antipoi. (conj.aor.); performers: vendor and heirs, beb.: exp.]; II<\/strong> 542.14-15 (165, Athenas Kome) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; performers: vendor and bebaiotes; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; III<\/strong> 1002.13-14 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9]; IV<\/strong> 1049.21-22 (342, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 1110.14-15 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp. {crossed out}]; 1127.17-19 (18A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; 1129.33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1130.20-21 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; eperch. (part.fut.); exp.]; 1131.1-32, l. 25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [epeleus.; aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; 1153.1.7-9 (14A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex): [wet-nurse: eperch. (part.fut.), parasyng. (part.praes.).; parachr., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 1170.50-60 l. 58 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; XI<\/strong> 2054.17-18 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [eperch. (part.fut.)*, \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd*]; XVII<\/strong> 2698.21-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; 2698.23-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; XIX<\/strong> 2828.8-11 (VIIb<\/sup>, Herm) [cond.sent.: \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: eight solidi; no excuse, kind.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 109.9-10 (III, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; parachr., exp.]; 121.20-21 (II, ArsN?) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; kyria]; 156.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; 168.12-14 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [parachr., exp.]; 189.20-21 (II, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; 191.10 (after 212, ArsN) [aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 218.17 (II, SokN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; VII<\/strong> 47.14?-16 (c. 645, HerakN) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XV<\/strong> 1.13-14 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; 2.5-6 (11, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; XVIIb<\/strong> 3.1-16, l. 12 (184\/5, Panop); XIX<\/strong> 44.1-5 (V\/VI, Alex) [exp.; kata nomon?]; O.Berenike<\/span> II<\/strong> 125.6-10 (61, Berenike) [cond.sent. enkal. (conj.aor.); epeleus., ephist. (fut.), epan., exp.]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 64.1-4 (337-350, Alex\/Phil) [aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 47.23-26 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme)?; P.Bastianini<\/span><\/strong> 25.14-15 (V\/VI, Narmouthis) [empoi.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekhist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi. (all fut.); exp., kind.; kata nomon]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 105.11-12 (297, Kar) [diairesis; aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.); exp.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.53-58 (571\/2?, Aphr) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9*; eperch., antipoi. (fut.); exp.; kind.]; II<\/strong> 67169.31-36 (569, Antin) [eperch. (fut.).; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9; exp.]; III<\/strong> 67298.21-29 (527-565, Antaiopolis\/Tentyris) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9*; eperch. (fut.), kyria (unique formulation)]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 181.17-19 (342, Kar) [eperch., empoi.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price with hemiolia; taxes; exp.: dipl.: kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.17-19 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 31.12-14 (II\/III, Phil) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 32.11-12 (512, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); empoi. (fut.); parachr.; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 33.13-14 (513, ArsPol) [eperch., antipoi. (both fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); katharopoi.; nom\u00ea; parachr.; exp.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.19-22 (249, Markopolis) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi., apoly. (both fut.); antipoi. (part.praes.)]; 8.24-27 (251, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.), enkal. (conj.aor.); diekdik., katharopoi., parad. (all fut.)]; 9.20-23 (252, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi.*, apoly. (all fut.); empoi. (part.praes.)]; 10.17-18 (250, Karrhai) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik. (fut.)]; 11.17-23 (232, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); [ed.: \u2039\u03c3\u203a{\u03c4}\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6 , \u1fe5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc[\u03b1\u03b9];]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 323.15-17 (525, Herm) [aposob., eperch., antipoi. (part.fut.)]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8.19-21 (144, UP) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.47-48 (247, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.), parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 39.2-4 (205A<\/sup><\/span>-180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 51.19-21 (202, OxN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 60.35-39 (582?, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr., ekist., ekdik., katharopoi.* (all ind.fut.); exp., kind., kata nomon]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.15-17 (VI, UP) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.15 (298\/9, PtolEu) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 155.8-10 (VI, UP) [eperch., antipoi.; aphist., ekist. (both fut.); exp.]; V<\/strong> 232.14-15 (330\/338, Terenythis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; XIII<\/strong> 535.3 (III, OxN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.*, aphist.* ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 74.21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 991.16-19 (481, UP) [epeleus., empoi.]; 1015.9-10 (VI, Herm) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9; antipoi. (fut.)]; 1164c.26-29 (212, Antin) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 1164e.17-18 (212, Antin) [eperch.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; V<\/strong> 1686.36-38 (565, Aphr) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ekist. or aphist.; exp.]; 1722.42-45 (530, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., katharopoi..; exp.]; 1733.59-63 (594, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); ekist, katharopoi. (fut.), exp.]; 1734.11-12 (578-582, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist. (fut.), * katharopoi., exp.]; 1735.15-17 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy?) [eperch. (fut.); aposob. (fut.), katharopoi.]; P.Lond. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 2917.8-10 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, Ta Memnonia) [antileg., antipoi., enkal. (part.)]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 636.18-19 (302, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 663.18-20 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; XIII<\/strong> 664.29-31 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.40-44 (544 or 559, Aphr); 45.56-58 (540, Aphr); 52.g.20-22 (VI\/VII, Aphr); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.15-16 (128, Teb); P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.31-33 (581, Sy); 9.84-87 (585, Sy); 11.44-47 (586, Sy); 12.36-37 (590\/1?, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., katharopoi. (both fut.); exp.]; 13.57-60 (594, Sy) [eperch. (fut.), \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9; exp.]; 15.10-12 (493, Sy) [enkal., antipoi., aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 16.36-38 (Vl<\/sup>, Sy) [enkal., antipoi.; aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 33.15-16 (c. 330-340, HerakN) [exp.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1208.23-24 (291, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV<\/strong> 1698.21-23 (269, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1699.21-22 (240-280, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1700.22-24 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1704.18-19 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1707.15-17 (204, Ox) [cond.sent.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.34-38 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX<\/strong> 2270.9-11 (V\/VI?, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XLI<\/strong> 2989.25-28 (III, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.18-20 (305, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); epan.; parachr.; ked.]; 3144.12-15 (313, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3498.33-36 (274, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr., exp.; ked.]; LXIII<\/strong> 4395.68-77 (499, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; debtor and surety; aphist. ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; kathair. (ind.fut.)]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.28-30 (III, Nesmimis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; exp.; ked.]; LXIX<\/strong> 4751.12-15 (310, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.) parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 11.10-11 (III, Ox?) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 21.45-52 (616, This) [exp.; aphist., aposob. (fut.); eperch. (fut.), antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Pintaudi<\/span><\/strong> 35.17-18 (III, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.5-6 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [exp.]; II<\/strong> 156.10-11 (V, HermN?) [aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 85.8-18 ? (V?, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 95.12-14 (71\/2, Ox?) [eperch. (conj.aor.), aphist. (ind.fut.)*]; II<\/strong> 163.10-11 (140, HermN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.]; 313.16-17 (82-96, SokN); P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.14-15 (305, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.2-3 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 19.12-14 (287, Ox) [aphist. (inf.aor.); eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 58.6-18 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 59.17-19 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; PSI<\/span> IV<\/strong> 300.20-22 (324, Ox) [cond.sent.: eperch. (ind.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; VIII<\/strong> 882.6-8 (337, OxN?) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.)*; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.11-16 (after 117, UP) [eperch., (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; ektin. (praes.); epit., fisc., kyria]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 16.20-22 (330-340?, Ox?) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; ked.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.37-38 (229, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 4777.4-5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (conj.aor.); exp.]; 5112.53-57 (618, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5113.21-25 (VII, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5114.35-39 (630-640, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik.*, aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5166.15 (II\/III, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.)]; 5246.13-15,16-17 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 5320.22? (VI\/VII, ArsN) [exp.]; V<\/strong> 8034.25-28 (52, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; VI<\/strong> 8971.13-14 (284\/5, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 8987.32-35 (644\/5, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; exp.]; 9214.24-27 (311, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 9219.23-24 (319, Herm) [aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.]; 9765.22-27 (after 13.9.81, Ox) [ektin. (praes.); ed.: \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u02bc \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd] \u1f14\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9829.21-25 (after 272, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; X<\/strong> 10571.20-21 (within the penalty clause) (194, PtolEu) [eperch.; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., prosektin. (fut.): price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 10728.18-19 (318, Ox)<\/span> [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.26-29 (225, Nilopolis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; bebai. (part.)]; 11278.8-11 (316, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 11578<\/span>.14-17 (V?, UP) [katharop.; \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; XVI<\/strong> 12946v<\/sup>.16-19 (474, Antin) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist., ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX<\/strong> 14681.23-25 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XXII<\/strong> 15618.16-17 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2]; XXIV<\/strong> 15996.16-17 (IIIe<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; 16002.19-20 (within the penalty clause) (186-190, PtolEu) [eperch., \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; prosapotin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 10.13-15 (168, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.]; 29.36-38 (227, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 117.11-12 (411, Koba) [empoi., eperch. (fut.); epan.; parachr.; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 145.5-6 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; katharopoi. (ind.fut.)]; UPZ<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 175.26-27 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 177.35-36 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes?) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); aphist. (ind.fut.)].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

11. Consequences of Thwarted Defension<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Among the 158 sale documents that introduce the duty of defension, 22 discuss only the vendor\u2019s failure to comply. It is first recorded in a Greek document from Egypt in P.Stras. I 79.6-7 (16\/5 BCE, Syene): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | [- ca.20 - \u1f22 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If the slave is vindicated by a third party, the vendor shall defend the purchaser\u2019s title [ - - ] or else pay as indemnity simply the amount of the consideration which he has obtained, as well as compensation for damages and expenses\u2019). The text goes back to the Latin Vorlage<\/em> as recorded in P.Lond. II 229.7-12 of 166 CE Seleukia Pieria: et si quis eum puerum | 8<\/sup> partemue quam eius euicerit, simplam pecuniam | 9<\/sup> sine denuntiatione recte dare stipulatus est Fabul|10<\/sup>lius Macer, spopondit Q(uintus) Iulius Priscus: id fide sua | 11<\/sup> et auctoritate esse iussit C(aius) Iulius Antiochus, mani|12<\/sup>pularius (triere) Uirtute.<\/em> Apart from this text, the clause is also evidenced in one Augustan document from Alexandria, six of these documents are Mesopotamian (P.Euphrates 6-11), and the rest are Byzantine, stemming from Syene, Aphrodite, Arsinoe, Apollonopolis Magna, and Hermopolis. The violation may be expressed through a protasis<\/em> denoting omission (e.g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) or, in the Byzantine period, inability to perform the act: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If we should be weak in regard to the vindication and clearance of this sale\u2019), or \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If we should be unable to perform the vindication and clearance on account of this sale\u2019), or a manifestation of carelessness: \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f27\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 (\u2018if we show disregard\u2019). The result, in the apodosis<\/em>, is naturally the delivery (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), or the payment as indemnity (\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), of the consideration along with a proportional fine and compensation for damage and expenses for the maintenance and improvement of the object of the sale. Cf., most extensively, P.Dubl. 32.12-13 (512 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (read \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 (\u2018If they fail to do this, they will pay as a penalty double the price stated herein, which the vendor Eulogios has received, and double all the expenses and costs that arise, as are incurred in repairing or rebuilding the property, and double the fines incurred on its behalf, in court or out of court\u2019.) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 171).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 130-131.<\/span>\r\n

BGU III<\/span><\/strong> 887.5-7 (151, Syde); <\/span>IV<\/strong> 1170v<\/sup>.50-60, ll. 58-59 ? (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [kyria; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; kephal. + tok.; ked.]; XVII<\/strong> 2698.24-28 (VII, Herm) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; O.Berenike<\/span> II<\/strong> 125.9-12 (61, Berenike) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9; parachr., price; fisc.]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 64.4-6 (337-350, Alex\/Phil) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [prot.: \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; price: dipl.; exp.; kyria]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 32.12-13 (512, ArsPol) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; 33.14-16 (513, ArsPol) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.22-23 (249, Markopolis) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price, dam.]; 8.27-28 (251, Beth Phuraia) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: price, dam.; kyria]; 9.23-25 (252, Beth Phuraia) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price: dipl.]; 10.19 (250, Karrhai) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price, dam.]; 11.24-25 (232, Beth Phuraia) [ed.: \u03b4\u03ce\u0323[\u03c3\u03c9; price]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 991.19-22 (481, UP) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9: price: four times; dam.; exp.]; 1015.10-11 (VI, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; V<\/strong> 1733.63-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.]; 1735.15-17 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy ?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: price: dipl., dam., exp.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.60-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2; kyria; dam.; exp.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5112.57-63 (618, Apol) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd?; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 15618.3-8 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [price: dipl.]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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12. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em> and Thwarted Defension<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty, Penalty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II 8.21-23 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance), following the bebaiosis<\/em> and the defension clauses, vendors are subject to a penalty if they fail to perform the bebaiosis<\/em> or defend the purchaser against a challenge by a third party: the consideration is increased by half, and they should also cover damages, defray expenses, and pay the fixed penalty. \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u039c\u1fb6\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039f\u1f50\u03bd\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c2, \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9|21<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f24, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 | 22<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 23<\/sup> \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let Marcus Julius Valerianus, Julia Aphrodous, and either of the two warrant (the purchased object) for Demarion, and let them, Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous, immediately keep away at their own expense, by half a share<\/em>, anyone who in the future proceeds against her or lays claim to the slaves, Asklepous and Onion, or to any part thereof, or else, leaving in effect everything stipulated, let them pay as compensation, by mutual surety, the amount of the price increased by a half, the damages, costs and the prescribed penalty as if following a court action\u2019). See also CPR I 170.19-21 (103-117 CE, Arsinoites).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

13. Injunction against Lawsuit<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

An injunction against bringing suit is commonly inserted in Roman-period contracts recording the sale of landed property and slaves (239). It is also common in mortgage loans in anticipation of the foreclosure of land or slaves by the creditor (18), in wills (18), and in diaireseis<\/em> (34).The most common form of the verb is the infinitive following the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 that introduces the entire contract. Among the best-attested verbs, the future infinitive of \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2014\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [65] and the variant \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [12] are the most common, followed by the future infinitive of \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 (\u1f10\u03bd- or \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) [45] and the present infinitive of the same verb (\u1f10\u03bd- or \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) [38]. The future infinitive of (\u03b4\u03b9-)\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 is attested 14 times, as are the medial infinitive of \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and the active infinitive of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bao\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, both 11 times.<\/p>\r\n

The use of each verb results in a different syntax. [Type1]<\/strong> the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, if used alone, elicits the formulation that indicates the vendor, or those acting on his behalf in the accusative (the subject of the infinitive), the purchaser, and those acting on his behalf introduced by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77, in the accusative, and the object, introduced by \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77, in the genitive. Cf., e.g., SB<\/span> V 8007.9-10 (IVf<\/sup> CE, Hermopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7]\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03af (\u2018And neither I nor anyone else on my behalf will proceed against you the purchaser, or against your representatives, in any matter relating to the sale in any manner\u2019). The clause is especially common in the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite documentation from the Roman period.<\/p>\r\n

[Type2]<\/strong> the cumulative use of various verbs denoting lawsuit, with no indication of the object and, frequently, not even of the purchaser. E.g., PSI XIII 1320.13-15 (82-88 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 14<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1[\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u1f72 \u1f10]\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03c4]\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u03b5]\u03bd\u0323\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc|15<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018And neither the acknowledging party, Tabous, nor her representatives shall make, now or in the future, no claim and shall neither dispute nor attack in any way violating any of the aforesaid provisions\u2019). Type2<\/strong> is especially common in the Arsinoite hinterland (Tebtynis: eight, Soknopaiou Nesos: six documents) and also, later, with a different formulary, in Byzantine Syene (11 of 16 documents). P.M\u00fcnch. I 13.51-55 (594 CE, Syene): \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03a4\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03b7 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd) | 52<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 53<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f22 | 54<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 55<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u1ff3 | 56<\/sup> \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018We, the aforesaid Tsone and Tseure her sister, the sellers, and any children or descendants or guests or family on our father\u2019s or mother\u2019s side, are not and shall not be able to proceed against you or your children or descendants or successors or assigns, bring action, or sue you, now or in the future, on account of this deed of sale, or violate or undermine this, our deed of sale, now or on any occasion, in any way or on any pretext, since, as we have said earlier, we have received from you in full the designated price of one and one-third solidi<\/em> in the weight of Syene\u2019) (transl.: Porten (1996)<\/span>: 532 with some modifications).<\/p>\r\n

[Type3]<\/strong> the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 is followed by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77 with the accusative, recording the object of the sale; the purchaser is not mentioned. BGU I 282.36-37 (175-180 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 [\u0394]\u03b9\u03b4\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd | 37<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018and Didymarion nor anyone else acting on her behalf, shall not proceed against these objects in any way\u2019). The formulation is particularly common in the Roman period in the documentation from Ptolemais Euergetis: 7 of the 15 Roman documents of this group, of which the place of composition is certain, were drafted in that city. The object of the transaction (rather than the purchaser) also receives the focus in the construction introduced by \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 or \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 [Type3a]<\/strong>. This type is already attested in the parachoresis<\/em> P.Oxy. 3482.12-14 (73 BCE, Oxyrhynchos). Seven of the remaining 12 documents are Byzantine and stem from the village of Aphrodite. Cf., e.g., P.Michael. 52.18-20 (VI\/VII CE, Aphrodite): \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 | 19<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc]\u03ad(\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 | 20<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03bc\u03bf]\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018And you shall be free from opposition present or future from any of those who are heirs or co-heirs after me, or of my relations by birth or my connections\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

[Type4]<\/strong> The verb \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 is also used outside the Type2<\/strong> \u2018cluster\u2019; cf., e.g., SB XII 11063.7-8 (167\/8\/9 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad\u0323\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb]\u1ff6. It is recorded in 16 documents from the Roman period. No regional pattern is evident.<\/p>\r\n

[Type5]<\/strong> The participial construction (e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.15-17: 240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bc[\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2] | 16<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad]|17<\/sup>\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018and neither we nor anyone else acting on our behalf shall maintain the right to make a claim upon it or any part of it in any way whatsoever\u2019) is used in 21 documents, at least 11 of which originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos and date to the first three centuries CE.<\/p>\r\n

The \u2018non-prevention\u2019 formulation [Type6]<\/strong> prohibits the vendor from interfering with the purchaser\u2019s management of the purchased object. It is recorded in 22 documents, all but one stemming from the Arsinoite nome, particularly (7 of 13 cases that have a definite specified origin) from the city of Ptolemais Euergetis, and all dating to the first three centuries CE. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. X 585.16-20 (87 CE, Bacchias): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 17<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd[\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03bd \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u1fb6\u0323[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2) | 18<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd[\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba(\u03b9\u03b1) | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03c2 (\u2018And let the party of the first part see to it that no one prevents Hermas and his representatives from occupying the designated property, lodging others therein, collecting the rents, and using all its appurtenances without hindrance\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p.35).<\/p>\r\n

[Type7]<\/strong> In 10 documents from the first centuries BCE and CE, all agoranomic and relating to the conveyance of allotment land, the vendor pledges to avoid \u2018dealing fraudulently\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9) or breaching the contract (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9). The context of these improprieties is procedural, at least in BGU<\/span> VIII 1736.14-17 (78 BCE, Herakleopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7]\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9] | 15<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c3[\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 16<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323]\u03c5\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd [\u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9]|17<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03b7\u0323[\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and I shall neither deal fraudulently in relation to any of the terms recorded through the document or in the declaration of oath, nor initiate litigation against you and your representatives [ - - ], nor through anyone else acting on my behalf in any court regarding any of the rights relating to this land\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

[Type8]<\/strong> In two documents, both from Augustan Sokopaiou Nesos, the vendor is denied kyrieia<\/em> over the object of the purchase. One is CPR XV 2.5 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u0323\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9[\u03b9] \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5[\u03cd]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c3\u0323\u03ae\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And neither I nor anyone else shall have the right to control them but you from this very day to all times\u2019)<\/strong>. The text is a translation of the Egyptian clause bn-i\u0357w r\u1e2b rm\u1e6f nb n p\ua723 t\ua723 inky mi\u0357t.t i\u0357r s\u1e2by n-i\u0357m=w bnr=k n \u1e6f\ua723y n p\ua723 hrw r \u1e25ry<\/em> of P.Dime III 5.6. The procedural context is not certain but is likely in view of the following clause.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-42; Schwarz (1920): 197-201; Kunkel (1928): 287; Weber (1932): 182-184; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 328<\/span>; D\u00fcwel (1969): 36-42; Zauzich (1968): 136-137; Rupprecht (1971): 15-17, 32-33, 37, 42, 49-50, 52, 54, 94-103; (1982a): 235, 240-241; Straus (2004): 147-149.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.11-12 (289, ArsN) [1]; 94.18-19 (289 , PtolEu) [3]; 193.21-23 (136 , PtolEu) [6]; 233.13 (161-169, ArsN) [6]; 241.38-40 (177, Kar) [1]; 282.36-37 (175-180, ArsN) [3]; 350.14-15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph.]; II<\/strong> 542.13-14 (165, Athenas Kome) [3]; 666.26-27 (177, ArsN) [1]; III<\/strong> 806.6-8 (1, UP) [4: enkal.]; 825.6-9 (190\/1, ArsN) [3]; 883.11 (II, Kar) [1\/2]; 906.8-9 (34\/5, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 917.19-20 (348, PtolEu) [3*]; 987.11-15 (19\/45, ArsN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 993.3.12-13 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis) [3a]; 998.2.7-9 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; IV<\/strong> 1013.20-21 (41-68, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; 1049.20-21 (342, PtolEu) [3]; 1053.2.21-25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1110.17-18 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4]; 1112.11-15 (after 4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1129.28-30 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [3a: antipoi., epitel.]; 1130.16-19 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [5]; 1170.50-60 ll. 57-58 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; VI<\/strong> 1260.13-16 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 1643.13-14 (II, Phil) [6] [7]; VIII<\/strong> 1732.9-10 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1733.11-13 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1734.14-16 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [1]; 1736.14-17 (78A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7: kakotech., katastas.]; 1738.21-27 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7]; 1740.12-15 + P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 51 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7: parasyng., kakotech.*, katastas.*]; XI<\/strong> 2051.15-18 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [6, 2: enkal.p., diamph., kakotech., epel.]; 2052.11 (II, Herakleia ?) [6]; 2095.28 (83, PtolEu) [6]; XV<\/strong> 2478.13 (90-96, Kar) [3*]; 2481.16-18 (138-161, Themistos Meris) [4]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.17-19 (309\/10, Herm) [1]; 2831.19-21 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm); 2833.8 (249, Herm) [1]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.21-25, 25-26 (52, Herakleia) [6, 2: ed.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323;]; 11.26-28 (108, PtolEu) [1]; 139.6 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [1?]; 168.10-11 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [1?]; 170.17 (103-117, ArsN) [6]; 175.21 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [6]; 179.16-17 (I\/II, PtolEu ?) [6]; 181.7 (II, ArsN) [3?]; 187.12-14 (145, PtolEu) [6,2: enkal.p., amph.*]; 188.17-20,21 (106\/7, ArsN) [6,2: enkal., amph., epel.]; 189.19-20 (II, ArsN) [3]; 191.8-9 (after 212, ArsN) [6,3]; 206 B.14 (138-161, ArsN) [2]; 218.9-13 (II, SokN) [4?]; 220.1-6 (I, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 223.20-23 (117-137, PtolEu) [6]; VII<\/strong> 14 (after 7.8.52, Herakleia) [1]; XV<\/strong> 2.4-5 (11, SokN) [8]; XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.8-9 (321?, Herm) [1]; 21.5 (217\/8, Panop) ?; M.Chr.<\/span><\/strong> 361.14-16 (355, Eleph) [3: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Amh.<\/span><\/strong> II 95.10 (109, Herm) [1]; 96.8-9 (213, Herm) [1]; 99a.21-22 (179, Herm) [5?]; P.Ammon<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 48.a.6 (after 9.12.348, Alex?) [ed.: \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u03b7\u0323\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8(\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [ -ca.?- ];]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.22-23 (I\/II, Memphis?) [3]; 47.19-23 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme) [3]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.5 (II, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, diamph.*, epel.*]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 60.14 (46, PtolEu) [2: enkal., diamph.*, epel.]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> 68.2-4 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [1]; P.Cair.Goodsp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.11-12 (341, Herm) [1]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> I 67097r<\/sup>.48-53 (571\/2?, Aphr) [2 (GA)]; 67115.3-14 (527-565, Aphr) [2: ed.: \u1f41\u03bc[\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6] \u1f11\u03c4[\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7(?)]\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u0323[\u03b7\u03b4]\u03b5\u03bd\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 | 4<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f54\u0323[\u03c4\u03b5] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bf(\u1f54)[\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc]\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c5\u1f31(?)]\u1ff6\u03bd | 5<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c6[\u03ac(?)]\u03bb\u0323\u03bc\u03b1;]; II<\/strong> 67158.23-25 (568?, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]<\/strong>; 67163.26-31 (569, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]; III<\/strong> 67299.41-43 (527-565, Antin) [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 67312.92-99 (567, Antin) [unique]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.16-17 (342, Kar) [3]; 188.23-24 (320, Kar) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Coles<\/span><\/strong> 27.14 (IVb<\/sup> UP); P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.22-23 [6]; 50.12-14 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [5]; II<\/strong> 75.9-10 (III, Herm) [1]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 12.30-31? (283, Antin) [6]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.15-17 (138-161, Phil) [6]; P.Duk.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.6-7 (518-527?, UP) [3a]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17.6-9 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [2: \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9*]; 26.18-22 (227, Sachare) [5: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.3-4 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; 4.3-5 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 63.4-5 (III, UP)? [5]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.16 (123, Teb) [2: enkal.f, amph., epel.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.2-5 (IV, HermN?) [1]; 40.7-16 l. 14 (162\/3?, HermN) [1?]; 96.1-2 (337, HermN) [1]; III 380.5-6, 16-17 (203\/4, Herm) [1]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 33.25-27 (I, UP) [3a: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 38 (I, OxN) [7: kakotech.]; 39.4-5 (244-249, Ox) [5]; P.Freer<\/span><\/strong> 6.2-4 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8 (144, UP) [5]; 10.7-8 (196, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p., epel.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.9 (145\/6, UP) [1]; 20.2-3, 9 (III, UP) [5]; P.Gen.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 187.b.3-7 (VI, Herm); P.Gen.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.11-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [7: \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9: \u03b4\u1f77\u03ba\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1f77\u03b1]; P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> I 32.3-11-14 (155, Antin) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I 28.10 (142\/3, Herm) [1]; 39.1-3 (205A<\/sup><\/span>-180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [4: enkal.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 27.3.2-3 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat) [1]; 62.5-12 (535, Herm?) [1: anteip., antipoi. (med.).*, enant. (aor.pass)*]; II 25.16-19 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; II 28.14-17 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 33.9-12 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.13-14 (VI?, UP) [ed.: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf[\u1fe6] | \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 {\u1f22} \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5;]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.13 (209, PtolEu) [6]; 30.20-24 (89, Phil) [6]; III<\/strong> 217.11 (If<\/sup>, Ox?) [5]; 218.10-13 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [2]; 218.11-29 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [4]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 138.3.11-29, ll. 28-29 (92, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 25.15-17 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [enag.]; 32.13-15 (VI, UP) [2 (GA): antipoi.p.+f.]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.7-8 (148\/9?, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 54.14-15 (II, ArsN) [6]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/strong> III<\/strong> 157.15-22<\/span> (589, ApolHept); V<\/strong> 232.12-13 (330\/338, Terenythis) [5]; XI<\/strong> 459.12 (436?, OxN); XIV<\/strong> 587.4 (Vf<\/sup>, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.13 (256, Herm) [1]; 4.26-27 (293, Herm) [1]; 6.14-15 (306, Herm) [1]; P.Lond.<\/span> I<\/strong> 77.40-50 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [2: epel., enkal.p.+f. et mult.al.]; 154.13-15 (68, Kar) [6]; 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [1]; 483.59-71 (615\/6, ApolHept) [1: epizet., dyn., aphair. (aor)., aposp.v. (aor.)]; 932.5-6 (211, Herm) [1: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 951r<\/sup>.4-6 (249, UP) [5: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; 1015.6-8 (VI, Herm); 1171v<\/sup>b.14 (41\/2, Herm) [4: enkal.p.]; V 1<\/strong>722.39-42 (530, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1724.55-59 (578, Sy) [2: epiphy., diait.kin.]; 1727.38-40 (583\/4, Sy) [2: epel., enkal.p., logoth. (aor.)]; 1733.55-59 (594, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1734.7-11 (578-582, Sy) [2: epel., enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.] ; 1735.12-15 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy) [2: enag., enkal.p., epel.]; P.Lond. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 2917.6-8 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, Ta Memnonia) [4: \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.25-26 (72, Bac) [2: enkal.f.]; 187.24-26 (75, Bac) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; V<\/strong> 241.1-14 l. 12 (46, Teb) [2]; 254.8 (29\/30, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 258.14-16 (32\/3 or 33\/4, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 262.28-29 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 269.5, 10-11 (42, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 283.7-15 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 323.20 (47, Teb) [3]; 326.56-57 (48, ArsN) [1]; 328.2.16 (29\/30, ArsN) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 332.15-16 (47\/8, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; VI<\/strong> 428.8-10, 10 (154, Kar) [6, 2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; X<\/strong> 583.17-18, 20-21 (78, Bac) [6] [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 585.16-20 (78, Bac) [6]; XII<\/strong> 635 (71, Bac) [3]; 636.17-19 (302, PtolEu) [3]; XIII<\/strong> 663.16-18 (VI, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 664.27-29 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 671.19 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr); 672.3-4 (557?, Aphr); XV<\/strong> 707.17 (185, Ox?) [3a: empoi. (part.)]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.38-40 (544 or 559, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 41.46-50 (539 or 544, Aphr) [2: metan.p., metam.aor.]; 45.50-52 (540, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 52.g.18-20 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [3a: antipoi. (GA)]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.13 (128, Teb) [5]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 76.11-12 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [7: parasyngr.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 8.26-30 (c. 540, Sy) [brothers: epel., antipoi.; vendor: metam. \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd]; 9.79-84 (585, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., epiphy., parab., parasal.]; 11.51-55 (586, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5: enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.]; 12.40-46 (590\/1?, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5: enkal.p, antipoi., parab., parasal.]; 13.36-37, 51-57 (594, Sy) [3: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1] [2: epel., enag., enkal.p.+f., parab., parasal.]; 15.8-10 (493, Sy) [3a: enkal.p.+f.]; 16.33-36 (Vl<\/sup>, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.2.8-10 (244, Hibis) [2: meteleus., gramma.prosph.]; 11.8-10 (274, Kysis) [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 12.7-9 (245-247, Kysis) [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.NYU<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.9-10 (68, OxN) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Oslo<\/strong><\/span> II 40a.14 (150, Ox) [5]; 40b.43-44 (150, Ox) [5]; III<\/strong> 129.10-11 (III, Antin) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.34-37 (94, Ox) [5: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2]; 272.19-21 (66, OxN) [4]; III<\/strong> 489.11-12 (117, Ox) [1]; 503.21 (118, Kerkethyris) [4]; 504.19-21? (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [7: parasyng. (part.)]; 509.19-20 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [4]; IV<\/strong> 722.27-30 (91\/107, Ox) [apait.poi.]; IX<\/strong> 1200.28-29 (266, Ox) [1]; 1205.11-13 (291, Ox) [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; 1208.19 (291, Ox) [5: epibain.]; XIV<\/strong> 1634.17-19 (222, Ox) [4: enkal.p.*]; 1635.11-12 (44A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [7: parasyng.*, kakotech.*, enkal.f.*]; 1638.12-13 (282, Ox) [5]; 1699.15-17 (240-280, Ox) [5]; 1702.8-10 (290, Ox) [1]; 1704.15-16 (298, Ox) [5]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.27-29 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1]; 2583.11-12 (II, Ox) [4]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.29 (154, Ox) [5]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2771.9-10 (323, Kos) [6: zet.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2843.21-25 (86, Ox) [apaites.poi.]; XLI<\/strong> 2989.14-15? (III, Ox) [4]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.12-14 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3a: empoi., kakotech.]; 3498.25-27 (274, Ox) [5]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.22-23 (III, Nesmimis) [3]; LXXIX<\/strong> 5209.14-15 (267, Ox) [1: meteleus.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.17-18 (86, Ox) [5]; 44.23-24 (324, Ox) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong>2<\/sup> I<\/strong> 3.38-63, ll. 48-49 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [manumission: 3: epilamb. (aor.)]; P.Phil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 11.14-16 (141, Berenikis Aigialou) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 155.13-14 (188\/9, SokN) [4]; 156.9 (V, HermN?); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 85.5-9 (V?, UP) [1]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 62.14-15 (II, SokN) [4: enkal.p.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.24 (I\/II, Thead) [4?: enkal.p]; P.Ryl.<\/span> II<\/strong> 156.14, 18-19 (I, Ox) [2: enkal.f., epeleus.]; 159.19-21 (31\/2, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech., enkal.f.]; 161.17-18 (81, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 179.4-24 (127, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 312.16-17 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 313.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; IV<\/strong> 709.11 (294-296, UP); P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.11-12, 13-14 (305, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [3]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 11a.13-15 (390, Kellis); 46.5 (332, Herm) [1]; P.Sorb.<\/span> I<\/strong> 15.6-12 (c. 266A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [3]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 83.21-25 (114A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 85.25-26 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 122.13 (161-169, Euh) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; III<\/strong> 144.15-16 (245, HermN) [1]; IV<\/strong> 238.14-18 (177\/8, PtolEu) [4]; 266.1-2 (c. 100, Ox) [7: kakotech.]; V<\/strong> 331.16 (98-117, UP) [6]; VI<\/strong> 555.16-17 (289, Herm) [1]; 556.13-14 (289, Herm) [1]; 583.15 (115\/6, ArsN) [6]; VII<\/strong> 666.16-19 (145, Nilopolis) [1]; 672.20-21 (289, Herm) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 705.9-10 (Is<\/sup>, UP) [5]; IX<\/strong> 831.18-19 (162\/3, Teb) [6]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 164.23-24 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1]; II<\/strong> 319.30-34 (248, Teb) [1]; 380.24-30 (67, Teb) [1]; 383.38-39 (46, Teb) [3]; 510.14 (114\/5?, Teb?) [1?]; III.1<\/strong> 820.9-10, 29-30 (201A<\/sup><\/span>, Samaria) [1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [2: parab.(aor)., epel.]; P.Tor.Choach.<\/span><\/strong> 2.9-14, 29-34 (118A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis) [4]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 19.8-9 (101, Ox) [1]; 26.10-13 (195-198, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 40.18 (215, UP); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 4.6-7 (VIl<\/sup>, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f. (gen.)]; P.Vind.Bosw<\/strong>.<\/span> 6.17 (250, Herm) [1]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.15-16 (143, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 58.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 59.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; P.Worp.<\/span><\/strong> 18.15-21 (139?, Theog) [2: enkal., eperch.]; 20.11-17 (155, Antin) [4]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.26-29 (V?, HermN) [4]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.4-6 (18, Ox) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; VI<\/strong> 704.28 (II, ArsN?) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 897.1.26-28 (93?, Ox) [7]; 909.10 (44, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 915.12-13 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 918.7 (38\/9, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 946.32-34 (III, Ox) [1]; IX<\/strong> 1019.9-11 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [2: empoi., epel.]; X<\/strong> 1118.15-17 (25\/6, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech.]; XIII<\/strong> 1320.11-13 (82-88, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.13-15 (after 117, UP) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.] ; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.3-8 (584, ArsN) [parerch.aor., diakol.aor.]; 5246.11-13 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [8]; IV<\/strong> 7375.20-23 (222-235, Panop) [4]; V<\/strong> 8007.9-10 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; VI<\/strong> 9219.19 (319, Herm) [1]; 9402.15-20 (VI\/VII, Kerkesis) [2: exel.aor., antipoi.p.] [5: antileg., parasal.aor., parab.]; 9590.14-15 (VI\/VII, Herak) [2]; 9618.17-18 (192, PtolEu) [2,6: enkal.p.*, epel.]; VIII<\/strong> 9831.12 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; XII<\/strong> 11063.7-8 (167\/8\/9, UP) [4]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.21-23 (225, Nilopolis) [1]; 11578.12-14 (V?, UP) [2: meterch.aor., aitiaz.aor., kategor.]; XVI<\/strong> 12758.15 (88, PtolEu) [6]; 12957.12-13,16-18 (103-114, SokN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13168.19-20 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1*]; 13173.70-75 (629\/644, Herm) [1]; XX<\/strong> 13320.21-24 (613-641, Aphr) [6]; 13764.21-24 (148-161, ArsN) [epel., enkal.f.*, amphi.*]; 14285.31-32 (59, Ox) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 14379.26-27 (320, Kar) [2: [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 14461.5-6 (148?, UP) [4]; 14681.18-19 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [5]; 14997.4-6 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [7: kakotech.]; XXII<\/strong> 15472.15-16 (134, PtolEu) [3a: \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*]; 15618.14 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [3]; XXIV<\/strong> 15966.14-16 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [6]; 15969.28-30 (491-518, Herm) [1]; 16288.11-12 (600, ArsPol); XXVI<\/strong> 16550.1-4 (198-211, Bac); 16559.5 (IIsA<\/span><\/sup>, Path) [1]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16895.19-24 (IVf<\/sup>, HermN); 16904.15-16 (90, SokN) [2: enkal.p., amphi., epel.]; 16905.16-17 (82-86, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, amph.,* epel.]; 17080.18-19 (69-79, ArsN) [6]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17623<\/span>.15-16 (293, Herm); <\/span><\/strong>SPP<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> p. 6f., ll. 25-26 (c. 460, Antin) [5: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; <\/span>III<\/strong> 422.5-6 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [1]; <\/span>XX<\/strong> 1.17-18, 20 (83\/4, PtolEu) [6, 2: enkal., diamph., epel.]; 10.11-13 (168, ArsN) [3]; 71.16-17 (269\/270, Herm) [1]; 72.14-15 (271\/2, Herm) [1]; 74.17 (after 276?, Herm) [1]; 110.20-22 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [1]; 121.30-32 (439, Herm) [1]; 269.5-9 (VI\/VII, UP) [5: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.16-19 (VI, Taamorou) [5: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c7\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1]; <\/span>UPZ<\/strong> II<\/strong> 175.25-26 (145A<\/sup><\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0Thebes) [4]; 177.34 (163A<\/sup><\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0Thebes) [4].<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

14. Compliance with Terms of Contract<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The earliest attestation of the clause is in the royal oath BGU VIII 1735.10\u2014\u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0[\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd]\u2014submitted in connection with the conveyance of allotment land in 99 BCE Herakleopolis. The clause is then integrated, in the Roman period, into the formulary of the diairesis<\/em>, where it is inserted after the clause that records the allotment of individual shares, sometimes together with a capacity clause and before a penalty clause that subjects the former partners to penalty. Paradigmatic is P.Mich. X 584.28-33 (84 CE, Bacchias): \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3(\u03b9\u03bd) | 30<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u0323[\u03bc]\u03ad\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9 \u03c4\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 | 31<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 [\u1f41] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9] \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6] | 32<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd] \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 (\u2018Accordingly, let the contracting parties, each and their representatives and their heirs, abide by the terms set forth in accordance with this division, and let it not be permissible to . . ., and if any of them does not abide by the division, let the transgressor pay the party who abides by it double the amount of the damages and expenses and a fine of one thousand silver drachmai, and the same amount to the treasury, and nevertheless the terms of the contract shall remain valid\u2019). A different vocabulary is used in sale document P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XX 2270.12-14 (V\/VI CE?, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc7) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3 | \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf[\u1f50\u03b3\u03ba\u03af]\u03b1[\u03bd] \u03bc\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018And if we change our mind with regard to the sale or if you, yourself, change your mind with regard to the purchase, he who changes his mind is bound to pay the party who abides by the agreement, by way of penalty, one ounce of gold\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 147 and Wolff (1956a): 21-22<\/span>). Here the regret is formulated positively rather than negatively.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 58-60, 180 [<\/span>diairesis]; Kreller (1919): 88.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 1735.8-10 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 11.23-25 (108, PtolEu) [diairesis]; 222.15-16 (142\/3 or 152\/3, ArsN) [diairesis]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 53.2.9 (10\/1, UP) [diairesis]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 82.11-14 (318, Kar) [labour, negative: \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.63-74 (551, Constantinople) [contract of labour, representation in court, very detailed]; P.Gen. Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.8-9 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [<\/span>oath; negative: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Ifao.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.11 (IIf<\/sup>, UP) [diairesis]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 30.20-21 (363, Kellis) [diairesis]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 293.20-21 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.19-22 (72, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; 187.18-20 (75, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; IX<\/strong> 558.19 (101-113, Kar) [diairesis]; X<\/strong> 584.28-30 (84, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.?]; P.Michael<\/span><\/strong>. 55.2-7 (582-602, Aphr) [diairesis, oath, hypenant.chor.]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.17 (108, Teb) [diairesis]; II<\/strong> 99.15-16 (119, Teb) [diairesis, with negative]; 101.28 (118, Talei) [diairesis]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 76.11-12 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [parachoresis]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.20-21 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis: no athet.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 672.19 (289, Herm); P.Tebt.<\/span> II<\/strong> 382.2.1.20-25 (31A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [diairesis]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [diairesis, but also with challenging]; SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 11225.6-7 (425-450, UP) [diairesis]; XVIII<\/strong> 13793.26 [diairesis, with negative].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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15. Challenging the Disposition<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Apart from the \u2018no lawsuit\u2019 clause, expressing direct challenge to the disposition and resulting rights, authors of wills and diaireseis introduce an injunction against contravening the terms of the instrument in general. The construction is mostly impersonal. The verbs commonly used to denote the contravention are \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, which is commonly used in any type of penalty clause, and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, which seem unique to this type of clause. In wills, the clause is primarily recorded in second-century documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, and is followed by a stipulation of sanction for non-compliance: e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.27-29 (165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5|28<\/sup>\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd [\u1f27]\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018Beyond this, no one shall have power to disobey it, and, anyone who does so shall forfeit to the party abiding by it the damages and a fine of two talents of silver and to the treasury an equal sum, the above provisions remaining nonetheless valid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 205). In diaireseis,<\/em> it still appears in the Byzantine period and regularly takes the infinitive of the aorist tense. Cf., e.g., P.Bingen 130.10-11 (526-548 CE, Aphrodite): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u0323\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 | 11<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u0323.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 108-113; Berger (1911): 231-234; Kreller (1919): 371-372, 387; Amelotti (1966): 155-157.<\/span>\r\n

CPR<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 44.27-28 (V\/VI, UP); P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 62.13-14 (350, Phil) [diairesis; exesti: parab. (aor.)]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 130.10-11 (526-548, Aphr) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.156-160 (570, Antin) [will; \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> X<\/strong> 281.16-18 (287, Phil) [parab. (aor.)]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 47a.15-16 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; exestai: parab. (aor.), no sanction]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.27-31 (565-579, Aphr) [labour, liturgy; exeinai: parab.]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 186 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9 (VI?, UP) [will; dyn. (GA): athet., no sanction]; P.Kell<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 13.8 (335, Kellis) [diairesis; exestai: parab.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17 (133, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.8-14 (295, Herm) [will; exeinai: very detailed, no sanction]; II<\/strong> 149.18-20 (199, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Lond.<\/span> III<\/strong> 978.15-16 (331, Herm) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.21-23 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; exeinai: athet., enkal.f., epeleus.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.7 (118-138, Ox) [will; exeinai: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; III<\/strong> 491.10-12 (126, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; 492.9 (130, Ox) [will; parab.]; 493.9-12 (99, Ox); [will; exous.: athet.: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd*]; 494.27-29 (156, Ox); [will; exous.: parab.]; 495.16-17 (182-189, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 634.9-10 (126, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 646.12 (117-126?, Ox); 652.8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1206.14-16 (335, Ox) [adoption; parab.]; XVI<\/strong> 1901.42-48, 53-54 (VI, Ox) [will; dyn.: athet.(aor.)]; XX<\/strong> 2270.12-14 (V\/VI?, Ox) [metanoia]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.38-40 (224, Ox); XLIII<\/strong> 3092.10 (217, Ox) [partnership, tax concession; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; LXVI<\/strong> 4533.7 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 37.9 (176, HerakN) [freight contract; parab.]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 20.33-34 (600, Panop) [diairesis; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Prag.<\/span> III<\/strong> 216.24 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [diairesis; exous.: parab. (aor.)]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.14-15 (119\/20, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Thomas<\/span><\/strong> 28.17-19 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [sale; ed.: \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 240.14-16 (II, Oxy) [will; exous.: parab.*]; XII<\/strong> 1263.9-11 (166\/7, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab. (aor.)]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5267.8-13 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5]; XIV<\/strong> 11410.20 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Haueris) [diairesis; athet. (aor.)]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.29-32 (271, Kar) [\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; XVIII<\/strong> 13793.26 (101, Teb) [diairesis; exeinai: parab. (aor.), epeleus.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16320.14-15 (293-304 Kellis) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd*].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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16. Penalty for Bringing Suit<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A penalty clause dealing exclusively with the event of a lawsuit is registered in 53 documents: 29 deeds of sale (commonly of landed property); 9 wills, 4 diaireseis<\/em>, 5 contracts of labour, and 1 loan. It is first introduced in P.Eleph. 3 and 4, from 285 and 282 BCE Elephantine, respectively, and remains in use throughout the Ptolemaic period in another 11 documents from the Pathyrite as well as the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. The Roman evidence (down to the end of the fourth century), 26 documents in all, is spread across all parts of well-documented Egypt: from Alexandria through Hermopolis. The Byzantine period yields ten documents. The verbs that designate the act of bringing a claim, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 and \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, are already used in the no-suit clause and may recur in the clause that introduces a sanction. In its most extensively found version, the verb appears in the protasis<\/em> which elaborates on the circumstances under which the penalty will apply. The nouns \u1f14\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, or more rarely \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, serve as the subject of the formula that declares the challenge void (akyros<\/em>). The adjective akyros<\/em> is recorded in 37 documents; it is then stated that notwithstanding the suit the sale remains in effect (kyrios<\/em>: 26 documents). Apart from the suit being void, the claimant is then subject to fines identical in nature to those found in other types of penalty clauses: payment of compensation denoted through \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u20142 cases, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9: 5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9, which seems especially common in this type of penalty clause\u2014attested in 12 documents. The most commonly recorded object of the verb is the epitimon<\/em>, recorded in 36 documents. In 28 documents, the epitimon<\/em> is matched by the payment of an equal amount to the fisc. Compensation for damages (blabos<\/em>, blabe<\/em>) is recorded in 19 documents and for expenses in 9 (all of which also record compensation for damages). The price is recorded in 9 documents; in 3 it is extended by a hemiolia<\/em>, and in another three by a diplon<\/em>. The single Alexandria document also records the\u00a0horismenon prostimon<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

The order is identical in most times and places: the clause opens by declaring the challenge ineffective and ends by stressing the validity of the present act. In between, the order varies as do some of its contents. Thus, in PSI IX 1019.11-14, from 110 BCE Pathyris, the order is akyron<\/em>; epitimon<\/em>; damages; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. It recurs with very minor changes in the Oxyrhynchite P.Oxy. II 271.23-27 of 56 CE: akyron<\/em>; damages; epitimon<\/em>; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. In the contemporary Arsinoites, the same scheme is encountered, the key difference being that in the Arsinoite text the price, which should be returned increased by an hemiolia<\/em> or duplum<\/em>, is also specified. The duplum<\/em> is also used here for damages and expenses. Cf., e.g., P.Fam.Tebt. 23.16-19 (123 CE, Tebtynis): akyron<\/em>; price: hemiolia<\/em>; damages: duplum<\/em>; epitimon<\/em>; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. Still in the Arsinoites, in P.Mich. V 262.28-32 (34-36 CE, Tebtynis), the formula \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 stands for the epitimon<\/em>: \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 29<\/sup> [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10]\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f24, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5(\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9) | 30<\/sup> [\u1f41 \u0394\u03af\u03b4\u03c5]\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0392 | 31<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2]\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u0323\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 (l.<\/em> \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd) | 32<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018... and that they will neither bring claims against the aforesaid conditions nor dispute or attack them in any way. Otherwise, in addition to the invalidation of everything undertaken against them, Didymos shall immediately pay Hero the price of the allotment increased by one half and with interest, and as a private debt 2,000 drachmai and the damages, and an equal amount to the public treasury. Moreover, this agreement and the documents of the transfer and cession shall remain valid forever\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 155-156).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127, 184; Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou (2019): 255.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 906.9-11 (34\/5, ArsN) [sale; exp.; price; epit.; kyria]; 917.20-21 (348, PtolEu) [sale]; 998.2.9-12 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 1110.18a-24 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; kyria; dam.; horism.prostim.; tropheia: hemiolia]; 1157.21-24 (11\/10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1260.16-21 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc; kyria]; VII<\/strong> 1643.14-16 (II, Phil) [sale; price]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.14-18 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.]; 1732.13-16 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; 1733.17-22 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; XI<\/strong> 2051.19-21 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; XIX<\/strong> 2831.19-21 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.26-29 (after 7.8.152, Herakleia) [sale; kyria; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 188.27 (106\/7, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Abinn. 62.14-15 (350, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.28-30 (I\/II, Memphis?) [testamentary; dam., kyria]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67163.31-35 (569, Antin) [sale; pecuniary penalty]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.4-5 (285A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; 4.5-6 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.16-19 (123, Teb) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.27-28 (I, UP) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 10.8-10 (196, PtolEu) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.10-11 (142\/3, Herm) [sale; dam.; exp.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 27.3.3-6 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPath) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 62.18-26 (535, Herm?) [will; disinheritance]; II<\/strong> 25.19-25 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 28.17-21 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [cession; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 33.12-14 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb<\/span><\/strong>. III<\/strong> 218.10-13 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; akyr.; epit.: price: hosidchre.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/strong> III<\/strong> 157.29-34<\/span> (589, ApolHept); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.50-56 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [will; enochos horko; epitimia; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2; kyria]; II<\/strong> 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; hosidchre. (=epit.); fisc.; kyria]; V<\/strong> 1727.47-55 (583\/4, Sy) [will; disinheritance; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5; kyria]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 262.28-32 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia + interest; hosidchre. (=epit.); dam.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.2.10-12 (244, Hibis) [sale; akyr.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 271.23-27 (56, OxN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 489.11 (117, Ox) [will; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 492.9-10 (130, Ox) [will; kyria; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 156.20-21 (I, Ox) [fisc., kyria]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 11a.15-17 (390, Kellis) [antikatallage; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; 46.5-7 (332, Herm) [akyr.; prosapotin. (aor.); dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 122.14 (161-169, Euh) [will; akyr.]; IV<\/strong> 238.18-22 (177\/8, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 820.11-13, 30-34 (201A<\/sup><\/span>, Samaria) [sale; epit.; akyr.]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 26.13-15 (195-198, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1019.11-14 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.; kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.8-10 (584, ArsN) ? [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; labour; prostim.]; VI<\/strong> 9590.17-18 (VI\/VII, Herak) [prostim., kyria]; XVIII<\/strong> 13168.20-22 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [will; akyr.; epit.]; 13173.75-86 (629\/644, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; kyria]; XXIV<\/strong> 16288,18-19 (600, ArsPol);\u00a0XXVI<\/strong> 16559.6-8 (IIsA<\/span><\/sup>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.(?)]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16895.25-27 (IVf<\/sup>, HermN) [sale; fisc.; kyria].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

17. Penalty for Challenge and Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Warranty\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Deriving from the general penalty clause<\/a> are clauses, penalizing specific types of conduct. In the case of documents recording the sale of land or slaves, the key duties of the vendor are the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the performance of the bebaiosis<\/em>,<\/a> defending<\/a> the purchaser from challenges by others, and avoiding challenging his title (the anti-lawsuit injunction)<\/a>. Some documents also penalize such conduct by type: one or several. In the present case, particularly common in documents from the Roman Hermopolites, the text treats the event of a claim and the vendor\u2019s failure to perform the bebaiosis<\/em>. The clause is attested from first-century BCE Herakleopolites (BGU VIII 1734: 80-30 BCE, Herakleopolis) to late sixth-century CE Arsinoites (SPP XX 145: VIs<\/sup> CE, Arsinoiton Polis). The array of sanctions is identical to that in the general penalty clause and the penalty-for-claim<\/a> clause: the challenge is invalidated (akyros<\/em>), the present act is upheld (kyrios<\/em>), and the vendor must pay compensation for damages and expenses (blabe<\/em>, dapanemata\/analomata<\/em>) as well as the contractually fixed penalty of the epitimon<\/em>, double the amount of the consideration, and a payment to the fisc. Unique to this type of clause, as developed in the Hermopolite documentation, is the record of the epitimon<\/em> not as an independent category but one set in relation to consideration + duplum. The wording \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2, common in the Hermopolite context, recurs in the clause penalizing claim in the Arsinoite nome. In the Hermopolites, it describes the vendor\u2019s liability for the price. SPP XX 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450 CE, Hermopolis) exhibits all elements: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03c9 | 23<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6 \u1f25 \u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f22 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 | 26<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34[\u03c3]\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323[\u03bd] \u1f27[\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd] \u1f21 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018If I proceed against you or do not warrant the sale, let the proceedings be invalid and let me or the person proceeding on my behalf pay you, the purchaser, or those acting on your behalf, compensation for damages and expenses, and as a penalty as a private debt twice the amount of the price and the same amount to the fiscus, and notwithstanding that, the act of sale is valid and firm\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Byzantine documents address the same issue but in completely different terminology. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1724.59-67 (578 CE, Syene): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u2039\u03b7\u203a \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae|60<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 | 61<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 62<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 63<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 64<\/sup> \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1) \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6 | 65<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd | 66<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 67<\/sup> \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018But if\u2014may it not happen!\u2014we should be too weak concerning the defension and the cleansing of our warranted deed of sale on this account, we shall pay double the set price in addition to leaving the present sale, which he has drawn up for you, in force, being valid, firm, unbreakable, unshakable, and lawful wherever brought forward, with the subscription of the signatory of the document on our behalf and of the witnesses below\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911):<\/span> 126-127.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1642.13-14 (II, Phil) [sale]; VIII<\/strong> 1734.18-23 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [also no defension; sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.(?); dam.]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.15-16 (309\/10, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 2833 (249, Herm) [sale; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; CPR<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong> XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.9-11 (321?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 17b.11-12\u00a0 (321,, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria];\u00a0P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 95.10-11 (109, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 96.9-10 (213, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 101.b.2-4 (231-235, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Cair.Goodp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.12-15 (341, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> <\/strong>II<\/strong> 75.10-13 (III, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.5-11 (IV, HermN?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 40.7-16, ll. 14-15 (162\/3?, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 96.2-4, 10-11 (337, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 380.3-4, 18-19 (203\/4, Herm) [sale; akyr.; bebaiosis; hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria] [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 218.14 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; price; epit.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.13 (256, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 4.27-30 (293, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 6.2.15-18 (306, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1724.59-67 (578, Sy) [sale; price: dipl.; kyria]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 428.10-12 (154, Kar) [sale; akyr.; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.NagHamm.<\/span><\/strong> 2.4 (late III early IV, UP);; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 144.16-18 (245, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VI<\/strong> 585.10-11 (153, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VII<\/strong> 672.22-24 (289, Herm) [akyr., epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.17-19 (250, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; PSI<\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.29-33 (V?, HermN) ) [dam., exp.; epit.: price: dipl., fisc., kyria]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8007.10-11 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria];VI<\/strong> 8974.30-37 (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris); [marriage; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9219.19-21 (319, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 9831.13-14 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale]; XXIV<\/strong> 15969.30-36 (491-518, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17623<\/span>.16-18 (293, Herm); <\/span><\/strong>SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 10.17-20 (168, ArsN) [sale; kyria; kephal. (price): hemiolia; dam.; exp.; horism.prostim.]; 71.17-19 (269\/70, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.]; 72.15-17 (271\/2, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 74.17-18 (after 276?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 121.32-35 (439, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]<\/strong>; 145.7 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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18. Consequences of Challenge, Non-performance of Bebaiosis<\/em> and failed Defension<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Penalty, Warranty\r\n

In BGU IV 1170.50-60, ll. 58-59 (10 BCE, Alexandria), recording the conveyance of the right of execution, the alienor is prohibited from challenging the conveyance and from allowing a third party to do so on his behalf. He is also obliged to surrender the daneion<\/em>, here probably meaning the document recording the loan, and to defend the conveyee against any challenge to his person. Should the vendor transgress any of these imperatives, he must pay the debt with interest as if it were imposed by a court verdict:<\/strong> [\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323(\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74(\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7[\u03b4\u02bc] \u1f04\u03bb(\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd) | 59<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03b4]\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb(\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f14\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b5]\u03bb(\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3(\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7(\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) [\u03b4]\u03b1\u03c0(\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c9|60<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4(\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36)\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4(\u1f70) \u03c3(\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c6\u03bd\u03bf(\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba]\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb(\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c3\u0323\u1f7a\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8(\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1) \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba(\u03b7\u03c2) (\u2018\u2026 and said Petephnouthis shall not proceed against the terms of the synchoresis, nor shall anyone else, but shall surrender the loan unobliterated and shall fend off the challenger immediately at his own expense, or else, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis<\/em> remaining valid, said Petenoutis shall pay as indemnity the principal together with interest as if resulting from a court verdict\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127.<\/span>\r\n

\r\n

19. General Penalty Clause<\/h2>\r\nPenalty Clause\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

While 1,026 documents record a penalty for breach of contract, only 242 texts feature a clause that penalizes the contracting parties for breaching any term of the contract. The clause already appears sporadically in documents from the beginning of the Ptolemaic period (Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zenon I 59133.16-17 (256 BCE, Philadelphia): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bc\u03bc]\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> \u1f43 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u0396\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323[ -ca.?- ]) (\u2018And if we commit anything in contravention of the terms of the contract, we shall pay as indemnity the [ - -\u00a0] that we having received from Zenon [ - - ]\u2019) (cf. Reekmans<\/span> (1968): 160). It first manifests systematically, however, only in the first century BCE, in parachoresis<\/em>-documents drawn up at the agoranomeia<\/em> of the Herakleopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes. The conveyor pledges to refrain from challenging the possession of the alienee in person and should also protect him from third-party challenge. The following penalty clause penalizes the conveyor for infringing upon any of these rules. Cf., e.g., BGU VIII 1738.27-32 (72 BCE,<\/span> Herakleopolis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f21 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 30<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba[\u03bf]\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03cd|31<\/sup>\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7\u0323 \u1f45\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03ba\u1ff3] | 32<\/sup> \u1f41\u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018And should we violate any of the terms recorded in the document or those recorded in this very written testimony of oath, let the parachoresis<\/em> be valid and let you and your representatives possess the right to execution for the epitima<\/em> in pursuance of the document, and may we be liable to the oath as soon as we are prosecuted\u2019)<\/strong> [cf. Scheuble-Reiter (2014):<\/span> 38].<\/p>\r\n

In the Roman period (I\u2013IV cent. CE), the penalty clause is commonly incorporated into documents recording the conveyance of land, be it by sale, hereditary disposition or diairesis<\/em>, composed at a grapheion<\/em> or an agoranomeion<\/em>. In regional terms, 15 acts of sale with the penalty clause originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos; Ptolemais Euergetis yields 14. Many of the other 20 Arsinoite documents, the exact provenance of which is uncertain, may well have been composed in that city as well. With land sales presenting the most significant category, it is easiest to report the threads of the penalty clause within that particular documentary context. In contracts that document sales of land and slaves, the purchaser has already paid the consideration and, therefore, is subject to no future obligation. The vendor, by contrast, is liable to four obligations: the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the bebaiosis<\/em>, defension, and avoidance of suit. While some contracts feature a clause dealing with the infringement of just one of these requirements (cf., penalty for thwarted bebaiosis<\/em>, thwarted defension, lawsuit, thwarted surrender, and sometimes a combination of several of these), as stated, scribes who draw up conveyance-of-land documents are inclined, perhaps for the sake of brevity, to consider their contravention en bloc<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

As already shown in the Ptolemaic texts cited above, the clause consists of a protasis<\/em>, in which the breach is reported, and an apodosis<\/em> relating to its consequences. In the protasis<\/em>, the verbs \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9, and \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71 are regularly encountered. In the apodosis<\/em>, the scribe may affirm the validity of the present act notwithstanding its violation and the resulting penalty (88 attestations) as well as the invalidity of any conflicting act. The pronouncement of invalidity, however, is generally rare\u2014recorded in just 17 documents, primarily from the Oxyrhynchite nome.<\/p>\r\nThe contract also introduces four types of financial consequences:\r\n

[1]<\/strong> Refund of the consideration: \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f75\u03bd. This element is almost exclusively Arsinoite and dates to the early Roman period (46 attestations). As part of the repayment process, the vendor must not only refund the consideration but may also be liable to the payment of hemiolia<\/em> (27) or dipl<\/em>. (10 attestations).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/strong> Compensation for ensuing damages (\u03b2\u03bb\u1f71\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 but more commonly \u03b2\u03bb\u1f71\u03b2\u03b7). This is recorded in 68 documents, expenses (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 or \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1) in 59, and taxes (\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7) in 10, virtually all originating in the city of Ptolemais Euergetis. In 38 documents, compensation for damages, expenses, or taxes is doubled.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/strong>\u00a0Fixed fines: [a]<\/strong> the \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, an amount commonly set out in the document (the payment is always of the simplex<\/em>), recorded in 122 documents and not region- or time-specific. In 18 acts of sale drawn up at the Herakleopolite agoranomeia<\/em> in the second and third centuries, the transgressor is subject \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9. See, in particular, CPR I 64.24-27 = W.Chr. 108 (227 CE, Peenamis): \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad]|25<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61[\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]|26<\/sup>\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9]\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72[\u03bd \u1f26\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3]\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1] | 27<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018and let the party who has violated the terms of the contract be subject to the epitimon<\/em> enjoined against the violators of contracts, and let nonetheless the terms of the agreement be valid\u2019). [b]<\/strong>\u00a0The \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd is recorded in documents from Augustan Alexandria; its amount has been set outside the document (\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd), probably by law. In the Byzantine period, the prostimon<\/em> becomes the default term for recording payment in kind (four texts).<\/p>\r\n[4]\u00a0<\/strong>Payment to the fisc of an amount equal to the total of the above categories; this is recorded in sixty documents.\r\n

The penalty clause recurs in other types of documents, especially wherever and whenever it is common in sales. In diaireseis<\/em> (11 cases), all former partners are exposed in a case of breach to compensation for damages, expenses, epitimon<\/em>, and payment to the fisc (Cf., e.g., P.Mich. III 186.26-29: 72 CE, Bacchias). In some labour contracts, those who are to perform the labour are ordered to remit, in addition to the above, their hitherto received salary increased by half (32 documents). This is most notably the case in wet-nurse contracts. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1058.37-42 (13 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd|38<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f43 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd | 39<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 | 40<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf | 41<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5(\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bdo\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3|42<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018If she (the owner of the wetnursing slave) transgresses any of these conditions, she is to pay the amount she took for the nursing along with a penalty of half and damages and expenses, another 500 drachmas as a fine, and the penalty prescribed by law\u2019) (transl.: Rowlandson<\/span>, Women and Society<\/em> (1998): p. 276, with some modifications).<\/p>\r\n

In loan contracts, the clause is introduced when the creditor is entrusted with a piece of property as a form of reimbursement or security, and the clause is meant to vouch for his uninterrupted disposal of this object. It is thus functionally identical to the penalty clause in contracts of sale. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy XIV 1641.10-16 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). In leases (23 documents), the penalty is directed against the lessee. Cf., e.g., P.Soter. 2.34-38 (71 CE, Theadelphia): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc7 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9) \u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 | 36<\/sup> \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323|37<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u0323\u03bf[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f21 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5|38<\/sup>\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f21 \u03c3[\u03c5\u03b3]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u0323 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03c9{\u03b9\u0323} (\u2018If the lessee violates any of these terms, let him pay as indemnity double the amount of the damages and expenses, and an epitimon<\/em> in the amount of five bronze talents and let, on these terms, Thermoutharion also warrant the lease of all taxes. The document shall be valid\u2019). In P.K\u00f6ln III 147.13-17 (30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance), instead of subjecting the lessee to a penalty, the lessor is allowed, in the case of breach of contract, to sublet (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9) the object to others (P.K\u00f6ln III 147.13-17: 30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6, \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 | 14<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3|15<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f72\u0323\u03c1\u0323 \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u03b9\u0323\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|17<\/sup>[\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3\u03c2 - ca.18 -]\u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6[\u03ac\u03bb]\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018And if I violate the terms of the contract in any manner, you will be allowed to cast me out of the lease before it comes to an end, lease it out to another, and exact from me the future deficiency in addition to the new lease on account of which [ - - ] within five business days, of the day on which you gave me notice [...] the security without delay\u2019). (Cf. also metamisthosis<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n

The penalty clause is commonly introduced into contracts from Augustan Alexandria. In Alexandria, some documents place the transgressor in the position of an agogimos<\/em>, who is liable to detention until he pays the penalty. (Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1121.30-34: 5 BCE, Alexandria and Pringsheim (1924):<\/span> 488-499). In most cases, however, the Alexandrian scribe employs, with slight modifications, the same text as his counterparts from the chora. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1129.33-36 (13 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc7, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba(\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) | 35<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78(\u03bd) \u1f43 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb(\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf]\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2] \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf(\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5(\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0391 | 36<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u1f61[\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc(\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)] \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03cc(\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd)] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (\u2018If he violates any of these terms, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis<\/em> remaining valid, he will pay in addition to the cession-fee (prochrestikon kephalaion<\/em>) increased by a half, an additional amount of 1,000 silver drachms as epitimon<\/em> and the established prostimon<\/em> as if resulting from a court action\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Some kind of penalty clause is attested in 178 Byzantine documents. In most cases, however, the clause treats a specific type of breach; the general penalty clause discussed here is recorded in just 23. The concept of a \u2018breach\u2019, already developing in the Herakleopolite documentation of the Roman period in connection with the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, has now taken mature form in the terms \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. The \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, used to denote a fixed (\u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) fine in earlier times, is now set by the parties. In P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.28-30 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), the penalty clause is embedded in a declaration of oath. In the apodosis<\/em>, the stipulatio poenae<\/em>, the penalty clause, is restated: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f21\u0323[\u03bc]\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u0323\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf[\u03bd] \u1f45\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae[\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f13\u03be \u03b5\u1f50\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \\\u03c4\u03b1\u0323[\u03cd\u03c4]\u03b1\/ \u03c4[\u1ff7] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\\\u03c2\/ | 30<\/sup> [\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70] \u03ba\u0323[(\u03b1\u1f76)] \u03c4\u0323\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc(\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) [\u03c3\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018And to secure all that we agreed upon above, we swear a most awful oath, not to violate the terms of the contract in any respect, and that a penalty shall be imposed against the one who commits a breach, to pay as compensation for damage six solidi<\/em> of correct weight, so that the compensation will be given pursuant to interrogation to the party who abides by these terms, along with future abidance by the violator himself under the constraint of the above-written terms\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: e.g., Berger (1911): 170-173, 230; Pr\u00e9aux (1939): 405-409; Lewis (1945): 126-139; Herrmann (1957\/8): 128-129, 131, (1958) 148-149; Hennig (1967): 75-98; Rupprecht (1982b): 473; M\u00fcller (1985): 256, 284-289; Bergamasco (1995): 120-122; Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017): 93-101.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 197.29-30 (17, Dionysias) [lease]; 233.17 (161-169, ArsN) [sale; exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 350.15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; II<\/strong> 638.2.15-16 (143, ArsN) [labour; no penalty];<\/strong> 667.17-18 (222, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 709.19-20 (138-161, Kar) [sale; price; fisc.; kyria]; 896.8 (161-169, ArsN) [will]; 901.6-7 (II\/III, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; fisc.; kyria]; 987.15-17 (19 or 45, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 1051.33-35 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [marriage; dowry; horism.prostim.]; 1052.31-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1058.37-47 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1059.13-16 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.; fisc.]; 1062.24 (236, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; 1098.52-53 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1101.18 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1106.35-45 (before 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1107.19-23 (before 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1108.18-22 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1109.23-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1110.18-24 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1112.15-17 (after 4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); kyria]; 1115.27-33 (c. 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; 1116.26-30 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1117.29-43 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; agogimos; rent: hemiolia; value of withheld object; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1118.41-49 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent; prochresis; interest for default]; 1119.32-38 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.]; 1120.40-42 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent; interest for chresis; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1121.30-37 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; epit.; metamisthosis]; 1122.24-27, 30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; misthos: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1126.16-18, 26-27 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1127.22-28 (18A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit.(?); dam.; prostim.]; 1129.33-36 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit.; prostim.]; 1130.24-27 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epitimon (?); prostim.]; 1156v<\/sup>.29-36 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.16-18 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?) [lease; fisc.]; VIII<\/strong> 1736.17-19 (78A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachroesis; kyria]; 1737.18-21 (78\/77A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis]; 1738.27-31 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis; epit.; kyria]; 1739.25-29 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis; kyria; epit.]; 1740.15-16 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis]; XI<\/strong> 2041.14-17 (201, ArsN) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 2050.25 (106, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; exp. + dam.: dipl.]; 2054.17-19 (184-192, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.]; XVII<\/strong> 2696.28-34 (616, Herm) [value of the commodity]; XX<\/strong> 2843.12-14 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [kyria, enochoi]; CPGr<\/strong> I 13.22-25 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 3.10-12 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, ArsN) [enechesthai: epit.; kyria]; 11.28-30 (108, PtolEu) [dam.; exp.; epit.; kyria]; 76.26-30 (222-235, HerakN); 88 + 132.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 89.13-15 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 103.24-26 (III, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 108.9 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 123.6 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 124.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 133.1-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 135.2-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale: kyria]; 138.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 139.4-5 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 141.9-10 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 142.5-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 143.4-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 144.5-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 150.3 ? (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 151.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 152.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 175.24-27 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; horism.epit.]; 179.18-21 (I\/II, PtolEu?) [sale; price: hemiolia]; 187.14-15 (145, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 198.15-18 (138, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 203.6-7 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 204.11-13 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; fisc.]; 206a (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolion; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc., kyria]; 210.6 (II, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 213.4 (II, ArsN) [sale; taxes + exp.: dipl.]; 214.4-5 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; fisc.; kyria]; 220.8-11 (I, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 222.16-18 (142\/3 or 152\/3, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 226.1-2 (IV\/V, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; VI<\/strong> 73.28-31 (222-235, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 53.11-13 (10\/1, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 55.10-12 ? (117-138, SokN?) [sale; epit.?]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.7-10 (83-96, Alex) [lease?; dipl.; dam.; exp.; epit.]; P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 22.1-4, 12 (126, Alex) [labour; wages: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.], [loan; epit.]; IV<\/strong> 86.22-33, 33-39 (99, Hibeh) [labour; wages; tropheia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.6-7 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 49.5 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [parachoresis; kyria]; 75.10-13 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [exp.*: dipl.]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> 68.5-7 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [sale (parachoresis); price: hemiolia; fisc.; kyria]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.24-27 (126, ArsN) [labour; salary: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 97.20-21 ? (II, UP) [loan; kyria]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 80.13-16 (296, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; 81.25-28 (297, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.80-83 (551, Constantinople) [noncompliance];<\/span> II<\/strong> 67158.28-30 (568, Antin) [labour; prostimon; kyria]; 67159.38-41 (568, Antin) [labour; pecuniary penalty]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.16-17 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour]; P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 244.1-3 (VI, ArsPol) [sale?: dipl.; kyria]; X<\/strong> 281.18-22 (287, Phil) [compensation \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 4.13-17 (111A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [labour]; P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 38GH.8 (42, SokN) [diairesis; epit.]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.11-13 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [account of specific duties]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 91.27-38 (99, Euh) [loan; arrhabon: dipl.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 51.1-6 l. 6 (138-161, ArsN) [labour]; III<\/strong> 310.11-12 (425-450, HermN) [dam.; exp.]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.7-11 (I OxN?) [kyria]; 39.9-11 (244-249, Ox) [ed.: \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u0323[\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]10<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b5\u0323\u1f50\u0323[\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9;]; 44.20-22 (44, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.10 (145\/6, UP) [sale; dam.; exp.; epit. hosidchre.; price: dipl.?]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.31-36 (565-579, Aphr) [ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u2039\u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2\u203a \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 |35<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 | 36<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u0323\u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u03c2;]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 186.27-30 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; prostimon and parabasis; kyria]; P.Gen. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.13-15 (IImA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN) [praxis, enochos]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.16-19 (320, Oasis Magna) [partnership; compensation for lost objects]; P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I 56.25 (VI, HermN) [lease]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.14-15 (209, PtolEu) [kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 63.4-5 (125\/6, Thebes?) [sale; stipulatio poenae]; III<\/strong> 217.13-14 (If<\/sup>, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 25.17-20 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [sale; epit., \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17-18 (133, Pim[ ]) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; 147.7-13, 13-17 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-15, UP) [lease; dam.; debt \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: hemiolia; epit.?; hosidchre.; fisc.; kyria, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9*]; 155.11-12 (VI, UP) [sale; parabasia; stipulatio poenae?]; SB<\/span> XXXVIII<\/strong> 17080.24-25 (69-79, ArsN) [sale; epit.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 293.22-25 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; V<\/strong> 1698.8-10 (VI, Aphr) [lease; kyria]; P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 109.12-14 (123\/4 or 136\/7, ArsN ?) [sale; price; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 3.25-30 (139?, UP) [marriage; capital: hemiolia]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.16-21 (II, OxN) [loan; akyr.; capital: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.; interest for default]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.26-29 (72, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 187.26-30 (75, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; V 276.11-14 (47, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; interest; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 287.13-14 (I, Teb) [sale; epit.; fisc.]; 323.21-27 (47, Teb) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit., fisc.; kyria]; IX<\/strong> 558 (103-111, Kar) [diairesis]; X<\/strong> 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [with bebaiosis and surrender; sale; akyr.; dam.; price: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 584.30-32 (84, Bac) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XI<\/strong> 604.25-26 (223, Ox) [labour]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 41.52- (539-554, Aphr); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49 2-5 l. 5 (I, ArsN) [labour]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.19-21 (108, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; II<\/strong> 99.16-17 (119, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 143.20-22 (170\/1, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Monts.Roca.<\/span><\/strong> 78.20-25 (49-54, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 11.56-59 (586, Sy) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2: price: dipl.; akyr.]; III<\/strong> 84.21-28 (211, ArsN) [sale; price]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.12-14 (68, OxN) [akyr., dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.23-25 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.*, fisc*]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 95.34-36 (129, Ox) [sale]; II<\/strong> 270.42-49 (94, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 504.28-32 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 634.10 (126, Ox) [will]; 646.12-13 (117-126?, Ox); IV<\/strong> 725 (183, Ox) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 794.7-13 (85\/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIV<\/strong> 1641.10-13 (68, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolion; interest for default; fisc.]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.26-28 (170, Ox) [loan; akyr., dam. + taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.48-50 (264, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; XLI<\/strong> 2977.45-49 (239\/40, Ox) [apprenticeship: epit.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3095.30-33 (217\/8, Ox) [labour; epit.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3092.11-14 (217, Ox) [partnership; pecuniary compensation; fisc.; kyria]; XLVI<\/strong> 3267.48-50 (37-41, Ox) [lease; no penalty]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.14-16, 24-26 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; LXXIV<\/strong> 5014.26 (III, Ibion Ammoniou) [labour]; LXXIX<\/strong> 5209.15-21 (267, Ox) [labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 160.9-10 (VIm<\/sup>, Herm) [lease; prostimon]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 131.2 (c. 630-645, ArsN) [lease]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.25-29 (26, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.15-17 (343 or 358, ArsN) [marriage; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 159.27-32 (31\/2, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 162.30-33 (159, SokN) [price: dipl.; exp.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 63.1-3 (302\/3, Thead) [loan]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.34-37 (71, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.b21-c28 (211, PtolEu) [sale]; IV<\/strong> 266.9-14 (c. 100, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; V<\/strong> 331.19-20 (98-117, UP) [sale; fisc.]; 341.28-31 (85, SokN) [labour; epit., fisc.]; 370.19-20? (175-180, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; VI<\/strong> 583.17-19 (115\/6, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.]; VII<\/strong> 670.3-4 (III, Alex) [sale; dam.; exp.]; 678.13-17 (568\/9, Herm) [labour; ed.: \u03bb\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03bc]\u03bf[\u03c5];]; IX<\/strong> 861.10 (I, UP) [sale]; 886.2-3 (100, SokN) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 383.39-42 (46, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III.1<\/strong> 815.dr<\/sup>.1.46-55, ll. 52-53 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; rent; per aroura fine]; 815.er<\/sup>.10-27, l. 26 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 9.17-19 (33, Teb) [epit.]; 10.14 (IIe<\/sup>, Teb) [sale; epit.]; 12.26-27 (101, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; kyria];<\/span><\/strong> P.Tor.Choach.<\/span><\/strong> 2.11-13, 30-33 (118A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.51-56 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [lease]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.17-20 (143, SokN) [sale; price + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.17-19 (98, Kar) [lease; epit.; fisc.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.11-12 (87, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.13-22 (18, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 897.2.82-85 (93, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; X<\/strong> 1118.22-25 (25\/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIII<\/strong> 1341.17-18 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; ed.: \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8[\u03b5\u03bb]\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u02bc \u1f10\u03be \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 | \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1f75\u03bd;]; XV<\/strong> 1546.1-27, ll. 19-20? (222, HerakN) [sale; epit.; kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4414.17-18 (143, Kar) [cession; epit., fisc.]; 4661.13-15 ? (VI\/VII, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 4777.5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale]; 4847 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [lease; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5]; 5244.10-12 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [loan]; 5679.11-14? (307, Oasis Magna); VI<\/strong> 8987.35-39 (644\/5, Ox) [sale; price; exp.]; 9109.7-9 (31, Teb) [akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 9618.19-21 [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 9906.23-26 (193\/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; X<\/strong> 10571.20-22 (194, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XII<\/strong> 11229.12-14 (161-168 or 177-179, Ox) [sale]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.35-36 (44, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 11703.3-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 11933.36-41 (27A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [lease]; 12056.13? (III, UP) [sale; price: hemiolia]; XVI<\/strong> 12957.18-20 (103-114, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 13041.8-10 (I\/II, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13042.16-20 (29, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13072.19-22 (155, SokN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13154.2-4 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [loan; daneion: hemiolia; interest for default]; 13305.32-34 (271, Kar) [apprenticeship; epit.]; 13764.24-28 (148-161, ArsN) [sale; epit.; capital: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 13961.1-3 (630-645, ArsN) [labour; ed.: [\u1f04\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7]\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9;]; XX<\/strong> 14336.5-11 (91\/92 or 107\/8, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 14997.9-12 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.14-16 (222-235, Kar) [sale; parachoretikon: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.*: dipl.]; 15472.18-19 (134, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 15538.10-11 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; salary: hemiolia; epit.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16002.18-20 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 16320.15-16 (293-304, Kellis) [epit.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16904.16-19 (90, SokN) [with bebaiosis, sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 1.20-21 (83\/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 47.19-21 (238, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 50.20-21 (168-169, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII<\/strong> 69.14-17 (VI\/VII, UP) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

In documents that record the alienation of immovables and slaves, the vendor is obligated to defend the purchaser\u2019s title and refrain from challenging it himself\/herself. In the Ptolemaic katagraphai<\/em>, the name of the \u2018propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em>\u2019, who is the vendor himself, appears at the end of the document, but his function is not elaborated on in the clause. In contemporary lease contracts and in sale and lease contracts from the Roman and Byzantine periods, the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is routinely attested, with the persons or claims from which the vendor should defend the purchaser appearing in the genitive and introduced by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79. In the case of land conveyances, the list of claims is highly detailed, documenting an array of private claims and assorted routine tasks. As such, it is comparable to the list that appears in the tax clauses. Another clause, the basilikon kolyma<\/em>, relates to special circumstances that relieve the alienator of the bebaiosis<\/em> requirement. A second means of granting warranty is the surrender clause, which records the surrender of the object by the alienator to the alienee with an array of adjectives expressing its unencumbered state. The surrender clause also specifies persons and claims against whom the bebaiosis<\/em> should be directed; thus, it is equifunctional to the bebaiosis<\/em> clause. Yet another path to the same goal is via the defension clause, which differs from the two foregoing clauses in that it explicitly fends against all third-party challengers and reports the way defension should be undertaken. Finally, the no-lawsuit clause enjoins vendors themselves from challenging the purchaser\u2019s possession and title. The warranty clauses are detailed, developed, and attested in a large majority of land and slave sale contracts in the Roman and Byzantine periods. Accordingly, they are also followed by penalty clauses that prescribe an extensive array of punitive measures in anticipation of violation of each of the four aforementioned provisions. The penalty clause that anticipates any type of contractual breach (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f73\u03c9) evolved in the same context. For this reason, it is studied in the present section as well.<\/p>\n

\n

1. Propoletes<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The propoletes<\/em> clause recurs in katagraphai<\/em> that record land sales in Ptolemaic Egypt and is also incorporated into two slave sales from the Roman period, one from Oxyrhynchos and the other from Dura Europos. In katagraphai<\/em> from mid-Ptolemaic Pathyris and Krokodilopolis, a nominal sentence names the propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em>, who in this documentation is always the vendor. As the object of his active stance, in the genitive, are \u2018all aspects of the act of purchase\u2019 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. A relative clause, with a relative pronoun in the accusative anteceded by the vendor\u2019s name, reports in the aorist indicative the purchaser\u2019s approval of the propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> (\u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f41 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). Cf., e.g., P.Adler 9.12-13 (104 BCE,<\/span> Pathyris): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u1f09\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bd\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u0323\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u2039\u03bd\u203a\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2 | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f31) \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) (\u2018Acting as propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> is the vendor Aketephnachthes, whom Senenouphis and Sempelaias the purchasers have recognized as such\u2019). P.K\u00f6ln IV 187, from 146 BCE Herakleopolis, may exhibit a different formulation but the text is damaged: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u1ff6\u0323[\u03bd\u0323 (?) \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323] \u1f41\u0323 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 | [\u03b4]\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018\u2026acting as propoletes is the vendor, the purchaser having recognized him as such\u2019). Another version is evident in P.Dura 25.9-10 (180 CE, Dura Europos), where the compound form of \u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (here: \u2018undertake\u2019) is used introducing the duty of defension: \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03b4\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd | 10<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2] \u1f21\u0323[\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 (\u2018Lysias the vendor acts as guarantor and broker according to the law and has undertaken, if anyone should lay claim to the objects of the sale, the slave and the half share of the vineyard, that he will oppose it and establish a clear title for Heliodoros.\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 129-130). Cf. also P.Oxy. II 375.20-21 (79 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b5[\u03bf\u1fd6] (l<\/em>. \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bf\u1fd6]) [\u1f41 \u0398\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2] | \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018Theon acts as a propoletes<\/em> and bebaiotes<\/em> of the same slaves as stated above\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Partsch (1909): 340-358; Schwarz (1920): 154; Montevecchi (1939): 20-21; Pringsheim (1950): 103, 437-442; Wolff (1978): 190-191; Rupprecht (1982b):<\/span> 238 n. 21, 243-245; (1983): 620; Straus (2004): 139-140, 142-143; Vierros (2012a): 178-182.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 994.3.6-8 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 996.3.9-11 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 997.2.10-11 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 998.1.11-13 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 999.1.9-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1000.1.8-9 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); VI<\/strong> 1259.10-11 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Adler<\/span><\/strong> 1.2.7-8 (134A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 3.2.16-3.3 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 5.2.10-11 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 7.14-16 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 8.11-12 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 9.2.12-13 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 11.2.13-14 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 12.10-11 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 13.2.5-6 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 16.12-13 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 17.10-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 18.9-11 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 21.2.10-11 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path?); P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 51.2.28-29 (88A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 6.26-27 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis, Path); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.17-19 (342, Kar); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 25.9-11 (180, Dura Europos); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33r<\/sup>.1-5, ll. 4-5 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 33r<\/sup>.6-29, ll. 24-26 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 33v<\/sup>.49 (after 103A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes ?); 36.2.8-9 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); II<\/strong> 15.2.10-12 (139A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis); 23a.2.11-3.2 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 32.9-10 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 35.10-11 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 50.2.28-29 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 51.8-9 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path);<\/span> IV<\/strong> 187.25-26 (146A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Lips<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.10-11 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 2.9-10 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 676.9-10 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 678.11-13 (99\/98A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 879.3.23-25 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 881.2.27-29 (108A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 882.2.17-18 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Parva); 883.2.25-26 (88A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1204.2.23-24 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1206.2.23-24 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1207.2.23-24 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1208.2.15-17 (97A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 1209.2.16-17 (89A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.10-11 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 375.20-21 (79, Ox); 380.14-15 (79, Ox); LXIII<\/strong> 4359.7-10 (324, Ox); P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 5a 2.4-5; b 31-34 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 17.14-16 (153, Sy ?); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 581.11-12 (121A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 81.30-31 (115A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Magna); 84.28-29 (114A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 86.22-24 (111A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 87.2.16 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); 88.3.29-33 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 89.10-12 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 90.2.21-22 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1016.36-37 (129A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Magna); 1018.13-14 (107A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); 1022.18-19 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); 1024.7-8 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 1025.18-19 (104A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 428.10-12 (99A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat); III<\/strong> 6645 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XX<\/strong> 14393.10-11 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXIV<\/strong> 16315.11-13 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXVI<\/strong> 16799.3-5 (210\/9A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil ?); XXVIII<\/strong> 17265.a.2.3-9, l. 9; a.2.10-16, l. 16; a.2.17-23, ll. 22-23; a.3.1-3, l. 3; a.3.10-16, l. 16; b.1.5-10, l. 10; b.1.11-15, l. 15; b.1.16-20, l. 20; b.1.21-26, l. 26; b.2.1-6, l. 6; b.2.7-13, l. 13; c.1.1-2, l. 2; c.1.3-9, l. 9; c.1.10-14, l. 14; c.1.15-19, l. 19 (111\/10A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); XXX<\/strong> 17364.7-8 (113\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN); UPZ<\/strong> II<\/strong> 180b.32-34 (113<\/span>A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); 181.2.12-13 (105<\/span>A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis).<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

2. Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The bebaiosis<\/em> clause is recorded in 795 documents: 505 sales, 228 leases, 44 loans, six contracts of labour, three wills, and five diaireseis<\/em>. In both lease and sale documents, the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is most common in reference to real estate (285 sales, virtually all leases). In sales, it is also common in documents recording the conveyance of animals (101) and slaves (48). The corpus in question features three key formulations:<\/p>\n

[Type1]<\/strong> is an independent clause, the verb \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c9 appearing in the indicative or in indirect discourse (viz., mostly introduced by \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9) in the infinitive. The tense is largely future but occasionally present, e.g., P.Mich. III 189.17-19 (123 CE, Bacchias), and only rarely aorist, e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1641.8 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). The independent construction is already used in documents recording conveyance of species objects\u2014viz., leases, sales, and secured loans\u2014throughout the Ptolemaic period. Ptolemaic sales, however, take the form of katagraphe<\/em>, in which instead of the bebaiosis<\/em> clause the scribe simply records the identity of the \u2018bebaiotes<\/em> and propoletes<\/em>\u2019. Consequently, the Ptolemaic evidence originates primarily in leases.<\/p>\n

A group of leases from Tholthis and its surroundings already exhibits the key traits that will hallmark the bebaiosis<\/em> clause in later times: the conveyor in the nominative, the conveyed object in the accusative, and the recipient in the dative. P.Frankf. 1.40-42 (213 BCE<\/span>, Tholthis): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9 | 41<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd|42<\/sup>[\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323[\u03c2] \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf[\u1f7a\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u02bc \u1f03] \u03bc\u0323[\u03b5]\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u00b7(\u2018\u2026 and let Apollonios warrant for Neoptolemos the plot and the cultivated crops just as he has leased them out\u2019). In another document, BGU XIV 2390.26-27 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites) a second scribe then adds what will become another key feature of the bebaiosis<\/em> clause: the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc with the genitive, specifying what should be warded off by the conveyor. \u03b2\u0323\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u0323[\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72] \u0394\u03b9\u03b6\u03ac\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 27<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf\u1f7a]\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \\\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\/ \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba[\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u00b7 ( \u2018… and let Dizaolos warrant for Polyeratos and for his representatives the half of three shares of a plot, and the cultivated crops, free of any liability until the fruit has been reaped, according to the terms of the lease\u2019). In this case, the \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc construction is introduced by the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2. This adjective recurs in later times as well; see, in particular, the formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u0323\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u0323 \u03bc\u0323[\u03bf\u03b9] \u03c4\u0323[\u1f74\u03bd] | 35<\/sup> \u03bc[\u03af]\u03c3\u03b8(\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03c1(\u1f70\u03bd) \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u0323(\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018\u2026and you will warrant for me the lease also free of all public dues\u2019). (P.Mil.Vogl. VI 290.34-35: II CE, Tebtynis) and Rupprecht<\/span> (1982a): 464). At the same time, in the Roman period, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 is not indispensable; the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc may derive directly from the verb. The level of detail varies: some scribes make do with the succinct formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9]\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3[\u1fc3] \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b9 (\u2018warrant in every form of warrant\u2019) (e.g., P.Lond. III 842.19: 140 CE, Apias). They may also, however, name the person(s) who ought to perform the bebaiosis<\/em>\u2014the alienator, his family, and his\/her\/their representatives. This is the formulation used most commonly in P.Hamb. I 30.16-17 (89 CE, Philadelphia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03b3]\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03c4]\u03bf\u03c3\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1f7a\u0323[\u03c2] | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u039d\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and Tetosiris, the declaring parties, and her representatives, shall warrant for Nikarion and her representatives\u2019). The object of the bebaiosis<\/em> may be the assigned asset (\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd) or the contract (\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd). In the case of sale, multiple obligors may be termed mutual sureties (\u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2). Finally, the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc, discussed above, may be used to denote [a]<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0the claims to be warded off by the assignor [cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1983): 621-622], [b]<\/strong>\u00a0any potential challenger to the assignee\u2019s position, or [c]\u00a0<\/strong>the timeframe in relation to which the assignee\u2019s position is challenged. [ad a]<\/u><\/strong> Some scribes address public and private liabilities in general terms, e.g., \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (e.g., P.Mich. V 309.6-7: I CE, Teb?), or \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (e.g., P.Mich. V 311.22-24: 34 CE, Teb). Others stress liabilities to the state. In lease, the formulation is simple and succinct: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (e.g., P.Mil.Vogl. III 140.42-43: 176 CE, Tebtynis). In sales, on the other hand, an effort is made to elaborate on all possible taxes and liabilities. See, e.g., P.Kron. 48.15-18 (35 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 | 16<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 17<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 (free from) all public debts, from every impost, the naubia<\/em>, the artab<\/em> tax and surtaxes, the imposts of the village and all other claims\u2019). Some scribes focus on private liabilities: cf., e.g., CPR XV 2.6 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03ac\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 from all types of all instruments and all agreements and every type of liability\u2019) [an exhaustive list in Rupprecht (1982a): 465-467 with further literature]. [ad b]<\/u><\/strong> The preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc with the genitive is first used to denote a potential challenger in the sale document SPP XXII 22.17-19 (142 CE, Philopator and Theogenous) and even earlier in the lease contract P.Mil.Vogl. II 78.19-20 (138 CE, Tebtynis): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad|20<\/sup>[\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5] (\u2018warrant him from everyone intending to make a seizure\u2019). It then becomes widespread in the late second and third centuries, commonly used exclusively, viz., not accompanied by types [a] or [c]. As is frequently the case elsewhere, it acquires its most comprehensive form in Byzantine documentation: T.Varie 2.7-8 (VII CE?, Unknown Provenance): \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u2039\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u203a \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3) \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f7c\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2) | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22] \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u2039\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u203a \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (l.<\/em> \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018… we warranting the sale with every form of warranty against anyone who has proceeds or will proceed against you, both our children, heirs, and inheritors of these objects\u2019). [ad c]<\/u><\/strong> The preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc is employed to delineate the time frame in two distinct usages. The first [1]<\/strong> is associated with past liabilities, cf., P.Ryl. II 162.20-22 (159 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 21<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1[\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7]\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 | 22<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4[\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f14\u03bc\u03c0]\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u03c3|23<\/sup>\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd ( \u2018\u2026 the acknowledging party will guarantee the objects of this sale in perpetuity with every guarantee against all past charges public and private\u2019) and in a alternative formulation conveying the same notion: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (cf., e.g., P.Mich. V 322.12 (47\/8 CE, Tebtynis). The second [2]<\/strong> pertains to the exclusion of future lawsuit, e.g., CPR I 4.15-17 (52 CE, Herakleia): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 16<\/sup> \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u2039\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u203a \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f08\u03c1|17<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0{\u03c0}\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and the acknowledging parties, they and all their offspring, will warrant for Arteriors in all forms of warranty, from now to all time, as stated above, in perpetuity\u2019).<\/p>\n

[Type2]<\/strong> In the genitive absolute [Cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1982a): 476, (1983) 623], only in sales from the Roman period and primarily from the Hermopolite nome, the formulation \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u1fc3 (\u2018… the warranty in every respect being incumbent on me, the seller\u2019) is encountered. The construction \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 is restored in a petition from Augustan Alexandria: BGU III 1001.12 (30 BCE-14 CE). It is securely attested in the petition P.Mich. V 232.26-27 from 36 CE Tebtynis and in a quitclaim contract composed two years earlier\u2014P.Mich. V 266.16-17\u2014that rules out the bebaiosis<\/em>. In the following Arsinoite evidence, the formulation is used to record a preexisting bebaiosis<\/em> (P.Mich. V 326.59-60 (48 CE, Arsinoites): \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 60<\/sup> \u039b\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and the four persons aforesaid, Maron and Herodes and Didymos and Herakleides, also called Lourios, shall not in any way incur any loss with respect to the guarantee devolving upon Herakleides the elder\u2019). In the second half of the first century, the construction is acculturated into the scheme of the sale contact\u2014cf. P.Oxy. I 83.20.19-21 (83 CE, Oxyrhynchos)\u2014and then recurs sporadically throughout Egypt, from Prosopites to Panopolis. The evidence, however, accumulates especially in documentation from Kellis and the Hermopolite nome, where it is still incorporated in SB XVIII 13173.67-70, a slave sale from 629 or 644 CE).<\/p>\n

[Type3]<\/strong> In the genitive absolute, primarily in leases of the Roman period and largely from the Oxyrhynchite nome, the formulation \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 on the lease being guaranteed\u2019), later also \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 [Cf. Rupprecht<\/span> (1982b): 474-476, (1983): 624]. B\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 is used in six Ptolemaic documents from the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. In the Roman period, on the other hand, it becomes standard in the Oxyrhynchites. Initially, it is added to the independent bebaiosis<\/em> clause, as in P.Oxy. II 277.11-12 (19 BCE, Oxyrhynchos): [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1]\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u0394\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9 [\u03b2]\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9[\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9], [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5]\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and let Dionysios warrant the lease with every form of warranty. As long as the lease is subject to warranty \u2026.\u2019). The earliest Oxyrhynchite evidence of the independent use of the genitive absolute is P.Oxy. VIII 1124.8.1-10 (26 CE, Oxyrhynchos). Oxyrhynchite evidence abounds in ensuing centuries; the latest attestation is P.Oxy. XIV 1695.25 of 360 CE Oxyrhynchos.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-41; Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 82-90 [lease]; 188; Partsch (1909): 344-358; Mitteis (1912): 188; Schwarz (1920): 171-178; Woe\u00df (1924): 278-289; Wolff (1946): 63-65; Pringsheim (1950): 356-370, 441-444; Taubenschlag (1955): 325-326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160; Rupprecht (1982a): 464-477; (1982b): 243-244; (1983): 618-624; M\u00fcller (1985): 227-236; Straus (2004): 142-145.<\/span><\/p>\n

Structure of the entries: [contract; type of clause; type of apo: type of liability]<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 71.18-19 (189, Kar) [sale; 1]; 87.16-18 (144, SokN) [sale; 1]; 94.11-12 (289, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.]; 100.9 (159, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.23-25 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 177.11-13 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 193.16-18 (136, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 227.18-20 (151, ArsN) [lease; 1; d.p., d.eid.]; 228.8-9 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 233.9-12 ? (161-169, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., p.art.naub., d.tel.; opheilem.; c] ; 282.38-39 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 350.8-12 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; 1; a: p.d.idiot., laog., empoi.]; II<\/strong> 427.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1]; 446.18 (169-177, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 453.12-14 (154, SokN) [sale; 1]; 468.15-18 (150, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: p.d.]; 469.10 (156-160, UP) [sale; 1]; 526.22-23 (86, SokN) [lease; 1]; 542.15-16 (165, Athenas Kome) [sale; 2]; 584.6-7 (44, UP) [sale; 1]; 666.18 (177, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.tel., p.eid.]; 667.11-12 (222, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.: laog., idiot., p.empoi.] ; III<\/strong> 709.13-14 (138-161, Kar) [sale; 1]; 806.8 (1, UP) [sale; 1]; 825.9-11 (190\/1, ArsN) [sale; 2; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 859.11-13 (161-163, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 883.8-10 (II, Kar) [sale; 1; a: art.naub.arith., p.eid.; c]; 887.4-5,11,15-17,19-20 (<\/strong>151, Side) [sale; 1; \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; 901.1-3 ? (II\/III, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi.]; 906.19-21 (34\/5, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.; c]; 910.1.8-10 (70, SokN) [sale; 1]; 912.31 (33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 913.11-12 (206, Myra) [sale; 2 (\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2)]; 917.18-19 (348, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: idiot., zet.] ; 937.18-19 (250, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 986.17 (117-138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 987.7-9 (19\/45, ArsN) [sale; 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 1002.13 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [sale; 1; a]; IV<\/strong> 1048.11-14 (100\/1 or 110\/1, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel., epib.-kom., katakr.]; 1049.13-15 (342, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 1059.12-13 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [sale; 1];1118.50-51 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1119.46-50 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1120.46-48 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; 1]; 1130.19-24 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; 2]; VI<\/strong> 1262.21 (216\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1264.26-27 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1266.32-35 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1267.17-21 (before 266\/5A<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0or 228\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1]; 1270.22-23 (191A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 1271.2 (180A<\/sup><\/span>-145A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil\/Thead) [lease; 3]; VII<\/strong> 1643.11-13 (II, Phil) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.12 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 1732.10-12 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; 1]; 1735.18-19 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; 1]; X<\/strong> 1943.16-17 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1944.15-16 (214\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1948.f (213\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholthis) [lease; 1]; 1949.6-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 1950.5-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1]; XI<\/strong> 2049.14-15 (II, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 2050.19 (106, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2052.8-9 (II, Herakleia?) [sale; 1]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [sale]; 2055.15-16 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; 1]; 2095.24-25 (83, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 2112.4-5 (Im<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 2335.9-11 (42\/3, UP) [sale; 1]; 2340.16-17 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [lease; 3]; 2341.10 (II, Kar) [lease; 1]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.13-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2384.14-16 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2388.22-23 (191A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [lease; 1]; 2389.28-29 (scr.ext.) (72A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [lease; 1]; 2390.25-29 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [lease; 1] [3]; 2395.26-29 (221A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [loan; 1]; XV<\/strong> 2477.2-3 (I, Ars) [sale; 1]; 2478.8-9 (90-96, Kar) [sale; 1]; 2482.6-9 (191, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 2698.20-21 (VII, Herm) [sale; 1]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.14 (309\/10, Herm) [sale; 2]; 2831.15-16 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; 3]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 2.5-10 (II\/III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 3.10 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 4.15-18 (52, Herakleia) [sale; 1; c]; 63.21 (223-235, HerakN) [sale] ?; 64.24-27 (227, Peenamis) [sale; 1]; 89.12-13 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 103.23 (III, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 113.10 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 122.7-15? (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 123.5 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 133.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 137.5-6 (c. 200, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 138.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; 1]; 140.1 (c. after 221, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 141.8-9 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 142.4-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 144.4-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 146.2-3 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 153.7-9 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 158.5-6 (193-211, ArsN) [sale]; 162.15-17 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 175.18 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 179.13? (I\/II, PtolEu?) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d.]; 187.8-11 (145, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 198.8-11 (138, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 203.5 (III, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 204.7? (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 206a.10-12 (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.d., idiot.chreo., laog.]; 206b.10-12 (138-161, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: opeilema.d.idiot., laog.]; 207.26- (II, ArsN); 211.1 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 216.1-2 (I\/II, SokN) [sale; 1]; VI<\/strong> 2.22-24 (144, Kerkesoucha) [sale; 1]; 73.28 (222-235, HerakN) [sale; 1]; VII<\/strong> 14.15-16 (305, Herm) [sale; 2]; 36.10-12 (331, Herm) [sale; 1; b]; 48.8-9 (V, HerakN) [sale; 2; a: analom., zemiom. (future)]; VIII<\/strong> 18.9-11 (III, Ox) [sale; 1]; XV<\/strong> 1.15-16 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synal.p., p.eid.]; 2.6 (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 47.4-5 (46\/7, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIIa<\/strong> 5a.8-10 (316, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.log.idiot.polit.; b]; 17a.8 (321?, Herm) [sale; 2]; XVIIb<\/strong> 3.17-27, l. 23 (184, Panop) [loan; 1]; 6.11 (184\/5, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 18.15-31, ll. 26-27 (217\/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 36.8 (217\/8, Panop) [loan; 1]; 39.8 (217\/8 , Panop) [sale; 1]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 60.15-18 (346, Dionysias) [sale; 1; b]; 64.22-26 (337-350, Alex or Phil) [sale; 1]; P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 95.9-10 (109, Herm) [sale; 2]; 96.8 (213, Herm) [sale; 2]; 102.15-16 (180, PtolEu) [sale; 2]; P.Amst.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 1.41-44, ll. 33-34 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 19.16 (153, ArsN) [lease]; 25.13-14 (61, Kar) [sale; 1]; 27.20-22 (150, Kar) [sale; 1]; P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 19a.9-10 (110, HermN) [sale; 1]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 47.26-30 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme) [sale; 2]; P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 5.8 (III, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 7.19-20 (117-138, ArsN) [loan; 1]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.17-19 (136, Bac) [sale; 1]; 16.11-12 (346\/7, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Berl.Leihg.<\/span><\/strong> I 20.16-17 (149, OxN) [lease; 3]; 21.9-11 (309, KynopN) [sale; 2]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 52.1-6 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN)<\/span> [sale; 1]; 60.10 (46, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 61.10-11 (56, Teb) [sale; 1]; 75.4-5 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [sale; 1]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> I 44.5-7 (310, UP) [sale; 2]; 45.19-21 (c. 610, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; P.Brem.<\/span><\/strong> 68.9-10 (99, Herm ?) [loan; 2]; P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 7.16-18 (152, SokN) [sale; 1]; 97.15 (II, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Cair.Goodsp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.10-11 (341, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 83.9-13 (IIIs<\/sup>, UP) [sale; 2]; 86.6-7 (309, Kar) [sale; 2]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.30-45, 58-64 (571\/2, Aphr) [sale, ed.: \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 67098.28-30 (540-565, Aphr?) [sale; 1; b]; II<\/strong> 67169.53-54 (569, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.10-11 (342, Kar) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 219.14-16 (140, Alex) [sale; 1]; 222.31, 2.59-63 (160\/1, Upper Egypt) [sale; \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6]; 232.17 (III, Ox) [lease; 3]; 254.7-13 (129, Ox?) [sale; 3]; 263.12-15 (178, Memphites) [sale; 1; b]; 264.13-15 (178, Pitos) [sale; 1; b]; X<\/strong> 273r<\/sup>.9 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 284.17 (311, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Coles<\/span><\/strong> 27.15 (IVb<\/sup>, UP) [antikatallage]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.16-20 (44, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.sitik.argyr., epigr.p., p.eid.] ; II<\/strong> 68.26 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 70.21-22 (272\/3 or 279\/89, Ox) [lease; 3]; 71.30-31 (281, Panop) [sale; 1; b]; 75.8-9 (III, Herm) [sale; 2]; 80.19-20 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; 83.16-17 (353, Ox) [will; 2]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 13.19-22 (311, Ox) [sale; 2]; P.Daris<\/span><\/strong> 27.16 (363, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 8GH.6-7 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13GH.5-6 (23, SokN) [1]; 14GH.5 (29, SokN) [1]; 16GH.4-5, 11 (34?, SokN) [1]; 21GH.4-5 (45, SokN) [1]; 27GH.8-9 (54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 28GH.8 (55, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35GH.3-4 (41, SokN) [sale; 1]; 37 GH.7 (20\/1, SokN) [diairesis; 1]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.13-14 (138-161, Phil) [sale; 1]; 28.8-9 (223, Phil?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Duk. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.8-11 (518-527?, UP) [gift; 1; b]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.22-25 (227, Sachare) [sale, unique]; 27. a,b (225-240, Dura Europos) [sale; unique]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 63.2 (III, UP) [loan; 1]; 72.2 (IV, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 3.18-24 (92 , PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p.sitik.arg., katakr., p.eid.; c]; 5.16-17 (98, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 23.13-14 (123, Teb) [sale; 1]; 27.17-18 (132, Teb) [labour; 2]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 92.19 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.8 (153, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; 20.29-30 (127, Thead) [lease; 1]; 22.22-23 (177, PtolEu) [sale; 1; b]; 25.10-15 l. 13 (IIIm<\/sup>?, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 29.1-2 (IV, HermN?) [sale; 2]; 40.7-16, ll. 12-14 (162\/3?, HermN) [sale; 2]; 47a.13-14 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; 1 (part.)]; 51.10-14, l. 14 (138-161, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 81.15 (103, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; III<\/strong> 380.6,17-18 (203\/4, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 40.22-25 (35, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.teles.p.; p.eid.]; 43.38-39 (189\/90, Phoboou) [lease; 3]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 1.40-42 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 2.29-34 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8.19 (144, UP) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 34.32 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [3]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.7?-8? (145\/6, UP) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., opheile.p.d.idiot., eid.p.]; 20.4-8 (III, UP) [sale; 1]; P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.14-15 (137, SokN) [sale; 1]; 30.13-15 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 35.10 (161, ArsN?) [sale; 1; b]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.17-18 (345, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 39.4-5 (205A<\/sup><\/span>\/180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [sale; 1; a: syng., synal.]; 49.19-20 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Grenf.<\/span> I<\/strong> 60.34-35 (582?, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; II<\/strong> 46.16 (137, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 74.15-17 (302, Kysis) [sale; 1]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.10-11 (209, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 28.7-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [loan; 1]; 30.16-19 (89, Phil) [loan; 1]; 38.11-13 (182, LetopN) [sale; 1; b]; 64.26-27 (103, Euh) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 97.12-13 (104\/5, Phil) [sale]; III<\/strong> 217.12-13 (If<\/sup>, Ox ?) [sale]; 218.5-7 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; 2]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 80.30-31 (249, OxN) [lease; 3]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.17-18 (VI, UP) [sale; 1; b: epileus.antipoi.]; P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 90.17-18 (222A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.2-4 (148\/9?, ArsN) [loan; 1; a: p.opheilem.] ; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 35.8-11 (181\/213, Phil) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 54.13-14 (II, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 1.27-29 (27, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 22.23-25 (113, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 33.17? (163\/4, ArsN) [sale]; III<\/strong> 31.28 (73\/4, Teb) [1]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.9 (298\/9, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.11-13 (331, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 8.9-10 (362, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 30.19-20 (363, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 34.9-10,14-15 (315, Kellis) [sale; 2]; 35.11-14? (IV, Kellis) [sale; 1]; 36.2-3,6-7 (308, Kellis) [sale; 1] [2]; 38a.14-16 (333, Kellis) [2]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 149.23-24 (after 212, OxN) [lease; 3]; 150.9-10 (226\/242, OxN) [lease; 3]; 155.10-11 (VI, UP) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 193.5-6 (V\/VI, Antin ?) [sale; 1; b]; V<\/strong> 232.13-14 (330\/338, Terenythis) [sale; 2]; VI<\/strong> 275.1-4? (104\/3a<\/sup><\/span> or 101\/100A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: basil.idiot.opheilem.]; P.Kron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.21-23 (116, Teb) [lease; 1]; 19a.17 (145, Teb) [lease; 1]; 20.22-26 (146, Teb) [lease; 1]; 34.33-34 (135, Teb) [lease; 1]; 48.12-23 (35, Teb) [sale; 1; d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., pleon., epib.-kom., all.p.apait.]; P.Laur.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 165.10-11 (305, Ox) [3]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.12-13 (256, Herm) [sale; 2]; 4.18-20 (293, Herm) [sale; 2]; 6.2.14 (306, Herm) [sale; 2]; 10.1.5-2.11, ll. 2.1-2 (178, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 140.14-17 (69-79, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.teles.p., idiot.p.empoi.]; 154.11-13 (68, Kar) [sale; 1]; 168.13-14 (162, Psenharpsenesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 229.7-10 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [sale; stipulatio]; 262.6- (11, SokN) [sale; 1]; 282.18-20 (69, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 303.24 (142, Herakleia) [sale; 1]; 320.19 (157\/8, SokN) [sale; 1]; 333.28 (166, SokN) [sale; 1]; 339.12-14 (179, UP) [sale; 1]; 438.16 (134\/5, Kar) [lease; 1]; 466.19 (143, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 842.19 (140, Apias) [lease; 1]; 870.14-16 (IV, Panop) [loan; 1; b]; 909a.9-11 (136, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 977.34-37 (330, Antin) [sale; 1]; 1132b.10 (142, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1164c.22-26 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164e.15-17 (212, Antin) [sale; 2]; 1164f.24-29 ? (212, Antin) [sale; 2 (unique)]; 1168.8 (44, Herm) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot.]; V<\/strong> 1686.36-39 (565, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 1724.46-51 (578, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 1734.5-6 (578-582, Sy) [sale; 1; b];\u00a0P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 9.33 (47\/8, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 10.12 (Il<\/sup>?, SokN) [sale; 1]; 11.17-19 (26-33, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13.14-17 (29, SokN) [sale; 1]; 14.16-17 (44, SokN) [sale; 1]; II<\/strong> 109.5-9 (123\/4 or 136\/7, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 10.25-26 (21, Phil) [lease; 1; a: d]; 17.32-33 (158, Oasitou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; 19.9 (173, Ox) [sale; 1]; II<\/strong> 68.33-34 (136, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 76.15-16 (181, Ox) [lease; 1 (GA)]; III<\/strong> 120.2-3 (I\/II, ArsN?) [sale; 1]; P.Meyer<\/span><\/strong> 12.28-29 (115, Thead) [lease; 1]; 13.16-17 (141, Apias) [sale; 1]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.9 (42, Teb) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 188.12-16 (120, Bac) [loan; 1]; 189.17-19 (123, Bac) [loan; 1]; V<\/strong> 241 1-14, ll. 6-7 (46, Teb) [sale; 1]; 249.4 (18, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 250.5-6 (18, Teb) [sale; 1]; 251.14-15, 35-36 (19, Talithis) [sale; 1]; 252.5-7 (25\/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.epigr., artab., naub., arith., all.p.eid., idiot.p.empoi]; 253.10-12 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p.eid.]; 254.4-7 (29\/30, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epigr.p., p.eid., idiot.empoi.]; 256.5-9 (29\/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p; epigr.; naub., artab., time-g., all.p.apait.; idiot.empoi.]; 257.8-9 (30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid.]; 258.8-13 (32\/3 or 33\/4, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p., idiot., p.eid. (past); idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 259.14-18 (33, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 262.20-25 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p., artab., naub., arith., time-g., epib.-kom., pleon., epig.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 263.15-22 (35\/6, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 264.11-14 (37, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi. \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 267.9-13 (41\/2, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., pleon., time-g., epib., prostim., all.p.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 269.3-4,9-10, 19-20 (42, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 272.6-9 (45\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., apom., eparour., geom., naub., all.apait., idiot.empoi.]; 273.6-9 (46, ArsN) [sale; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., naub., artab., arith., time-g., prostim., all.p.apait., idioit.empoi.]; 274.9-13 (46\/7 or 47\/8, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 276.7-8 (47, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 277.4-6 (48, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 278.5-6 (c. 30, ArsN) [sale: 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5]; 280.5-6 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 281.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6]; 282.6-7 (I, Teb) [sale; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 290.11-12 (37?, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 291.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 293.6 (Ie<\/sup>, Teb\/Theog) [sale; 1]; 294.7-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: idiot., p.empoi.]; 296.6 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 297.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; b]; 298.12-14 (I, ArsN) [sale]; 299.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., idiot.]; 300.9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 301.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1]; 304.8-10 (42, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 305.13-15 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 306.12-13 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.p.eid.]; 307.7-8 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 308.5 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.eid.]; 309.6-7 (I, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 310.16-17 (26\/7, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: d.idiot.p.]; 311.22-24 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 312.43-44 (34, Talei) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 326.58-62 (48, Teb) [2; unique]; 328.1.5-6 (29\/30, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 332.11-15 (47\/8, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 335.1.8-10 (c. 56, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; VI<\/strong> 428.6-7 (154, Kar) [sale; 1]; IX<\/strong> 550.17-20 (99, Kar) [sale; 1]; 551.22 (103, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 552.12 (131, Kar) [sale; 1]; 553.2-3 (284, Kar) [sale; 2]; 563.21-22 (128\/9, Kar) [lease; 1; a: d.opheilem., p.eid.]; 564.15-17 (150, Kar) [lease; unique]; 570.14 (105\/6, Kar) [loan; 1]; X<\/strong> 583.13-15 (78, Bac) [sale; 1]; 585.13-20 (87, Bac) [loan; 1]; 586.17-18 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 3]; XI<\/strong> 605.10-13 (117, Bac) [loan; 1]; 610.24-27 (282, Ox) [lease; 3]; XII<\/strong> 633.29-31 (c. 30, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 634.21-23 (25\/6, Teb) [lease; 3]; 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [loan; 1]; 636.12-13 (302, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 663.20-23 (VI, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 664.31-32 (585\/6 or 600\/1, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; XV<\/strong> 707.13-15 (185, Ox?) [sale; 1]; XVIII<\/strong> 788.26 (173, Ox) [lease; 3]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.44-45 (544\/559, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 41.50-51 (539-554, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 45.59-60 (540, Aphr) [sale; 1]; 52G.22-24 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 55.13-14 (307, Ox) [3]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.14-15 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teloum.d.sitik.arg., a.tel.p. (past); idiot., p.empoi.]; II<\/strong> 78.18-20 (138\/9, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; 104.34-36 (127, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 105.25-28 (132\/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.];106.32-34 (134, Teb) [1; a: d.p.]; 107.16-18 (153\/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; III<\/strong> 140.41-42 (176, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 186.9-11 (99, Teb) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 220.29-30 (132\/3, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 238.31-32 (143\/4, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 239.15-16 (156, Teb) [lease; 1]; 241.17-18 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; VI<\/strong> 267.30-32 (125\/6, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 270.11-12 (129, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 290.34-35 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 291.27-29 (II, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 77.9-10, 31-33 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [1]; 78.16-18 (49-54, Ox) [1]; 79.16-18 (37-69, SokN) [1]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.43 (581, Sy) [sale; 1]; 9.70-71 (585, Sy) [sale]; 11.43-44 (586, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 12.34-35 (590\/1, Sy) [sale; 1; b]; 13.37-40 (594 Sy) [sale; 1; b]; III<\/strong> 84.14-15 (211, ArsN) [sale; 1]; P.Narm.<\/span>2006<\/strong> 6.8-9 (106\/7, Thead?) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epigr.p., p.eid.; idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 29.18-21 (III\/IV, HerakN) [sale; 1]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 13.13-19 (198, OxN) [sale] (sui generis); P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 138.10-11 (323, Ox) [3]; P.Oxf.<\/span><\/strong> 11.13-15 (149, Hiera Nesos) [loan; 1]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 94.19-21 (83, Ox) [sale; 2]; 95.30-34 (129, Ox) [sale; 2]; 99.9-10 (55, Ox) [sale; 1]; 100.13-15 (133, Ox) [sale; 1]; 101.25-26 (142, Ox) [lease; 3]; 102.18 (306, Ox) [lease; 3]; 103.16 (316, Ox) [lease; 3]; II<\/strong> 263.15-16 (77, Ox) [sale; 1]; 264.10-12 (54, Ox) [sale; 1]; 277.12 ? (19A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [lease; 1; 3]; III<\/strong> 499.24-25 (121, Senepta\/Ox) [lease; 3]; 501.34-35 (186, Ox) [lease; 3]; 502.24-25 (164, Ox) [lease; 3]; 577.40-41 (117\/8, Ox) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 719.22-25 (193, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.oph., apog.-and., eid.all.]; 730.21-22 (130, Senepta\/Ox) [lease; 3]; VI<\/strong> 910.29 (197, Pakerke or Ox) [lease; 3]; 912.15-16 (235, Ox) [lease; 3]; VII<\/strong> 1036.21-22 (272, Ox) [3]; VIII<\/strong> 1124.7-8 (26, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1125.15-16 (II, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1127.13-14 (183, Ox) [lease; 3]; IX<\/strong> 1207.11-12 (175\/6 ?, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1209.22-25 (252, Ox) [sale; 1: ed.: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6];]; X<\/strong> 1270.36-46 (159, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak., p.eid., aperg.-chom., d.tel.]; 1277.13-14 (257, Ox) [sale; 1: \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9]; XII<\/strong> 1475.30-32 (267, Ox) [sale; 1]; XIV<\/strong> 1631.28-29 (280, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1632.19-20 (353, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1638.26-28 (282, Ox) [diairesis; 1; a: oph., katoch.p., teloum.d., tel.p., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1641.8-9 (68, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 1689.26-27 (266, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1691.16 (291\/2, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1695.25 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1707.12-15 (204, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 1708.15-17 (311, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XVII<\/strong> 2109.37-38 (261, Ox) [3]; 2136.8-10 (291, PtolEu) [lease; 1]; 2137.31 (226, Episemou Epoikion) [lease; 3]; XVIII<\/strong> 2188.2 (107, Ox) [lease; 3]; XX<\/strong> 2284.b.1 (258, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXII<\/strong> 2349.27-38 l. 33 (70, Ox) [labour; 2]; 2351.42-43 (112, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.17-20 (211, Ox) [lease; 1]; 2585.15-16 (315, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIII<\/strong> 2676.26 (151, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2720.21-22 (41-54, OxN) [sale; 1]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2777.31-33 (212, Ox) [sale; 1]; 2795.17-18 (250, Ox) [lease; 3]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2846.14-15 (Is<\/sup>, OxN) [sale; 1]; 2874.24 (108, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLI<\/strong> 2951.1-5 (267, Ox) [sale; evictio, Latin]; 2974.23-24 (162, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.17 (305, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; 3144.12 (313, Ox) [sale;1; b]; 3145.18-24 (IVe<\/sup>, Ox) [sale; 1; b]; XLIV<\/strong> 3200.13-14 (II\/III, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLV<\/strong> 3257.13 (318, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3260.19-20 (323, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVI<\/strong> 3270.17-18 (309, Ox) [lease; 3]; XLVII<\/strong> 3354.35-36 (c. 257, Nomou Epoikion or Senepta) [lease; 1; b]; 3386.19-20 (338, Ox); XLIX<\/strong> 3488.39-40 (70\/1, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3489.28 (72\/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; L<\/strong> 3589.18 (II, OxN) [lease; 3]; 3596.28 (240-255, Ox) [lease; 3]; 3597.27-28 (260, Ox) [lease; 3]; LVIII<\/strong> 3915.15 (30, Ox) [sale; 1]; LXIII<\/strong> 4359.7-8 (324, Ox) [sale; unique]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.23-25 (III, Nesmimis) [sale; 1; a: apog.-and., georg.basilik.ousiak.ge., p.eid.]; 4594.14-15 (228, Senao\/Ox) [lease; 3]; 4595.28-29 (261, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXIX<\/strong> 4739.16-17 (127, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4745.28-29 (202, Ox) [3]; 4746.3-4 (244-249, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4747.14-15 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; 4748.13-16 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4750.16-18 (307, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4751.11-12 (310, Ox) [sale; 1]; 4752.14-17 (311, OxN) [sale; 2]; 4753.20 (341, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXI<\/strong> 4827.26-27 (173\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; LXXV<\/strong> 5058.28-34 (257\/8, Ox) (ext.) [sale]; LXXXVI<\/strong> 5550.17-18 (84\/87\/89\/90, Ox); P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 34.17-18 (101, Ox) [sale; 1]; 41.33 (223\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; 42.6-8 (279-282, OxN); P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 7.23-24 (137\/8 or 158\/9 or 181\/2, OxN) [3]; P.Panop.<\/span><\/strong> 20.10-13 (310, Panop) [loan; 1; a]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 21.39-45 (616, This) [sale; 2]; 21 bis.21-28 (592, This) [sale; 2]; P.Petaus<\/span><\/strong> 17.24-34 ll. 32-33 (184, PtolEu) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 18.21-33 ll. 31-32 (185, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 22.26-40 ll. 37-39 (after 185, Syron Kome) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; 23.21-24 (185\/6, Pharbaithos) [sale; 1; a: d.p., p.eid.]; P.Prag.<\/span><\/strong> I 53.1-2 (430, UP) [sale; 1]; II 155.14-15 (188\/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Princ.<\/span><\/strong> III 149.9-10 (177\/8, Bac) [sale; 1; b]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.23 (I\/II, Thead) [1; a: p.empo.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 14.9-10 (81-95, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; 15.18-21 (98-102, ArsN) [sale; 1]; 19.36 (141, Ox) [lease; 3]; 23.5 (156, Memphites) [sale; 1]; 30.19-21 (130\/1 or 151\/2 or 174\/5, Memphis or Delta) [loan; 2]; 32.13-14 (II, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 27.12 (234\/5, Ox) [sale; 1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [sale; 1]; 160.5-6 (28\/9, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160a.5-6 (15-36, SokN) [sale; 1]; 160b.4-5 (37, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160c1.8-9 (32, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 160d1.7 (42, SokN) [1]; 161.13-17 (81, SokN) [1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p.empoi.; c]; 162.20-23 (159, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p.; c]; 163.10 (140, HermN) [sale; 2]; 164.15 (171, HermN) [sale; 1]; 312.12-15 (82-96, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d.idiot.p., laog., apog., d.idiot., p.empoi.; c]; IV<\/strong> 582.13-15 (42a<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [sale; 1]; 709.9-10 (294-296, UP) [sale]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.10-11 (305, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 60.11-12 (306, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 62.9 (328, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Sarap.<\/span><\/strong> 8.6 (102\/3, MagdMir) [sale; 1]; 9.10-11 (115\/6, HermN) [sale; 1]; 11.10-11 (128, Herm) [sale; 1]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 46.4-5 (332, Herm) [sale; 2]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.37-38 (71, Thead) [1; a: d.]; 5.32-34 (94, Thead) [lease; 1]; 27.24-25 (126, Thead) [sale; 1]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14b.13-18 (211, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 52.9-10 (151, Herm) [loan; 1; a: d.idiot., p.hapl.]; II<\/strong> 92.20-22 (244\/3, OxN) [1]; III<\/strong> 144.14-15 (245, HermN) [sale; 2]; 151.15-19 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; IV<\/strong> 201.24-28 (162, Dionysias) [sale; 1]; 264.16 (279-282, Ox) [sale; 1]; 265.F21-22 (41-54, SokN) [sale; 1]; 370.21-23 (175-180, ArsN) [sale; 1; p.opheilem.d., empoi.]; VI<\/strong> 504.14 (106, Kerkes) [sale; 1]; 505.23-26 (107-115, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.opheilem.]; 534.12 (before 161, Ox) [lease; 3]; 583.10-15 (115\/6, ArsN) [sale; 1; a: eid., geomet., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 585.9 (153, Herm) [sale; 2]; VII<\/strong> 672.20 (289, Herm) [2]; VIII<\/strong> 704.22-25 (82\/3, Hephaistias) [1; a: ekphor.p., pht.episp.]; 732.14 (228\/9, Herm) [loan; 1]; IX<\/strong> 812.3-8 ll. 7-9 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 812.15-20 l. 20 (II, ArsN) [lease; 1; a: p.eid.]; 826a.a.8-9 (96-98, SokN) [loan; 1]; 831.15-18 (162\/3, Teb) [sale; 1; katakr.p., p.eid.; c]; 886.12 (100, SokN) [sale; 1]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.29-30 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [lease; 1]; 107.6-8 (112A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1]; II<\/strong> 311.26-29 (134, Theog) [lease; 1]; 373.10-11 (110\/1, Teb) [lease; 1]; 375.31-32 (140, PtolEu) [lease; 1; d.]; 379.15-16 (128, Teb) [sale; 1; a d., idiot.]; III.1<\/strong> 817.21 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [loan; 1]; III.2<\/strong> 819.9-11, 34-37 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [lease; 1]; 970.19-20 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [loan; 1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 9.13-16 (33, Teb); P.Thomas <\/span><\/strong>4.19-22 (41-54, Teb) [loan; 1]; 7.7-9 (69, UP) [sale; 1]; 28.17-18 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [antikatallage; 1; b: epeleus.antipoi]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.43-46 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [1; lease]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 22.11-12 (142, Side) [1; \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; 25.26-27 (161, Ox) [3]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.3-4 (VI, Aphr); P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.16-17 (hyp.) (250, Herm) [sale; 2]; 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [sale; 1]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 25.7-8 (51, SokN) [sale; 1] ; 25a.24-25 (II, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 26.10-12 (143, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., idiot.empoi.; c]; P.Vind.Worp<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-14 (158, SokN?) [sale; 1]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.13-16 (98, Kar) [lease; 1; a: ekphor.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> I 12.2-4 (IV, UP) [sale; 2]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 5.17-18 (185, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7.28-29 (259\/60, Ox) [lease; 3]; 9.24-30 (183, Ox) [sale; 1: a: geom.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.aperg.hydroph.d.chom., p.all., teloum.d., tel.p. (past)]; II 58.11-12 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 59.12-13 (298, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; P.Yadin<\/span><\/strong> 22.20-23 (130, Maoza) [sale: ed.: \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9]; P.Yale<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 67.17-18 (31, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 70.3-4, 6-8 (229\/30?, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.14-16 (101, Herm) [sale; 1]; 66.25-26 (V?, HermN) [2]; 79.17-18 (216\/7, Ox) [sale; 1]; III<\/strong> 178.5-6 (291, Ox) [lease; 3]; 182.26-29 (234, Ox) [sale; 1]; 187.17-18 (274\/5, 280\/1 or 289\/90, Ox) [lease ;3]; IV<\/strong> 316.15-16 (328, Ox) [lease; 3]; V<\/strong> 467.11-13 (360, Ox) [lease; 3]; 468.18-19 (200, Ox) [lease; 3]; 469.17-18 (334, Ox) [lease; 3]; VI<\/strong> 704.29-30 (II, ArsN ?) [sale; 2]; 707.15 (351, Ox) [3]; 729.a.3-4 (77?, UP) [sale, Latin]; VII<\/strong> 739.16-17 (163, Ox) [lease; 3]; VIII<\/strong> 882.5-6 (337, OxN?) [sale; 1]; 908.1.9-12 (42\/3, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., p.empoi]; 909.6-7 (44, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 915.8-9 (I, Teb) [sale; 1; a: teles.p., p.empoi.]; 918.5-6 (38\/9, Teb) [sale; 1; d.tel.p., epigr.p., geom., idiot., p.empoi.]; IX<\/strong> 1031.25-26 (134, Thead) [sale; 1]; 1036.17 (192, OxN) [3]; 1069.22-23 (246, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1071.20 (296, Ox) [lease; 3]; X<\/strong> 1098.16-18 (51A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; 1; a: bas.idiot.opheilem.]; 1119.37-38 (156, Ox) [sale; 1]; 1124.30-31 (150, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 1129.16-18 (24\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1130.16-17 (26, Teb) [sale; 1]; 1134.25-26 (91, Teb) [lease; 1]; 1143.22-24 (164, Teb) [lease; 1; b]; XII<\/strong> 1228.19-20 (188, OxN?) [sale; 2]; 1239.16-17 (430, Antin) [sale; 1]; XIII<\/strong> 1319.1.17-18 (76, SokN) [sale; 1]; 1320.10-13 (82-88, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot.p., laog., d., idiot., p. empoi.; c]; 1330.12 (after 3.272, Ox) [1] ; 1338.14 (299, Ox) [lease; 3]; 1341.14-15 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; 1(GA) b: epeleus., antipoi.]; XIV<\/strong> 1405.15-19 (133, ArsN) [sale; 1; b: epeleus.]; 1438.11 (II\/III, UP) [sale]; XV<\/strong> 1546.1-27 ll. 19 (222, HerakN) [sale; 1]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.9-11 (after 117, UP); 1699.14-15 (173\/4, Ox) [lease; 3]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX 6.7-10 (41, Teb) [sale; 1; a: p.eid.]; 14.11-12 (III, UP) [sale; 1: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.36-37 (229, HerakN) [loan; 1]; 5112.52-53 (618 Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5113.19-21 (VII, Apol) [sale; 1; b]; 5114.34-35 (630-640, Apol) [sale]; 5246.15-16 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [sale]; 5247.21-22 (47, SokN) (hyp.) [sale; 1; a: syngr.p., synall.p., p.eid.]; 5252.30 (65, Nilopolis) [lease; 1; c]; III<\/strong> 6016.31-34a (154, Alex) [sale]; 7188.33-35 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease; 1]; IV<\/strong> 7443.16-17 (285, Ox) [3]; 7444.8-9 (327, Ox) [lease; 3]; 7814.28-29 (256, Ox) [lease; 3]; 8007.8-9 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; 1, 2] (unique); VI<\/strong> 9109.2-6 (31, Teb) [sale; 1; a: d.opheilem.p., epig.p., p.eid., idiot.p.empoi.]; 9110.23-25 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 9214.23-24 (311, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9219.18-19 (319, Herm) [sale; 2]; 9575.8-10 (II, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 9618.13-14 (192 , PtolEu) [sale; 1]; VIII<\/strong> 9829.19-21 (after 272, Ox) [sale; 1]; 9830.29 (84-96, ArsN) [lease; 1]; 9831.13 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; 1?]; 9873.9-10 (244, Oasis Magna) [labour; 1; b]; 9906.16-18 (193\/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 9918.16-17 (179\/80, OxN) [lease; 3]; 9919.4 (IIIl<\/sup>, OxN) [lease; 3]; X<\/strong> 10249.30-32 (58\/9, Ox) [Loan; 2]; 10263.19-20 (204, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10531.17-20 (36, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 10532.20-21 (87\/8, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10571.13-14 (194, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10573.12-14. 14-15 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN or, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; XII<\/strong> 10780.26-27 (172\/3, Ox) [lease; 3]; 10784.14-15 (330-340, Oasis Magna?) [sale; 2]; 10942.21-22, 22-23 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [lease; 1] [3]; 11060 (246-223A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN ?) [1]; 11061.18-19 (218A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [lease; 1]; 11228.29-30 (204, OxN) [loan; 1]; 11229.10-11 (161 or 177-179, Ox) [sale; 1; a: d.tel.p.]; XIV<\/strong> 11278.7-8 (316, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11279.37-38 (44, Thead) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11281.17 (172, Ox) [lease; 3]; 11431.13-14 (95\/6, Kerkeesis) [lease; 1; a: d.p.]; 11432.13-14? (271\/2, Ox) [sale; 1]; 11487.23-25 (91\/2, Teb) [lease; 1]; 11533.1.17-18, 2.17-18 (102, Ars) [sale; 1; a: d., p.eid.]; 11703.1-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 11705.11-12 (213, ArsN) [loan; 2]; 11718.22-23 (141, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11843.23-25 (95, Teb) [lease; 1; a: d.]; 11895.4 (45, SokN) [sale; 1; c]; 12021.15 (377, Ox) [sale; 1; c]; XVI<\/strong> 12263.8-10 (41-54 or 54-68, Teb) [loan; 1; a: d., idiot., p.eid.]; 12373.18-19 (158A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [lease] ?; 12539.26-27 (26, Teb) [lease; 3]; 12559.20 (155, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; 12612.14-17 (203, SokN) [sale; 1; b]; 12784.5 (IIIlA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN or OxN) [lease; 1]; 12957.10-12 (103-114, SokN) [sale; 1; a: d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 13006.36-41 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13010.34-35 (144, ArsN) [lease; 3]; 13041.6-7 (I\/II, Ox) [loan; 1]; 13042.14-15 (29, Ox) [loan; 1 (aorist)]; 13072.18-19 (155, SokN) [sale; 1]; XVIII<\/strong> 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [3]; 13154.1 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [loan; 1]; 13150.26-27 (II, Ox) [lease; 2]; 13173.67-70 (629\/644, Herm) [sale; 2]; 13320.81-83 (613-641, Aphr) [sale; 1; b]; 13579.3 (23, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13866.16 (138-161, SokN) [sale; 1]; 13897.18 (111, Teb) [sale; 1]; XX<\/strong> 14199.13-14 (179, Ox) [sale; 2]; 14293.16-19 (383, Kellis) [sale; 1; b]; 14336.1-5, 20-21 (hyp.) (91\/2 or 107\/8, Ox) [sale; 1; a: georg.basil.ousiak.hier., het.eid.]; 14337.19 (103, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14338.6 (120, Ox) [lease; 3]; 14464.21-23 (II, Ox) [lease; 1]; 14983.15-16 (220-260, OxN) [lease; 3]; 14984.9-10 (140-210, OxN) [lease; 3]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.10-11 (222-235, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15328.7-8 (275-296, Kar) [sale; 2]; 15472.13-14 (134, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 15612.1-10 ? (199, UP) [sale; 1; a: d.teles.p., epim., epiklas.]; 15613.24-25 (hyp.) (111, Teb) [lease; 1?]; 15637.13-14 (130, Thead) [sale; 1]; XXIV<\/strong> 15965.11-12 (III\/IV, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15966.12-13 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [sale; 1]; 15969.26-27 (491-518, Herm) [sale; 1]; 16002.12-14 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 16054.7-8 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [1; a: p.opheilem.basil.idiot.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16904.12-15 (90, SokN) [sale; 2; a: d.idiot.p., laog., idiot., p.empoi.]; 17081.17-18 (75, SokN) [sale; 1]; 9922.16-17 (159, Theog) [lease; 1; b]; XXX<\/strong> 17623.15-16 (293, Herm); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> pp. 7-8, ll. 21-23 (454, Antin) [sale; 1; b]; III<\/strong> 25.6 (VI\/VII, HerakN); XX<\/strong> 1.14-15 (83\/4, PtolEu) [sale; 1]; 10.15-17 (168, ArsN) [sale; 2]; 29.33-35 (227, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 47.18-19 (238, HerakN) [sale; 1]; 50.16-17 (168\/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; 1]; 71.14-15 (269\/70, Herm) [sale; 2]; 72.13-14 (271\/2, Herm) [sale; 2]; 74.16 (hypogr.) (after 276 ?, Herm) [sale; 2]; 110.19-20 (425-450 or 408-422, Herm) [sale; 2]; 117.8-11 (411, Koba) [sale]; 121.29-30 (439, Herm) [sale]; XXII<\/strong> 16.7-9 (217, UP) [sale; 1; b]; 20.9-10 (3?, UP) [sale; 1]; 22.17-19 (142, Philopator alias Theogenous) [sale; 1; b]; 30.11-15 (158, ArsN) [sale; 1; b]; 48.29-32 (152, Dionysias) [sale; 1; a: d.]; 170.21-22 (145, KerkArs) [sale; 1]; T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 2.7-8 (VII, UP) [sale; 1; b]; ZPE<\/strong> 200 (2016) 336-346 (163, Ophis (Ox)) [lease; 3].<\/p>\n

\n

3. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The clause that introduces a penalty for failing to perform bebaiosis<\/em> excludes other types of penalty clauses and vice versa. It never appears in one document together with the \u2018general penalty clause<\/a>\u2019, a clause that introduces penalty for bringing suit<\/a>, and the one relating to failure to defend<\/a>. A clause that prescribes a penalty for the alienator\u2019s failure to perform the bebaiosis<\/em> is recorded in 67 documents\u2014a relatively small group, especially in comparison with the 795 documents that attest the bebaiosis<\/em> itself. Among these 67 documents, 45 are Ptolemaic, 15 Roman (I\u2013IV CE), and 17 Byzantine. Most of the Ptolemaic attestations are in leases, while the clause in Roman and Byzantine usage appears almost exclusively in sales. The clause dealing with the consequences of a failed bebaiosis<\/em> follows, lexically and structurally, the characteristics evident in other types of penalty clauses: the protasis,<\/em> of course, anticipates first and foremost the case of non-bebaiosis<\/em> (\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1), but occasionally any type of breach (P.Tebt. I 105.33-36 (103 BCE, Kerkeosiris): [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u1f72 \u2039\u03b1\u1f50\u203a\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd). In the apodosis,<\/em> the list of fines and compensations is introduced by the verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 but much more commonly \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 (33) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9]. In addition, most types of sanctions are prescribed: tim\u00ea<\/em> (14), epitimon<\/em> (32), expenses (21), damages (12), and payment to the fisc (13). As in the case of the penalty clause, scribes sometimes extend the compensation by an hemiolion<\/em> (9 cases, all for the consideration) or by a duplum<\/em> (9 on expenses, 5 on the price). The document also asserts the continued validity of the legal act. However, some peculiarities appear as well. The first is the predominance of the epitimon<\/em>; it is recorded in 25 documents and in 17 of them it is the sole penalty. Following it, at some distance, are the provisions concerning damage (16), expenses (12), and, finally, payment to the fisc (14). Thirty documents affirm the continued validity of the contract. In these instruments, however, the clause also exhibits some peculiarities: no clause dealing with the consequences of thwarted bebaiosis<\/em> introduces the prostimon<\/em>; because the alienator\u2019s fault is one of omission (not performing the bebaiosis<\/em>), there are just three declarations of the invalidity of a conflicting act (the akyros<\/em> formula). Cf., e.g., BGU XIV 2390.27-29 (160\/59 BCE, Herakleopolites): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b3[\u03ad]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u0323[\u03b9] | 28<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1[\u03b9] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u0394\u03b9\u03b6\u03ac\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0[\u03bf\u03bb]\u03c5\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u0323\u03b3[\u03b5]|29<\/sup>[\u03b3\u03c1]\u03b1\u03bc\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0[\u03c5\u03c1]\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u0323\u03bd \u1f21 \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 (\u2018If he does not warrant as written above, or if someone prevents Polyeratos from sowing or harvesting, let Dizaolos compensate Polyeratos by means of a penalty five talents of bronze currency as well as the aforesaid forty-five artabae<\/em> of wheat, and let nonetheless the act of lease be valid\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 160 [<\/span>lease]; Schwarz (1920) 170-184; Pringsheim (1950): 310-313, 367-368, 445; Taubenschlag (1955): 326, 361; Herrmann (1958): 154-160, 242-243; Hennig (1967): 73; Rupprecht (1982a): 473, (1982b): 245.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1264.27-30 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1266.35-38 (203\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1267.18-20 (before 266\/5A<\/sup><\/span> or before 228\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1280.17-18 (210A<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [70 dr., epit.]; X<\/strong> 1943.18-20 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1944.10-13 (214\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1949.6-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1950.7-9 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-205A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; 1964.4-11 (221A<\/sup><\/span>-214A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [akyr., epit. per suit]; XI<\/strong> 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [parachoretikon: dipl., taxes, exp.]; XIV<\/strong> 2383.14-15 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit.]; 2384.16-18 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2390.27-29 (160\/59A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [epit., 45 artabae., kyria]; 2395.29-35, 76-83 (221A<\/sup><\/span>, Takona) [daneion: hemiolion, tokon: haploun, praxis]; XV<\/strong> 2478.14 (90-96, Kar); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 206a.14-18 (138-161, PtolEu) [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam., exp., fisc., kyria]; 206b.14-15 (138-161, ArsN)<\/span> [parachoretikon: hemiolion, dam. and exp.: dipl., fisc., kyria];<\/span> VII<\/strong> 48.10 (V, HerakN) [kyria]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.23-26 (136 Bac) [price: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67098.30-31 (540-565, Aphr?) [thrice the price, kyria]; II<\/strong> 67169 (569, Antin) [thrice the price, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, exp., kyria]; P.Frankf.<\/span><\/strong> 1.42-45, 96-100 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; 2.31-34, 77-80 (215\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 34.24-28 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [epit., prodoma: hemiolion, praxis]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 60.39-42 (582?, Apol) [price, akyr.]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.19-21 (VI, UP) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 90.18-20 (222A<\/sup><\/span>, Th\u00f4lthis) [epit., unless kolyma]; 91.5-8 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., unless kolyma]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 193.6-8 (V\/VI, Antin?) [price: double, fisc., exp.: dipl.]; VI<\/strong> 275.4-7 (104\/3a<\/sup><\/span> or 101\/0A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 154.16-17 (68, Kar) [dam., exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; III<\/strong> 977.37-42 (330, Antin) [price: dupl, fisc., dam., exp.: dipl., kyria]; V<\/strong> 1686.39-43 (565, Aphr) [amount, interest, exp., kyria]; ; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 662.49-53 (615, Aphr [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 663.23-25 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 664.32-34 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.46-47 (544 or 559, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 45.56-59 (540, Aphr) [twice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; 52.G.24-26 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 77.10-12, 33-36 (148A<\/sup><\/span>, Hephaistias) [epit., dam., kyria]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.33-42 (581, Sy) [price: dipl.; akyr.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 264.11-12 (54, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam.]; XVII<\/strong> 2136.12-13 (291, PtolEu) [rent: hemiolia, taxes, exp.: dipl., fisc.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2584.19-20 (211, Ox) [price: dipl., praxis]; LVIII<\/strong> 3915.16-18 (30, Ox) [price: hemiolia, dam., epit., fisc.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 158.14-17 (138?, Ibion Eikosipentarouron) [price: dipl., epitimon, fisc.]; IV<\/strong> 582.15-18 (42A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., hosidchre., fisc., kyria]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 92.22-24 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [epit., kyria]; IV<\/strong> 265.23-26 (41-54, SokN) [dam., exp.:dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; IX<\/strong> 831.19-21 (162\/3, Teb) [kephal.: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria] ; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.33-36 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [epit., dam., kyria]; III<\/strong> 819.11-12, 37-40 (171A<\/sup><\/span>, Oxyrhyncha) [epit., kyria]; P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 12.46-50 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.5-6 (VI, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1098.18-20 (51A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [received amount: hemiolion, epit., dam.]; XII<\/strong> 1239.17-19 (430, Antin) [price: dipl., fisc., exp.: dipl., kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5114.40-44 (630-640, Apol) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: price: dipl., exp., kyria] III<\/strong> 7188.35-40 (154A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [epit., dam., kyria]; XII<\/strong> 11060.1-2 (246-223A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN) [unless kolyma]; 11061.19-21 (218A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt) [epit., unless kolyma]; XVI<\/strong> 12758.17-19 (88, PtolEu) [taxes: dipl., epit. hosidchre.]; 12784.5 (IIIlA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN\/OxN) [unless kolyma]; 13041.8-10 (I\/II, Ox) [enoikismos, fisc.]; 13220 (613-641, Aphr) [thrice the amount, interest, exp., kyria]; XXIV<\/strong> 16054.8-11 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [price: hemiolion, fisc., kyria]; SPP<\/span><\/strong> I pp. 7-8, ll. 24-27 (454, Antin) [price: dipl. exp.: dipl. kyria].<\/p>\n

\n

4. Basilikon Kolyma<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In lease contracts from the Ptolemaic period, the basilikon kolyma<\/em> (\u2018royal hindrance\u2019) creates an exception to the rules introduced in the clause that deals with the case of a thwarted bebaiosis<\/em> (cf. \u2018non-bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019): it subjects the lessor to a penalty for failing to defend the lessee\u2019s possession unless he is impeded from doing so by a \u2018royal hindrance\u2019. In three cases, the scribe considers an event in which the bebaiosis<\/em> is indeed obviated by a royal hindrance and imposes a payment in cash on the lessor\u2014the return of the prodoma<\/em> (a sum of cash given by lessee to the lessor as a loan) in two cases (P.Frank. I 1.45-49 and P.Freib. III 34.29-31) and compensation in kind in the third (P.Hib. I 91.8-13). Cf., e.g., P.Frank. 1.42-49: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u1fc3 | 43<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0]\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9 | 44<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bc \u03bc\u03ae [\u03c4]\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd | 45<\/sup> \u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u0323[\u03c5\u03bc]\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7]\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 [\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3]\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf | 46<\/sup> \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4[\u03c9] \u1f08\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03bb\u03bb[\u03ce]\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d[\u03b5\u03bf]\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc[\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u0323\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u0323|47<\/sup>\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u0323 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u0323\u03bd [\u03c4\u03b9] \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1\u00b7\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4]\u1f72\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9, | 48<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u0323 [\u1f21]\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u03c0]\u03c1\u0323\u1fb6\u0323\u03be[\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc]\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 | 49<\/sup> \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af[\u03bf\u03c5] \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u0323[\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018If he does not perform the bebaiosis<\/em> as prescribed, let Apollonios pay Neoptolemos in compensation a penalty (epitimon<\/em>) in the amount of a thousand drachms unless a royal hindrance occurs. If a royal hindrance occurs, let Apollonios forthwith return to Neoptolemos the sixty drachms of the prodoma<\/em> and whatever he happens to owe in addition. And if he does not pay, let him pay hemiolion<\/em> as compensation and let Neoptolemos be entitled to employ the execution, acting in accordance with the diagramma<\/em>\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Waszy\u0144ski (1905): 135-136; Herrmann (1958): 156-157, 172-173; Geginat (1964): 28-33.<\/span><\/p>\n

P.Frank.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.45-49 (213A<\/sup><\/span>, Tholt); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 34.29-31 (173A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Hib.<\/span> I<\/strong> 91.8-13 (244\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, OxN).<\/p>\n

\n

5. Surrender of Purchased Object<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Surrender<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The term \u2018surrender clause\u2019 is used here to denote the act by which the object of the purchase is surrendered to the buyer. The clause is used in connection with every type of commodity: immovables, slaves, wine, grain crops, and animals. <\/span>The surrender clause is not universally attested in any type of sale document; it appears in just 184 of the 725 Greek documents from Egypt that record the sale of immovables. When we weed out the Ptolemaic <\/span>katagraphai<\/em>, the ratio is a bit more favorable but still relatively low: 173 of 556. In 30 cases the document records the delivery of animals, mostly camels and donkeys\u2014a small part of a corpus of 159 documents that record animal sales. The surrender clause appears in 50 of 80 documents recording the sale of a slave\/slaves.<\/span><\/p>\n

The surrender clause is one of a cluster of clauses that, together with the bebaiosis<\/em> and the capacity clauses, embodies the conveyance of title. While the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is rarely omitted, however, the other two are not. Thus, of 293 documents involving the sale of immovables that record the bebaiosis<\/em>, only 88 include the surrender clause as well, whereas 205 do not. Surveying the evidence from the other direction, only 95 documents record only the surrender and not the bebaiosis<\/em>, but in most of these cases, the bebaiosis<\/em> finds expression in the surrender clause, as is commonly the case in Roman Oxyrhynchos. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1698.17-18 (269 CE?, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1|18<\/sup>[\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u02bd\u2026 which perforce I shall surrender to you warranted at all times of all things with every form of warranty\u2019). In other words, bebaiosis<\/em> occurs without surrender but rarely does surrender manifest without bebaiosis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Within the clause, we identify two elements: the act of surrender, which may be denoted through a variety of verbs, and the quality of the object upon delivery. The verb used to denote the act of surrender varies considerably, depending on the object being surrendered. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/strong> is used most commonly in cases of land and slaves; it always relates to a future act and thus takes the imperative, the future indicative, or the infinitive. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9<\/strong> appears in regard to slaves and animals and its tense is always aorist or perfect. In one example (SB XXIV 16002: 186-190 CE, Karanis), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9 is attested in the same document as the clause with \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (ll. 10 and 13\u201315 respectively), thus stressing a qualitative difference between the two terms. The aorist indicative of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9<\/strong> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd) is invoked in cases of slaves and animals; the future tense of the same verb appears primarily for the surrender of land in land sales from the Hermopolite nome, and more rarely for slaves and fungibles.<\/p>\n

Apart from this thematic distinction, each verb elicits different constructions: in the case of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9, which always focuses as indicated on slaves and animals<\/strong>, the object is introduced by the verb and is predicatively qualified by the construction \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018this slave, such as she is not refundable\u2019); in the case of slaves<\/strong>, said construction may be followed by \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 (perhaps: \u2018except for the event of epilepsy and leprosy\u2019). An alternative variant, \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2, appears in only two documents (\u2018without blemish except for epilepsy and leprosy (?)\u2019).<\/p>\n

The surrender of landed property<\/strong> is described through \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 in the Hermopolite nome and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 everywhere else. In Alexandria, the object is the act of conveyance (parachoresis<\/em>); elsewhere, it is the purchased object (see examples below). In the Hermopolite nome, the object is qualified by \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018sown\u2019) and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018free\u2019). In Alexandria, the qualifiers are \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not liable to seizure\u2019), \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018warranted\u2019), and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018clear\u2019). In the Oxyrhynchite nome, the object is described as \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2. In the Arsinoites, finally, the object is qualified through \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018untouched\u2019, \u2018unharmed\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not liable to distraint\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018not mortgaged\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018unalienated\u2019), and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2; in the Herakleopolites, through \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 only. The adjectives \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2<\/strong> may be followed by additional constructions: in the former by the formulation \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018at all times, of all things, by every form of warranty\u2019).<\/p>\n

Much more detailed and elaborate are the constructions deriving from the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2.<\/strong> The adjective is followed by the preposition \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79, introducing nouns in the genitive that aim to encompass all possible liens and liabilities to which a piece of landed property may be subject. They may be divided into four main groups: [1]<\/strong>\u00a0nouns that denote any type of lien, private or public<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u1f7b\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (2), \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (29), \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f75 (11: Oxy.), \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1f75 (40: Oxy.), \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (34: Ars); these nouns are further qualified by adjectives. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.19-21 (240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1]|20<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3]\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9[\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2(?)] | 21<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u0323[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f51\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018… free of all debt and lien of all types, public, private, of the city and the estate, and of all other types whatsoever\u2019); [2]<\/strong>\u00a0terms signifying private liabilities only<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (28: Ars.), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u1f73\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (24: Ars., Oxy., Herak.), \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (31: Ars.), \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1 (35. Ars.+Herak.), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (16: Herak., Ars.), \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (24: Ars., Herak.), \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u1f75\u03ba\u03b7 (4: Ars.); [3]<\/strong>\u00a0terms signifying taxes<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03bd\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 (1: Ars.), \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f71 (7: Ars.), \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u1f77\u03b1 (6: Ars.), \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1 (1: Ars.), \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u1f77\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (1), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75 (9: Ars., Herak.)?, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (1: Oxy.), \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f77\u03b1 (2: Ars.), \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u1f77\u03b1 (9: Ars.), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f75 (4: Ars.), \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (2: Ars.), \u03c3\u03c4\u1f73\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (4: Ptol. Herak.) \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 (44: Ars., Oxy.) \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 (10: Oxy.); [4]<\/strong>\u00a0services<\/strong> exacted from the landowners by the state: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (4: OxN); \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd (12: OxN); \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75 (12: OxN.); \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u03ba\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (6: Ars.), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (8: Oxy.); \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74 \u03b3\u1fc6 (40: OxN).<\/p>\n

As indicated by the foregoing list, each region exhibits its own unique vocabulary and formulation. The Hermopolite P.Vind.Bosw. 6 (250 CE, Hermopolis) stresses primarily (3), the absence of liabilities to the state: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1(\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb(\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018free of royal land and every type of liability whatsoever\u2019). In the Herakleopolites, the late Ptolemaic BGU VIII 1733.13-15 (80-30 BCE<\/span>, Herakleopolis) first enumerates all types of liabilities to which the land may be subject and then records conflicting acts of conveyance: \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f30\u03b4\u03b9]\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd [\u1f40]\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd] | 14<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc[\u03b5\u03c4]\u03b5\u03c0[\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]|15<\/sup>\u03c6\u1fc6[\u03c2] \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u1f04\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce[\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9] (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them (i.e., the arouras<\/em>) clear of all debt, royal and private, crown taxes, imposts, from all past time until the time of the conveyance of title, and from other acts of conveyance, for all time, warranting the conveyance by every form of warranty\u2019). Some terms of this Ptolemaic text are still attested in the Herakleopolites in the third century CE. In CPR I 64.21-24 from 227 CE Peenamis, the absence of another conflicting act of conveyance is evidenced: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03b1\u1f50]|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 [\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5]\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba[\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd] | 23<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5[\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] | 24<\/sup> \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05[\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them clear of other acts of sales or other contracts or of all future challenger or claimant from now to all time\u2019). The documents from the Roman Arsinoites exhibit two main schemes. One, closely related to the contemporary Herakleopolite text, stresses the absence of conflicting acts of conveyance: CPR I 89.10-13 (III CE, Arsinoites): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5]\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70] | 11<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9|12<\/sup>[\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb]\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 13<\/sup> [\u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018\u2026 and he shall surrender them clear of all other acts of conveyance and all other contracts, and all challenger and claimant from now to all time\u2019). Another formulation, the most common, occurs in SPP XX 1.15-17 (83\/4 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis). \u03a0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 is an umbrella term that is divided into public and private liabilities in subsequent lines. The record of public liabilities is detailed; of the private, it is much more succinct. The text does not address the issue of a challenge by a third party: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03c0[\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1]\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u1f00]\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03bd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9[\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03c5]\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018… clear of all debt, of all government taxes and all imposts, and artaba<\/em>-taxes and naubia<\/em> and numeration taxes and land assigned to the village and all fines of all types, from former times to the preceding second year and to the same second year of Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, and of all private debts and every type of claims to all time\u2019). Finally, the Oxyrhynchite SB VI 8971.11-13 (284\/5 CE, Oxyrhynchos) deals with the possibility of a corvee and then uses the terms \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u1f75 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1f75, with adjectives, to address public and private liabilities alike: \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2] | 12<\/sup> [\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1]\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bb[\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9] | 13<\/sup> [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f15]\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf[\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018… which we shall surrender to you clear of (liability to cultivate) royal or estate domain land from every obligation or debt or lien of any kind, public and private, and for taxes paid on other charges and extraordinary imposts and compulsory cultivation of any kind up to and including the present first year\u2019).<\/p>\n

For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968)<\/span> no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Pringsheim (1950): 465; Wollf (1956b): 16; Zauzich (1968): 135; Rupprecht (1983): 620; Kr\u00e4nzlein (1989): 326-331; Straus (2004): 86-88.<\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>: Animals\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 L<\/strong>: Land\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 S<\/strong>: Slave\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0GCh<\/strong>: genus chattel\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 H<\/strong>: House<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.7-8 (289, ArsN) [A; acharak., hyg., asin.]; 94.13-15 (289, PtolEu) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 153.17-20 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 177.13-18 (47, ArsN) [L; anep.; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 193.18-20 (136, PtolEu) [S]; 233.9-12 (161-169, ArsN) [L; anecher., kathar.: d.tel., naub., all.eid., opheilem.]; 240.24-26 (167-169?, SokN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.]; 316.19-20 (359, Askalon) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd]; II<\/strong> 427.15-18 (159, SokN) [A]; 468.10-12, 18-21 (150, Dionysias) [A; anapor.]; 542.16-18 (165, Athenas Kome) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., empoi.]; 666.18-23 (177, ArsN) [L; kathar.: d.tel.p., p.eid. (past), idiot., p.empoi. (future)]; 667.12-15 (222, PtolEu) [H; anap., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., laog., idiot., empoi.]; III<\/strong> 709.14-17 (138-161, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: parag., katakr.]; 859.15- (161-163, ArsN) [S]; 901.1-3 (II\/III, ArsN) [L; idiot., empoi.]; 917.13-14 (348, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., kathar.: opheilem.]; 937.10-12 (250, Herak) [S; anapor. plienep.]; 987.9-11 (19 or 45, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., idiot.]; 1002.13 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [H]; IV<\/strong> 1049.15-17 (342, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilema., d. tel. sitik. krith. argyrik. annon., graph., epib.]; 1059.8-9 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [S; sykoph., plienep.]; 1127.14-19 (18\u0391<\/sup>, Alex) [H; beb., anepaph., kathar.: enoikion, idiot., epeleus.]; 1129.30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [L]; VII<\/strong> 1642.10-11 (II, Phil) [L; kathar.]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.9-12 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; ed.: [\u1f10]\u03c6\u0323\u02bc [\u1f67\u03b9] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., all.p, all.parach.]; 1733.13-15 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L]; 1734.9-11 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas., parach.]; 1735.16-19 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.p.idiot.opheilem., all.parach.]; 1739.16-19 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L; kathar.: bas.idiot.opheilem., p.steph.*, epigr.p.*, p.parachor., oikonom.p.]; 1740.8-10 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN);\u00a0XI<\/strong> 2050.19-24 (106, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anenchyr., anepidan., kathar.*: opheilem.d.*, naub., artab., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.*]; 2051.11-14 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [L; sitik.arg., artab., naub., arith.]; 2052.10-11 (II, Herakleia?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, d.p.*]; 2054.13-15 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan.*, kathar.*: d.tel.p., artab., naub.*, arith., epib.-kom., p.eid.]; 2055.16-20 (II, Nilopolis) [L; anepaph., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel., epigr.p., pleon., \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 2095.26-27 (83, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenech., anepidan., kathar.*]; 2113.7-9 (178\/9, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9: sporim., pler., kathar.: \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2*, p.eid.*]; 2114.5-6 (II, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9: sporim., pler., kathar.: ed.: \u03b2\u03b1[\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2;, p.eid.]; XV<\/strong> 2478.9-10 (90-96, Kar) [H; anepaph.*, kathar.: opheilem.d., idiot.*]; XX<\/strong> 2843.10-12 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [L;\u00a0kathar.: p.bas., idiot.opheilem., p.steph., epigr.p., all.parach., oikonom.p. (\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2)]; CPR<\/span><\/strong> I 3.6-9 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, HerakN) [kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 4.18-21 (52, Herakleia) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 64.21-24 (227, Peenamis) [L; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 76.20-23 (222-235, HerakN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 88 + 132.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; p.epeleus.]; 89.10-12 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleu.empoi.]; 90.20-23 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.parachor.*, het.oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 103.20-23 (III, HerakN) [L: kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.*, epeleus.empoi.]; 108.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: epeleus.empoi.]; 109.7-8 (III, ArsN) [S; kathar.: het.oikonom.]; 113.7-10 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar.: all.parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 120.6 (III, ArsN) [L; kathar.*, all.pras.]; 122.4-7 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; all.pras.]; 123.3-4 (III, HerakN) [kathar.: all.pras., epeleus., empoi.]; 125.2-5 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: ousiak., bas.ge, all.parach., het.oikonom.]; 126.8-12 (250-270, ArsN) [L; all.pras.*]; 130.1-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L?; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., empoi., epeleus.]; 131.11-13 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [H; kathar.: all.pras., het.oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 139.1-3? (II, HerakN\/ArsN) [H]; 141.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; 142.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 143.1-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; parach., oikonom., epeleus., empoi.]; 144.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [L; kathar.: pras., het.oikonom., p.epeleus., empoi.]; 153.5-7 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [kathar.; parach.*, epeleus., empoi.*]; 158.3-4 (193-211, ArsN) [kathar.]; 172.10-12 (118?, ArsN) [kathar.: p.opheilem.d.]; 175.18-21 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenech., kathar.*: naub., arith., time-g., het.oikonom.]; 179.14-15 (I\/II, PtolEu?) [H; opheilem.d]; 181.4-6 (II, ArsN); 186.5-13 (II, ArsN) [L; epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.empoi.]; 188.13-17 (106\/7, ArsN) [L; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., epigr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; 189.16 (II, ArsN) [L; kathar., all.pras., het.parach.]; 191.7 (after 212, ArsN) [L]; 204.7 (II, ArsN) [L?]; 220.6-8 (I, SokN) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth., p.diengyema.d.idiot.]; 223.17-19 (117-37, PtolEu) [H; anepaph.*, anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem., idiot., p.empoi.*]; VI<\/strong> 73.25-27 (222-35, HerakN) [L; kathar.: all.pras., parach., het.oikonom., p.epeleus.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 14.11-12 (305, Herm) [L; parad.: spor., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 46.20-24 (VI, Herm) [L; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 18.3-5 (III, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd: anapor., plienep.]; X<\/strong> 24.3-5 (522\/3, ArsPol); P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 60.18-22 (346, Dionysias) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Bastianini<\/span><\/strong> 25.14-15 (V\/VI, Narmouthis) [L; kath.: oph.]; P.Batav.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-23 (136, Bac) [L; kathar.: d.tel., idiot., p.empoi., pantoi.katoikik.logister., p.eid.]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 49.3 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN); 52.1-6 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [L; kathar.: parach.]; 60.11-13 (46, PtolEu) [L; anep., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; 75.5-8 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan.]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 86.8-9 (309, Kar) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.45-48 (571\/2?, Aphr) [L]; 67120.1-6 (c. 567\/8, Aphr) [S]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.11-13 (342, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.: d.tel., annon., epib.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VIII<\/strong> 222.53-56 (160\/1, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 75.4-5 (III, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1: anapor., plienep.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.14-15 (138-161, Phil) [H; anepaph., anenech., kathar.: opheilem.d., idiok., p.empoi.]; 31.15 (II\/III, Phil);P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 26.13-14 (227, Sachare) [L; \u1f14\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.16-19 (249, Markopolis) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 8.21-24 (251, Beth Phuraia) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 9.18-20 (252, Beth Phuraia) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.]; 10.15-17 (250, Karrhai) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: hyg.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.14-16 (123, Teb) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.tel.p., artab., naub., p.d.eid., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 22.18-19 (177, PtolEu) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; III<\/strong> 380.3-4, 11-12 (203\/4, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19. 5-8?, 13? (145\/6, UP) [L; kathar.: bas.]; 21.20-27 (253-260, UP) [L; beb., kathar.: oisiake.ge, p.aperg.hydroph., d., pantoi.]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.43-47 (247, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak.ge., p.eid., epib., katoch.* p.d.idiot., teloum.d., epiklas.pantoi.*]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.4-5 (142\/3, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim.pler.]; 51.8-18 (202, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.apog.-and.; p.d.opheilem.idiot., p.all.eid., d., tel.p., merism.pantoi.]; 100.19-22 (after 1\/3\/272, OxN) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas.ousiak., heter.eid., p.d.oph.idiot.]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.11-13 (209, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.*.d., laogr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 63.4 (125\/6, Thebes?) [S]; III<\/strong> 218.7 (29\/30 Oxyrhyncha) [H; ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03ad]\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u0323 \u03ba\u03c9\u0323\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1;]; P.Heid.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 447.19-21 (98-117, Ankyron) [kathar.*: p.oph.]; P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 54.6-7 (II, ArsN) [S; anapor., plienep.]; P.Ifao<\/span> I<\/strong> 33.17? (163\/4, ArsN) [L; sitik.p]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.9 (298\/9, PtolEu) [S; anepaph.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 155.3-6 (VI, UP) [H; kathar.: all.pras., oikonom.]; V<\/strong> 232.9-10, 15-16 (330\/338, Terenythis) [S; anepidan., d.idiot.hieratik.]; XIII<\/strong> 535.4-6 (III, OxN) [beb., kathar.: apog.p., georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p., exp.., ked.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 74.17-21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; P.Leid.Inst.<\/span><\/strong> 50.1-6 (211\/2?, OxN) [L; kathar.: hydroph.-d.chom., p.all., d.p., epim.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I 4.1.18-20 (293, Herm) [S]; 6.2.5-8 (306, Herm) [H; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 229.15-16 (166, Seleukia Pieria) [L; et tradedisse ei mancipium s(upra) s(criptum) Eutychen bonis condicionibus]; 320.14-15 (157\/8, SokN) [A; anapor.]; III<\/strong> 1132b.8-10 (142, SokN) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2: anapor.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.9 (42, Teb); V<\/strong> 252.3 (25\/6, Teb) [L; parad. (ind.fut.)]; 265.14 (37, ArsN) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., , kathar.]; 287.12 (I, Teb) [H+L; kathar.]; VI<\/strong> 428.7-8 (154, Kar) [H; anenech., anepidan., kathar.: d.opheilem.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 451.3-5 (206, UP) [S; ed.: Eutyches Tislavo\u0323s\u0323 acce\u0323p[ -ca.?- ] | 4<\/sup> ab Petronia Demetr[ia -ca.?- ] |\u00a05<\/sup> Imsus\u00b7 servo\u0323s Umen\u0323[ -ca.?- ];]; X<\/strong> 583.15-16 (78, Bac) [H+Y; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: d.idiot., opheilem.]; XII 636 (302, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anench., anepidan., kathar.: tel.p.]; XV<\/strong> 707.11, 15-17 (185, Ox?) [S; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idiot., p.empoi.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 84.16-18 (211, ArsN) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 29.14 ? (III\/IV, HerakN) [H+L]; 33.10-13 (330-340, HerakN) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1]; 41.5 (IV, UP) [anap.]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.10-12 (68, OxN) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 95.17-20 (129, Ox) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; II<\/strong> 375.14-16 (79, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; 380.10-11 (79, Ox) [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; III<\/strong> 504.22-26 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: p.d., all.tel.p.]; 505.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.g., p.eid.]; 577.41-42 (117\/8, Ox) [H; kathar.: apogr.p., georg.bas.,ousiak., p.eid.]; IV<\/strong> 794.1-7 (85\/6, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.]; 809.19-22 (98-117, Ox?) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor. plienep.]; IX<\/strong> 1200.29-33 (266, Ox) [PT; beb., kathar.: apogr.andr., georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheile, katoch.d.idiotik.]; 1208.19-22 (291, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.basilik., ousiak.ge., p.eid., opheilem., katoch.p.d.idiot.polit., bouleut., p.all.eid., aperg., hydroph.chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1209.17-19 (252, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; X<\/strong> 1276.14-17 (249, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.pantoi., p.eid.]; XII<\/strong> 1475.29-30 (267, Ox) [H+L; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., epeleus.]; XIV<\/strong> 1634.15-17 (222, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and.*, georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge.*, p.eid., oph.,p., p.all.]; 1635.12-13 (44A<\/sup><\/span>-37A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [L; beb.*, kathar.: bas.]; 1636.19-23, 26-31 (249, Ox) [L; epan., beb., onomat., epeleus.; teloum.d.epim.pantoi.]; 1696.14-18 (197, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ge.ousiak., p.eid., p.all.]; 1697.22-29 (242, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas.ge., ousiak., p.eid., oph.pantoi., p.all.]; 1698.17-21 (269, Ox) [H+PT: epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph., katoch.,pantoi.d.idiot.polit.geouch.*, p.all.]; 1699.17-21 (240-280, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch. pantoi. d.idiot.polit.geouch.?, p.all.]; 1700.13-21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.p.d.idiot.; ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f10\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7: aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.tel., epiklas., epim.pantoi.]; 1702.10-14 (290, Ox) [PT; epan., beb., kathar.: onomat., ed.: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be \u1f40\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5;]; 1705.11-12 (298, Ox) [loom; \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2]; 1706.18-20 (207, Ox) [S; kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph.p.d.idiot., p.all.]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.29-34 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [L; kathar.: apog.-and.*, bas.georg., ousiak.ge*, p.eid., oph.p.d.*idiot., p.all.]; XX<\/strong> 2270.7-9 (V\/VI?, Ox) [epan., beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2723.22-23 (III, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2777.21-25 (212, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5, anap., plienep.]; XLI<\/strong> 2972.36-39 (72, Ox) [epan.]; 2989.16-22 (\u0399\u0399\u0399, Ox) [L; hydrophyl., d.]; 2998.14-17 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor., anepilempt.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.14-16 (305, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; 3145.15-18 (IVe<\/sup>, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2; anap., anepil.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.11-12 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [L; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, kathar.: bas.p.]; 3498.27-32 (274, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., oph., katoch.d.idiot.polit.,bouleut., p.all., aperg., hydrophyl.-chom., teloum.d.epiklas., epimer., pantoi.]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.25-28 (III, Nesmimis) [PT; kathar.: apog.-and., geom.bas., ousiak.ge, p.eid., p.all.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib<\/span><\/strong>. 11.5-9 (III, Ox?) [L; epan., beb., kathar.*: apog.-and., georg.bas., p.eid., p.all., oph.]; P.Pintaudi<\/span><\/strong> 35.15-16 (III, Ox) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p.katoch.pantoi.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 44.11-15 (466 (?), ArsN) [H; kathar.: apog.-and., oph.p., katoch.pantoi.]; II<\/strong> 156.4-6 (V, HermN) [H; anepaph., kathar.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 159.21-27 (31-32, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.p]; 164.5-8 (171, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: p.eid.]; 165.16-18 (266, HermN) [L; parad. (ind.fut.), sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.11 (305, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 60.12-13 (306, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 61.16-19 (299, Thead) [An]; 62.9-11 (328, Thead) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.14-17 (211, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenech., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 79.6-7 (16\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Sy) [S; anapor.*, plienep.]; IV<\/strong> 184.6-8 (IIm<\/sup>, Ox) [Trees; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1]; IV<\/strong> 264.12-13 (279-282, Ox) [S; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor., plienep.]; 266.2-8 (c. 100, Ox) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d., all.tel.p., georg.bas.ousiak.hiera., het.eid.]; V<\/strong> 331.13-15 (98-117, UP) [L; epig., paragr.*]; VI<\/strong> 505.17-19 (107-115, Teb) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u0323\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, anapor., plienep.] ; 543.10-11 (IIf<\/sup>, SokN) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., p.empoi.]; VII<\/strong> 670.1 (III, Alex) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.]; IX<\/strong> 811.9-10 (IIf<\/sup>, UP) [anepidan., kathar.]; 861.5-6 (I, UP) [L] [H; anepeph.]; P.Stras.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> nr. G 2341b (293\/4, Herm); P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 10.10-11? (IIe<\/sup>, Teb) [L; anenechyr.*, anepidan.]; P.Thomas<\/span><\/strong> 7.1-4 (69, UP) [A; anpor.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.4-5 (250, Herm) [L; parad. (ind.fut.): sporim., pler., kathar.: bas., p.eid.]; 7.22-24 (221, Koites) [S; kathar.: all.pras., het.,oikonom.]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.16-17 (143, SokN) [H; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9: anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan., anexallot., kathar.: oph., hypoth.,p., diengyema.d.idiot.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/span><\/strong> I 15.9-10 (Vl<\/sup>, UP) [H; epan., beb., exp., ked.*]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 9.22-24 (183, Ox); II<\/strong> 58.12-14 (298, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; 59.13-14 (298, PtolEu) [H: anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d.idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.12-14 (101, Herm) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2]; 79.10-12 (216\/7, Ox) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2*, anapor.]; III<\/strong> 182.19-21 (234, Ox) [S; \u1f00\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd, anapor. plienep.]; IV<\/strong> 300.18? (324, Ox) [H]; IV 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.7-12 (18, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: d.all.tel.p.]; VI<\/strong> 729.a.5-6 (77?, UP) [An]; VII<\/strong> 771.15-16 (321, Ox) [H]; VIII<\/strong> 882.1-3 (337, OxN?) [An]; 897.2.76-82 (93, Ox) [L]; 946.34-37 (III, Ox) [H+L]; X<\/strong> 1118.17-22 (25\/6, Ox) [L]; 1153.3 (112\/3, PtolEu) [L]; XV<\/strong> 1533.29-31 (IIIe<\/sup>?, OxN) [epan., beb.*]; 1546.1-27.17-19 (222, HerakN) [L; oikonom., p.eleus., bebai.]; 1550.17-26 (IIIf<\/sup>, Ox) [L; beb., kathar.: georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all., oph.katoch.pantoi., aperg.hydroph.-chom., teloum.p.; epim., epiklas.pantoi.]; XVI<\/strong> 1635.16-18 (c. 258-260, Ox) [ed.: \u1f10]\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2;]; XVII<\/strong> 1715.15-16 (37, Teb) [idiot., p.empoi.]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 14 (III, UP) [S; \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2]; 15.18-20 (III\/IV, Ox) [S; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2]; 16.18-20 (330-340?, Ox?) [H; epan., beb., oph.*, p.d.idiot., epeleus.empoi.(v)]; SB<\/span> III<\/strong> 6304.7-9 (151, Ravenna) [S (latin in Greek letters)]; V<\/strong> 8007.4-5 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [S; ed.: \u1f23\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4|5<\/sup>\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u2039\u1f30\u203a\u03b4[\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3]\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 [\u1f31]\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2;]; VI<\/strong> 8971.11-13 (284\/5, Ox) [L; kathar.: georg.bas.*, ousiak.ge., p.eid.*, oph.*, katoch.p.d.idiot.*, teloum.d.*, epiklas.,* epim.pantoi.]; 9145.17-19 (184-92, ArsN) [S]; 9214.20-23 (311, Ox) [A; \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor., anepilempt.]; 9618.14-16 (192, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem.d., artab., naub., arith., epigr.p., paragr.p., epib.-kom., katakr.p., p.d.eid.]; 9829.11-13 (after 3.272, Ox) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; 9831.10 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [H; opheilem.d.]; 9906.18-21 (193\/4, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: d.artab., naub., arith., epib.-kom., katakr.p., idiot., p.empoi.]; X<\/strong> 10571.15-17 (194, PtolEu) [H; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: p.opheilem.d., idiot., p.empoi.]; 10728.16-18 (318, Ox) [H; beb., kathar.: oph.,katoch.p.d.idiot.polit.bouleut., p.all.]; XII<\/strong> 11015.11-13 (III, Ox?) [A; \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b1\u03c2, anapor.]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.16-18 (225, Nilopolis) [S; anapor. \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2]; 11703.1-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [L; all.parach., het.oikonom., p.eleus.empoi.(v)., beb.]; XVI<\/strong> 12333.15-18 (189-93, Ox?) [L; epan.*, beb., kathar.: chom., all.teloum.pantoi.]; 12612.8-9 (203 SokN) [A; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd, anapor.]; 12752.12 (14, Talithis) [A; anapor.]; 12758.12-14 (88, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: katakr.p., p.eid.*, idiot.*, p.empoi.]; 12946v<\/sup>.14-16 (474, Antin) [PT; epan.: beb., kathar.: oph., katoch.p.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13764.18-22 (148-161, ArsN) [L; anepaph., anecher, anepidan.kathar.: d.tel., artab, naub., arith., epig., paragr., katakr., epib.-kom., idiot., empoi.]; XX<\/strong> 14199.14-15 (179, Ox) [H; kath.; apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., p.all.]; 14681.19-23 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [H; epan., beb., kathar.: apog.-and., georg.bas., ousiak.ge., p.eid., oph.p., katoch.pantoi., p.all.]; 14997.6-9 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [\u0397: kathar.: bas., all.tel.]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.11-13 (222-235, Kar) [L; anapor., anenechyr.*, anepidan.*, kathar.*: p.opheilem.*]; 15472.14-15 (134, PtolEu) [H; anep; anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: diegguem.d.idiot., p.empoi]; 15612.1-10? (199, UP) [L; d.tel., epim, epiklasm.]; 15618.14-16 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [L; epan., beb., kathar.: d.idiot.oph., katoch., all.]; 15637.4-8 (130, Thead) [Trees: anapor.]; XXIV<\/strong> 15965.12-17 (III\/IV, Kar) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: epigr., idiot., p.empoi.]; 15702.12-14? (63, PtolEu) [S; anapor., plienep.]; 15703.12-14 (65, PtolEu) [An.: anapor., plienep.]; 15966.13-14 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [ed.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7]\u03c2\u0323 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0[\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2;]; 16002.14-15 (186-190, PtolEu) [S; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: empoi.]; XXX<\/strong> 17622.10-12 (293, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: anap., plienep.]; 17623.19-20 (293, Herm) [S; \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd: anap., plienep.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 1.15-17 (834, PtolEu) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., anepidan., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel.; epigr., artab., naub., arit., epib.-kom., katakr., idiot., empoi.]; 47.16-18 (238, HerakN) [L; kathar.: ousiak.+bas.g.; epigraph., parachor., oikonom., epeleus.]; 50.17-19 (168\/9, Aphrodite Berenike) [L; anepaph., anenechyr., kathar.: opheilem., d.tel., epigr., artab., naub., arith., d.tel., epigr; art., naub., arith., epib.-kom., empoi.]; 71.8-10 (269\/70, Herm) [S; anepor., plienep.]; XXII<\/strong> 20.10-15 (3?, UP) [An.: anepaph., anenech., anepidan.; \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2]; 48.22-25 (152, Dionysias) [A; anapor.].<\/p>\n

\n

6. Surrender of Pledged Object<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Surrender<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The clause discussed here records the debtor\u2019s surrender of an object pledged to the creditor. It is particularly common in Oxyrhynchite loans with the menein<\/em> arrangement: six cases in all. As a rule, the surrender takes place in the future and is routinely expressed through the future indicative or aorist\/future infinitive of \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f73\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, all formally denoting a future act. However, the clause is generally set in connection with the restraint clause<\/a> and seems to introduce a lien whenever the restraint clause is absent. Cf., in particular, P.Oslo II 40a.14-18 (150 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 15<\/sup> [\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb]\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf[\u03bd\u03b1] \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd|16<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \\\u1f10\/\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd | 17<\/sup> [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72] \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018\u2026 and I shall furnish you and your representatives with the slave and her offspring born to her from now on, warranted by every form of warranty, me not being allowed to sell, mortgage, or dispose in any other manner of the slave Isarous and her offspring before I return the six hundred drachms and the interest\u2019). Thus, the clause pertains not to the future actual conveyance of the object but to the making of the object available (Ger.: bereitstellen<\/em>) to the creditor. This Bereitstellung<\/em> is immediate, of course, but does not immediately affect the debtor\u2019s possession of the object. An actual conveyance is recorded only in P.Cair.Masp. III 67309.37-39 (569 CE, Antinoopolis): [\u1f25\u03bd\u03c0]\u03b5\u03c1 [\u03bd]\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bd [\u03c3\u03bf]\u03b9 \u1f00\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u0323\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f24\u03b4\u03b7] | 38<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc]\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1ff3 \u03bc\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 [\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u1f13\u03be [\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc(\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd)] (\u2018\u2026 a possession that I have already granted you perfect on account of the above sole debt of the same six solidi<\/em>\u2019). As such it signals a possessory mortgage. Compare capacity of pledgee<\/a>.<\/p>\n

P.Bas.<\/span><\/strong> 7.21-23 (117-138, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; hypotheke]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67309.37-38 (569, Antin) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd (perf.); hypotheke]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.14-17 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 62.13-17 (II, UP) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; hypallagma]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.5-6 (117\/8\/9, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (fut.); hypallagma]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.7-12 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; 30.19-20 (89, Phil) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; enoikesis]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.16-19 (II, OxN); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 635.13-15 (71, Bac) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; enoikesis]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 40a.14-15 [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; 40b.44-47 (both: 150, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.38-42 (94, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f71\u03c2]; III<\/strong> 506.35-39 (143, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.22-24 (170, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.29-34 (154, Ox) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; menein]; LXIII 4395.64-68 (499, Ox);\u00a0 P.Oxy.Hels.<\/strong> 31.18-21 (86, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 52.5-6 (151A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 (fut.); hypotheke]; IX <\/strong>826.a.9-10 (96-98, SokN);\u00a0P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 817.22-23 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; III.2 <\/strong>970.20-23 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9; hypotheke]; SB XIV<\/strong> 11705.6-9 (213, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

7. Surrender of Object of Lease<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Surrender<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The surrender of the object of a lease is reported in four documents only. BGU III 912.13-18 (33 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), recording the lease of a donkey, records the past receipt of the animal. In P.Oxy. XLI 2973.26-27 (103 CE, Oxyrhynchos), a land lease, the scribe records the future surrender of the misthosis<\/em> rather than of the object of the lease itself: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1[\u03af\u03c1]\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And Athenarous shall surrender to him the lease warranted and irrevocable\u2019). Cf. BGU IV 1116.33-36 (13 BCE, Alexandria) and BGU VI 1280.14-15 (210 BCE, Unknown Provenance).<\/p>\n

\n

8. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em> and Thwarted Surrender<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

This clause, used in the context of land and slave sales, deals with the contravention of two particular obligations of the vendor, bebaiosis<\/em> and the surrender of an object without encumbrance. It seems to be in use solely in the Arsinoite nome. In the only possible exception, P.Mich. XV 707.19-20 (185 CE), perhaps from Oxyrhynchos, it is entirely restored. In diachronic terms, the clause seems restricted to the first two centuries CE. The array of consequences that it specifies is identical to that found in the general penalty clause<\/a>, viz., affirmation of the continued validity of the contract and the pecuniary consequences. As in the penalty clause, it is introduced by the composite verb (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3)-\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 for the return of the consideration, increased by half or doubled, compensation for damages and expenses (possibly duplum<\/em>), the epitimon,<\/em> and a penalty to the fisc. BGU I 193.24-28 (136 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis) yields a relatively complete text: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 [\u03bc]\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f78[\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf|25<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b3\u1fb6\u03b8\u03b9\u03c2 [\u03c4]\u1fc7 \u0398\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6, \u1f23\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4[\u03b9\u03bc]\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21[\u03bc]\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb[\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]| 26<\/sup> [\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323]\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323\u00a0\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00[\u03bd]\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9[\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1[\u03af\u03bf\u03c5] \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7[\u03bc\u1f70]\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> [\u1f11]\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4[\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc]\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd] | 28<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1[\u03b9]\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3[\u03c1(\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1)] (\u2018If she (scil. the vendor) fails to warrant (the purchaser\u2019s title) or surrender the object unencumbered, let Segathis pay Theano as compensation the price that she has received from him increased by a half, double the amount of the exp., a penalty of seven hundred silver drachms and the same amount to the fisc, without prejudice to the continuing effect of the provisions of the contract recorded above\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127; Rupprecht (1982a): 473.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 193.24-27 (136, PtolEu) [price: hemiolia, exp., epit., fisc., kyria]; 282.39-41 (175-180, ArsN) [price: hemiolia, dam., exp., horis.prostim., ked.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 223.23-25 (117-137) [kyria, price: hemiolia, dam., exp., epit. hosidchre., kyria]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 60.14-16 (46, PtolEu) [parachoretikon kephalaion: hemiolia, dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.26-29 (44, PtolEu) [akyr., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.17-21 ? (138-161, Phil) [dipl., kyria]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.12-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); P.Mich.<\/span> X<\/strong> 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [akyr., dam., price: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; XV<\/strong> 707.19-20 (185, Ox?) [price, dam., exp., epit.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 161.18-20 (81, SokN) [dam., exp., epit., fisc.]; 312.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [price: dipl., dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; 313.19-20 (82-96, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., epit., fisc.]; P.Tebt.<\/span> III.1<\/strong> 817.23-27 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [return of the loan]; III.2<\/strong>\u00a0970.23-28 (IIeA<\/span><\/sup>, Krok) [return of the loan]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1320.15-16 (82-88, SokN) [dam., exp.: dipl., prostim.].<\/p>\n

\n

9. Costs involving Court Action<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The costs of legal measures arising from the defaulted settlement of a debt are addressed in only one text: P.K\u00f6ln III 156.5-10 (582-602 CE, Antinoopolis?)\u2014\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 6<\/sup> [\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9]\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af[\u03c9\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 7<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd]\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 8<\/sup> [\u03c3]\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 9<\/sup> [\u1f22] \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b9]\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c3\u1fc7 \u03c0[ \u0323 \u0323] \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 | 10<\/sup> \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323[\u03b3]\u03c1\u0323[\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf]\u03b4\u0323\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03b6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3[\u03b1]\u03b9\u00b7(\u2018Should I be in delay in the settlement and payment of said four solidi<\/em> and interest, and (as a consequence you) are compelled to take action against me and incur expenses, I am prepared to reimburse you for expenses or damages that may befall you on this account in the future, both in court and elsewhere; I acknowledge that I shall reimburse you in addition to being obligated to repay the aforesaid debt and to render you without loss in every respect\u2019).<\/p>\n

\n

10. Defension<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The defension clause is recorded in 122 documents. It is already in use in Augustan Alexandria, in Greek translations of Demotic documents preserved in the archive of Satabous son of Herieus from early first century CE Soknopaiou Nesos, as well as in the formulary of slave sales first attested in papyrus in P.Stras. I 79.7 from 16\/5 BCE Syene, where following the clause in which the slave is said to be surrendered \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf]\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2, the text runs: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | [- ca.20 – \u1f22 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If an epaphe takes place, let the vendor vindicate (the purchaser\u2019s title?) or pay as indemnity the simple price, as well as compensation for the damages and expenses\u2019). Cf. also, in the same context, P.Turner 22.21-23 (142 CE, Side).<\/p>\n

In this document, following the vendor\u2019s affirmation of the slave\u2019s good health in the clause stipulating the disclosure of material defects<\/a>, which lists all different possible defects in detail, the text runs \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f96 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f96 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f74\u2039\u03c2\u203a \u1f92 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u0323[\u03bf\u1fe6] | 22<\/sup> [\u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7[\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u03b5\u0323[\u03b9]\u03bc\u1f74\u0323[\u03bd] \u03c7\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u1f76\u0323[\u03c2] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323|23<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018and if should happen anything of that, or if (she) be not healthy or, if there be epaphe<\/em> of hers or of her part and be it successful (the seller has promised with his good faith) to give the double price without further notice.\u2019) (transl.: Urbanik (2010): 244).<\/span><\/p>\n

Routinely attested in sale documents from Mesopotamia published in P.Euphrates, it is also sporadically used in Greek documents from the chora in the first and second centuries but becomes regular in the last decade of the second century CE only. In the subsequent two centuries, it appears primarily in documents from the metropoleis<\/em> (Oxyrhynchos and Ptolemais Euergetis). It endures down to the Byzantine period.<\/p>\n

In the defension clause, the vendor assumes the obligation to ward off (in earlier documentation) any challenger to the purchased object. Cf., e.g., P.Freib. II 8.19-21 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039f\u1f50\u03bd\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c2, \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9|21<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018And let Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous forthwith repel, by two-thirds, at their personal expense, anyone who proceeds or lays claim on account of the slaves Asklepous and Ounion or any part of them\u2019). The most common term in Egypt is \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, which may take both the present and future tense down to the third century and the future tense only in the Byzantine period.<\/p>\n

Outside Egypt, in the documents from third-century Mesopotamia (P.Euphrates), the vocabulary, and phrasing are different: P.Euphr. 7.12-16 (249 CE, Markopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 | 13<\/sup> \u1f35\u03bd\u02bc \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c3\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 15<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd|16<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7(\u2018\u2026and she (the vendor) makes pledge that if anyone lay claims to said slave or part thereof, the vendor will stand, vindicate, clear, and repel the challenger\u2019). The verbs \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f73\u03c9 (\u2018LSJ: avenge or vindicate\u2019) and \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 (\u2018clear\u2019) then penetrate the Egyptian vocabulary from the late third century onward, to which one adds other verbs in line with the general Byzantine circumlocution: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018keep off\u2019) and \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9 (\u2018avert\u2019). The direct object of the verb is the challenger, for whom the most common term by far is the future participle of \u1f10\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018proceed against\u2019): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 which may then be followed, in Augustan Alexandria, by the purchaser, introduced by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77 + acc. Less common but still well attested is the participle \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018lay claims\u2019), later (fifth century) superseded by \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018lay counterclaims\u2019). A participle of a third verb, \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 (\u2018bring a charge or accusation\u2019), is rare. The object appears in the genitive and is introduced by \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77, \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd or both, as is the case in the formula \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd. As the commonly used adverb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018forthwith\u2019) shows, the defension obligation should become effective immediately. Indispensable in all times is the vendor\u2019s requirement to pay for the defension (\u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd). In four Byzantine documents\u2014P.Grenf. I 60.35-39 (582 CE?, Apollonopolis); P.Oxy. LXIII 4395.68-77 (499 CE, Oxyrhynchos) ; SB I 5112.53-57 (618 CE, Apollonopolis); 5113.21-25 (VII CE, Apollonopolis)\u2014he must also ward off a challenger \u2018at his own expense and risk in accordance with the practice\/law in cases of sale and bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019: \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd. In documents from the third and fourth centuries, the vendor must undertake the defension \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n

The defension clause shares some functions of the bebaiosis<\/em>. In particular, whenever the bebaiosis<\/em> clause is meant to protect the purchaser from a future challenge by a third party (\u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5), it is functionally identical to the defension clause. Due to this functional overlap, in 56 documents that use the defension clause, bebaiosis<\/em> is dispensed with. Such in particular is the case in the Euphrates papyri and also, to a large extent, in Augustan Alexandria. However, 66 documents exhibit both clauses and it is not always clear why one scribe omits the bebaiosis<\/em> while the other, in the same region and at the same time, does not. An excellent example is provided by P.M\u00fcnch. I 12 and P.Lond. V 1733, concerning house sales from 590\/1 and 594 CE Syene respectively. In the former, the defension clause is introduced (ll. 34-37) by the bebaiosis<\/em> clause, while in the latter (ll. 59-63) it is not. An accumulative use of functionally identical bebaiosis<\/em> and defension clauses occurs, e.g., in SB I 5114.33-39 (630-640 CE, Apollonopolis Magna): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9] | 35<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3[\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72] | 36<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u1f41 \u03c0[\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 37\u00a0<\/sup>\u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9] | 38\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03c1[\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5] | 39<\/sup>\u00a0\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1[\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd] (\u2018I will warrant this sale for you and at all times will keep away any person who proceeds against you or lays claim to the object. And the person who shall proceed or lay claims I the vendor, alongside those acting on my behalf, will repel, vindicate, keep away, and clear this sale at my own expense and risk according to the law on sale and bebaiosis<\/em>\u2019). For a parallel Demotic formula see, e.g., Zauzich (1968):<\/span> no. 56 = P.Louvre 2416 (153 BCE, Hermonthis) l. 6-7.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 27; Schwarz (1920): 170-184; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 327-328; Zauzich (1968): 137-141; Rupprecht (1982b): 241-242; (1982a): 471-472; (1983): 623; Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017): 114-119.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.12-16 (289, ArsN) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp., ked.]; 94.19-20 (289, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 282.37-38 (175-180, ArsN) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 316.21-27 (359, Askalon) [eperch., antipoi. (conj.aor.); performers: vendor and heirs, beb.: exp.]; II<\/strong> 542.14-15 (165, Athenas Kome) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; performers: vendor and bebaiotes; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; III<\/strong> 1002.13-14 (55A<\/sup><\/span>, Herm) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9]; IV<\/strong> 1049.21-22 (342, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 1110.14-15 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp. {crossed out}]; 1127.17-19 (18A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch., empoi. (part.fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; 1129.33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); 1130.20-21 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [\u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; eperch. (part.fut.); exp.]; 1131.1-32, l. 25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [epeleus.; aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; 1153.1.7-9 (14A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex): [wet-nurse: eperch. (part.fut.), parasyng. (part.praes.).; parachr., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; kyria]; 1170.50-60 l. 58 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [eperch. (part.fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; XI<\/strong> 2054.17-18 ? (184-192, PtolEu) [eperch. (part.fut.)*, \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd*]; XVII<\/strong> 2698.21-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; 2698.23-24 (VII, Herm) [ekist. (fut.), aposob. (praes.); eperch. (part.fut.)]; XIX<\/strong> 2828.8-11 (VIIb<\/sup>, Herm) [cond.sent.: \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2; \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: eight solidi; no excuse, kind.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 109.9-10 (III, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; parachr., exp.]; 121.20-21 (II, ArsN?) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; kyria]; 156.7-8 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.).; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr., exp.]; 168.12-14 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [parachr., exp.]; 189.20-21 (II, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.]; 191.10 (after 212, ArsN) [aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 218.17 (II, SokN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; VII<\/strong> 47.14?-16 (c. 645, HerakN) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XV<\/strong> 1.13-14 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; 2.5-6 (11, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (fut.); epan.]; XVIIb<\/strong> 3.1-16, l. 12 (184\/5, Panop); XIX<\/strong> 44.1-5 (V\/VI, Alex) [exp.; kata nomon?]; O.Berenike<\/span> II<\/strong> 125.6-10 (61, Berenike) [cond.sent. enkal. (conj.aor.); epeleus., ephist. (fut.), epan., exp.]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 64.1-4 (337-350, Alex\/Phil) [aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 47.23-26 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme)?; P.Bastianini<\/span><\/strong> 25.14-15 (V\/VI, Narmouthis) [empoi.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [eperch. (fut.), empoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekhist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi. (all fut.); exp., kind.; kata nomon]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 105.11-12 (297, Kar) [diairesis; aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.); exp.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67097r<\/sup>.53-58 (571\/2?, Aphr) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9*; eperch., antipoi. (fut.); exp.; kind.]; II<\/strong> 67169.31-36 (569, Antin) [eperch. (fut.).; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9; exp.]; III<\/strong> 67298.21-29 (527-565, Antaiopolis\/Tentyris) [\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9*; eperch. (fut.), kyria (unique formulation)]; P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 181.17-19 (342, Kar) [eperch., empoi.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price with hemiolia; taxes; exp.: dipl.: kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 50.17-19 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.).; epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 31.12-14 (II\/III, Phil) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 32.11-12 (512, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); empoi. (fut.); parachr.; aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 33.13-14 (513, ArsPol) [eperch., antipoi. (both fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); katharopoi.; nom\u00ea; parachr.; exp.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.19-22 (249, Markopolis) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi., apoly. (both fut.); antipoi. (part.praes.)]; 8.24-27 (251, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.), enkal. (conj.aor.); diekdik., katharopoi., parad. (all fut.)]; 9.20-23 (252, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik., katharopoi.*, apoly. (all fut.); empoi. (part.praes.)]; 10.17-18 (250, Karrhai) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); diekdik. (fut.)]; 11.17-23 (232, Beth Phuraia) [cond.sent.: antipoi. (conj.aor.pass.); [ed.: \u2039\u03c3\u203a{\u03c4}\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6 , \u1fe5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc[\u03b1\u03b9];]; P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 323.15-17 (525, Herm) [aposob., eperch., antipoi. (part.fut.)]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8.19-21 (144, UP) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr., exp.]; P.Gen.<\/span> II<\/strong> 116.47-48 (247, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.), parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 39.2-4 (205A<\/sup><\/span>-180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 51.19-21 (202, OxN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 60.35-39 (582?, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr., ekist., ekdik., katharopoi.* (all ind.fut.); exp., kind., kata nomon]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 32.15-17 (VI, UP) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Jena<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 1.15 (298\/9, PtolEu) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 155.8-10 (VI, UP) [eperch., antipoi.; aphist., ekist. (both fut.); exp.]; V<\/strong> 232.14-15 (330\/338, Terenythis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; XIII<\/strong> 535.3 (III, OxN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.*, aphist.* ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Laur.<\/span> III<\/strong> 74.21 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 991.16-19 (481, UP) [epeleus., empoi.]; 1015.9-10 (VI, Herm) [\u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9; antipoi. (fut.)]; 1164c.26-29 (212, Antin) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 1164e.17-18 (212, Antin) [eperch.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; V<\/strong> 1686.36-38 (565, Aphr) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); ekist. or aphist.; exp.]; 1722.42-45 (530, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., katharopoi..; exp.]; 1733.59-63 (594, Sy) [enkal., antipoi. (fut.); ekist, katharopoi. (fut.), exp.]; 1734.11-12 (578-582, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist. (fut.), * katharopoi., exp.]; 1735.15-17 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy?) [eperch. (fut.); aposob. (fut.), katharopoi.]; P.Lond. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 2917.8-10 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, Ta Memnonia) [antileg., antipoi., enkal. (part.)]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 636.18-19 (302, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 663.18-20 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; XIII<\/strong> 664.29-31 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.40-44 (544 or 559, Aphr); 45.56-58 (540, Aphr); 52.g.20-22 (VI\/VII, Aphr); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.15-16 (128, Teb); P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 4.2.31-33 (581, Sy); 9.84-87 (585, Sy); 11.44-47 (586, Sy); 12.36-37 (590\/1?, Sy) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., katharopoi. (both fut.); exp.]; 13.57-60 (594, Sy) [eperch. (fut.), \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9; exp.]; 15.10-12 (493, Sy) [enkal., antipoi., aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 16.36-38 (Vl<\/sup>, Sy) [enkal., antipoi.; aphist., katharopoi. (ind.fut.); exp.]; P.Neph.<\/span><\/strong> 33.15-16 (c. 330-340, HerakN) [exp.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1208.23-24 (291, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV<\/strong> 1698.21-23 (269, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1699.21-22 (240-280, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1700.22-24 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1704.18-19 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1705.16-17 (298, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 1707.15-17 (204, Ox) [cond.sent.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.34-38 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX<\/strong> 2270.9-11 (V\/VI?, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); allel.; aphist. ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XLI<\/strong> 2989.25-28 (III, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3143.18-20 (305, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); epan.; parachr.; ked.]; 3144.12-15 (313, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.*, exp.; ked.]; XLIX<\/strong> 3498.33-36 (274, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr., exp.; ked.]; LXIII<\/strong> 4395.68-77 (499, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; debtor and surety; aphist. ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; kathair. (ind.fut.)]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.28-30 (III, Nesmimis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; exp.; ked.]; LXIX<\/strong> 4751.12-15 (310, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.) parachr.; exp.; ked.]; P.Palau\u00a0Rib.<\/span><\/strong> 11.10-11 (III, Ox?) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., exp.; ked.]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 21.45-52 (616, This) [exp.; aphist., aposob. (fut.); eperch. (fut.), antipoi. (fut.)]; P.Pintaudi<\/span><\/strong> 35.17-18 (III, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Prag.<\/span> I<\/strong> 41.5-6 (VI\/VII, HerakN) [exp.]; II<\/strong> 156.10-11 (V, HermN?) [aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 85.8-18 ? (V?, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 95.12-14 (71\/2, Ox?) [eperch. (conj.aor.), aphist. (ind.fut.)*]; II<\/strong> 163.10-11 (140, HermN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.]; 313.16-17 (82-96, SokN); P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.14-15 (305, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 5.c.2-3 (VI, Aphr) [eperch. (fut.); apotr. (fut.); exp.]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 7.28-30 (221, Koites) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; P.Wash.Univ.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 19.12-14 (287, Ox) [aphist. (inf.aor.); eperch. (fut.); exp.; ked.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 58.6-18 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 59.17-19 (298, PtolEu) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; prosektin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes and exp.: dipl.; kyria]; PSI<\/span> IV<\/strong> 300.20-22 (324, Ox) [cond.sent.: eperch. (ind.fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; VIII<\/strong> 882.6-8 (337, OxN?) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.)*; parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.11-16 (after 117, UP) [eperch., (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.; ektin. (praes.); epit., fisc., kyria]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XX<\/strong> 16.20-22 (330-340?, Ox?) [aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; ked.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4370.37-38 (229, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; 4777.4-5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (conj.aor.); exp.]; 5112.53-57 (618, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5113.21-25 (VII, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik., aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5114.35-39 (630-640, Apol) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); parachr.; ekist., ekdik.*, aposob., katharopoi.; exp.; kind.; kata nomon]; 5166.15 (II\/III, UP) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.)]; 5246.13-15,16-17 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); ekist. (ind.fut.)]; 5320.22? (VI\/VII, ArsN) [exp.]; V<\/strong> 8034.25-28 (52, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); exp.]; VI<\/strong> 8971.13-14 (284\/5, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan., aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 8987.32-35 (644\/5, Ox) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9; exp.]; 9214.24-27 (311, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan., aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 9219.23-24 (319, Herm) [aphist. (ind.fut.); eperch. (fut.]; 9765.22-27 (after 13.9.81, Ox) [ektin. (praes.); ed.: \u03ba\u03b1[\u03b8\u02bc \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd] \u1f14\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9829.21-25 (after 272, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; X<\/strong> 10571.20-21 (within the penalty clause) (194, PtolEu) [eperch.; \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., prosektin. (fut.): price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 10728.18-19 (318, Ox)<\/span> [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.26-29 (225, Nilopolis) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; bebai. (part.)]; 11278.8-11 (316, Ox) [eperch. (fut.); epan.; aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; 11578<\/span>.14-17 (V?, UP) [katharop.; \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; XVI<\/strong> 12946v<\/sup>.16-19 (474, Antin) [eperch., antipoi. (fut.); epan.; aphist., ekdik. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XX<\/strong> 14681.23-25 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.; ked.]; XXII<\/strong> 15618.16-17 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); parachr.; exp.; \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2]; XXIV<\/strong> 15996.16-17 (IIIe<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>) [aphist. (inf.fut.), parachr.]; 16002.19-20 (within the penalty clause) (186-190, PtolEu) [eperch., \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; prosapotin. (fut.): price + hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 10.13-15 (168, ArsN) [eperch. (fut.); \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr.; exp.]; 29.36-38 (227, HerakN) [eperch., empoi. (fut.); aphist. (inf.fut.); parachr.; exp.]; 117.11-12 (411, Koba) [empoi., eperch. (fut.); epan.; parachr.; aphist., ekdik. (ind.fut.); exp.]; 145.5-6 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [eperch. (fut.); aphist. (ind.fut.); exp.; katharopoi. (ind.fut.)]; UPZ<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 175.26-27 (145A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes); 177.35-36 (136A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes?) [cond.sent.: eperch. (conj.aor.); aphist. (ind.fut.)].<\/p>\n

\n

11. Consequences of Thwarted Defension<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Among the 158 sale documents that introduce the duty of defension, 22 discuss only the vendor\u2019s failure to comply. It is first recorded in a Greek document from Egypt in P.Stras. I 79.6-7 (16\/5 BCE, Syene): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9, \u1f10\u03b3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 | [- ca.20 – \u1f22 \u1f10]\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If the slave is vindicated by a third party, the vendor shall defend the purchaser\u2019s title [ – – ] or else pay as indemnity simply the amount of the consideration which he has obtained, as well as compensation for damages and expenses\u2019). The text goes back to the Latin Vorlage<\/em> as recorded in P.Lond. II 229.7-12 of 166 CE Seleukia Pieria: et si quis eum puerum | 8<\/sup> partemue quam eius euicerit, simplam pecuniam | 9<\/sup> sine denuntiatione recte dare stipulatus est Fabul|10<\/sup>lius Macer, spopondit Q(uintus) Iulius Priscus: id fide sua | 11<\/sup> et auctoritate esse iussit C(aius) Iulius Antiochus, mani|12<\/sup>pularius (triere) Uirtute.<\/em> Apart from this text, the clause is also evidenced in one Augustan document from Alexandria, six of these documents are Mesopotamian (P.Euphrates 6-11), and the rest are Byzantine, stemming from Syene, Aphrodite, Arsinoe, Apollonopolis Magna, and Hermopolis. The violation may be expressed through a protasis<\/em> denoting omission (e.g., \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) or, in the Byzantine period, inability to perform the act: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If we should be weak in regard to the vindication and clearance of this sale\u2019), or \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018If we should be unable to perform the vindication and clearance on account of this sale\u2019), or a manifestation of carelessness: \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f27\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 (\u2018if we show disregard\u2019). The result, in the apodosis<\/em>, is naturally the delivery (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), or the payment as indemnity (\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd), of the consideration along with a proportional fine and compensation for damage and expenses for the maintenance and improvement of the object of the sale. Cf., most extensively, P.Dubl. 32.12-13 (512 CE, Arsinoiton Polis): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd (read \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd | 13\u00a0<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 (\u2018If they fail to do this, they will pay as a penalty double the price stated herein, which the vendor Eulogios has received, and double all the expenses and costs that arise, as are incurred in repairing or rebuilding the property, and double the fines incurred on its behalf, in court or out of court\u2019.) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 171).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 130-131.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU III<\/span><\/strong> 887.5-7 (151, Syde); <\/span>IV<\/strong> 1170v<\/sup>.50-60, ll. 58-59 ? (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [kyria; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; kephal. + tok.; ked.]; XVII<\/strong> 2698.24-28 (VII, Herm) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; O.Berenike<\/span> II<\/strong> 125.9-12 (61, Berenike) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9; parachr., price; fisc.]; P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 64.4-6 (337-350, Alex\/Phil) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; parachr., price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bodl.<\/span> I<\/strong> 45.32-37 (c. 610, Apol) [prot.: \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; price: dipl.; exp.; kyria]; P.Dubl.<\/span><\/strong> 32.12-13 (512, ArsPol) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; 33.14-16 (513, ArsPol) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd; \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.]; P.Euphrates<\/span><\/strong> 6.22-23 (249, Markopolis) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price, dam.]; 8.27-28 (251, Beth Phuraia) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9: price, dam.; kyria]; 9.23-25 (252, Beth Phuraia) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price: dipl.]; 10.19 (250, Karrhai) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9; price, dam.]; 11.24-25 (232, Beth Phuraia) [ed.: \u03b4\u03ce\u0323[\u03c3\u03c9; price]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 991.19-22 (481, UP) [\u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9: price: four times; dam.; exp.]; 1015.10-11 (VI, Herm) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c9: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2]; V<\/strong> 1733.63-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bd; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd: price: dipl.]; 1735.15-17 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy ?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: price: dipl., dam., exp.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.60-65 (594, Sy) [prot.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2; kyria; dam.; exp.]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5112.57-63 (618, Apol) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd?; \u1f11\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd: price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; kyria]; 15618.3-8 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [price: dipl.]<\/p>\n

\n

12. Consequences of Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em> and Thwarted Defension<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty, Penalty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II 8.21-23 (144 CE, Unknown Provenance), following the bebaiosis<\/em> and the defension clauses, vendors are subject to a penalty if they fail to perform the bebaiosis<\/em> or defend the purchaser against a challenge by a third party: the consideration is increased by half, and they should also cover damages, defray expenses, and pay the fixed penalty. \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u039c\u1fb6\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1 | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039f\u1f50\u03bd\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22\u0323 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u03c2, \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u1f50\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9|21<\/sup>\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9[\u03c1]\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f24, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 | 22<\/sup> \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03b3\u03cd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 | 23<\/sup> \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018Let Marcus Julius Valerianus, Julia Aphrodous, and either of the two warrant (the purchased object) for Demarion, and let them, Julius Valerianus and Julia Aphrodous, immediately keep away at their own expense, by half a share<\/em>, anyone who in the future proceeds against her or lays claim to the slaves, Asklepous and Onion, or to any part thereof, or else, leaving in effect everything stipulated, let them pay as compensation, by mutual surety, the amount of the price increased by a half, the damages, costs and the prescribed penalty as if following a court action\u2019). See also CPR I 170.19-21 (103-117 CE, Arsinoites).<\/p>\n

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13. Injunction against Lawsuit<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

An injunction against bringing suit is commonly inserted in Roman-period contracts recording the sale of landed property and slaves (239). It is also common in mortgage loans in anticipation of the foreclosure of land or slaves by the creditor (18), in wills (18), and in diaireseis<\/em> (34).The most common form of the verb is the infinitive following the verb \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03c9 that introduces the entire contract. Among the best-attested verbs, the future infinitive of \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2014\u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [65] and the variant \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [12] are the most common, followed by the future infinitive of \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9 (\u1f10\u03bd- or \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) [45] and the present infinitive of the same verb (\u1f10\u03bd- or \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) [38]. The future infinitive of (\u03b4\u03b9-)\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 is attested 14 times, as are the medial infinitive of \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 and the active infinitive of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bao\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1f73\u03c9, both 11 times.<\/p>\n

The use of each verb results in a different syntax. [Type1]<\/strong> the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, if used alone, elicits the formulation that indicates the vendor, or those acting on his behalf in the accusative (the subject of the infinitive), the purchaser, and those acting on his behalf introduced by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77, in the accusative, and the object, introduced by \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77, in the genitive. Cf., e.g., SB<\/span> V 8007.9-10 (IVf<\/sup> CE, Hermopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 | 10<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7]\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03af (\u2018And neither I nor anyone else on my behalf will proceed against you the purchaser, or against your representatives, in any matter relating to the sale in any manner\u2019). The clause is especially common in the Oxyrhynchite and Hermopolite documentation from the Roman period.<\/p>\n

[Type2]<\/strong> the cumulative use of various verbs denoting lawsuit, with no indication of the object and, frequently, not even of the purchaser. E.g., PSI XIII 1320.13-15 (82-88 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 14<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b1[\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u1f72 \u1f10]\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03c4]\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4[\u03b5]\u03bd\u0323\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc|15<\/sup>\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd (\u2018And neither the acknowledging party, Tabous, nor her representatives shall make, now or in the future, no claim and shall neither dispute nor attack in any way violating any of the aforesaid provisions\u2019). Type2<\/strong> is especially common in the Arsinoite hinterland (Tebtynis: eight, Soknopaiou Nesos: six documents) and also, later, with a different formulary, in Byzantine Syene (11 of 16 documents). P.M\u00fcnch. I 13.51-55 (594 CE, Syene): \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03a4\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03b7 (l.<\/em> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd) | 52<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 | 53<\/sup> \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (l.<\/em> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f22 | 54<\/sup> \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 55<\/sup> \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (l.<\/em> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u1ff3 | 56<\/sup> \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u1ff7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (\u2018We, the aforesaid Tsone and Tseure her sister, the sellers, and any children or descendants or guests or family on our father\u2019s or mother\u2019s side, are not and shall not be able to proceed against you or your children or descendants or successors or assigns, bring action, or sue you, now or in the future, on account of this deed of sale, or violate or undermine this, our deed of sale, now or on any occasion, in any way or on any pretext, since, as we have said earlier, we have received from you in full the designated price of one and one-third solidi<\/em> in the weight of Syene\u2019) (transl.: Porten (1996)<\/span>: 532 with some modifications).<\/p>\n

[Type3]<\/strong> the verb \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 is followed by \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77 with the accusative, recording the object of the sale; the purchaser is not mentioned. BGU I 282.36-37 (175-180 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 [\u0394]\u03b9\u03b4\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd | 37<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018and Didymarion nor anyone else acting on her behalf, shall not proceed against these objects in any way\u2019). The formulation is particularly common in the Roman period in the documentation from Ptolemais Euergetis: 7 of the 15 Roman documents of this group, of which the place of composition is certain, were drafted in that city. The object of the transaction (rather than the purchaser) also receives the focus in the construction introduced by \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 or \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ad\u03c9 [Type3a]<\/strong>. This type is already attested in the parachoresis<\/em> P.Oxy. 3482.12-14 (73 BCE, Oxyrhynchos). Seven of the remaining 12 documents are Byzantine and stem from the village of Aphrodite. Cf., e.g., P.Michael. 52.18-20 (VI\/VII CE, Aphrodite): \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 | 19<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc]\u03ad(\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u0323 | 20<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03bc\u03bf]\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018And you shall be free from opposition present or future from any of those who are heirs or co-heirs after me, or of my relations by birth or my connections\u2019).<\/p>\n

[Type4]<\/strong> The verb \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9 is also used outside the Type2<\/strong> \u2018cluster\u2019; cf., e.g., SB XII 11063.7-8 (167\/8\/9 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03ad\u0323\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u0323 | 8<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb]\u1ff6. It is recorded in 16 documents from the Roman period. No regional pattern is evident.<\/p>\n

[Type5]<\/strong> The participial construction (e.g., P.Oxy. XIV 1699.15-17: 240-280 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bc[\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2] | 16<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ad]|17<\/sup>\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018and neither we nor anyone else acting on our behalf shall maintain the right to make a claim upon it or any part of it in any way whatsoever\u2019) is used in 21 documents, at least 11 of which originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos and date to the first three centuries CE.<\/p>\n

The \u2018non-prevention\u2019 formulation [Type6]<\/strong> prohibits the vendor from interfering with the purchaser\u2019s management of the purchased object. It is recorded in 22 documents, all but one stemming from the Arsinoite nome, particularly (7 of 13 cases that have a definite specified origin) from the city of Ptolemais Euergetis, and all dating to the first three centuries CE. Cf., e.g., P.Mich. X 585.16-20 (87 CE, Bacchias): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6(\u03bd) | 17<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd[\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78]\u03bd \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u1fb6\u0323[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2) | 18<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd[\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03ba(\u03b9\u03b1) | 19<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf]\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03c2 (\u2018And let the party of the first part see to it that no one prevents Hermas and his representatives from occupying the designated property, lodging others therein, collecting the rents, and using all its appurtenances without hindrance\u2019 (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p.35).<\/p>\n

[Type7]<\/strong> In 10 documents from the first centuries BCE and CE, all agoranomic and relating to the conveyance of allotment land, the vendor pledges to avoid \u2018dealing fraudulently\u2019 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9) or breaching the contract (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9). The context of these improprieties is procedural, at least in BGU<\/span> VIII 1736.14-17 (78 BCE, Herakleopolis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7]\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9] | 15<\/sup> [\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd] \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03c3[\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] | 16<\/sup> [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323]\u03c5\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd [\u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9]|17<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03b7\u0323[\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026 and I shall neither deal fraudulently in relation to any of the terms recorded through the document or in the declaration of oath, nor initiate litigation against you and your representatives [ – – ], nor through anyone else acting on my behalf in any court regarding any of the rights relating to this land\u2019).<\/p>\n

[Type8]<\/strong> In two documents, both from Augustan Sokopaiou Nesos, the vendor is denied kyrieia<\/em> over the object of the purchase. One is CPR XV 2.5 (11 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u02bc \u1f04\u0323\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9[\u03b9] \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u0323\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5[\u03cd]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c3\u0323\u03ae\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And neither I nor anyone else shall have the right to control them but you from this very day to all times\u2019)<\/strong>. The text is a translation of the Egyptian clause bn-i\u0357w r\u1e2b rm\u1e6f nb n p\ua723 t\ua723 inky mi\u0357t.t i\u0357r s\u1e2by n-i\u0357m=w bnr=k n \u1e6f\ua723y n p\ua723 hrw r \u1e25ry<\/em> of P.Dime III 5.6. The procedural context is not certain but is likely in view of the following clause.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rabel (1902): 37-42; Schwarz (1920): 197-201; Kunkel (1928): 287; Weber (1932): 182-184; L\u00fcddeckens (1960): 328<\/span>; D\u00fcwel (1969): 36-42; Zauzich (1968): 136-137; Rupprecht (1971): 15-17, 32-33, 37, 42, 49-50, 52, 54, 94-103; (1982a): 235, 240-241; Straus (2004): 147-149.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 13.11-12 (289, ArsN) [1]; 94.18-19 (289 , PtolEu) [3]; 193.21-23 (136 , PtolEu) [6]; 233.13 (161-169, ArsN) [6]; 241.38-40 (177, Kar) [1]; 282.36-37 (175-180, ArsN) [3]; 350.14-15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph.]; II<\/strong> 542.13-14 (165, Athenas Kome) [3]; 666.26-27 (177, ArsN) [1]; III<\/strong> 806.6-8 (1, UP) [4: enkal.]; 825.6-9 (190\/1, ArsN) [3]; 883.11 (II, Kar) [1\/2]; 906.8-9 (34\/5, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 917.19-20 (348, PtolEu) [3*]; 987.11-15 (19\/45, ArsN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 993.3.12-13 (127A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis) [3a]; 998.2.7-9 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; IV<\/strong> 1013.20-21 (41-68, ArsN) [\u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; 1049.20-21 (342, PtolEu) [3]; 1053.2.21-25 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1110.17-18 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [4]; 1112.11-15 (after 4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; 1129.28-30 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [3a: antipoi., epitel.]; 1130.16-19 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [5]; 1170.50-60 ll. 57-58 (10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [1]; VI<\/strong> 1260.13-16 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 1643.13-14 (II, Phil) [6] [7]; VIII<\/strong> 1732.9-10 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1733.11-13 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 1734.14-16 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [1]; 1736.14-17 (78A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7: kakotech., katastas.]; 1738.21-27 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7]; 1740.12-15 + P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 51 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [7: parasyng., kakotech.*, katastas.*]; XI<\/strong> 2051.15-18 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [6, 2: enkal.p., diamph., kakotech., epel.]; 2052.11 (II, Herakleia ?) [6]; 2095.28 (83, PtolEu) [6]; XV<\/strong> 2478.13 (90-96, Kar) [3*]; 2481.16-18 (138-161, Themistos Meris) [4]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.17-19 (309\/10, Herm) [1]; 2831.19-21 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm); 2833.8 (249, Herm) [1]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.21-25, 25-26 (52, Herakleia) [6, 2: ed.: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323;]; 11.26-28 (108, PtolEu) [1]; 139.6 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [1?]; 168.10-11 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [1?]; 170.17 (103-117, ArsN) [6]; 175.21 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [6]; 179.16-17 (I\/II, PtolEu ?) [6]; 181.7 (II, ArsN) [3?]; 187.12-14 (145, PtolEu) [6,2: enkal.p., amph.*]; 188.17-20,21 (106\/7, ArsN) [6,2: enkal., amph., epel.]; 189.19-20 (II, ArsN) [3]; 191.8-9 (after 212, ArsN) [6,3]; 206 B.14 (138-161, ArsN) [2]; 218.9-13 (II, SokN) [4?]; 220.1-6 (I, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 223.20-23 (117-137, PtolEu) [6]; VII<\/strong> 14 (after 7.8.52, Herakleia) [1]; XV<\/strong> 2.4-5 (11, SokN) [8]; XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.8-9 (321?, Herm) [1]; 21.5 (217\/8, Panop) ?; M.Chr.<\/span><\/strong> 361.14-16 (355, Eleph) [3: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Amh.<\/span><\/strong> II 95.10 (109, Herm) [1]; 96.8-9 (213, Herm) [1]; 99a.21-22 (179, Herm) [5?]; P.Ammon<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 48.a.6 (after 9.12.348, Alex?) [ed.: \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u0323\u03c4\u03b7\u0323\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b8(\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [ -ca.?- ];]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.22-23 (I\/II, Memphis?) [3]; 47.19-23 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ieme) [3]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.5 (II, ArsN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, diamph.*, epel.*]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 60.14 (46, PtolEu) [2: enkal., diamph.*, epel.]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> 68.2-4 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [1]; P.Cair.Goodsp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.11-12 (341, Herm) [1]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> I 67097r<\/sup>.48-53 (571\/2?, Aphr) [2 (GA)]; 67115.3-14 (527-565, Aphr) [2: ed.: \u1f41\u03bc[\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6] \u1f11\u03c4[\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7(?)]\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u0323[\u03b7\u03b4]\u03b5\u03bd\u0323\u1f78\u0323\u03c2 | 4<\/sup> \u03bf\u0323\u1f54\u0323[\u03c4\u03b5] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bf(\u1f54)[\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc]\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c5\u1f31(?)]\u1ff6\u03bd | 5<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c6[\u03ac(?)]\u03bb\u0323\u03bc\u03b1;]; II<\/strong> 67158.23-25 (568?, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]<\/strong>; 67163.26-31 (569, Antin) [3b: amphibal.]; III<\/strong> 67299.41-43 (527-565, Antin) [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 67312.92-99 (567, Antin) [unique]; P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 181.16-17 (342, Kar) [3]; 188.23-24 (320, Kar) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Coles<\/span><\/strong> 27.14 (IVb<\/sup> UP); P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> I<\/strong> 19.22-23 [6]; 50.12-14 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [5]; II<\/strong> 75.9-10 (III, Herm) [1]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 12.30-31? (283, Antin) [6]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 24.15-17 (138-161, Phil) [6]; P.Duk.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 728.6-7 (518-527?, UP) [3a]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 17.6-9 (c. 180, Dura Europos) [2: \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9*]; 26.18-22 (227, Sachare) [5: \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.3-4 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; 4.3-5 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [1 (aor.)]; P.Erl.<\/span><\/strong> 63.4-5 (III, UP)? [5]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.16 (123, Teb) [2: enkal.f, amph., epel.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.2-5 (IV, HermN?) [1]; 40.7-16 l. 14 (162\/3?, HermN) [1?]; 96.1-2 (337, HermN) [1]; III 380.5-6, 16-17 (203\/4, Herm) [1]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I 33.25-27 (I, UP) [3a: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 38 (I, OxN) [7: kakotech.]; 39.4-5 (244-249, Ox) [5]; P.Freer<\/span><\/strong> 6.2-4 (VIl<\/sup>\/VIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 8 (144, UP) [5]; 10.7-8 (196, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p., epel.]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.9 (145\/6, UP) [1]; 20.2-3, 9 (III, UP) [5]; P.Gen.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 187.b.3-7 (VI, Herm); P.Gen.Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.11-13 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [7: \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9: \u03b4\u1f77\u03ba\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u1f77\u03b1]; P.Genov.<\/span><\/strong> I 32.3-11-14 (155, Antin) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I 28.10 (142\/3, Herm) [1]; 39.1-3 (205A<\/sup><\/span>-180A<\/sup><\/span>, Thebes) [4: enkal.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I 27.3.2-3 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPat) [1]; 62.5-12 (535, Herm?) [1: anteip., antipoi. (med.).*, enant. (aor.pass)*]; II 25.16-19 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; II 28.14-17 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 33.9-12 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.13-14 (VI?, UP) [ed.: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf[\u1fe6] | \u1f22 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 {\u1f22} \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5;]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.13 (209, PtolEu) [6]; 30.20-24 (89, Phil) [6]; III<\/strong> 217.11 (If<\/sup>, Ox?) [5]; 218.10-13 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [2]; 218.11-29 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [4]; P.Harr.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 138.3.11-29, ll. 28-29 (92, Ox) [\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 25.15-17 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [enag.]; 32.13-15 (VI, UP) [2 (GA): antipoi.p.+f.]; P.Horak<\/span><\/strong> 23.7-8 (148\/9?, ArsN); P.Iand.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 54.14-15 (II, ArsN) [6]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/strong> III<\/strong> 157.15-22<\/span> (589, ApolHept); V<\/strong> 232.12-13 (330\/338, Terenythis) [5]; XI<\/strong> 459.12 (436?, OxN); XIV<\/strong> 587.4 (Vf<\/sup>, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.13 (256, Herm) [1]; 4.26-27 (293, Herm) [1]; 6.14-15 (306, Herm) [1]; P.Lond.<\/span> I<\/strong> 77.40-50 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [2: epel., enkal.p.+f. et mult.al.]; 154.13-15 (68, Kar) [6]; 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [1]; 483.59-71 (615\/6, ApolHept) [1: epizet., dyn., aphair. (aor)., aposp.v. (aor.)]; 932.5-6 (211, Herm) [1: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 951r<\/sup>.4-6 (249, UP) [5: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; 1015.6-8 (VI, Herm); 1171v<\/sup>b.14 (41\/2, Herm) [4: enkal.p.]; V 1<\/strong>722.39-42 (530, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1724.55-59 (578, Sy) [2: epiphy., diait.kin.]; 1727.38-40 (583\/4, Sy) [2: epel., enkal.p., logoth. (aor.)]; 1733.55-59 (594, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; 1734.7-11 (578-582, Sy) [2: epel., enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.] ; 1735.12-15 (VIl<\/sup>, Sy) [2: enag., enkal.p., epel.]; P.Lond. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 2917.6-8 (Vend<\/sup>\/VIb<\/sup>, Ta Memnonia) [4: \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.25-26 (72, Bac) [2: enkal.f.]; 187.24-26 (75, Bac) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; V<\/strong> 241.1-14 l. 12 (46, Teb) [2]; 254.8 (29\/30, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 258.14-16 (32\/3 or 33\/4, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 262.28-29 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 269.5, 10-11 (42, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 283.7-15 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 323.20 (47, Teb) [3]; 326.56-57 (48, ArsN) [1]; 328.2.16 (29\/30, ArsN) [2: epel., enkal.f.]; 332.15-16 (47\/8, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; VI<\/strong> 428.8-10, 10 (154, Kar) [6, 2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; X<\/strong> 583.17-18, 20-21 (78, Bac) [6] [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; 585.16-20 (78, Bac) [6]; XII<\/strong> 635 (71, Bac) [3]; 636.17-19 (302, PtolEu) [3]; XIII<\/strong> 663.16-18 (VI, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 664.27-29 (584\/5 or 600\/1, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 671.19 (VIm<\/sup>, Aphr); 672.3-4 (557?, Aphr); XV<\/strong> 707.17 (185, Ox?) [3a: empoi. (part.)]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 40.38-40 (544 or 559, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 41.46-50 (539 or 544, Aphr) [2: metan.p., metam.aor.]; 45.50-52 (540, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f.]; 52.g.18-20 (VI\/VII, Aphr) [3a: antipoi. (GA)]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 26.13 (128, Teb) [5]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 76.11-12 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [7: parasyngr.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 8.26-30 (c. 540, Sy) [brothers: epel., antipoi.; vendor: metam. \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd]; 9.79-84 (585, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., epiphy., parab., parasal.]; 11.51-55 (586, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5: enag., enkal.p., diait.kin.]; 12.40-46 (590\/1?, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f., \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5: enkal.p, antipoi., parab., parasal.]; 13.36-37, 51-57 (594, Sy) [3: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1] [2: epel., enag., enkal.p.+f., parab., parasal.]; 15.8-10 (493, Sy) [3a: enkal.p.+f.]; 16.33-36 (Vl<\/sup>, Sy) [2: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.2.8-10 (244, Hibis) [2: meteleus., gramma.prosph.]; 11.8-10 (274, Kysis) [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 12.7-9 (245-247, Kysis) [\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; P.NYU<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.9-10 (68, OxN) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Oslo<\/strong><\/span> II 40a.14 (150, Ox) [5]; 40b.43-44 (150, Ox) [5]; III<\/strong> 129.10-11 (III, Antin) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 270.34-37 (94, Ox) [5: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2]; 272.19-21 (66, OxN) [4]; III<\/strong> 489.11-12 (117, Ox) [1]; 503.21 (118, Kerkethyris) [4]; 504.19-21? (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [7: parasyng. (part.)]; 509.19-20 (IIl<\/sup>, Ox) [4]; IV<\/strong> 722.27-30 (91\/107, Ox) [apait.poi.]; IX<\/strong> 1200.28-29 (266, Ox) [1]; 1205.11-13 (291, Ox) [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; 1208.19 (291, Ox) [5: epibain.]; XIV<\/strong> 1634.17-19 (222, Ox) [4: enkal.p.*]; 1635.11-12 (44A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [7: parasyng.*, kakotech.*, enkal.f.*]; 1638.12-13 (282, Ox) [5]; 1699.15-17 (240-280, Ox) [5]; 1702.8-10 (290, Ox) [1]; 1704.15-16 (298, Ox) [5]; XIX<\/strong> 2236.27-29 (IIIe<\/sup>, Ox) [1]; 2583.11-12 (II, Ox) [4]; XXXIV<\/strong> 2722.29 (154, Ox) [5]; XXXVI<\/strong> 2771.9-10 (323, Kos) [6: zet.]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2843.21-25 (86, Ox) [apaites.poi.]; XLI<\/strong> 2989.14-15? (III, Ox) [4]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.12-14 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [3a: empoi., kakotech.]; 3498.25-27 (274, Ox) [5]; LXVII<\/strong> 4586.22-23 (III, Nesmimis) [3]; LXXIX<\/strong> 5209.14-15 (267, Ox) [1: meteleus.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 31.17-18 (86, Ox) [5]; 44.23-24 (324, Ox) [4: enkal.p.+f.]; P.Petr.<\/span><\/strong>2<\/sup> I<\/strong> 3.38-63, ll. 48-49 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [manumission: 3: epilamb. (aor.)]; P.Phil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 11.14-16 (141, Berenikis Aigialou) [1]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 155.13-14 (188\/9, SokN) [4]; 156.9 (V, HermN?); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 85.5-9 (V?, UP) [1]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 62.14-15 (II, SokN) [4: enkal.p.]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 42.24 (I\/II, Thead) [4?: enkal.p]; P.Ryl.<\/span> II<\/strong> 156.14, 18-19 (I, Ox) [2: enkal.f., epeleus.]; 159.19-21 (31\/2, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech., enkal.f.]; 161.17-18 (81, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 179.4-24 (127, Nilopolis) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 312.16-17 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 313.17-19 (82-96, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; IV<\/strong> 709.11 (294-296, UP); P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 59.11-12, 13-14 (305, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 60.15-16 (306, PtolEu) [3]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 11a.13-15 (390, Kellis); 46.5 (332, Herm) [1]; P.Sorb.<\/span> I<\/strong> 15.6-12 (c. 266A<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [3]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 83.21-25 (114A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 85.25-26 (113A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1]; 122.13 (161-169, Euh) [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; III<\/strong> 144.15-16 (245, HermN) [1]; IV<\/strong> 238.14-18 (177\/8, PtolEu) [4]; 266.1-2 (c. 100, Ox) [7: kakotech.]; V<\/strong> 331.16 (98-117, UP) [6]; VI<\/strong> 555.16-17 (289, Herm) [1]; 556.13-14 (289, Herm) [1]; 583.15 (115\/6, ArsN) [6]; VII<\/strong> 666.16-19 (145, Nilopolis) [1]; 672.20-21 (289, Herm) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 705.9-10 (Is<\/sup>, UP) [5]; IX<\/strong> 831.18-19 (162\/3, Teb) [6]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 164.23-24 (105A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerkeosiris) [1]; II<\/strong> 319.30-34 (248, Teb) [1]; 380.24-30 (67, Teb) [1]; 383.38-39 (46, Teb) [3]; 510.14 (114\/5?, Teb?) [1?]; III.1<\/strong> 820.9-10, 29-30 (201A<\/sup><\/span>, Samaria) [1]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [2: parab.(aor)., epel.]; P.Tor.Choach.<\/span><\/strong> 2.9-14, 29-34 (118A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis) [4]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 19.8-9 (101, Ox) [1]; 26.10-13 (195-198, PtolEu) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 40.18 (215, UP); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 4.6-7 (VIl<\/sup>, Aphr) [3a: antipoi.p.+f. (gen.)]; P.Vind.Bosw<\/strong>.<\/span> 6.17 (250, Herm) [1]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.15-16 (143, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 58.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; 59.14-16 (298, PtolEu) [6] [3]; P.Worp.<\/span><\/strong> 18.15-21 (139?, Theog) [2: enkal., eperch.]; 20.11-17 (155, Antin) [4]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.26-29 (V?, HermN) [4]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.4-6 (18, Ox) [7: parasyng., kakotech.]; VI<\/strong> 704.28 (II, ArsN?) [1]; VIII<\/strong> 897.1.26-28 (93?, Ox) [7]; 909.10 (44, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 915.12-13 (I, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 918.7 (38\/9, Teb) [2: epel., enkal.f]; 946.32-34 (III, Ox) [1]; IX<\/strong> 1019.9-11 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, PathN) [2: empoi., epel.]; X<\/strong> 1118.15-17 (25\/6, Ox) [7: parasyn., kakotech.]; XIII<\/strong> 1320.11-13 (82-88, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.]; XVII<\/strong> 1697.13-15 (after 117, UP) [2: enkal.p.+f., amphi., epel.] ; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.3-8 (584, ArsN) [parerch.aor., diakol.aor.]; 5246.11-13 (3\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [8]; IV<\/strong> 7375.20-23 (222-235, Panop) [4]; V<\/strong> 8007.9-10 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [1]; VI<\/strong> 9219.19 (319, Herm) [1]; 9402.15-20 (VI\/VII, Kerkesis) [2: exel.aor., antipoi.p.] [5: antileg., parasal.aor., parab.]; 9590.14-15 (VI\/VII, Herak) [2]; 9618.17-18 (192, PtolEu) [2,6: enkal.p.*, epel.]; VIII<\/strong> 9831.12 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [2: enkal.f., diamph., epel.]; XII<\/strong> 11063.7-8 (167\/8\/9, UP) [4]; XIV<\/strong> 11277.21-23 (225, Nilopolis) [1]; 11578.12-14 (V?, UP) [2: meterch.aor., aitiaz.aor., kategor.]; XVI<\/strong> 12758.15 (88, PtolEu) [6]; 12957.12-13,16-18 (103-114, SokN) [6,2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13168.19-20 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [1*]; 13173.70-75 (629\/644, Herm) [1]; XX<\/strong> 13320.21-24 (613-641, Aphr) [6]; 13764.21-24 (148-161, ArsN) [epel., enkal.f.*, amphi.*]; 14285.31-32 (59, Ox) [2: enkal.p.+f., epel.]; 14379.26-27 (320, Kar) [2: [2: enkal.p.+f., diamph., epel.]; 14461.5-6 (148?, UP) [4]; 14681.18-19 (IIIl<\/sup>, Ox) [5]; 14997.4-6 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [7: kakotech.]; XXII<\/strong> 15472.15-16 (134, PtolEu) [3a: \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9*]; 15618.14 (427\/8?, Alabastrine) [3]; XXIV<\/strong> 15966.14-16 (IIIend<\/sup>\/IVf<\/sup>, Kar) [6]; 15969.28-30 (491-518, Herm) [1]; 16288.11-12 (600, ArsPol); XXVI<\/strong> 16550.1-4 (198-211, Bac); 16559.5 (IIsA<\/span><\/sup>, Path) [1]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16895.19-24 (IVf<\/sup>, HermN); 16904.15-16 (90, SokN) [2: enkal.p., amphi., epel.]; 16905.16-17 (82-86, SokN) [2: enkal.p.+f.*, amph.,* epel.]; 17080.18-19 (69-79, ArsN) [6]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17623<\/span>.15-16 (293, Herm); <\/span><\/strong>SPP<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> p. 6f., ll. 25-26 (c. 460, Antin) [5: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; <\/span>III<\/strong> 422.5-6 (VI\/VII, ArsN) [1]; <\/span>XX<\/strong> 1.17-18, 20 (83\/4, PtolEu) [6, 2: enkal., diamph., epel.]; 10.11-13 (168, ArsN) [3]; 71.16-17 (269\/270, Herm) [1]; 72.14-15 (271\/2, Herm) [1]; 74.17 (after 276?, Herm) [1]; 110.20-22 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [1]; 121.30-32 (439, Herm) [1]; 269.5-9 (VI\/VII, UP) [5: \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; <\/span>T.Varie<\/span><\/strong> 14.16-19 (VI, Taamorou) [5: \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c7\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1]; <\/span>UPZ<\/strong> II<\/strong> 175.25-26 (145A<\/sup><\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0Thebes) [4]; 177.34 (163A<\/sup><\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0Thebes) [4].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

14. Compliance with Terms of Contract<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The earliest attestation of the clause is in the royal oath BGU VIII 1735.10\u2014\u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd [\u03ba]\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u03bf]\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0[\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd]\u2014submitted in connection with the conveyance of allotment land in 99 BCE Herakleopolis. The clause is then integrated, in the Roman period, into the formulary of the diairesis<\/em>, where it is inserted after the clause that records the allotment of individual shares, sometimes together with a capacity clause and before a penalty clause that subjects the former partners to penalty. Paradigmatic is P.Mich. X 584.28-33 (84 CE, Bacchias): \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 | 29<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3(\u03b9\u03bd) | 30<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u0323[\u03bc]\u03ad\u03bd[\u03bf]\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03c9 \u03c4\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 | 31<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3), \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 [\u1f41] \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9] \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6] | 32<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (l.<\/em> \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd] \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) (l.<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb(\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 (\u2018Accordingly, let the contracting parties, each and their representatives and their heirs, abide by the terms set forth in accordance with this division, and let it not be permissible to . . ., and if any of them does not abide by the division, let the transgressor pay the party who abides by it double the amount of the damages and expenses and a fine of one thousand silver drachmai, and the same amount to the treasury, and nevertheless the terms of the contract shall remain valid\u2019). A different vocabulary is used in sale document P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XX 2270.12-14 (V\/VI CE?, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc7) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3 | \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bf[\u1f50\u03b3\u03ba\u03af]\u03b1[\u03bd] \u03bc\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018And if we change our mind with regard to the sale or if you, yourself, change your mind with regard to the purchase, he who changes his mind is bound to pay the party who abides by the agreement, by way of penalty, one ounce of gold\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 147 and Wolff (1956a): 21-22<\/span>). Here the regret is formulated positively rather than negatively.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 58-60, 180 [<\/span>diairesis]; Kreller (1919): 88.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 1735.8-10 (98A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 11.23-25 (108, PtolEu) [diairesis]; 222.15-16 (142\/3 or 152\/3, ArsN) [diairesis]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 53.2.9 (10\/1, UP) [diairesis]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 82.11-14 (318, Kar) [labour, negative: \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.63-74 (551, Constantinople) [contract of labour, representation in court, very detailed]; P.Gen. Inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.8-9 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [<\/span>oath; negative: parasyng., kakotech.]; P.Ifao.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.11 (IIf<\/sup>, UP) [diairesis]; P.Kell.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 30.20-21 (363, Kellis) [diairesis]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 293.20-21 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.19-22 (72, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; 187.18-20 (75, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.]; IX<\/strong> 558.19 (101-113, Kar) [diairesis]; X<\/strong> 584.28-30 (84, Bac) [diairesis, no athet.?]; P.Michael<\/span><\/strong>. 55.2-7 (582-602, Aphr) [diairesis, oath, hypenant.chor.]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.17 (108, Teb) [diairesis]; II<\/strong> 99.15-16 (119, Teb) [diairesis, with negative]; 101.28 (118, Talei) [diairesis]; P.Monts.Roca<\/span> IV<\/strong> 76.11-12 (182A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [parachoresis]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.20-21 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis: no athet.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 672.19 (289, Herm); P.Tebt.<\/span> II<\/strong> 382.2.1.20-25 (31A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [diairesis]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong>. 12.25-26 (101, Teb) [diairesis, but also with challenging]; SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 11225.6-7 (425-450, UP) [diairesis]; XVIII<\/strong> 13793.26 [diairesis, with negative].<\/p>\n

\n

15. Challenging the Disposition<\/h2>\n

Category: Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Apart from the \u2018no lawsuit\u2019 clause, expressing direct challenge to the disposition and resulting rights, authors of wills and diaireseis introduce an injunction against contravening the terms of the instrument in general. The construction is mostly impersonal. The verbs commonly used to denote the contravention are \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, which is commonly used in any type of penalty clause, and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9 and \u1f00\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, which seem unique to this type of clause. In wills, the clause is primarily recorded in second-century documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, and is followed by a stipulation of sanction for non-compliance: e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.27-29 (165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c1\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5|28<\/sup>\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd] \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd [\u1f27]\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018Beyond this, no one shall have power to disobey it, and, anyone who does so shall forfeit to the party abiding by it the damages and a fine of two talents of silver and to the treasury an equal sum, the above provisions remaining nonetheless valid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 205). In diaireseis,<\/em> it still appears in the Byzantine period and regularly takes the infinitive of the aorist tense. Cf., e.g., P.Bingen 130.10-11 (526-548 CE, Aphrodite): \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u0323\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 | 11<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u0323.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 108-113; Berger (1911): 231-234; Kreller (1919): 371-372, 387; Amelotti (1966): 155-157.<\/span><\/p>\n

CPR<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 44.27-28 (V\/VI, UP); P.Abinn.<\/span><\/strong> 62.13-14 (350, Phil) [diairesis; exesti: parab. (aor.)]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 130.10-11 (526-548, Aphr) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.156-160 (570, Antin) [will; \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Col.<\/strong><\/span> X<\/strong> 281.16-18 (287, Phil) [parab. (aor.)]; P.Flor.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 47a.15-16 (217, Herm) [antikatallage; exestai: parab. (aor.), no sanction]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.27-31 (565-579, Aphr) [labour, liturgy; exeinai: parab.]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 186 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9 (VI?, UP) [will; dyn. (GA): athet., no sanction]; P.Kell<\/span><\/strong>. I<\/strong> 13.8 (335, Kellis) [diairesis; exestai: parab.]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17 (133, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.8-14 (295, Herm) [will; exeinai: very detailed, no sanction]; II<\/strong> 149.18-20 (199, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Lond.<\/span> III<\/strong> 978.15-16 (331, Herm) [diairesis; parab. (aor.)]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.21-23 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; exeinai: athet., enkal.f., epeleus.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 105.7 (118-138, Ox) [will; exeinai: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; III<\/strong> 491.10-12 (126, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; 492.9 (130, Ox) [will; parab.]; 493.9-12 (99, Ox); [will; exous.: athet.: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd; \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd*]; 494.27-29 (156, Ox); [will; exous.: parab.]; 495.16-17 (182-189, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 634.9-10 (126, Ox) [will; exeinai.*: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c7\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd]; 646.12 (117-126?, Ox); 652.8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); IX<\/strong> 1206.14-16 (335, Ox) [adoption; parab.]; XVI<\/strong> 1901.42-48, 53-54 (VI, Ox) [will; dyn.: athet.(aor.)]; XX<\/strong> 2270.12-14 (V\/VI?, Ox) [metanoia]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.38-40 (224, Ox); XLIII<\/strong> 3092.10 (217, Ox) [partnership, tax concession; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; LXVI<\/strong> 4533.7 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; P.Oxy.Hels.<\/span><\/strong> 37.9 (176, HerakN) [freight contract; parab.]; P.Par.<\/span><\/strong> 20.33-34 (600, Panop) [diairesis; exeinai: parab.(aor.)]; P.Prag.<\/span> III<\/strong> 216.24 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [diairesis; exous.: parab. (aor.)]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.14-15 (119\/20, OxN) [will; exeinai: parab.]; P.Thomas<\/span><\/strong> 28.17-19 (c. 514-538, Aphr) [sale; ed.: \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf]\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.8 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [will; exous.: parab.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 240.14-16 (II, Oxy) [will; exous.: parab.*]; XII<\/strong> 1263.9-11 (166\/7, Ox) [will; exeinai: parab. (aor.)]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 5267.8-13 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5]; XIV<\/strong> 11410.20 (106A<\/sup><\/span>, Haueris) [diairesis; athet. (aor.)]; XVIII<\/strong> 13305.29-32 (271, Kar) [\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; XVIII<\/strong> 13793.26 (101, Teb) [diairesis; exeinai: parab. (aor.), epeleus.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16320.14-15 (293-304 Kellis) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd*].<\/p>\n

\n

16. Penalty for Bringing Suit<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A penalty clause dealing exclusively with the event of a lawsuit is registered in 53 documents: 29 deeds of sale (commonly of landed property); 9 wills, 4 diaireseis<\/em>, 5 contracts of labour, and 1 loan. It is first introduced in P.Eleph. 3 and 4, from 285 and 282 BCE Elephantine, respectively, and remains in use throughout the Ptolemaic period in another 11 documents from the Pathyrite as well as the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes. The Roman evidence (down to the end of the fourth century), 26 documents in all, is spread across all parts of well-documented Egypt: from Alexandria through Hermopolis. The Byzantine period yields ten documents. The verbs that designate the act of bringing a claim, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 and \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f73\u03c9, are already used in the no-suit clause and may recur in the clause that introduces a sanction. In its most extensively found version, the verb appears in the protasis<\/em> which elaborates on the circumstances under which the penalty will apply. The nouns \u1f14\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, or more rarely \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, serve as the subject of the formula that declares the challenge void (akyros<\/em>). The adjective akyros<\/em> is recorded in 37 documents; it is then stated that notwithstanding the suit the sale remains in effect (kyrios<\/em>: 26 documents). Apart from the suit being void, the claimant is then subject to fines identical in nature to those found in other types of penalty clauses: payment of compensation denoted through \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u20142 cases, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9: 5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9, which seems especially common in this type of penalty clause\u2014attested in 12 documents. The most commonly recorded object of the verb is the epitimon<\/em>, recorded in 36 documents. In 28 documents, the epitimon<\/em> is matched by the payment of an equal amount to the fisc. Compensation for damages (blabos<\/em>, blabe<\/em>) is recorded in 19 documents and for expenses in 9 (all of which also record compensation for damages). The price is recorded in 9 documents; in 3 it is extended by a hemiolia<\/em>, and in another three by a diplon<\/em>. The single Alexandria document also records the\u00a0horismenon prostimon<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The order is identical in most times and places: the clause opens by declaring the challenge ineffective and ends by stressing the validity of the present act. In between, the order varies as do some of its contents. Thus, in PSI IX 1019.11-14, from 110 BCE Pathyris, the order is akyron<\/em>; epitimon<\/em>; damages; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. It recurs with very minor changes in the Oxyrhynchite P.Oxy. II 271.23-27 of 56 CE: akyron<\/em>; damages; epitimon<\/em>; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. In the contemporary Arsinoites, the same scheme is encountered, the key difference being that in the Arsinoite text the price, which should be returned increased by an hemiolia<\/em> or duplum<\/em>, is also specified. The duplum<\/em> is also used here for damages and expenses. Cf., e.g., P.Fam.Tebt. 23.16-19 (123 CE, Tebtynis): akyron<\/em>; price: hemiolia<\/em>; damages: duplum<\/em>; epitimon<\/em>; fisc.; kyria<\/em>. Still in the Arsinoites, in P.Mich. V 262.28-32 (34-36 CE, Tebtynis), the formula \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 stands for the epitimon<\/em>: \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd | 29<\/sup> [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u02bc \u1f10]\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f24, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5(\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9) | 30<\/sup> [\u1f41 \u0394\u03af\u03b4\u03c5]\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd (l.<\/em> \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0392 | 31<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2]\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u0323\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 (l.<\/em> \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd) | 32<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78]\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] (\u2018… and that they will neither bring claims against the aforesaid conditions nor dispute or attack them in any way. Otherwise, in addition to the invalidation of everything undertaken against them, Didymos shall immediately pay Hero the price of the allotment increased by one half and with interest, and as a private debt 2,000 drachmai and the damages, and an equal amount to the public treasury. Moreover, this agreement and the documents of the transfer and cession shall remain valid forever\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 155-156).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127, 184; Litinas \u2013 Triantafyllou (2019): 255.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> III<\/strong> 906.9-11 (34\/5, ArsN) [sale; exp.; price; epit.; kyria]; 917.20-21 (348, PtolEu) [sale]; 998.2.9-12 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 1110.18a-24 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; kyria; dam.; horism.prostim.; tropheia: hemiolia]; 1157.21-24 (11\/10A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1260.16-21 (101A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc; kyria]; VII<\/strong> 1643.14-16 (II, Phil) [sale; price]; VIII<\/strong> 1731.14-18 (68\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.]; 1732.13-16 (80-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; 1733.17-22 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.]; XI<\/strong> 2051.19-21 (126-128 or 147-149, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; XIX<\/strong> 2831.19-21 (VIf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.26-29 (after 7.8.152, Herakleia) [sale; kyria; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 188.27 (106\/7, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Abinn. 62.14-15 (350, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.28-30 (I\/II, Memphis?) [testamentary; dam., kyria]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67163.31-35 (569, Antin) [sale; pecuniary penalty]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 3.4-5 (285A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; 4.5-6 (282A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [labour; epit.]; P.Fam.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> 23.16-19 (123, Teb) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.27-28 (I, UP) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 10.8-10 (196, PtolEu) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Giss.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.10-11 (142\/3, Herm) [sale; dam.; exp.]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 27.3.3-6 (109A<\/sup><\/span>, KrokPath) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 62.18-26 (535, Herm?) [will; disinheritance]; II<\/strong> 25.19-25 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 28.17-21 (103A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [cession; akyr.; epit.; fisc.]; 33.12-14 (100A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb<\/span><\/strong>. III<\/strong> 218.10-13 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; akyr.; epit.: price: hosidchre.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/strong> III<\/strong> 157.29-34<\/span> (589, ApolHept); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.50-56 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [will; enochos horko; epitimia; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2; kyria]; II<\/strong> 289.15-19 (91, Euh) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; hosidchre. (=epit.); fisc.; kyria]; V<\/strong> 1727.47-55 (583\/4, Sy) [will; disinheritance; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5; kyria]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 262.28-32 (34\/5 or 35\/6, ArsN) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia + interest; hosidchre. (=epit.); dam.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Nekr.<\/span><\/strong> 10.2.10-12 (244, Hibis) [sale; akyr.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 271.23-27 (56, OxN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 489.11 (117, Ox) [will; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 492.9-10 (130, Ox) [will; kyria; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 156.20-21 (I, Ox) [fisc., kyria]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 11a.15-17 (390, Kellis) [antikatallage; \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9]; 46.5-7 (332, Herm) [akyr.; prosapotin. (aor.); dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 122.14 (161-169, Euh) [will; akyr.]; IV<\/strong> 238.18-22 (177\/8, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> III.1<\/strong> 820.11-13, 30-34 (201A<\/sup><\/span>, Samaria) [sale; epit.; akyr.]; P.Turner<\/span><\/strong> 26.13-15 (195-198, PtolEu) [manumission; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1019.11-14 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.; dam.; fisc.; kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4489.8-10 (584, ArsN) ? [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd; labour; prostim.]; VI<\/strong> 9590.17-18 (VI\/VII, Herak) [prostim., kyria]; XVIII<\/strong> 13168.20-22 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [will; akyr.; epit.]; 13173.75-86 (629\/644, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; kyria]; XXIV<\/strong> 16288,18-19 (600, ArsPol);\u00a0XXVI<\/strong> 16559.6-8 (IIsA<\/span><\/sup>, Path) [sale; akyr.; epit.(?)]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16895.25-27 (IVf<\/sup>, HermN) [sale; fisc.; kyria].<\/p>\n

\n

17. Penalty for Challenge and Thwarted Bebaiosis<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Warranty<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Deriving from the general penalty clause<\/a> are clauses, penalizing specific types of conduct. In the case of documents recording the sale of land or slaves, the key duties of the vendor are the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the performance of the bebaiosis<\/em>,<\/a> defending<\/a> the purchaser from challenges by others, and avoiding challenging his title (the anti-lawsuit injunction)<\/a>. Some documents also penalize such conduct by type: one or several. In the present case, particularly common in documents from the Roman Hermopolites, the text treats the event of a claim and the vendor\u2019s failure to perform the bebaiosis<\/em>. The clause is attested from first-century BCE Herakleopolites (BGU VIII 1734: 80-30 BCE, Herakleopolis) to late sixth-century CE Arsinoites (SPP XX 145: VIs<\/sup> CE, Arsinoiton Polis). The array of sanctions is identical to that in the general penalty clause and the penalty-for-claim<\/a> clause: the challenge is invalidated (akyros<\/em>), the present act is upheld (kyrios<\/em>), and the vendor must pay compensation for damages and expenses (blabe<\/em>, dapanemata\/analomata<\/em>) as well as the contractually fixed penalty of the epitimon<\/em>, double the amount of the consideration, and a payment to the fisc. Unique to this type of clause, as developed in the Hermopolite documentation, is the record of the epitimon<\/em> not as an independent category but one set in relation to consideration + duplum. The wording \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2, common in the Hermopolite context, recurs in the clause penalizing claim in the Arsinoite nome. In the Hermopolites, it describes the vendor\u2019s liability for the price. SPP XX 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450 CE, Hermopolis) exhibits all elements: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03c9 | 23<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u1ff6 \u1f25 \u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f22 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f60\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 25<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 | 26<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34[\u03c3]\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323[\u03bd] \u1f27[\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd] \u1f21 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018If I proceed against you or do not warrant the sale, let the proceedings be invalid and let me or the person proceeding on my behalf pay you, the purchaser, or those acting on your behalf, compensation for damages and expenses, and as a penalty as a private debt twice the amount of the price and the same amount to the fiscus, and notwithstanding that, the act of sale is valid and firm\u2019).<\/p>\n

Byzantine documents address the same issue but in completely different terminology. Cf., e.g., P.Lond. V 1724.59-67 (578 CE, Syene): \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u2039\u03b7\u203a \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae|60<\/sup>\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 | 61<\/sup> \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 62<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 63<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 64<\/sup> \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1) \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1fc6 | 65<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd | 66<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 67<\/sup> \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018But if\u2014may it not happen!\u2014we should be too weak concerning the defension and the cleansing of our warranted deed of sale on this account, we shall pay double the set price in addition to leaving the present sale, which he has drawn up for you, in force, being valid, firm, unbreakable, unshakable, and lawful wherever brought forward, with the subscription of the signatory of the document on our behalf and of the witnesses below\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911):<\/span> 126-127.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1642.13-14 (II, Phil) [sale]; VIII<\/strong> 1734.18-23 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [also no defension; sale; kyria; akyr.; epit.(?); dam.]; XIX<\/strong> 2830.15-16 (309\/10, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.; hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 2833 (249, Herm) [sale; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; CPR<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong> XVIIa<\/strong> 17a.9-11 (321?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 17b.11-12\u00a0 (321,, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria];\u00a0P.Amh.<\/span> II<\/strong> 95.10-11 (109, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 96.9-10 (213, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Ant.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 101.b.2-4 (231-235, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Cair.Goodp.<\/span><\/strong> 13.12-15 (341, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.; price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> <\/strong>II<\/strong> 75.10-13 (III, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 29.5-11 (IV, HermN?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 40.7-16, ll. 14-15 (162\/3?, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; 96.2-4, 10-11 (337, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl., fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 380.3-4, 18-19 (203\/4, Herm) [sale; akyr.; bebaiosis; hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria] [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 218.14 (29\/30, Oxyrhyncha) [sale; price; epit.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.13 (256, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 4.27-30 (293, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 6.2.15-18 (306, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 1724.59-67 (578, Sy) [sale; price: dipl.; kyria]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 428.10-12 (154, Kar) [sale; akyr.; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.NagHamm.<\/span><\/strong> 2.4 (late III early IV, UP);; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 144.16-18 (245, HermN) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VI<\/strong> 585.10-11 (153, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VII<\/strong> 672.22-24 (289, Herm) [akyr., epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Vind.Bosw.<\/span><\/strong> 6.17-19 (250, Herm) [sale; akyr.]; PSI<\/strong> I<\/strong> 66.29-33 (V?, HermN) ) [dam., exp.; epit.: price: dipl., fisc., kyria]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8007.10-11 (IVf<\/sup>, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria];VI<\/strong> 8974.30-37 (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris); [marriage; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 9219.19-21 (319, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 9831.13-14 (Il<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale]; XXIV<\/strong> 15969.30-36 (491-518, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17623<\/span>.16-18 (293, Herm); <\/span><\/strong>SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 10.17-20 (168, ArsN) [sale; kyria; kephal. (price): hemiolia; dam.; exp.; horism.prostim.]; 71.17-19 (269\/70, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.]; 72.15-17 (271\/2, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 74.17-18 (after 276?, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 110.22-26 (408-422 or 425-450, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 121.32-35 (439, Herm) [sale; akyr.; dam.; exp.; epit.: hosidchre.: price: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]<\/strong>; 145.7 (VIs<\/sup>, ArsPol) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.].<\/p>\n

\n

18. Consequences of Challenge, Non-performance of Bebaiosis<\/em> and failed Defension<\/h2>\n

Category: Penalty, Warranty<\/p>\n

In BGU IV 1170.50-60, ll. 58-59 (10 BCE, Alexandria), recording the conveyance of the right of execution, the alienor is prohibited from challenging the conveyance and from allowing a third party to do so on his behalf. He is also obliged to surrender the daneion<\/em>, here probably meaning the document recording the loan, and to defend the conveyee against any challenge to his person. Should the vendor transgress any of these imperatives, he must pay the debt with interest as if it were imposed by a court verdict:<\/strong> [\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03cd\u0323(\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74(\u03bd) \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7(\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u03bc\u03b7[\u03b4\u02bc] \u1f04\u03bb(\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd) | 59<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03b4]\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7(\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb(\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd) \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f14\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u0323[\u03c0\u03b5]\u03bb(\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3(\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7(\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) [\u03b4]\u03b1\u03c0(\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd) \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c9|60<\/sup>\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4(\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36)\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4(\u1f70) \u03c3(\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd(\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c6\u03bd\u03bf(\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba]\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb(\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c3\u0323\u1f7a\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba(\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8(\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1) \u1f10\u03b3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba(\u03b7\u03c2) (\u2018\u2026 and said Petephnouthis shall not proceed against the terms of the synchoresis, nor shall anyone else, but shall surrender the loan unobliterated and shall fend off the challenger immediately at his own expense, or else, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis<\/em> remaining valid, said Petenoutis shall pay as indemnity the principal together with interest as if resulting from a court verdict\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Berger (1911): 126-127.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

19. General Penalty Clause<\/h2>\n

Penalty Clause<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

While 1,026 documents record a penalty for breach of contract, only 242 texts feature a clause that penalizes the contracting parties for breaching any term of the contract. The clause already appears sporadically in documents from the beginning of the Ptolemaic period (Cf., e.g., P.Cair.Zenon I 59133.16-17 (256 BCE, Philadelphia): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bc\u03bc]\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323[\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd] | 17<\/sup> \u1f43 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u0396\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323[ -ca.?- ]) (\u2018And if we commit anything in contravention of the terms of the contract, we shall pay as indemnity the [ – –\u00a0] that we having received from Zenon [ – – ]\u2019) (cf. Reekmans<\/span> (1968): 160). It first manifests systematically, however, only in the first century BCE, in parachoresis<\/em>-documents drawn up at the agoranomeia<\/em> of the Herakleopolite and Oxyrhynchite nomes. The conveyor pledges to refrain from challenging the possession of the alienee in person and should also protect him from third-party challenge. The following penalty clause penalizes the conveyor for infringing upon any of these rules. Cf., e.g., BGU VIII 1738.27-32 (72 BCE,<\/span> Herakleopolis): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f21 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd | 29<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b1[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 30<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba[\u03bf]\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03cd|31<\/sup>\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03b9, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7\u0323 \u1f45\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03ba\u1ff3] | 32<\/sup> \u1f41\u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018And should we violate any of the terms recorded in the document or those recorded in this very written testimony of oath, let the parachoresis<\/em> be valid and let you and your representatives possess the right to execution for the epitima<\/em> in pursuance of the document, and may we be liable to the oath as soon as we are prosecuted\u2019)<\/strong> [cf. Scheuble-Reiter (2014):<\/span> 38].<\/p>\n

In the Roman period (I\u2013IV cent. CE), the penalty clause is commonly incorporated into documents recording the conveyance of land, be it by sale, hereditary disposition or diairesis<\/em>, composed at a grapheion<\/em> or an agoranomeion<\/em>. In regional terms, 15 acts of sale with the penalty clause originate in the city of Oxyrhynchos; Ptolemais Euergetis yields 14. Many of the other 20 Arsinoite documents, the exact provenance of which is uncertain, may well have been composed in that city as well. With land sales presenting the most significant category, it is easiest to report the threads of the penalty clause within that particular documentary context. In contracts that document sales of land and slaves, the purchaser has already paid the consideration and, therefore, is subject to no future obligation. The vendor, by contrast, is liable to four obligations: the surrender of the object clear of liabilities, the bebaiosis<\/em>, defension, and avoidance of suit. While some contracts feature a clause dealing with the infringement of just one of these requirements (cf., penalty for thwarted bebaiosis<\/em>, thwarted defension, lawsuit, thwarted surrender, and sometimes a combination of several of these), as stated, scribes who draw up conveyance-of-land documents are inclined, perhaps for the sake of brevity, to consider their contravention en bloc<\/em>.<\/p>\n

As already shown in the Ptolemaic texts cited above, the clause consists of a protasis<\/em>, in which the breach is reported, and an apodosis<\/em> relating to its consequences. In the protasis<\/em>, the verbs \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9, and \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71 are regularly encountered. In the apodosis<\/em>, the scribe may affirm the validity of the present act notwithstanding its violation and the resulting penalty (88 attestations) as well as the invalidity of any conflicting act. The pronouncement of invalidity, however, is generally rare\u2014recorded in just 17 documents, primarily from the Oxyrhynchite nome.<\/p>\n

The contract also introduces four types of financial consequences:<\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong> Refund of the consideration: \u1f23\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f75\u03bd. This element is almost exclusively Arsinoite and dates to the early Roman period (46 attestations). As part of the repayment process, the vendor must not only refund the consideration but may also be liable to the payment of hemiolia<\/em> (27) or dipl<\/em>. (10 attestations).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/strong> Compensation for ensuing damages (\u03b2\u03bb\u1f71\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 but more commonly \u03b2\u03bb\u1f71\u03b2\u03b7). This is recorded in 68 documents, expenses (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 or \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1) in 59, and taxes (\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7) in 10, virtually all originating in the city of Ptolemais Euergetis. In 38 documents, compensation for damages, expenses, or taxes is doubled.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong>\u00a0Fixed fines: [a]<\/strong> the \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, an amount commonly set out in the document (the payment is always of the simplex<\/em>), recorded in 122 documents and not region- or time-specific. In 18 acts of sale drawn up at the Herakleopolite agoranomeia<\/em> in the second and third centuries, the transgressor is subject \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03b9. See, in particular, CPR I 64.24-27 = W.Chr. 108 (227 CE, Peenamis): \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad]|25<\/sup>\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f61[\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1[\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1]|26<\/sup>\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9]\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72[\u03bd \u1f26\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3]\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1] | 27<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018and let the party who has violated the terms of the contract be subject to the epitimon<\/em> enjoined against the violators of contracts, and let nonetheless the terms of the agreement be valid\u2019). [b]<\/strong>\u00a0The \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd is recorded in documents from Augustan Alexandria; its amount has been set outside the document (\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd), probably by law. In the Byzantine period, the prostimon<\/em> becomes the default term for recording payment in kind (four texts).<\/p>\n

[4]\u00a0<\/strong>Payment to the fisc of an amount equal to the total of the above categories; this is recorded in sixty documents.<\/p>\n

The penalty clause recurs in other types of documents, especially wherever and whenever it is common in sales. In diaireseis<\/em> (11 cases), all former partners are exposed in a case of breach to compensation for damages, expenses, epitimon<\/em>, and payment to the fisc (Cf., e.g., P.Mich. III 186.26-29: 72 CE, Bacchias). In some labour contracts, those who are to perform the labour are ordered to remit, in addition to the above, their hitherto received salary increased by half (32 documents). This is most notably the case in wet-nurse contracts. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1058.37-42 (13 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd|38<\/sup>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f43 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd | 39<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 | 40<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf | 41<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5(\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bdo\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3|42<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018If she (the owner of the wetnursing slave) transgresses any of these conditions, she is to pay the amount she took for the nursing along with a penalty of half and damages and expenses, another 500 drachmas as a fine, and the penalty prescribed by law\u2019) (transl.: Rowlandson<\/span>, Women and Society<\/em> (1998): p. 276, with some modifications).<\/p>\n

In loan contracts, the clause is introduced when the creditor is entrusted with a piece of property as a form of reimbursement or security, and the clause is meant to vouch for his uninterrupted disposal of this object. It is thus functionally identical to the penalty clause in contracts of sale. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy XIV 1641.10-16 (68 CE, Oxyrhynchos). In leases (23 documents), the penalty is directed against the lessee. Cf., e.g., P.Soter. 2.34-38 (71 CE, Theadelphia): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc7 \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9]\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9) \u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 | 36<\/sup> \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fb6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323|37<\/sup>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u0323\u03bf[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03c9{\u03b9} \u1f21 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5|38<\/sup>\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f21 \u03c3[\u03c5\u03b3]\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u0323 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u0323\u03c9{\u03b9\u0323} (\u2018If the lessee violates any of these terms, let him pay as indemnity double the amount of the damages and expenses, and an epitimon<\/em> in the amount of five bronze talents and let, on these terms, Thermoutharion also warrant the lease of all taxes. The document shall be valid\u2019). In P.K\u00f6ln III 147.13-17 (30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance), instead of subjecting the lessee to a penalty, the lessor is allowed, in the case of breach of contract, to sublet (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9) the object to others (P.K\u00f6ln III 147.13-17: 30 BCE-15 CE, Unknown Provenance): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6, \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 | 14<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3|15<\/sup>\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f72\u0323\u03c1\u0323 \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u0323\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u03b9\u0323\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c6\u02bc \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf|17<\/sup>[\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u1fc3\u03c2 – ca.18 -]\u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6[\u03ac\u03bb]\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 (\u2018And if I violate the terms of the contract in any manner, you will be allowed to cast me out of the lease before it comes to an end, lease it out to another, and exact from me the future deficiency in addition to the new lease on account of which [ – – ] within five business days, of the day on which you gave me notice […] the security without delay\u2019). (Cf. also metamisthosis<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The penalty clause is commonly introduced into contracts from Augustan Alexandria. In Alexandria, some documents place the transgressor in the position of an agogimos<\/em>, who is liable to detention until he pays the penalty. (Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1121.30-34: 5 BCE, Alexandria and Pringsheim (1924):<\/span> 488-499). In most cases, however, the Alexandrian scribe employs, with slight modifications, the same text as his counterparts from the chora. Cf., e.g., BGU IV 1129.33-36 (13 BCE<\/span>, Alexandria): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc7, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7(\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1) \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba(\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) | 35<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78(\u03bd) \u1f43 \u03b5\u1f34\u03bb(\u03b7\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9(\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6(\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf]\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2] \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf(\u03bd) \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5(\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u0391 | 36<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u0323 \u1f61[\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc(\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)] \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03cc(\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd)] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c1\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03c2\u0323 (\u2018If he violates any of these terms, apart from the provisions of the synchoresis<\/em> remaining valid, he will pay in addition to the cession-fee (prochrestikon kephalaion<\/em>) increased by a half, an additional amount of 1,000 silver drachms as epitimon<\/em> and the established prostimon<\/em> as if resulting from a court action\u2019).<\/p>\n

Some kind of penalty clause is attested in 178 Byzantine documents. In most cases, however, the clause treats a specific type of breach; the general penalty clause discussed here is recorded in just 23. The concept of a \u2018breach\u2019, already developing in the Herakleopolite documentation of the Roman period in connection with the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, has now taken mature form in the terms \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. The \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, used to denote a fixed (\u1f61\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd) fine in earlier times, is now set by the parties. In P.Cair.Masp. II 67158.28-30 (568 CE, Antinoopolis), the penalty clause is embedded in a declaration of oath. In the apodosis<\/em>, the stipulatio poenae<\/em>, the penalty clause, is restated: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f21\u0323[\u03bc]\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u0323\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf[\u03bd] \u1f45\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd | 29<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae[\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f13\u03be \u03b5\u1f50\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \\\u03c4\u03b1\u0323[\u03cd\u03c4]\u03b1\/ \u03c4[\u1ff7] \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\\\u03c2\/ | 30<\/sup> [\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70] \u03ba\u0323[(\u03b1\u1f76)] \u03c4\u0323\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc(\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) [\u03c3\u03c5]\u03bc\u0323\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018And to secure all that we agreed upon above, we swear a most awful oath, not to violate the terms of the contract in any respect, and that a penalty shall be imposed against the one who commits a breach, to pay as compensation for damage six solidi<\/em> of correct weight, so that the compensation will be given pursuant to interrogation to the party who abides by these terms, along with future abidance by the violator himself under the constraint of the above-written terms\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: e.g., Berger (1911): 170-173, 230; Pr\u00e9aux (1939): 405-409; Lewis (1945): 126-139; Herrmann (1957\/8): 128-129, 131, (1958) 148-149; Hennig (1967): 75-98; Rupprecht (1982b): 473; M\u00fcller (1985): 256, 284-289; Bergamasco (1995): 120-122; Rodr\u00edguez Mart\u00edn (2017): 93-101.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 197.29-30 (17, Dionysias) [lease]; 233.17 (161-169, ArsN) [sale; exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 350.15 (103-115, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; II<\/strong> 638.2.15-16 (143, ArsN) [labour; no penalty];<\/strong> 667.17-18 (222, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 709.19-20 (138-161, Kar) [sale; price; fisc.; kyria]; 896.8 (161-169, ArsN) [will]; 901.6-7 (II\/III, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; fisc.; kyria]; 987.15-17 (19 or 45, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 1051.33-35 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [marriage; dowry; horism.prostim.]; 1052.31-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1058.37-47 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1059.13-16 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.; fisc.]; 1062.24 (236, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; 1098.52-53 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1101.18 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [marriage; horism.prostim.]; 1106.35-45 (before 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1107.19-23 (before 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1108.18-22 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1109.23-26 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1110.18-24 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.(?); prostimon]; 1112.15-17 (after 4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?); kyria]; 1115.27-33 (c. 13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; 1116.26-30 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1117.29-43 (3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; agogimos; rent: hemiolia; value of withheld object; dam.; exp.; epit.; horism.prostim.]; 1118.41-49 (22A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent; prochresis; interest for default]; 1119.32-38 (6\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.]; 1120.40-42 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent; interest for chresis; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1121.30-37 (5A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [lease; rent: hemiolia; epit.; metamisthosis]; 1122.24-27, 30-33 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; misthos: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; exp.; epit.; prostimon]; 1126.16-18, 26-27 (9A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; 1127.22-28 (18A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit.(?); dam.; prostim.]; 1129.33-36 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; epit.; prostim.]; 1130.24-27 (4A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epitimon (?); prostim.]; 1156v<\/sup>.29-36 (14\/3A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); VI<\/strong> 1282.16-18 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN?) [lease; fisc.]; VIII<\/strong> 1736.17-19 (78A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachroesis; kyria]; 1737.18-21 (78\/77A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis]; 1738.27-31 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis; epit.; kyria]; 1739.25-29 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis; kyria; epit.]; 1740.15-16 (80A<\/sup><\/span>-30A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [parachoresis]; XI<\/strong> 2041.14-17 (201, ArsN) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 2050.25 (106, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; exp. + dam.: dipl.]; 2054.17-19 (184-192, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 2055.21-22 (II, Nilopolis) [sale; price: dipl.; taxes + exp.]; XVII<\/strong> 2696.28-34 (616, Herm) [value of the commodity]; XX<\/strong> 2843.12-14 (72A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [kyria, enochoi]; CPGr<\/strong> I 13.22-25 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-14, Alex) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 3.10-12 (\u0399\u0399\u0399m<\/sup>, ArsN) [enechesthai: epit.; kyria]; 11.28-30 (108, PtolEu) [dam.; exp.; epit.; kyria]; 76.26-30 (222-235, HerakN); 88 + 132.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 89.13-15 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 103.24-26 (III, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 108.9 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 123.6 (IIIf<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 124.1-2 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 133.1-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 135.2-3 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale: kyria]; 138.2-4 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 139.4-5 (II, HerakN or ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 141.9-10 (IIIf<\/sup>, Herak) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 142.5-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 143.4-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 144.5-6 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 150.3 ? (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 151.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 152.1 (IIIf<\/sup>, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 175.24-27 (IIIf<\/sup>, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; horism.epit.]; 179.18-21 (I\/II, PtolEu?) [sale; price: hemiolia]; 187.14-15 (145, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 198.15-18 (138, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 203.6-7 (III, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.]; 204.11-13 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam.; fisc.]; 206a (138-161, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolion; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc., kyria]; 210.6 (II, ArsN) [sale; kyria]; 213.4 (II, ArsN) [sale; taxes + exp.: dipl.]; 214.4-5 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolion; fisc.; kyria]; 220.8-11 (I, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 222.16-18 (142\/3 or 152\/3, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 226.1-2 (IV\/V, ArsN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; VI<\/strong> 73.28-31 (222-235, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; P.Aberd.<\/span><\/strong> 53.11-13 (10\/1, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 55.10-12 ? (117-138, SokN?) [sale; epit.?]; P.Athen.<\/span><\/strong> 15.7-10 (83-96, Alex) [lease?; dipl.; dam.; exp.; epit.]; P.Bad.<\/span> II<\/strong> 22.1-4, 12 (126, Alex) [labour; wages: hemiolia; dam.; exp.; epit.], [loan; epit.]; IV<\/strong> 86.22-33, 33-39 (99, Hibeh) [labour; wages; tropheia; dam.; exp.; epit.(?)]; P.Bas.<\/span> II<\/strong> 28.6-7 (II, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam.; exp.]; P.Bingen<\/span><\/strong> 49.5 (IA<\/sup><\/span>, HerakN) [parachoresis; kyria]; 75.10-13 (IIIb<\/sup>, Ox?) [exp.*: dipl.]; P.Bodl.<\/span><\/strong> 68.5-7 (II\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP) [sale (parachoresis); price: hemiolia; fisc.; kyria]; P.Bour.<\/span><\/strong> 14.24-27 (126, ArsN) [labour; salary: hemiolia; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Brook.<\/span><\/strong> 97.20-21 ? (II, UP) [loan; kyria]; P.Cair.Isid.<\/span><\/strong> 80.13-16 (296, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; 81.25-28 (297, ArsN) [loan; no penalty]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67032.80-83 (551, Constantinople) [noncompliance];<\/span> II<\/strong> 67158.28-30 (568, Antin) [labour; prostimon; kyria]; 67159.38-41 (568, Antin) [labour; pecuniary penalty]; P.Cair.Zen.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 59133.16-17 (256A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil) [labour]; P.Col.<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 244.1-3 (VI, ArsPol) [sale?: dipl.; kyria]; X<\/strong> 281.18-22 (287, Phil) [compensation \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5]; P.Corn.<\/span><\/strong> 4.13-17 (111A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [labour]; P.Dime<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 38GH.8 (42, SokN) [diairesis; epit.]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.11-13 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [account of specific duties]; P.Fay.<\/span><\/strong> 91.27-38 (99, Euh) [loan; arrhabon: dipl.]; P.Flor.<\/span> I<\/strong> 51.1-6 l. 6 (138-161, ArsN) [labour]; III<\/strong> 310.11-12 (425-450, HermN) [dam.; exp.]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 38.7-11 (I OxN?) [kyria]; 39.9-11 (244-249, Ox) [ed.: \u1f05\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u0323[\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]10<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b5\u0323\u1f50\u0323[\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9;]; 44.20-22 (44, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolia; interest for default]; P.FuadUniv.<\/span><\/strong> 19.10 (145\/6, UP) [sale; dam.; exp.; epit. hosidchre.; price: dipl.?]; P.Gascou<\/span><\/strong> 30.31-36 (565-579, Aphr) [ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u2039\u1f14\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2\u203a \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03af\u03b1]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u0323 |35<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 | 36<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u0323\u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u03c2;]; P.Gen.<\/span> IV<\/strong> 186.27-30 (473-490, Herm) [diairesis; prostimon and parabasis; kyria]; P.Gen. inv.<\/span><\/strong> 442.13-15 (IImA<\/span><\/sup>, HerakN) [praxis, enochos]; P.Genov.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.16-19 (320, Oasis Magna) [partnership; compensation for lost objects]; P.Giss<\/span><\/strong>. I 56.25 (VI, HermN) [lease]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 15.14-15 (209, PtolEu) [kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 63.4-5 (125\/6, Thebes?) [sale; stipulatio poenae]; III<\/strong> 217.13-14 (If<\/sup>, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.]; P.Herm.<\/span><\/strong> 25.17-20 (V, Ta Memnoneia) [sale; epit., \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17-18 (133, Pim[ ]) [will; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; 147.7-13, 13-17 (30A<\/sup><\/span>-15, UP) [lease; dam.; debt \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: hemiolia; epit.?; hosidchre.; fisc.; kyria, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9*]; 155.11-12 (VI, UP) [sale; parabasia; stipulatio poenae?]; SB<\/span> XXXVIII<\/strong> 17080.24-25 (69-79, ArsN) [sale; epit.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 293.22-25 (114, Dionysias) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl., epit., fisc., kyria]; V<\/strong> 1698.8-10 (VI, Aphr) [lease; kyria]; P.Louvre<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 109.12-14 (123\/4 or 136\/7, ArsN ?) [sale; price; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 3.25-30 (139?, UP) [marriage; capital: hemiolia]; P.Mert.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 109.16-21 (II, OxN) [loan; akyr.; capital: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.; interest for default]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 186.26-29 (72, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 187.26-30 (75, Bac) [diairesis; dam.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; V 276.11-14 (47, ArsN) [sale; price: hemiolia; interest; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 287.13-14 (I, Teb) [sale; epit.; fisc.]; 323.21-27 (47, Teb) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit., fisc.; kyria]; IX<\/strong> 558 (103-111, Kar) [diairesis]; X<\/strong> 583.22-25 (78, Bac) [with bebaiosis and surrender; sale; akyr.; dam.; price: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 584.30-32 (84, Bac) [dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XI<\/strong> 604.25-26 (223, Ox) [labour]; P.Michael.<\/span><\/strong> 41.52- (539-554, Aphr); P.Mil.<\/span> I<\/strong> 49 2-5 l. 5 (I, ArsN) [labour]; P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 23.19-21 (108, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; II<\/strong> 99.16-17 (119, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 143.20-22 (170\/1, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Monts.Roca.<\/span><\/strong> 78.20-25 (49-54, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 11.56-59 (586, Sy) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2: price: dipl.; akyr.]; III<\/strong> 84.21-28 (211, ArsN) [sale; price]; P.NYU<\/strong> II<\/strong> 15a.12-14 (68, OxN) [akyr., dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Oslo<\/span><\/strong>. II<\/strong> 31.23-25 (138-161?, UP) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.*, fisc*]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 95.34-36 (129, Ox) [sale]; II<\/strong> 270.42-49 (94, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III<\/strong> 504.28-32 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 634.10 (126, Ox) [will]; 646.12-13 (117-126?, Ox); IV<\/strong> 725 (183, Ox) [labour; epit.; fisc.]; 794.7-13 (85\/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIV<\/strong> 1641.10-13 (68, Ox) [loan; capital: hemiolion; interest for default; fisc.]; XVII<\/strong> 2134.26-28 (170, Ox) [loan; akyr., dam. + taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; XXXI<\/strong> 2586.48-50 (264, Ox) [labour; no penalty]; XLI<\/strong> 2977.45-49 (239\/40, Ox) [apprenticeship: epit.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3095.30-33 (217\/8, Ox) [labour; epit.]; XLIII<\/strong> 3092.11-14 (217, Ox) [partnership; pecuniary compensation; fisc.; kyria]; XLVI<\/strong> 3267.48-50 (37-41, Ox) [lease; no penalty]; XLIX<\/strong> 3482.14-16, 24-26 (73A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox) [sale; akyr.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; LXXIV<\/strong> 5014.26 (III, Ibion Ammoniou) [labour]; LXXIX<\/strong> 5209.15-21 (267, Ox) [labour; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Prag.<\/span> II<\/strong> 160.9-10 (VIm<\/sup>, Herm) [lease; prostimon]; P.Rain.Cent.<\/span><\/strong> 131.2 (c. 630-645, ArsN) [lease]; P.Rein.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 103.25-29 (26, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Ross.Georg.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 28.15-17 (343 or 358, ArsN) [marriage; \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 159.27-32 (31\/2, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 162.30-33 (159, SokN) [price: dipl.; exp.; epit.; fisc.]; P.Sakaon<\/span><\/strong> 63.1-3 (302\/3, Thead) [loan]; P.Soter.<\/span><\/strong> 2.34-37 (71, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; kyria]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.b21-c28 (211, PtolEu) [sale]; IV<\/strong> 266.9-14 (c. 100, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.]; V<\/strong> 331.19-20 (98-117, UP) [sale; fisc.]; 341.28-31 (85, SokN) [labour; epit., fisc.]; 370.19-20? (175-180, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; VI<\/strong> 583.17-19 (115\/6, ArsN) [sale; price; epit.; fisc.]; VII<\/strong> 670.3-4 (III, Alex) [sale; dam.; exp.]; 678.13-17 (568\/9, Herm) [labour; ed.: \u03bb\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u0323\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03bc]\u03bf[\u03c5];]; IX<\/strong> 861.10 (I, UP) [sale]; 886.2-3 (100, SokN) [sale; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 383.39-42 (46, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; III.1<\/strong> 815.dr<\/sup>.1.46-55, ll. 52-53 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; rent; per aroura fine]; 815.er<\/sup>.10-27, l. 26 (223\/2A<\/sup><\/span>, Teb) [lease; epit.]; P.Tebt.Wall<\/span><\/strong> 9.17-19 (33, Teb) [epit.]; 10.14 (IIe<\/sup>, Teb) [sale; epit.]; 12.26-27 (101, Teb) [diairesis; dam. + exp.: dipl.; kyria];<\/span><\/strong> P.Tor.Choach.<\/span><\/strong> 2.11-13, 30-33 (118A<\/sup><\/span>, Hermonthis); P.Trier<\/span><\/strong> I 12.51-56 (179A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [lease]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 26.17-20 (143, SokN) [sale; price + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; P.Warr.<\/span><\/strong> 11.17-19 (98, Kar) [lease; epit.; fisc.]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 203.11-12 (87, Ox) [labour; tropheia: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; IV<\/strong> 320 + P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 784.b.13-22 (18, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 897.2.82-85 (93, Ox) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; X<\/strong> 1118.22-25 (25\/6, Ox) [sale; akyr.; exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XIII<\/strong> 1341.17-18 (Vb<\/sup>, Antin) [antikatallage; ed.: \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8[\u03b5\u03bb]\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u02bc \u1f10\u03be \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 | \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u1f75\u03bd;]; XV<\/strong> 1546.1-27, ll. 19-20? (222, HerakN) [sale; epit.; kyria]; SB<\/span> I<\/strong> 4414.17-18 (143, Kar) [cession; epit., fisc.]; 4661.13-15 ? (VI\/VII, ArsN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.]; 4777.5 (IV-VII, ArsN) [sale]; 4847 passim (IV-VII, ArsN) [lease; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5]; 5244.10-12 (8A<\/sup><\/span>, SokN) [loan]; 5679.11-14? (307, Oasis Magna); VI<\/strong> 8987.35-39 (644\/5, Ox) [sale; price; exp.]; 9109.7-9 (31, Teb) [akyr.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; 9618.19-21 [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; VIII<\/strong> 9906.23-26 (193\/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; epit.; fisc.]; X<\/strong> 10571.20-22 (194, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XII<\/strong> 11229.12-14 (161-168 or 177-179, Ox) [sale]; XIV<\/strong> 11279.35-36 (44, Thead) [lease; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; 11703.3-5 (IIIl<\/sup>, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 11933.36-41 (27A<\/sup><\/span>, PtolEu) [lease]; 12056.13? (III, UP) [sale; price: hemiolia]; XVI<\/strong> 12957.18-20 (103-114, SokN) [sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 13041.8-10 (I\/II, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13042.16-20 (29, Ox) [loan; eikonismos; fisc.]; 13072.19-22 (155, SokN) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13154.2-4 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>\/IA<\/sup><\/span>, UP) [loan; daneion: hemiolia; interest for default]; 13305.32-34 (271, Kar) [apprenticeship; epit.]; 13764.24-28 (148-161, ArsN) [sale; epit.; capital: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; fisc.; kyria]; 13961.1-3 (630-645, ArsN) [labour; ed.: [\u1f04\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7]\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9;]; XX<\/strong> 14336.5-11 (91\/92 or 107\/8, Ox) [sale; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 14997.9-12 (70A<\/sup><\/span>\/41A<\/sup><\/span>, Ox?) [sale; akyr.; dam.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII<\/strong> 15326.14-16 (222-235, Kar) [sale; parachoretikon: dipl.; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.*: dipl.]; 15472.18-19 (134, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 15538.10-11 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [labour; salary: hemiolia; epit.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16002.18-20 (186-190, PtolEu) [sale; kyria; defension; price: hemiolia; taxes + exp.: dipl.; fisc.]; 16320.15-16 (293-304, Kellis) [epit.]; XXVIII<\/strong> 16904.16-19 (90, SokN) [with bebaiosis, sale; price: dipl.; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.]; SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 1.20-21 (83\/4, PtolEu) [sale; price: hemiolia; dam. + exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; 47.19-21 (238, HerakN) [sale; horism.epit.; kyria]; 50.20-21 (168-169, Aphrodite Berenike) [sale; price: hemiolia; exp.: dipl.; epit.; fisc.; kyria]; XXII<\/strong> 69.14-17 (VI\/VII, UP) [sale; \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-35","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/35"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":174,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/35\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2553,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/35\/revisions\/2553"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/35\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=35"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=35"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=35"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}