{"id":37,"date":"2024-11-27T10:41:17","date_gmt":"2024-11-27T09:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-11-testamentary-dispositions\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T16:10:51","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T14:10:51","slug":"chapter-11-testamentary-dispositions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/chapter\/chapter-11-testamentary-dispositions\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 11: Testamentary Dispositions","rendered":"Chapter 11: Testamentary Dispositions"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

The clauses of the Greek and Roman will are discussed in a separate section partly due to a well-established tradition: wills and inheritance law are treated separately in law books and are taught separately from other institutions of private law. There is also some methodological justification for this practice: wills are meant to regulate the transfer of property and the naming of heirs, beneficiaries, and guardians after the testator has died. The testator must make it unequivocally clear who these persons are and who is excluded from the inheritance. Moreover, these people are appointed without their consent or even their knowledge. Therefore, a special procedure was introduced in Roman wills, by which the heirs were to accept their share. Even so, much uncertainty remained: the testator sought to account for all his or her property. But what if he or she had a right or liability not recorded in the document? Several issues are particularly relevant in this context, such as the care of underage children, the widow\u2019s status, and the burial rites and their costs. There was also the question of authenticity: to ensure that the will was composed by a testator of sound mind, compulsory precautions were taken. The composition of the will was attended by witnesses at a public notary office, the document was sealed, and a special public procedure for its opening had to be followed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

1. Introductory (Wills)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The introductory clause goes back, in Egypt, to the early Ptolemaic period. The text consists of the formula \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/strong> \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd with the name of the testator in the nominative, and the formal identifiers as routinely applied in the place and time of composition. Cf., e.g., P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 3.64\u201395, ll. 69\u201372 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03ce|70<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394]\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 (\u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03be\u03b5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5|71<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03af\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd]\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u1fe6\u03bd | 72<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \\\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9\/ \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd (\u2018Dion of Herakleia, of the company of Damon, commander of five hundred men, cleruch, about 65 years old, short [with honey-coloured complexion], bald-forehead and round face, with a scar on his cheek beside his [left] eyebrow and another one in the middle of his forehead above his right eyebrow, being of sound mind and in possession of his wits, has made the following will\u2019 (Transl.: Clarysse (1991)<\/span>: 94). The text records the soldier\u2019s military unit, rank, age, and a detailed account of his body features. The same scheme is used mutatis mutandis<\/em> throughout the Roman period. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III 492.2\u20133 (130 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where one uses the genealogical identifier as is the rule in contemporary agoranomic instruments from Oxyrhynchos:[\u03c4]\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5[\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u1fe6]\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u0398\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c4\u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u0323[\u03af\u03bf]\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1[\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03c8\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] | 3<\/sup> \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5[\u03af\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f69\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0398\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1[\u03b1]\u03c0\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323\u03bd[ \u0323] \u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f38\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10[\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u1fb7] (\u2018Thatres daughter of Ammonios, son of Sarapion, whose mother is Tsenthotsymis from Tryphonos Ision of the lower toparchy, now residing in the city of Oxyrhynchos accompanied as kyrios<\/em> by Horion alias Theon son of Sarapion son of - - from Ibion Ammoniou of the same lower toparchy the son of her cousin Heraklous daughter of Sarapion son of Sarapion, whose mother is Tausiris alias Sarapous, , has made in the street the following disposition being sane and in her right mind \u2026\u2019), with an account of the patronym, papponym, metronym, and domicile. A different formulation is used in Roman wills: P.Diog. 10.2 (211, Ptolemais Euergetis): L(ucius) Ignatius Rufinus Ant(inoites) t(estamentum) f(ecit) (\u2018Lucius Ignatius Rufinus, a citizen of, Antinoopolis, has composed the will\u2019) and in Greek, e.g., BGU I 326.1.2\u20133 (189 CE, Karanis): [\u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b5]\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5[\u1f76]\u03c2 | [\u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03af]\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af[\u03b7\u03c3]\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018Gaius Longinus Castor, a veteran honorably discharged from the Praetorian classis<\/em> of the Misenians. has composed the will\u2019). The post-Antonine formulation \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8(\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 had composed a will and dictated it to be written\u2019), P.Princ. II 38.1\u20133 (c. 264 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), is also used, in all probability, in a contemporary loan contract: CPR XVIIb 11.36\u201346, ll. 36-37 (217\/8 CE?, Panopolis). The extremely long and convoluted introductory clause in Byzantine wills finds different expressions as attested in its aforementioned predecessors. P.Cair.Masp. III 67312.5-28 (567 CE, Antinoopolis): \u2627 \u03a6\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b9(\u03c2 [\u0398]\u03b5\u0323[\u03cc]\u03b4\u0323[\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323[\u03ba]\u03ad\u0323[\u03c0\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 | 6<\/sup> \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03bd]\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc\u03be\u03bf(\u03c5)] \u03bc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 7<\/sup> \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u0323(\u1fe6)\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u0323[\u03b3]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 9<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u1f7c\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u1f7c\u03c2) \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 | 10<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf, \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u1ff7 | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9(\u03bd), | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ae\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9|18<\/sup>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf(\u03c5)\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\\\u03bd\/ \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8]\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 | 19<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03b4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f65\u03c1\u1fb3, \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd, | 21<\/sup> \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1) \u1f11\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 22<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018I, Flavius Theodorus, exactor of the ducal staff of the Thebaide, son of Phoibammon of glorious memory, former scholasticus<\/em> of the phoros<\/em> of the Thebais, originating from Antinoopolis, composed this written will as detailed below, distressed and fearing the future, lest, before I manage to dispose of my property and against my hope I will end my life, for this reason, sane and in my right mind and drawing up my account with much precision, and holding my mind, with God, sound, and maintaining my senses and my power of reasoning unaffected, I draw up this will in the presence of the seven requested lawful witnesses that were summoned by my request and gathered for this purpose. who are Roman citizens of age, applying themselves to the task, who added their subscription in the following to this will of mine and sealed it at one gathering, time, and occasion, with no other activity setting in between, in accordance with the capacity of the laws, which will I have dictated in Greek words and have entrusted to be submitted to writing, and I wish it to have its own strength and warranty in all its existing provisions, and let it also possess no less the status of a codicil and the capacity of all last wills and fideicommissary letters, having been produced and made public before every office and authority at all occasions and times, in accordance with the precepts that have been solemnly introduced by the laws\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 339-340; Strobel (2014): 38-39.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.2-3, 15 (codicillus) (189, Kar); VI<\/strong> 1285.3-4 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); VII<\/strong> 1654.4-5 (98-117, PtolEu); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.2-3 (125, PtolEu); 72.1-4 (I, HermN); XVIIb<\/strong> 11.36-46, ll. 36-37 (217\/8?, Panop) [loan]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.4-66 (570, Antin); III<\/strong> 67312.5-28 (567, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 188.1-5 (320, Kar); X<\/strong> 267.2-3 (180-192, Ox); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.1-2 (186-210, Phil?); 10.2 (211, PtolEu); P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 1.12-13 (164A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Mikra); 2.14-16 (150A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis); 3.1.1 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 4.1-2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 16, B.6 (Il<\/sup>, Dura Europos); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.2-3 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 341.2 (II, Ox?); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.8-9 (139A<\/sup><\/span>-132A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.1 (133, Pim[ ]); XII<\/strong> 487.2 (117-138, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 149.3-6 (199, Ox); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.1-14 (c. 610, Hermonthis); II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b.2-5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos); V<\/strong> 1727.4-21 (583\/4, Sy); VII<\/strong> 2015.5-8 (242A<\/sup><\/span>, Memphis); P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 6.2-3 (190\/1, PtolEu); P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I 8.1-8 (c. 540, Sy); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.4-8 (96, Ox); 105.2 (118-138, Ox); II<\/strong> 368.2-3 (43\/4, Ox); III<\/strong> 489.3 (117, Ox); 490.2-3 (124, Ox); 491.2-3 (126, Ox); 492.2-3 (130, Ox); 494.2-3 (156, Ox); 495.2 (182-189, Ox); 646 (117-126?, Ox); 647.2-3 (IIf<\/sup>, Ox); 652.3-4 (Is<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); VI<\/strong> 907.1-2 (276, Ox); XX<\/strong> 2283.6-13 (586, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.1-2 (134, Ox); LII<\/strong> 3692.1 (II, Ox); LXVI<\/strong> 4533.2 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 1.1-31, ll. 6-8 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 1.33-68, ll. 37-39 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 1.87-98, ll. 92-95 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 2.31-44, ll. 36-38 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 3.8-37, ll. 13-16 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.38-63, ll. 43-45 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.64-95, ll. 69-72 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 4.3-5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 6.1-26, ll. 1-2 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 6.27-47, ll. 32-34 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Meris of Polemon); 6.48-52, l. 52 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 7.2-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 9.8-19, ll. 12-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 11.7-10 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 13.1-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 14.6-9 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.12-40, ll. 17-20 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.41-66, ll. 46-49 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.67-94, ll. 72-74 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.95-122, ll. 100-103 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.123-128, ll. 128 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerke[- -]); 17.15-40, ll. 20-22 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 17.41-49, ll. 45-47 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 18.10-13 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); 19.1-3 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 22.1-14, ll. 6-9 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 22.15-32, ll. 18-21 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.15-38, ll. 21-24 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 24.39-57, ll. 43-45 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 25.8-38, ll. 13-15 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 26.8-13, l.\u00a012- (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.1-3 (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.2 (119\/20, OxN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 284.2-3 (176-180, PtolEu); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 465 (190, Teb); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.2-3 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, l. 9? (138-161, Alex?); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.1-2 (335\/6?, ArsN); XII<\/strong> 10859.5-6 (220A<\/sup><\/span>, Ghoran); XIV<\/strong> 11642.1 (178\/9, PtolEu); XVIII<\/strong> 13168.1-2 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 13308.3-5 (81-96, PtolEu?); XX<\/strong> 14379.6 (320, Kar); XXIV<\/strong> 15921.3-6? (176-193, Ox); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> pp. 6-7, ll. 1-8 (c. 460, Antin); XX<\/strong> 35.3-5 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

2. Invalidation<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The invalidation of previously composed wills is attested in early Ptolemaic wills only. P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 6.1\u201326, ll. 16\u201317 (238\/7 BCE<\/span>, Arsinoites): \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018Let the wills that I have formerly composed be invalid\u2019). See also P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 7.8\u20139 (238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites) and P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 15.4\u20135 (both: 238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Clarysse (1991):<\/span> 133, 139, 141.\r\n

\r\n

3. Exclusion Clause<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Both the Roman testamentum per aes et libram<\/em> (below: R) and the Greek diatheke<\/em> (below: G) contain an exclusion clause. Their wording and location, however, are so different from one another that one may assume a totally different background for each. The Greek clause (e.g., P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 24.15\u201338 l. 26 (226\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9, is positioned at the end of the document, frequently following a clause that prohibits and penalizes all challenges to the disposition (e.g., P.K\u00f6ln II 100.17: 133 CE, Pim[], Oxyrhynchites). Its wording is relatively constant and goes back to the third century BCE. The Latin text of the Roman clause (e.g., P.Oxy. LII 3692.6 (II CE, Oxyrhynchos) reads: cete\u0323ri omnes exhere\u0323des sunto (\u2018All the others are to be excluded\u2019) (so the editio princeps<\/em>). The Greek text of the Roman will follows the Roman prototype, with the small but significant addition of the personal pronouns \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 or \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 after the noun \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2857.4\u20135 (134 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf(\u03af) | 5<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018Let all others be disinherited\u2019.) Unlike the diatheke<\/em>, it is located at the beginning of the document, immediately after the heredis institutio<\/em>. Here as in other respects, Byzantine documentation exhibits fusion. See particularly, and most succinctly, Stud.Pal. I p. 6ff. ll. 24\u201326: \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\\\u03c5\/ \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 | 25<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\\\u03c5\/ \u03c4\u1fc7 | 26<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 (\u2018Let all others be disinherited since I have decided so, no one being entitled to challenge this will of mine\u2019) where the wording is Roman but the positioning at the end of the document is Greek.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 348-349 [<\/span>Greek], 382-383 [<\/span>Roman]; Amelotti (1966): 123-130; Nowak (2014): 153-159; Strobel (2014): 40-41.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1696a.8 (II, Phil) [R]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.17 (125, PtolEu) [G]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.202-225 (570, Antin) [R]; III<\/strong> 67312.49-52 (567, Antin) [R]; 67324.13-14 (VI, Aphr) [R]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.5-6 (186-210, Phil?) [R]; 10.3 (211, PtolEu) [R]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 2.23-24 (150A<\/sup><\/span>, Latop) [G]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 62.12-18 (535, Herm?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17 (133, Pim[], OxN) [G]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 149.16-18 (199, Ox) [G]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b AV 5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos) [G]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.3 (II, UP) [R]; P.Oxy.<\/span> I<\/strong> 104.31-32 (96, Ox) [G]; III<\/strong> 490.7 (124, Ox) [G]; 492.10 (130, Ox) [G]; 646.13-14 (117-126?, Ox); 649.7 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox) [G]; VI<\/strong> 907.4-5 (276, Ox) [R]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.4-5, 11-12 (134, Ox) [R]; LII<\/strong> 3692.6 (II, Ox) [R]; P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 2.31-44, l. 41 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 4.12-13 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok ?) [G]; 6.1-26, l. 16 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 7.7-8 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [G]; 9.8-19, ll. 17-18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 11.13-14 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 14.16-17 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.12-40, ll. 23-24 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.67-94, ll. 79-80 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.95-112, l. 107 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 17.15-40, ll. 25-26 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 23.3 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 24.15-38, l. 26 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 25.8-38, ll. 37-38 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 27.2 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.4 (c. 264, PtolEu) [R]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.10-11 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN) [R]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 465.25 (190, Teb) [G]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1263.11-12 (166\/7, Ox) [G]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25 l. 10 ? (172-175, Alex?) [R]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.3 (335\/6?, ArsN) [R]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.4.18 (117-137, Teb) [R]; SPP<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> p. 6ff., ll. 24-25 (c. 460, Antin) [R]; XX<\/strong> 35.11 (235, HerakN) [G].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

4. Freedom of Future Disposition<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Capacity, Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In all well-established types of hereditary dispositions\u2014diatheke<\/em>, meriteia<\/em>, and testamentum per aes et libram<\/em>\u2014the testator maintains the future right to dispose of his property. At the core stands the formulation \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1F\u1f76 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018May I enjoy good health and remain in authority\u2019), which may be developed further using the infinitive or the participle of the present tense to denote the activities that the testator may undertake. The array of verbs covers the use of the estate in general: \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, (\u2018dispose and administer\u2019), later \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018benefit from\u2019), \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018dispense\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018accomplish\u2019); specific acts of alienation inter vivos<\/em>: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018sell\u2019), \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018mortgage\u2019); the composition of a new will: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018write a new will\u2019), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018cede\u2019), \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018undertake to the benefit of others\u2019), \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018undertake new disposition\u2019); the invalidation of the present one: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd (\u2018take for invalidation the present will\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd (\u2018repeal and annul the present will\u2019). Later texts avoid \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and express capacity in other ways: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018have capacity\u2019, \u2018authority\u2019), followed by the infinitive. All types of activities are represented in P.Oxy. III 495.2\u20133 (182\u2013189 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f43 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd|3<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd [\u1f00]\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f43 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018For as long as I live I shall have authority over my property to undertake in its regard without hindrance whatever I wish, to repeal and annul the present will, and whatever I undertake will be valid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 204-205). The Roman P.Hamb. I 72.9\u201316 (II\/III CE, Unknown Provenance) takes a different approach. It does not anticipate the future invalidation of the present will but sanctions any past or future acts as if they were introduced by the present act: si quid ego po\u0323st h[o]c t\u0323estamentum meum nuncupatu[m -ca.?- ] | 10<\/sup> codicillis charta membrana aliove quo genere\u0323 [-ca.?-] | 11<\/sup> scri\u0323p\u0323[tum signatumque re]li\u0323[quero, quo non recto tes]|12<\/sup>tamen\u0323[ti iure l]e\u0323g\u0323um[v]e\u0323 d\u0323ari quid aut fieri\u00b7 iu[sse]|13<\/sup>ro, [aut si quid] vel vi[v]us d\u0323ed\u0323i donavi \u00b7 deder[o -ca.?- ] | 14<\/sup> don\u0323aver\u0323[o vel li]b\u0323e\u0323r\u0323um liberamve esse vetuer\u0323[o -ca.?- ] | 15<\/sup> {au[t]} se{e}r\u0323[vum s]e\u0323[rvam]v\u0323e\u0323, ratum esto ac s\u0323i in h\u00f3c t[es]| 16<\/sup> t[am]en\u0323t\u0323o\u0323 cau[tum] c\u0323o\u0323n\u0323prehensumve esset<\/em> (\u2018If, after this will has been drawn up in codicils, on parchment, or in any other type of [instrument], written and signed, I will leave behind any document in which I will order that anything should be given or undertaken contrary to the precepts of the will and laws, and if I have given, donated, will have given or donated, will have prohibited my son, daughter, slave, both male and female (from doing anything), let this be considered as if it was set out and incorporated in this very will\u2019). P.Cair.Masp. III 67312.28\u201334 (567 CE, Antinoopolis) takes up the same concept: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 | 29<\/sup> \u03ba[\u03c9]\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323, \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bb[\u03bf]\u03bc\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb]\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 31<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 32<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 | 33<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3. (\u2018If I decide, after this, to compose a codicil, one or many, and to make additional dispositions in them, I wish and command that the codicils, one or many, that I may in the future compose have and shall have their own authority and validity deriving from the laws as if confirmed in this very will\u2019.)<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 339-340; Amelotti (1966): 161-163; Strobel (2014): 48-49, 169-171.<\/span>\r\n\r\nakyr.<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 akyrosis<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 apolau.<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 chr.<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 desp.<\/strong>: \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 diath.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 epitel.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 exous.<\/strong>: \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hypotith.<\/strong>: \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 kyrion<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0mesiteu.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 metadiath.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0metatith.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0oikonom.<\/strong>: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 parasynch.<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 86.23-25 (155, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypoth., parasynch.]; 183.10-27, ll. 25-27 (85, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypoth., diath., \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; II<\/strong> 483.7 (II, ArsN) [meriteia; oikonom.]; VI<\/strong> 1285.4 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [diatheke; kyrion]; VII<\/strong> 1654.5-7 (98-117, PtolEu) [diatheke; kyrion: metadiath., akyr., \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.4 (125, PtolEu) [diatheke; kyrion: pol., hypoth., metadiath., oikonom. (part)]; 72.4-6 (I, HermN) [kyrion: dioik., oikonom.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.66-73 (570, Antin) [diatheke; krat.: NOM., DESP., EPIKRAT.]; 67312.34-35 (567, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 188.5-6 (320, Kar) [diatheke; despot.]; X<\/strong> 267.3-4 (180-192, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., akyrosis]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 83.12-13 (353, Ox) [hereditary disposition; \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f73]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 3.1.2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [kyrion]; 4.2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [diatheke; kyrion]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 16, B.6 (Il<\/sup>, Dura Europos); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 341.2-3 (II, Ox?) [diatheke]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.4 (139A<\/sup><\/span>-132A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (VI?, UP); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72 .9-13 (II\/III, UP) [Roman, see above]; 73.10-12 (II, Phil?) [Roman]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.2-5 (133, Pim[ ]) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiath., akyrosis]; XII<\/strong> 487.2-3 (117-138, Ox) [chr., dioik.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.4-5 (295, Herm) [apolau.]; II<\/strong> 149.6-7 (199, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.14-15 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [apolau.]; II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b.5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos) [diatheke; kyrion]; 288.31-36 (90, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., metatith., hypotith., \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; 294.33-60, ll. 46-57 (109, PtolEu) [meriteia; exous.: metadiatith., parach., epitel., metamer., oikonom., \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; V<\/strong> 1727.21-27 (583\/4, Sy) [enapolaun., chr.]; VII<\/strong> 2015.9 (242A<\/sup><\/span>, Memphis) [dioik.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.12-16 (147, Ox) [Roman]; IX<\/strong> 549.6-7 (117\/8, Kar) [diatheke]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.8-9 (96, Ox) [kyrion: chr., dioik.]; 105.2-3 (118-138, Ox) [exous.: metadiatith.]; III<\/strong> 489.4-5 (117, Ox) [kyrion: chr., oikonom., metadiatith.]; 490.3-4 (124, Ox) [exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 491.3-4 (126, Ox) [exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 492.4 (130, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 494.3-5, 25-27 (156, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: diatel., metadiath., akyr.]; 495.15-16 (182-189, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, akyr.; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; 634.3-4 (126, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyr.]; 646.3 (117-126?, Ox); 649.2-3 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox); 652.4-5 (Is<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., matediatith.*, akyrosis]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.40-41 (224, Ox) [Roman]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.21-26 (134, Ox) [Roman]; LXVI<\/strong> 4533.2-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel.; metadiatith., akyrosis]; P.Petr<\/span><\/strong>.2<\/sup> I<\/strong> 1.1-31, l. 9 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 1.87-98, l. 95 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 2.31-44, ll. 37-38 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 3.8-37, ll. 16-17 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 3.64-95, l. 72 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 4.5-6 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 6.1-26, l. 3 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 6.27-47, ll. 34-35 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 7.5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 9.8-19, l. 15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 11.10-11 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 13.4-5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 14.9-10 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 15.1 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 16.12-40, ll. 20-21 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 17.15-40, ll. 22-23 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 17.41-49, ll. 47-48 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 19.3-4 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 22.1-14, l. 9 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; oikonom.]; 22.15-32, ll. 21-22 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 24.15-38, ll. 24-25 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 24.39-57, ll. 45-46 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 25.8-38, l. 15 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; P.Scholl<\/span><\/strong> 5.2-5 (I\/II, Tholt) [diatheke]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.2 (119\/20, OxN) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyr.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7559.13-15 (118, Teb) [meriteia; exous., oikonom.]; 7630.9-24, ll. 20-22 (172-175, Alex?) [Roman]; VI<\/strong> 9377.12-13 (138, Teb) [meriteia; exous.: oikonom.]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.4.17 (117-137, Teb) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypotith., metadiatith.]; 9642.5.20-24 (139-161, Teb) [meriteia; oikonom.]; 9642.6.14-16 (c. 133, Teb) [meriteia; oikonom.]; XII<\/strong> 10888.14-16 (119, Teb?) [meriteia; oikonom.]; XVI<\/strong> 12334.6-22, ll. 7-8 (IIl<\/sup>, Phil); XVIII<\/strong> 13168.2 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [kyrion]; 13232.6 (I, Haueris); XX<\/strong> 14379.6-7 (320, Kar) [diatheke; despot.]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17458.18-19 (122\/3, Kar) [exous.: pol., parach., hypoth., mesit., metadiath., oikonom.]; SPP<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> p. 6f. ll. 8-9 (c. 460, Antin); XX<\/strong> 35.5-6 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

5. Epitropoi<\/em> (royal)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

This clause, which names the epitropoi<\/em>, is unique to the Petrie wills and is not attested in any other Egyptian papyrus. In two cases\u2014P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 1.69\u201386, ll. 70\u201374 (238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites) and 18.13\u201314 (236\/5 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014the epitropoi<\/em> are private persons; in all others they are the reigning couple, Ptolemy III, Berenike II, and their children. The regnal formula varies, as in P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 16.95\u2013122 (236\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 |<\/span> 109<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f08\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af[\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd] \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 |<\/span> 110<\/sup> \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f74[\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd]\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4[\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1. -ca.?- ] (\u2018And as guardians, I choose King Ptolemy son of Ptolemy and Arsinoe, the Sibling-Gods, and Queen Berenike, the sister and wife of King Ptolemy, and their children\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 105-108; Kreller (1919): 375-377; Vandorpe (2002):<\/span> 29-32.\r\n

P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.1-31, ll. 14-18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 1.69-86, ll. 70-74 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [a private person]; 2.31-44, ll. 41-44 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 3.8-37, ll. 24-26 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.38-63, ll. 49-52 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.64-95, ll. 82-85 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 4.13 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 7.12-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 8.1-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 11.14-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 14.17-20 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 15.5-7 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 16.12-40, ll. 24-27 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.41-66, ll. 53-55 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.67-94, ll. 81-84 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.95-122, ll. 108-110 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 17.1-14, ll. 1-3 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 17.15-40, ll. 26-29 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 18.13-14 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [a private person]; 22.15-32, ll. 29-32 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 23.4-7 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.1-14, ll. 1-2 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.15-38, ll. 27-30 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.39-57, ll. 54-56 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 25.8-38, l. 38 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 27.2-3 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 28.2-3 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 30.19 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

6. Cretio<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In Roman wills, the cretio<\/em> is the means by which legal heirs take possession of and title to the estate. It is attested in 16 documents. The concurrent Latin formulation may be found in P.Diog. 10.3\u20135 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): cerni\u0323toque | 4<\/sup> hereditatem meam infra di\u0323e\u0323m\u0323 centesimum proximis qua s\u0323c\u0323i\u0323et | 5<\/sup> poterit\u2039que testari se\u203a heredem esse s(ine) d(olo) m(alo)<\/em> (\u2018Let (my heir) claim my inheritance before the one hundredth day from that day in which he gains knowledge (and) is able (to declare) that he is my heir without evil intent\u2019). The Greek text routinely reads (P.Princ. II 38. 4\u20135: c. 264 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9|5<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd[\u03cc]\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And let (my heir) enter upon my inheritance within the one hundred days that are reserved for the commemoration of the deceased, as soon as he knows and is able to testify that he is my heir\u2019). Cf. also PSI XI 1027 = CPL 213 = FIRA III 59 (151 CE, Oxyrhynchos), in which the performance of the cretio<\/em> is recorded.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 121-124; Taubenschlag (1955): 214-216; Amelotti (1966): 123-130; Kaser (1971): 716-717; (1975): 525-526; Migliardi Zingale (1988): 9-10; Nowak (2014): 147-153; Strobel (2014): 41-43.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.7-10 (189\/194, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1696.a.4-6 (II, Phil); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 76.19-21 (III, UP); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.6-9 (186-210?, Phil?); 10.3-5 (211, PtolEu); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.4-5 (II, UP); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 907.5-6 (176, Ox); XXII<\/strong> 2348.4-5? (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.7-9, 14-15 (134, Ox); LII<\/strong> 3692.6-10 (II, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.4-5 (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.5-7 (II, ArsN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.11-16 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 696.4-7 (III, ArsN); XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-24, ll. 11-13 (172-175, Alex); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.3-4 (335\/6, ArsN); SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 35.12 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

7. Substitutio<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the protasis<\/em>, the event of the heirs\u2019 death is described through the routine verbs of death reported in \u2018the act of bequeathal\u2019: \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9. One papyrus, P.Oxy. XXVII 2474.25\u201328 (III CE, Oxyrhynchos), uses the expression \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. The verb stands in the aorist with the exception of P.Lond. II 288.28\u201329 (90 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), where the present tense is invoked, but the reading should be reconsidered: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u0314\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9(\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 vac.? \u1f00\u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03ac]\u03b8[\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]. The verb is frequently given in the infinitive and introduced by \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, which is used only in the aorist tense. The relative apotropaic clause \u1f43 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 appears in two documents: P.Colt.Ness. III 115.6\u20139 (VI CE, Nessana); P.Oxy. XXVII 2474.25\u201328 (III CE, Oxyrhynchos). The circumstances of the death are commonly expressed through the formulation \u1f04\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018childless and intestate\u2019). The apodosis<\/em> will then express the devolution of the share of the deceased upon his co-heirs. The verb that reports this may be \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 (\u2018revert\u2019) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9 (\u2018fall\u2019) or \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 (here: \u2018convey\u2019). The subject may be expressed by the noun \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6). The beneficiaries who are to receive the share stand, in the case of \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, in the genitive. P.Oxy. III 491.10 (126 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018If any of the three sons happen to die childless, his share shall belong to his surviving brothers equally\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 195). With verbs denoting movement, the name of the beneficiary may be in the accusative, introduced by \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 or \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. III 490.6-7 (124 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 [\u03b5\u1f30]\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f44\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018If Dionysios happens to die childless and intestate, the property devolving upon him from me shall be sent to my nearest relations\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 192).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 90-94; Kreller (1919): 362-366, 381-382. Strobel (2014): 43, 265-269.<\/span>\r\n

BGU I<\/span><\/strong> 326.1.10-13 (189, Kar); CPR I<\/strong> 208.11-12 (II, ArsN?); VI<\/strong> 76.22-24 (III, UP); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.19-21 (I\/II, Memphis?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.15-17 (133, Pim[]); P.Lond<\/strong>.<\/span> II 288.28-31 (90, SokN); P.Oxy. III<\/strong> 490.6-7 (124, Ox); 491.10 (126, Ox); XXVII<\/strong> 2474.25-28 (III, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.23-25 (II, ArsN); P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.13-14 (119\/120, OxN); 44.7-8 (c. 130, Kar); SB XXX<\/strong> 17458.16-18 (122\/3, Kar).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

8. Dolos Abesto<\/em><\/h2>\r\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\r\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\r\n

This routine wording, prohibiting a future malicious act in connection with the will in question, appears in Roman wills only. The Latin text is recorded as in P.Hamb.<\/span> I 72.17 (II\/III CE, Unknown Provenance): h(uic) t(estamento) \u00b7 d\u0323(olus) m\u0323(alus) ab\u0323[e]sto.<\/em> (\u2018With regard to this will, let all fraud be absent\u2019.) The Greek text may follow the Roman prototype literally, using the dative as well. Cf., e.g., P.Select. 14.29 (II CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7] \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9. Some scribes, however, prefer the genitive to the dative, deriving from \u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 (LSJ, s.v. A). Greek texts also exhibit the asyndetic combination \u1f00\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9, Extended phrasing is also attested. Cf., in particular, P.Oxy. XVI 1901.54-56 (VI CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2] | 55<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u1f10\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2] | 56<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018May guile and malice depart and be absent from this my will, which holds good having been made in the consulship aforesaid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 125).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 340; Amelotti (1966): 164-165; Strobel (2014): 49-50; Nowak (2015): 202-203.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.3 (189, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1655.45 (169, Phil); 1695.b2.1 (157, Alex); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67324.8-9 (VII, Aphr); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.24 (186-210, Phil?); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.17 (II\/III, UP); 73.12-13 (II, Phil?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.59-65 (c. 610, Hermonthis); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.10 (147, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XVI<\/strong> 1901.54-56 (VI, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.26-27 (134, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.29 (II, ArsN); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 7.13-14 (546\/7, Aphr); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25 l. 21 (138-161, Alex?); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.15 (335\/6, ArsN); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p.6ff. ll. 28-29 (c. 460, Antin).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

9. Emptio Familiae<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The Roman testamentum per aes et libram<\/em> concludes by documenting the fiduciary sale of the estate. In the clause that provides evidence of the sale, the following are recorded (1)\u00a0the emptor,<\/em> whose activity is reported in the formulation fa\u0323m\u0323(iliam) pec[uni]a[mq]ue testam(enti) \u00b7 f(aciendi) e(mit) quis (sestertio) i\u0323[ -ca.?- ]<\/em> (P.Hamb. I 72.18), and (2)\u00a0the libripens<\/em> (lib[rip(endis)] l\u0323[o(co) qui]s\u0323 (loc. cit. l. 19), and the antetestus<\/em> (ant(estatus est) qu[e]m\u0323. (loc. cit. 20)). The Greek text offers a literal translation. Familiam pecuniamque<\/em> is rendered by \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5. Testamenti faciendi causa<\/em> is modified and expressed through the genitive absolute \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. The perfect emit<\/em> is rendered through the aorist \u1f10\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf, and the ablativus pretrii<\/em> sestertio nummo uno<\/em> is rendered largely through the genitivus pretii<\/em> \u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, although some Greek scribes (e.g., P.Bagnall 5.8) still apply the dative. The noun libripens<\/em> finds expression in the participle of the verb \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, in the genitive absolute \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, and the antestatus est<\/em> in \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf with the antestatus<\/em> in the accusative, or \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 with the antestatus in the nominative. In both cases, the verb is in the aorist. BGU I 326.2.3\u20136 (194, Karanis?) may be treated as paradigmatic: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae|4<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4[\u03b5] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5[\u03b9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b6\u03c5|5<\/sup>\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1[\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6]\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9). \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u1fb6\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1|6<\/sup>\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1[\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd], \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9) (\u2018On the making of this will Julius Petronianus bought the household and chattels for one sestertius, Gaius Lucretius Saturnilus, acting as scale-holder, acknowledged, and he called up Marcus Sempronius Heraclianus to witness (acknowledged)\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl. Kreller (1919): 329-330; Amelotti (1966): 163-169; Kaser (1971): 107-108; Nowak (2011b): 110-111; (2012): 575; Strobel (2014): 50-51.<\/span><\/p>\r\nLat.: Latin\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.4-6 (189, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1655.45-49 (169, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 5v<\/sup>.7-10 (213, Ox); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.24-25 (186-210?, Phil?); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.18-20 (II\/III, UP) [Lat.]; 73.13-15 (II, Phil?); P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.5-7 (246, ArsN?); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.17-18 (147, Ox) [Lat.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXII<\/strong> 2348.41-44 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.27-30 (134, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.29-31 (II, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 22-25? (138-161, Alex); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.15 (335\/6 ?, ArsN).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

10. Legatum per Damnationem<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the legatum per damnationem,<\/em> the heirs are made subject to the obligation to deliver the bequeathed object to the beneficiary: heres meus Titio Stichum servum meum dare damnas esto<\/em> (Gai. 2. 193, and Kaser<\/span> (1971): 743 with further formulations in n. 4). In Roman wills from Egypt, the clause is used introductorily and is followed by a mixture of the text of the fidei commissum<\/em> the legatum per vindicationem<\/em>. Cf., e.g., BGU I 326.1.13\u20132.1 (189 CE, Karanis): \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7|14<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4]\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6|15<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, [\u1f03 \u1f10]\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7, \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 |16<\/sup>[\u03b1]\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9). | 17<\/sup> [\u03a3\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03b9\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f97 \u03ba]\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1|19<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u1ff7, \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 20<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03bf]\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50|21<\/sup>[\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f43 \u1f20\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u0398\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, | 22<\/sup> [\u1f41]\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 || 1<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9[\u1f70] \u0394\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c1\u03c5\u03be (\u2018Whoever becomes my heir shall be liable to give, do, (and) surrender all these provisions that are incorporated into this will of mine and I entrust to her faith. Sarapias my slave, daughter of Cleopatra my freedwoman, shall be free, to whom I also give, bequeath five grain-bearing arouras,<\/em> which I have in the vicinity of the village of Karanis, in a place called Strouthos, and in the same manner one and a quarter aroura<\/em> of a depression and in the same manner one-third part of a house and a third of the same house that I purchased earlier from Prapetheus, his mother being Thaseus, and in the same manner one-third of a palm grove that I have near the canal that is called the old canal\u2019). Cf. Dig. 32.95pr. (Maec. 2 fideicomm.): Quisquis mihi heres erit, damnas esto dare fideique eius committo, uti det, quantas summas dictavero dedero.<\/em> ('Let whoever shall be my heir be required to pay, and I charge him to pay, whatever sums I mention\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 348-349; Amelotti (1966): 130-135; Nowak (2014): 160-175; Strobel (2014): 44-47.<\/span>\r\n\r\nBGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.13-16 (189, Kar?); VII<\/strong> 1696 b.13 (II, Phil); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67312.104-109-112 (567, Antin); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.9-11 (186-210?, Phil?); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXII<\/strong> 2348.5-6, 12-13, 15-16 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.5-6 (134, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.6-7 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 10-11 (138-161, Alex?).\r\n

\r\n

11. Legatum per Vindicationem<\/em><\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The term legatum<\/em> is used here to denote a special form of bestowal from a testator to a beneficiary outside the bequeathal clause. The term is originally used in the Roman context, with the formulary well represented in Latin in P.Diog. 10.5\u20139 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): d\u0323(o) l(ego) Lucretia\u2039e\u203a Octauia\u2039e\u203a [c]o\u0323niu|gae meae, qui multum la\u0323borauer\u0323i\u0323t\u0323 in infirmita\u0323t\u0323em me\u0323a\u0323m\u0323, iug(era) | fr(umentaria) v semis in loco Potamoni secundum Ser\u0323eni l\u0323a[t]us\u0323 et | partem dimidiam domum meam qui appella\u0323tur\u0323 i( )p\u0323\\i\/ \u00a0\u0323ari<\/em> (\u2018I give and bequeath to Lucretia Octavia, my wife, who took much pain on account of my weakness, five and a half grain-bearing iugera<\/em> in a location called Potamon near the land of Serenus, and half a share of my house, which is called ...\u2019). For the Greek version, see, e.g., P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2857.16\u201319 (134 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03a4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 17<\/sup> [\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5]\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u1ff3 \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8]\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd. | 18<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u0323[\u03b7]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u1ff3 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1[\u1ff3] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u03c4]\u03cc\u0323\u03bd (\u2018To Tiberius Claudius Theonas, my fellow-freedman, I give and leave a hundred drachms. To Tiberius Claudius Demetrius, my fellow freedman, I give and leave a hundred drachms\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 78). Some testators use different vocabulary, employing the verb \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 (object in the accusative, beneficiary in the dative) expressing the act of bequeathal: P.Tebt. II 381.14\u201316 (123 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c4[\u1ff7] \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c4\u03b1]|15<\/sup>\u03c7\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u1f03\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b5\u2039\u1fd6\u203a\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] | 16<\/sup> \u0398\u03b5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0398\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3[\u03b9]\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd (\u2018To Sansneus (Thaesis acknowledges) that she has bequeathed eight drachmas of silver, which Sansneus shall receive from Thenpetesouchos after the death of Thaesis\u2019.) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 227-228). This text, however, is not a Roman will but a meriteia<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

A different text, associated with the legatum per vindicationem,<\/em> albeit hesitantly, is first recorded in P.Oxy. VI 907.23\u201326 (276 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3\u0323 \u0394\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c6\u03af\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00[\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 - ca.26 -] | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u039c\u1ff6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c1]\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u1fe6\u0323[\u03bd\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 - ca.14 - \u03c4\u1fc7 \u0394\u03b9]|25<\/sup>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u1fc3 \u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b1 \u0323[ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u0323 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 (\u2018To Aurelius Dionysammon I bequeath and I wish that there be given him during his lifetime from \u2026 and the cornland belonging to me at Moa thirty jars of wine at the vintage and \u2026 artabae<\/em> of wheat by the tenth measure in the month of Pauni\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 251). The clause is also extensively attested in wills from the Byzantine period, during which it becomes the main means of bequeathing property. Cf. further above, \u2018the bequeathal clause<\/a>\u2019. A case in point is P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.276\u2013285 (570 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u0323[\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c9]\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3] | 276<\/sup> \u1f0c\u03c0\u03b1 \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5[\u03bf\u03c6]\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f0c\u03c0\u03b1 \u0392\u03b7\u03c3\u1fb6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf[\u03c5] | 277<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4[\u03b1\u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd] | 278<\/sup> \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u1f79\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9[\u03bd], \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 297<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8\u1f78[\u03bd] | 280<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78 \u1f00\u0323[\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u0323[\u03b7\u03bd] | 281<\/sup> \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1[\u03c4]\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f27\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6[\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4]\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323[\u03c4\u1ff7] \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 | 282<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd [\u03b5]\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1fc6\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u1f30\u03ce\u0323[\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c7\u1f74[\u03bd] | 283<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03b9[\u03b4\u1f74]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f61\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b5\u0323\u1f34\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u03c4\u0323\u03bf | 284<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2\u0323 \u0398(\u03b5\u1f78)\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u03c8]\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6[\u03c2] | 285<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \\\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2\/ \u1f34[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018I wish and order and again present to the aforesaid sacred monastery of Apa Hieremias through the most god-loved Apa Besas, who has been proclaimed abbot and through those succeeding him as abbots of the abbey, the joint skiff of mine, out of two skiffs that have been fully furnished, with all its equipment as stated in the written act of sale recording the previous owners, which came into my hands by virtue of an act of purchase from several residents of Antinoopolis, from whom I received and hold the act of sale of the object that I now wish to be completely given to said abbey to perpetually be under its full and absolute capacity, eternal possession and ownership, usufruct and extraction of produce, since it is befitting for the absolution of my sins before God and salvation of my soul\u2019).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919) 348-349; Strobel (2014): 44-47; Nowak (2015): 160-175.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.18-2.1, col. 2.17-18 (189, Kar) [codicillus]; VII<\/strong> 1695.b2.1 (157, Alex); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 76.1-17 (III, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.275-285, 293-301 (570, Antin) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; III<\/strong> 67312.99-104, 104-108 (567, Antin) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.9-15, 18-23 (186-210?, Phil?); 10.5-9 (211, PtolEu); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.8-9 (II, Phil?) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.5 (II, UP); 439.9?-10 (147, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 634. 5-6, 7-8 (126, Ox);<\/span> VI<\/strong> 907.22-26 (276, Ox) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; XX<\/strong> 2348.16-19 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.2.16-19 (134, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.5-11? (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.8-20 (II, ArsN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.7-8 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); VII<\/strong> 684.22-25 (117-138, UP); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.14-16 (123, Teb) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 7.11-13 (546\/7, Aphr) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1040.19-34 (III, Ox) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 11-15, 18-20 (172-175, Alex ?); SB XXX<\/strong> 17458.12-14 (122\/3, Kar).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

12. Noncompliance of Heirs (legatum)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

One document only, P.Cair.Masp. III 67324.2-8 (before 525\/6 CE?, Aphrodite ?) accords the legatees remedies in the event that the heirs fail to comply with the testator\u2019s will. \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1fe5\u1fb3\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u0323[\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf(\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5] | 3<\/sup> \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u0323[\u03bb]\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03bd] \u03b5\u0323\u1f50\u0323[\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9]\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5)\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, | 4<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u0323[\u03bf(\u03c5)] | 5<\/sup> \u03c4\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 -ca.?- ]\u03c7[ \u0323 \u0323]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323(\u03c5) \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 6<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \\\u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2(\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2)\/ \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03b1(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f11\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u0323\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 | 7<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u1f79\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03b5[\u1f76] | 8<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018I wish also this, that if it happens that due to indifference my heirs, being my daughters or their heirs, will not reasonably pay to the sacred monastery the endowment mentioned by me above of wheat and wine gathered, I order the most reverent priest of the same monastery and those living in it as monks to collect it, willfully or not, continually, in addition to the expectation that sacred endowments will unexceptionably always be prosperous for the dead\u2019).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

13. Quasi Legatum<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the context of hereditary dispositions, the verb \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 is used to denote special measures that the principal heirs must take. In P.Dryton 4.14\u201320 (126 BCE, Pathyris), the imperative form, \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9, \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, is attested five times: (1)\u00a0to assign a place for the building of a dovecote, (2)\u00a0to defray the costs of building the dovecote, (3)\u00a0to assign maintenance for the widowed wife, (4)\u00a0to pay alimony to the underage children, and (5)\u00a0to provide a dowry when the testator\u2019s daughter comes of age. In the case of the construction costs, the children\u2019s alimony, and the dowry, the subjects are expressed in the plural and their joint action is adverbially denoted: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03bd, \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd. In the Roman period, the verb \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 is used in the same context to assign a fixed amount from the principal heir to another family member. So in P.Oxy. I 104.22\u201325 (96 BE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 23<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4\u1f78]\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f08\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2) \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03a4\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9 | 24<\/sup> [\u03bc]\u03b5\u03c4[\u1f70] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc[\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|25<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3]\u03c9\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018And said son shall give within thirty days after the death of my husband to the daughter born to me from my husband Atreus the forty silver drachms that I bequeath to her\u2019). P.Petr.2<\/span><\/strong><\/sup> I 25.8\u201338 ll. 25\u201327, 35\u201337 (226\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis) is exceptional as it records the duty of the testator\u2019s wife to perform her daughters\u2019 ekdosis<\/em> and the son\u2019s duty to pay for the maintenance of a vineyard.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 79-90; Kreller (1919):<\/span> 351 n. 25.\r\n\r\nP.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 4.14-20 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 487.9 (117-138, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.22-25 (96, Ox); III<\/strong> 649.6-7 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox); LXVI<\/strong> 4533.6-7 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 25.8-38, ll. 25-27, 35-37 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Ups.Frid<\/span><\/strong>. 1.16-19 (48, Dionysias).\r\n

\r\n

14. Provisions in Will<\/h2>\r\nCategory: provisions, testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In the Greek diatheke<\/em> P.Oxy. III 494.16-18 (156 CE, Oxyrhynchos), the wife, who receives the right to dispose of the testator\u2019s possessions, should support their joint son, who has been appointed heir: \u1f21 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9]\u03b1\u0323[\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf]|17<\/sup>\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd[\u03b1] \u1f10\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7) \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018And my said wife shall supply my son Deios on account of his sustenance and other expenses each month in the city of Oxyrhynchos two artabae of wheat by the measure used for payment..., sixty drachms and on account of clothing two hundred drachms yearly\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 362-366; Taubenschlag (1932a): 522.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

15. Additional Assignments of Property (Free Wording)<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Beneficiaries are subject to terms resulting from their acceptance of the estate. No established formulation is attested. See P.Gron. 10.9\u201313 (VI CE?, Unknown Provenance): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f74 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9|10<\/sup>\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f74 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f20\u03c0\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7[\u03c9]\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5 | 11<\/sup> \u1f20\u0323[\u03be\u03af\u03c9]\u03c3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u1f7a \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, | 12<\/sup> \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u03a0\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018Since my most genuine sister has asked me to cede to her three\u00a0<\/span>arouras\u00a0<\/span>of plain land west of the estate, I herewith command that after my death it will be so executed that she will hold said three\u00a0<\/span>arouras\u00a0<\/span>together with the one-third of the island and the place of Pkro, which have long since been ceded to her without written documentation\u2019<\/span>).<\/p>\r\nP.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9-13, 22-26 (VI?, UP); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.6-8 (II, Phil?); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1638 (282, Ox) [diairesis]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 689d.36-38 (420\/1?, Ox); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10888.7-10 (119, ArsN).\r\n

\r\n

16. Activa<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The activa<\/em> clause regulates the recovery of claims. The surviving texts report different scenarios:<\/span> P.Fouad I 33.21\u201324 (I CE, Unknown Provenance): a claim from the husband of the testatrix of the remainder of her dowry;<\/span> P.Oxy.<\/span> X 1274.1\u20135 (IIIm<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos): an amount of money owed to the testator by contract;<\/span> P.Lips. I 29.14\u201316 (295 CE, Hermopolis): sale, the remaining consideration;<\/span> P.Vind.Tand. 17.18-27 (I CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), perhaps also\u00a0<\/span>P.Fouad\u00a0<\/span>I 35.12\u201314<\/span> (48 CE, Oxyrhynchos): regulation of the use of money deposited in a bank; and finally,<\/span> P.Ryl. II 153<\/span> (169 CE, Hermopolis), in which the testator records two types of claims: the right of the guardian of his underage children to collect the\u00a0<\/span>opsonia<\/em> (\u2018allowance\u2019) \u00a0<\/span><\/em>to which he is entitled by virtue of his athletic crown (25\u201327) and claims for payment by a slave upon his manumission (37\u201339).<\/p>\r\n

No established formulation or location is apparent. For a claim in the form of a dowry, cf., e.g., P.Fouad\u00a0<\/span>I 33.21-24<\/span> (I CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323 \u1f21 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5|<\/span>22<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b9\u03c1\u03af|<\/span>23<\/sup>[\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1] \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f40\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u0323\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd |<\/span> 24<\/sup> [\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1]\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c6\u0323 (\u2018Tapeteuris concedes that after her own death her husband Sirion shall be absolved of having to pay the dowry, in the amount of 700 drachms, that he owes her by virtue of a\u00a0<\/span>syngraphodiatheke<\/em>\u2019). For a contractual claim, see P.Lips. I 29.14-16 (295 CE, Hermopolis): \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03b4\u03ad \u03c3\u03b5\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 [\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00[\u03c0\u1f78] \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4]\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff7 \u03bc[\u03bf]\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> [\u1f51\u03c0]\u1f78 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 [\u1f08]\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b8\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac]\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03bf[\u03b9] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f13\u03bd\u0323 | 16<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b8]\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bd\u03af\u03b4[\u03b9]\u03b1 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1[\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5[\u03bb]\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0[\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40]\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6 (\u2018I wish you to know that of the debts owes to the same son of mine by [ - - ] a gymnasiarch of the city of Alexandria, out of\/from\/of the price of fine linen, twelve talents of new coinage, I have been forwarded only one [ - - ]and one hundred knidia<\/em> of Theban [ - - ], so that you shall proceed against him with regard to his outstanding debts\u2019)<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 14-17.<\/span>\r\n

CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.14-16 (125, PtolEu); P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.21-24 (I, UP); 35.12-14 (48, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.14-16 (295, Herm); P.Lond. III<\/strong> 1040.14-15 (534, Antin); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1274.1-5 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.25-27, 37-39 (169, Herm); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 27.17-18 (I, SokN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.11-13 (131, Sy).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

17. Disavowal of Debts<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In two early Ptolemaic wills and nowhere else in extant documents, the testator adds a declaration that he is not liable for debts: P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 7.8 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis?): \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5]\u03af\u03bb\u03c9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd (\u2018I owe no one anything\u2019). See also P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 9.8\u201319, l. 18 and 11.14 of the same date and provenance.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Clarysse (1991): 139-140.<\/span>\r\n

\r\n

18. Existing Debts<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Nineteen wills provide for the settlement of the testator\u2019s debts. The verb that signifies debt, \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9, appears in subordinate clauses as a participle connected with the finite verb \u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9. E.g., P.Hamb. IV 278.23\u201324 (190 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u1ff6\u0323 \u1f40\u03c6\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1] | 24<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u0308\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1. Derived from the same root are \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 and the noun \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u1f77\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (always in the plural). The word \u03c7\u03c1\u1f73\u03bf\u03c2 is equally common at all times and in all contexts. Most scribes express the return of the debt via the terms \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 or \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9, as well as \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2) and \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2). In P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.285\u2013293 (570 CE, Antinoopolis), beyond the settlement of debt per se<\/em>, the text indicates the origin of the money (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018Let him take these from Petros\u2019, l. 288) and stipulates the obliteration of the promissory note (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u0323[\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd(?)] | 293<\/sup> \u1f23\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd] (\u2018Take for obliteration the act of pledge (?) which he holds on their account\u2019). Six documents (see below) discuss a specific debt, usually to one of the beneficiaries. In the remaining 11 cases, the clause covers any potential debt. Only the diairesis<\/em> P.Mich. IX 554.33\u201336 records both: [- ca.18 - \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 35<\/sup> [- ca.40 -] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bf[ \u0323] \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af[\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9] \u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03c6\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] | 36<\/sup> [\u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00]\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1[\u03c5\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018Whatever Gaius Minucius Aquilas manifestly owes, both public and private debt [\u2026], the three hundred drachms that Gaius Minucius Aquilas owes his sister, Minucia Thermoutharion, he shall repay her after one year, without interest\u2019). For the Latin phrasing of the clause, see P.Diog. 10.9\u201310 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): si q[uid] ue|10<\/sup>nerit debitum<\/em> (l<\/em>. debiti<\/em>) c\u0323aus\u0323a\u0323 aut\u0323 a\u0323liquem ra\u0323tionem, ex\u0323[aequa]bi|tur a\u0323b\u0323 h\u0323erede me\u0323[o]<\/em> (\u2018If anything results on account of debt or any other account, it shall be settled by my heir\u2019). The location of the clause varies; sometimes it is clustered with that providing for the burial rites.<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 97-100; Kreller (1919): 368-369, 385, 386.<\/span>\r\n\r\nspecific:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 specific debt with prospective payer;<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0general:<\/strong> general liability for any occuring debt.\r\n\r\nsyntactical framework<\/strong>: expression of debt, expression of payment.\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.10-26, ll. 24-25 (85, SokN) [specific: son; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7; \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.16-17 (125, PtolEu) [specific: brother; \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd; \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f40\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.285-293 (570, Antin) [specific; \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6; \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03bd]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9-10 (211, PtolEu) [general; debitum; exaequabitur]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.13-15 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [general; \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2; \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.8-10 (211, Herm) [general; \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 322a.33 (46, Teb) [\u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2]; IX<\/strong> 554.34-47 (before 93, Ptolemais Euergetis) [general and specific]; XVIII<\/strong> 785 a+b.14-17? (47\/61, PtolEu) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1; \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.19-22 (96, Ox) [specific: husband; \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9]; III<\/strong> 491.5-6 (126, Ox) [general; \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 494.21-22 (156, Ox) [general; \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; XIV<\/strong> 1638.25 (282, Ox) [general; \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.18? (224, Ox) [general]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.20-23 (II, ArsN) [general]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.3-4 (c. 130, Kar) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 603.29-30 (103-116, Teb) [general; \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.17-18 (123, Teb) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; 465.23-25 (190, Teb) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6[\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1] | \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9];\u00a0PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 5.6 (Ie<\/sup>\/I, Teb) [specific: wife; \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7]; SB<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 9642.6.11 (c. 133, Teb) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9\u03bd: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; XII<\/strong> 10888.11-14 (119, Teb?) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; SB<\/span> XXIV<\/strong> 16001.14 (168, Kar); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p. 6-7, ll. 22-23 (c. 460, Antin) [specific ?; \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1, \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1; \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

19. Burial Rites<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Duties, Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

\u0391 clause that anticipates and regulates the performance of burial rites is attested as an independent clause only for the Roman and Byzantine periods. It is recorded in both diaireseis<\/em> and wills. In wills, the text is recorded in both Greek and Latin documents (below: \u2018Lat\u2019). The subject is dealt with toward the end of the document and may be followed by an account of the passiva<\/em>. (E.g., SB VI 9377.10\u201312 (138 CE, Tebtynis); SB XII 10888.11-14 (after 119 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd(\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd) | 12<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03ba(\u03bb\u03ae\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03bb(\u1fc6\u03c2) | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4(\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd\u0323 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bd|14<\/sup>\u03b4\u0323\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03c4\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) (\u2018The funeral rites, the laying-out, and the repayment of all apparent debts, in whatever form, will be incumbent upon my heiress\u2019). As in the case cited above, the clause is occasionally phrased as a genitive absolute stating that the burial rites shall fall into the beneficiary\u2019s sphere of responsibility (below: \u2018sfr.\u2019). However, there is a clear preference for formulating the clause as a directive introduced by the verb \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 (e.g., BGU I 326.2.1 (194 CE, Karanis): \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf[\u03bc\u03b9]\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u03b1\u03bb]\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78[\u03bd] \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9) (below: \u2018v.\u2019), or the future indicative (below: \u2018f.\u2019), with the beneficiaries as the subject. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.22-25 (165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 | 23<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03b9]\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f50\u03c9\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03b9|25<\/sup>\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018and my wife, and after her death my son Dius, shall give to my slaves and freedmen for a feast which they shall celebrate at my tomb on my birthday every year one hundred drachmae of silver to be spent\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 205).<\/p>\r\n

In cases of a directive, the dative (Lat.: ablative) or prepositional expressions are used to indicate the agent. The object of the clause is either payment for the burial, including the amount that should be spent (below: \u2018pay.\u2019), or the act of burial itself (below: \u2018bur.\u2019). In most cases, the clause deals only with the act of burial; the most common terms used for this purpose are \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (\u2018laying out\u2019), \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018funeral\u2019), and, more generally, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4o\u03c2, corporis cura<\/em>. In the Byzantine period, the terms \u1f05\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77 and \u1f00\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018holy offices and services for the repose of my soul\u2019) are added. In two documents, however\u2014the Roman P.Oxy. III 494.22\u201325 (156 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and the Byzantine P.Lond. I 77.56\u201359 (c. 610 CE, Hermonthis)\u2014the deceased\u2019s future commemoration is regulated as well.<\/p>\r\n

Instructions for the construction of the tomb are also attested, although quite rarely. Cf. in particular P.Oxy. XXII 2348.31\u201338 (224 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the \u2018laying out\u2019 of the deceased should also include this construction: \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce]\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 32<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c5\u0323\u1f31\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u03c4[\u03b9]\u03cc\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1[\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bd \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f40\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5|34<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad]\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1{\u03b5}\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03b2\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9|\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 | 36<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 37<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 38<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018I lay upon the aforesaid sons the charge of caring for my body, and I wish my body to be buried in the grave that I have prepared near the tomb of my aforesaid deceased wife Herakleia. I wish my sons to give in equal proportions five hundred drachmae towards the cost of my funeral dress together with the erection of a tomb, this to be supervised by my aforesaid companion Taseus and the aforesaid Aurelius Apion, also known as Ammonius, and my friend Aurelius Ptollio\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 141).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 369-371, 385-386; Amelotti (1966): 141-142, 159-161; Migliardi Zingale (2005): 269-278; Nowak (2011a): 117-126; (2015): 182-194; Strobel (2014): 160-168.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 183.10-26 l. 25 (85, SokN) [sfr.; bur.]; 326.2.1-2 (189, Kar) [v.; bur.]; III<\/strong> 896.7 (161-169, ArsN) [f.; bur.]; IV<\/strong> 1131.33-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [diairesis, sfr.+f.; pay.]; VII<\/strong> 1655.57-59 (169, Phil) [f.; pay.]; 1695.b.2 (157, Alex) [lat.; v.; bur.+pay.]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.13-14 (125, PtolEu) [f.; bur.+pay.]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.15-17 (I\/II, Mem?) [diairesis; f.; pay.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.160-168 (570, Antin) [v.; bur.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.12-13 (211, PtolEu) [lat.; v.; bur.]; 11.18-19 (213, PtolEu) [v.; pay.]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.28-29 (I, UP) [v.; pay.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I 29.11-12 (295, Herm) [unique; bur.]; 30.1-24 ? (III, Ox?) [f.; pay.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.56-59 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [v.; bur.]; II<\/strong> 288.27-28 (90, SokN) [bur.]; III<\/strong> 932.10 (211, Herm);\u00a0P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 322a.33-34 (46, Teb) [diairesis: f.; bur.]; VII<\/strong> 439.11-12 (147, Ox) [diairesis; f.; bur.]; IX<\/strong> 549.12 (117\/8, PtolEu?) [v.; bur.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 494.22-25 (156, Ox) [f.; bur. (commemoration)]; XVI<\/strong> 1901.48-50 (VI, Ox) [v.; bur.]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.29-38 (224, Ox) [v.; fun.,<\/span> supervision]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.19-21 (134, Ox) [ed.: [\u03c4]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9; bur.]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.27-29 (IIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [v.; bur.]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.4 (c.130, Kar) [f.; bur.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 284.18 (176-180, PtolEu) [f.; bur.]; VI<\/strong> 546.1 (c. 155, UP) [f.; bur.]; VII<\/strong> 603.28 (103-116, Teb) [f.; bur.]; 684.21 (117-138, UP) [f.; bur.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.16-17 (123, Teb) [f.; bur.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.10-11 (131, Sy); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1263.6-9 (166\/7, Ox) [v.; bur., supervision]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 20-21 (138-161, Alex?) [v.; bur.]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 5 l. 7 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, Teb) [f.; bur.]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.14 (335\/6?, ArsN) [f.; bur.]; VI<\/strong> 9373.11-15 (II, Teb); 9377.10-12 (138, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.1.11-14 (c. 112, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; 9642.3.11-14 (125, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; 9642.4.14-15 (117-137, Teb) [sfr.; pay.]; 9642.5.18 (139-161, Teb) [f.; pay.]; XII<\/strong> 10888.11-14 (119, Teb?) [sfr.; pay.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13308.39-40 (81-96, PtolEu?) [f.; bur.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16001.17 (168, Kar); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p.6-7, ll. 26-28 (c. 460, Antin) [v.; bur.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

20. Guardianship<\/h2>\r\nCategory: testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

The appointment of guardians is recorded in twenty-nine documents, twenty-five wills, three marriage documents, and one diairesis<\/em>. Four documents are Ptolemaic, one dates to the sixth century CE. The rest are Roman. The instrument recording the appointment could be meriteia<\/em>, diatheke<\/em> or a Roman will. The person who assumes the care of the underage children does not have to be termed guardian expressis verbis<\/em>. This is the case in P.Diog. 11.19-22 (213 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), where, instead of using the term epitropos<\/em> the testatrix orders her mother and husband to \u2018take care\u2019 and \u2018provide for\u2019 (\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03c7o\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) her son: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1) \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 20<\/sup> \u1f09\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1) \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 21<\/sup> \u0394\u0323\u03b9[\u03bf]\u03b3\u0323[\u03ad]\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u2039\u1fe6\u203a \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a[\u1fd6]\u03b1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Let my mother Harpokratiaine and my husband, who is also the father of my son, Loukretios Diogenes, take care of my son and furnish as sustenance to his benefit the provision from all my properties\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Some scribes will suffice with recording the shear act of appointment, as seems to be the rule in particular in the Ptolemaic period. Cf., e.g., P.Dryton 2.21-23 (150 BCE,<\/span> Latopolis): \u1f18\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf[\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd] | 22<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0]\u03c9 \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc[ \u0323]\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] \u03a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5[\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1[\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5] | 23<\/sup> [\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc6, \u1f41\u03bc]\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f18]\u03c3\u03b8\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f18\u03c3\u03b8\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4[\u03bf\u03c5] (\u2018As epitropos<\/em> I leave behind Herm[o\/a]philos, son of Pamphilos, of the deme Philoteris, being a relative of Dryton, son of Pamphilos, and in like manner of Esthladas son of Esthladas\u2019) (transl., P.Dryton, p. 65), unless the text refers, as suggested by Vandorpe [P.Dryton., p. 30], to testamentary executor.<\/p>\r\n

In the Roman period, the appointment clause is extensively developed. So in the case of BGU I 86.17-23 (155 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): the clause exhibits the routine verb for the act of appointment (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9), the period for which the appointment is made (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd (\u2018after his death\u2019), \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018until they reach the legal age\u2019); the appointed guardian stands in the accusative; besides his name, the document also reports the guardian\u2019s form of acquaintance with the testator, and his occupation. The object of the care, the children, appears in the genitive. Ll. 17-20: \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u1f6d\u03c1\u1ff3) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03b1\u1f50|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9), \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1|20<\/sup>\u03b3\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5[\u03bf\u1fe6] (\u2018And the same declaring party appoints after his own death for his underage children, Horos and Pabous, as their guardian and manager, until they reach the legal age of puberty, his genuine friend Pabous son of Satabous son of Harpagathes from the above-stated village, a priest of the same god\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

In the following section, the clause records the duties of the guardian: the maintenance of the wards. The scribe specifies some categories: e.g., \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018nourishment\u2019, \u2018oil\u2019 and \u2018clothing\u2019). Rather than prescribing a set quota, the guardian is allowed to provide for the children \u2018as is befitting\u2019. \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u1f6d\u03c1\u1ff3) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1], | 21<\/sup> \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018Let the said guardian supply the underage children with the befitting nourishment, oil, clothing and everything else that is proper\u2019). The final section is unique to this document: the duty of the guardian to render an account of his activities after they have come of age: \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79{\u03c5}\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9, \u1f41\u03c0[\u03cc]\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9), \u03c4\u03b7\u0323\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) | 23<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u0323\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018And let Pabous surrender to the underage children, once they come of legal age, the report regarding all his activities, all the responsibility resting with Pabous\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Other documents consider the position of the surviving wife. In some cases, the wife is appointed sole or joint guardian. Sole guardianship is stipulated in CPR VI 1.10-13, which stresses the wife's exclusivity through the adjectives \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026.without trustee and without being accountable\u2019, so translated in P.Sijp. 44, p. 295) but also sets limits to her freedom of disposal of her children\u2019s estate: [\u03c4]\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5[\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 11<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03af]\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd[\u03b5\u03c0]\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00]\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd - ca.13 -] | 12<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4[\u03c9\u03bd \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03ba\u03b1 \u0323 \u1f20\u0323\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1 \u0323[- ca.15 -] | 13<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2] (\u2018(and I appoint) my wife as guardian of the children born to us from each other until they come of age, acting without a trustee and without being accountable, - - by all means, alienating however simply nothing nor disposing of any object that pertains to the guardianship. And Aphroditous, the mother of the children, shall hand over to them their property clear of any public charge and any expense\u2019). \u0323<\/p>\r\n

Other testators appoint a male guardian but also establish the wife as a supervisor (epakolouthetria<\/em>) of his activity. Much cited document is P.Oxy. VI 907.18-22 (276 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad]|19<\/sup>\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4[\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f69\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1[\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1] | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2] | 21<\/sup> \u1f38\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf [\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b2\u03bf]\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4[\u1f78\u03bd - ca.29 -] (\u2018I appoint guardian of my three children aforesaid who are under age, Horion, Heraclides, and Didyme, until the boys attain majority and the girl is married, Aurelius Demetrius son of Dionysotheon, with the concurrence, that all that pertains to the guardianship, of my aforesaid wife Isidora also called Prisca; and accordingly, I do not wish any magistrate or deputy or any other person to intrude himself .......\u2019(transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 251).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 102-105; (1930): 46-50; Kreller (1919): 377-379, 387, 388; Taubenschlag (1932a): 521-522; Amelotti (1966): 145-148, 149-151; Beaucamp (1992): 172-191; Montevecchi (1997): 47-52; Yiftach (2006b): 153-166; Strobel (2014): 38-39, 229-233.<\/span><\/p>\r\nacc.<\/strong>: accounts;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0app.<\/strong>: appointment ;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 adm.<\/strong>: administration;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0bw.<\/strong>: Byzantine will;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0d.<\/strong>: diatheke;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0mar.<\/strong>: marriage document;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0m.<\/strong>: meriteia;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0tal.<\/strong>: testamentum per aes et libram<\/em>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 86.17-23 (155, SokN) [m.; app.; adm.; accounts]; 326.2.16-17 (189, Kar) [tal.; app.: ed.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 208.9-10 (II, ArsN?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 1.10-13 (125, PtolEu) [d.; app.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd]; 76.18, 25-34 (III, UP) [tal.; adm.: \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (?)]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.225-274 (570, Antin) [bw.; adm. with penalty clause]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-15 (186-210?, Phil?) [tal.; adm.]; 11.19-21 (213, PtolEu) [m.; adm.]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-18 (164, Diospolis Mikra) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9]; 2.21-23 (150, Latopolis) [d.; \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9]; 3.7-9 (126A<\/span><\/sup><\/span>, Path) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd]; 4.5-6 (126A<\/span><\/sup><\/span>, Path) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.24-25 (I, UP) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.20-22 (381, Herm) [adm.; ed.: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|21<\/sup>\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2;]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.9-10 (211, Herm) [diairesis; adm.: \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.4-8 (147, Ox) [tal.; app.: ed.: quam et anegl\u0323ogistam (?);]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 785 a+b.15-19 (47\/61, PtolEu) [m.; app.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span> II<\/strong> 265.27-29 (81-96, Ox) [mar.: adm.]; III<\/strong> 491.8-10 (126, Ox) [d.; app.: \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; 495.14-15 (182-189, Ox) [d.; adm.; \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 496.11-13 (127, Ox) [d.; app.: ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5] \u1f22\u0323 \u1f41\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9;]; 497.12-14 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [d.; app. same as foreg.]; VI<\/strong> 907.18-22 (276, Ox) [tal.\/d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3]; XXVII<\/strong> 2474.20-25, 36-46 (III, Ox) [tal.; app.: \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9; adm.: \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.18-24, 33-35 (169, Herm) [d.; app.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2; adm.: \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.7 (c. 130, Kar) [m.; app.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 27.16 (I, SokN) [m.; app.: \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9373.15-17 (II, Teb) [m.; app.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.6.12-13 (c. 133, Teb) [m.; adm.].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

21. Manumission<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

Twenty-two wills from the Ptolemaic through the Byzantine period\u2014Greek and Roman wills as well as meriteia<\/em>\u2014record acts of manumission that take effect upon or after the testator\u2019s death. Four formulations are attested. [Type1<\/strong>] features the verb \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9; it is well documented in both the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods (e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.5\u20137: 165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 | 6\u00a0<\/sup>\u0394\u03af\u03b1 \u0393\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u1fb6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9|7<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u0394\u0323[\u03b9]\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03b4]\u03b1 (\u2018If I die while this will is still in force I set free by Zeus, Ge, and Helios, due to their favourite disposition and reverence, my slaves, Psenamounis, also known as Ammonios, and Hermas, and Apollonous also known as Demetria and her daughter Diogenis and another slave of mine called Diogenis\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong> invoking \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1o\u03c2 and the imperative or infinitive of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77, is recorded in the Roman period only; e.g., P.Tebt. II 407.5\u20138 (199, Tebtynis): \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc[\u1f72]\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u0394\u03af\u03b1 | 6<\/sup> [\u0393\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70] \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u1fe6]\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 [\u03c3]\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 7<\/sup> [- ca.12 -]\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd]\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u0398[\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc]\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 8<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7]\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f38\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394]\u03b9\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323]\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018Let the slaves be free under the sanction of Zeus, Ge, and Helios, on account of the fellowship and solicitude existing between us, namely - - and Sarapias and her child Thermouthis and Soteria and her children Isidora and Dioskoros and - - tios and Sarapammon\u2019). [Type3<\/strong>] with the verb \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018to manumit\u2019), is attested in the Roman period in both Greek and in Latin. Some documents also specify the duties of the slave after his manumission. P.Sijp. 44.2\u20133 (c. 130 CE, Karanis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc7] \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323[ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u00a0\u0323\u03b1\u0323 [\u03c4]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4]\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u1f21\u0323 \u1f38\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 3\u00a0<\/sup>[\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f43\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd], \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u0323[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and to manumit the she-slave (whom) he owns, Isarous, upon his death; on the condition that Isarous herself will also offer her services to his wife Tamystha [as long as she lives] but the taxes for manumission are for Tamystha\u2019). One document, P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 3.8-37, ll. 19\u201323 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis) uses, according to the editors\u2019 restoration, the formulation \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd. These clauses usually appear in the upper section of the document, immediately following the bequeathal clause.<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 100-102; Kreller (1919): 352-354, 387-388; Amelotti (1966): 143-144; Strobel (2014): 47-48, 268-282; Nowak (2015): 175-182.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.4-5, 1.18 (189, Kar) [2]; VII<\/strong> 1696.a7 (II, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 5v<\/sup>.4-6 (213, Ox) [2]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> III<\/strong> 67312.99-104 (567, Antin) [3]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 267.4-5 (180-192, Ox) [1]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.4-5 (VI?, UP) [3]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.5-8 (II\/III, UP) [3]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 549.7 (117\/8, PtolEu?)?; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 494.5-7 (156, Ox) [1]; XXVII<\/strong> 2474.28-31 (III, Ox) [2]; P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.8-37, ll. 19-23 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd]; 3.38-63, ll. 46-49 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, 2]; 3.64-95, ll. 81-82 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; 7.9-11 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [1]; 9.8-19, l. 18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1?]; 16.95-122, ll. 105-107 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.33-37 (169, Herm) [2?. ed.: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u0323|[\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9];]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.3-5 (II, ArsN) [2];\u00a0P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.2-3 (c. 130, Kar) [3]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 122.10-12 (161-169, Euh) [2?]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 407.5-8, 18-19 (199, Teb) [2]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1040.15-19 (III, Ox) [3]; SB<\/strong><\/span> XXII<\/strong> 15345.3-12 (116, Teb) [2].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

22. Children<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n\r\nThree marriage documents from the Roman and Byzantine periods record preexisting children. In P.Cair.Masp. III 67340v<\/sup>.54\u201360 (VI CE, Antinoopolis), appears the son of the wife born in an earlier bond. In P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.14\u201315 (172-175 CE, Tebtynis), it is reported that the daughter has not been registered to date, and the document serves as a record of her existence: \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac|15<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u0395\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1]\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7] \u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9 [\u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018And a daughter, Eudaimonis, who has not been registered until now, was born to them from each other\u2019).\r\n\r\nP.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 67340v<\/sup>.54-60 (VI, Antin); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.14-15 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1473.8-10 (201, OxN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 450 r col. 1-27 ll. 21-22 (tres) (II, Ox).\r\n
\r\n

23. \u2018Hereditary\u2019<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

In contrast to the death clause (see below), which regulates the assignment of both spouses\u2019 assets to each other and their future joint children, the hereditary clause records the detailed disposition of specific assets by the spouses or their parents. The disposition commonly takes the form of meriteia<\/em>. Some texts indicate the presence of the assignor: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018present at the registration office\u2019). The most commonly used verb is \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, which may take the object in the accusative and the beneficiaries in the dative or be followed by \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 with the object in the accusative and the beneficiary in the genitive. In all cases, the assignment is said to be effective \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd.Most cases, especially those exhibiting the last-mentioned scheme, originate in the Arsinoite nome and date to the second half of the first century or the first half of the second century CE. Cf., e.g., BGU I 183.11\u201314 (85 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 | 12<\/sup> [\u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9 \u1f10]\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f18\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 | 13<\/sup> [\u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u03cd\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd]\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1[\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2] \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f18\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5]\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018Present at the registration office is the mother of the partners, Satabous, daughter of Horos son of Haryotes, age approximately sixty five with a mole on the upper left lip with the son of her sister Tanephrimis, Stotoetis son of Erieus, aged approximately forty eight with a scar on the right eyebrow, and conceding after her own death to her children, Stotoetis and Horos, her daughters Soueris and Herieia, and the children of another deceased son Tesenouphis, Stotoetis and Horos etc.\u2019)<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Rupprecht (1987): 308-309; Yiftach (2003): 221-230.<\/span>\r\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.10-26 (85, SokN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2; \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; 251.8-20 (81, SokN) [mother of the groom: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; 252.10-15 (98, PtolEu) [mother of the bride: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.8-28 (110, PtolEu) [spouses: \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 236.10-15 (81-96, SokN)?; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 294.33-60 (160, PtolEu) [parents of the bride: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.2.1-7 (42, Teb) [spouses: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 343.8-9 (54, Teb) [spouses: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XLIX<\/strong> 3491.9-14 (157\/8, Ox) [parents of the bride: \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9]; SB<\/span> XVI<\/strong> 12334.6-22 (IIl<\/sup>, Phil) [mother of the bride: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

24. Death<\/h2>\r\nCategory: Testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A clause that regulates the material consequences of death is incorporated into Ptolemaic marriage documents, some from Alexandria and from Roman Oxyrhynchos, and one Byzantine. The clause, positioned at the end of the document, is closely analogous to the bequeathal clause in contemporary wills. In the Ptolemaic P.Gen. I 21.14-15 (II CE, Unknown Provenance), it begins with the invocative formulation \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 and continues with a protasis<\/em> that anticipates the event of death. In contrast to wills, which regulate the demise of a single person, in this case, two people are involved. This results in a change in the protasis<\/em> from first person to third, with an indefinite pronoun followed by a genitive partitive: \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03b7\u03b9]\u2026 (\u2018May they be in good health. But if one of them suffers a human fate and dies ...\u2019). In the proceeding apodosis<\/em>, the act of bequeathal, an active measure taken by the testator in his or her will (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9), is impersonalized by the use of \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9, with the family estate functioning as a subject, and the bequeathees in the genitive.<\/p>\r\n

The author\/scribe first (1)<\/strong> presupposes the existence of joint children and designates them joint heirs, alongside their surviving parent, of the estate of the predeceased. They all stand in the genitive (\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b6\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00[\u03bb]\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd); \u2018Let the property he left behind be of the surviving (parent) and of the children whom they will beget in the future from each other\u2019). Then, (2)\u00a0<\/strong>introduced by the genitive absolute, the clause deals with the event of death in the absence of joint children: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u2018Should there be no children, or even if there are any (but) they die before reaching puberty, either when both parents are alive or after the death of one \u2026\u2019. Under these circumstances, the author\/scribe first discusses the death of the wife (2a)<\/strong> with two possible scenarios: (2a1)<\/strong>: the wife\u2019s mother, who has provided the dowry, is still alive or (2a2)<\/strong> has died. The rule in both scenarios is the same: the dowry is reimbursed. The next clause deals with the husband\u2019s failure to comply. The event (2b)<\/strong> of the husband\u2019s death must have followed but the text is now lost. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u1fc3, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u1f48\u03bb\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9[\u03ac]\u03b4\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b6\u1fc6\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u0323\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> [- ca.25 -] \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018If Arsinoe dies first, let Menekrates return the pherne<\/em> in its entirety to Olympias her mother if she is still alive (and), if not, to the closest next of kin of Arsinoe herself. - - If he does not, let him pay indemnity forthwith\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The Roman P.Oxy. III 496.10 (127 CE, Oxyrhynchos) follows the same structure. The invocative formula and the protasis<\/em> discussing the event of death first presuppose the presence of joint children (1)<\/strong>: [\u03c3]\u03c5\u03bd\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u0323[\u1f72] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018When they come together, may they enjoy health; but if either husband or wife should chance to die \u2026\u2019). Then, however, rather than deciding the fate of his estate, the clause moves in two new directions: (1a)\u00a0<\/strong>the right of the surviving partner (?) to his or her assets, circumscribed by the vocabulary of the \u2018capacity clause<\/a>\u2019 and then the fate of the surviving partner\u2019s estate after his or her death: \u1f10\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1]|11<\/sup>[\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3\u03af]\u03b1\u03bd \u1f03\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5[\u1fd6]\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5[\u03b9\u03bd], \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd [\u1f10]\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae[\u03bb]\u03c9\u03bd [\u03c4]\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9[\u03bd] (\u2018The husband shall have power over his own property to make any further provisions he pleases and to divide it among whom he will, but if he makes no further provisions the property shall after his death belong to their children\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 211).<\/p>\r\n

Still under the heading of death in the presence with children, the clause discusses (1b)<\/strong> the issue of guardianship in the event of the husband's death. It presupposes the appointment of guardians by the husband (1b1):<\/strong> \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f26\u03bd [\u1f41] \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 [\u03c4]\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb[\u03b5]\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba[\u1f7c]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 [ -ca.?- ] | 11<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5] \u1f22\u0323 \u1f41\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9, \u2039\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u203a \u03c4\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] (\u2018If the husband dies first, the bride shall have \u2026 and she or her nearest relation on the one part and whomever shall be appointed by the husband on the other part shall together be guardians, the children being brought up with their mother until they come of age\u2019). Then the clause determines the outcome of the event that the husband has not appointed guardians (1b2):<\/strong> the ekballein<\/a> clause is used to preempt any challenge to the wife\u2019s position as guardian: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f22] | 13<\/sup> \u1f41\u0323 [\u1f14]\u03bd\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> [\u1f14]\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c2 \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5]\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5]\u03c2. \u2018If the husband appoints no guardian for the one part of the guardianship, the bride and her nearest of kin shall act alone and no one shall be permitted to deprive her of the guardianship nor any part of it\u2019.<\/p>\r\n

Then follows the regulation of death in the absence of joint children (2)<\/strong>. Case 1 is the death of the wife (2a)<\/strong>, in which the wife\u2019s property reverts to her relatives: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10[\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc7 -ca.?- \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1]|14<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be[\u03ae]\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If the bride dies first without their having any children or when those children who have been born have died childless, the husband shall repay the dowry, namely \u2026 the four thousand one hundred silver drachms, within sixty days and shall send to said relations of the bride all the rest of her property\u2019.)<\/p>\r\n

The husband\u2019s death follows (2b)<\/strong>. The wife\u2019s right to recover her assets is followed by the kyrieueto<\/em><\/a> clause, which enables her to control the deceased husband\u2019s estate until her assets are recovered: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f61\u03c3\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03c1[\u03cc]\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4[\u03ad\u03ba]\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd] | 15<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Similarly, if the husband dies first without their having any children or when those who had been born have died, leaving him childless, the bride shall \u2026 and withdraw the slave Kallityche and those children that may be born to her, and until she recovers them she shall have control over the whole property\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The present section (2b)<\/strong> ends with the ekloge<\/em> clause, which entitles the wife to choose between the recovery of her dotal assets in kind and their value in cash, and the praxis<\/em>: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03c9\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 [\u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f34\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0[\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018and with regard to all the provisions the choice shall rest with the bride to have either, if she prefers, the aforesaid gold ornaments included in the dowry at the same weight or in their equivalent value, and the bride and her agents shall have the right of execution upon both the husband and all his property in accordance with their agreement with each other\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

The Byzantine P.Cair.Masp. I 67006v<\/sup>.119-130 (c. 566-570 CE, Antinoopolis ?) deals with the same circumstances in a different arrangement and with a different vocabulary: (1)\u00a0<\/strong>death of the wife in the presence of joint children (\u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u03b2\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9]|119<\/sup>\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b1\u03af]|\u03b7), \u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u0323\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f74) \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u0323\u1fb6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fb6\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u2039\u03bd\u203a \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ad\u03b4[\u03c9\u03bd] (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) | 120<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f72\u2039\u03bd(?)\u203a) \u1f51\u03c0\u0323\u03cc[\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f11\u0323[\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9]\u03b4\u0323[\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f55\u03c0\u03bf]\\\u03bd\/\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323, [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7] \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u0323\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 | 121<\/sup> [\u03c4(?)]\u03b5\u0323[\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2(?)] - ca.13 -\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323- ca.29 -) (\u2018If it happens, may it never be the case, that the bride dies before her husband, if there are children present, even if just one, the husband shall [ - - ] before the death (?)\u2019), and then (2)<\/strong>\u00a0the death of the wife without the presence of joint children: [\u03c4]\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74\u0323 \u1f64\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76\u0323 \u1f11\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2) \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1f76 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f74) \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2], \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) | 123<\/sup> \u1f04\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03b5\u03c1]\u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 - ca.30 - [\u1f04]\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u0323 | - c. 28 -\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u0323\u03bf \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b5\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 (\u2018If I have no children, not even one, the husband shall be able to enjoy only - - \u2019). The consequences in the former case are not clear; in the latter case, the husband is allowed to recover his own assets only.<\/p>\r\n

The case of the premature death of the husband follows in the same order, introduced by (l<\/em>. 125) \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f34\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u1ff3) \u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u1ff3 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3) \u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2)). First, in the presence of children, the wife is contractually entitled to all categories of property that she received on the occasion of the marriage: \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7) \u1f61\u03c2 | 126<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b5\u1f30) \u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7) \u03c4\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76(?)] . \u0323 \u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323- ca.14 - \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1fc6[\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc]|127<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u0323\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u1f7c\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2) \u1f25\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f55\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd[\u03b5]\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1) | 128<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f15\u03b4\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd | 129<\/sup> \u1f45\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u1fb3] (l<\/em>. \u1f65\u03c1\u1fb3) \u03b3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018If the husband happens to die before the death of his wife and there are joint children, even if only one, let the wife benefit from all the hedna<\/em> and whatever was assigned to her on the occasion of marriage\u2019). If there are no children, she will recover \u2018everything that belongs to her husband\u2019 (\u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03b1]): \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u1f64\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), | 130<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5[\u03c1]\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03b1] (\u2018If there are no children, not even one, the bride shall benefit from all her husband\u2019s belongings\u2019).<\/p>\r\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 222-237; Montevecchi (1936): 78-81; Rupprecht (1987): 309-310; Yiftach (2003): 221-231.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1098.44-51 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.119-130 (566-570, Antin?); P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 227.19?-30? (IIl<\/sup>,\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.13-16? (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 29.11-19 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 30.6-15, 23-28 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.14-22 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Ifao<\/span> III<\/strong> 5.8-18 (II, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.9-12, 27-32, 33-37 (81-96, Ox); 372.14 (74\/5, Ox\u039d); III<\/strong> 496.10-16 (127, Ox); 497.11-18 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); 606.6 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); XLIX<\/strong> 3491.c.d (157\/8, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 450r<\/sup>.1-27, ll. 1-6 (II, Ox); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.23-25 (II\/III, Alex?); VI<\/strong> 8974.1.1-3.25 (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.47-68 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XXVIII<\/strong> 16944.5 (97, UP); 17046.13 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

25. Opening the Will<\/h2>\r\nCategory: testamentary\r\n\r\nLink to Synallagma<\/a>\r\n

A record of the opening of the will is attached to the text of Roman and Greek wills from the second and early third centuries CE. The Latin prototype records the opening and reading of the will; the office and city where the will was opened; the day, month, and consular year; and the presence of most of the witnesses who identify their seals. See, e.g., P.Diog. 10.19\u201322 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): apert(um) e\u0323t rec(itatum) Aug(usto foro) Ars(inoitu) met\u0323(ropoleos) iii Non\u0323[as Iunias,] | 19<\/sup> Quintiano et Basso co(n)s(ulibus), anno eodem, mense Pauni die v[iiii] | 20<\/sup> praes(ente) pl(urima) part(e) signat(orum) f(igentium) sig(na). L(ucius) Va\u0323l\u0323e\u0323r\u0323ius Lucretianus ad\u0323g(noui). M(arcus) L[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 21<\/sup> nus ad\u0323g(noui). Fl(avius) D\u0323i\u0323du\u27e6mianus\u27e7 \\Diogenes\/ ad\u0323g(noui). Arrius Nigerus\u0323 a\u0323dg(noui) M(arcus) Aurel(ius) Anubion. L(ucius) A\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 22<\/sup> Cottarus.<\/em> (\u2018Opened and read aloud in the forum of Augustus of the metropolis of the Arsinoite nome, three days before the Nonae of June, when Quintianus and Bassus were consuls, in the same year, on the ninth day of the month of Pauni, in the presence of the majority of the witnesses, who have attached their seals. I, Lucius Valerius Lucretianus, have recognized; I Marcus L[ - - ]nus, have recognized; I, Flavius Diogenes,<\/u> have recognized; I, Arrius Nigerus, have recognized; Marcus Aurelius Anoubion. Lucius A[- -] Cottarus\u2019). In the Greek text, the passive aorist corresponds the Roman perfect (\u1f20\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7) and the text also identifies the official who supervised the opening. See, in particular, P.Oxy. XXII 2348.51\u201359 (224 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f20\u03bd\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u1f20\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b7) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7 | 52<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 | 53<\/sup> \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f33 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9|54<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f48\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 55<\/sup> \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 56<\/sup> \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u1f50\u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0398\u1f7c\u03b8 \u03b9\u03b5. \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76 | 57<\/sup> \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 58<\/sup> \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018Opened and read in the same city, in the presence of Aurelius Harpokration, strategos, in his office, and the majority of the sealers who have acknowledged and given their seals, the day before the Ides of October, in the same consulate, in the fourth year of Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus, Thoth 15. The remaining sealers, Aurelius Saras and Aurelius Heron, have recognized. Aurelius Diogenes, Marcus Aurelius Sarapodorus.\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 141).<\/p>\r\nBibl.: Kreller (1919): 395-406; Amelotti (1966): 183-190; Migliardi Zingale (1982): 117-123; Yiftach (2002): 149-164; Nowak (2012): 578-579; (2015): 73-102; Strobel (2014): 54-64; Colella (2018): 55-60.<\/span>\r\n\r\nBGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.10-14, 2.21 (189, Kar) [codicillus]; VII<\/strong> 1655.60-71 (169, Phil); XIII<\/strong> 2244.11-17 (186, Alex); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-22 (211, PtolEu); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.19-22 (II, Phil?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0II<\/strong> 100.35-40 (133, Pim[ ]); P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.8-14 (246, ArsN?); P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 6.20-23 (190\/1, PtolEu); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 907.28 (276, Ox); XXII<\/strong> 2348.51-58 (224, Ox).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

\n

The clauses of the Greek and Roman will are discussed in a separate section partly due to a well-established tradition: wills and inheritance law are treated separately in law books and are taught separately from other institutions of private law. There is also some methodological justification for this practice: wills are meant to regulate the transfer of property and the naming of heirs, beneficiaries, and guardians after the testator has died. The testator must make it unequivocally clear who these persons are and who is excluded from the inheritance. Moreover, these people are appointed without their consent or even their knowledge. Therefore, a special procedure was introduced in Roman wills, by which the heirs were to accept their share. Even so, much uncertainty remained: the testator sought to account for all his or her property. But what if he or she had a right or liability not recorded in the document? Several issues are particularly relevant in this context, such as the care of underage children, the widow\u2019s status, and the burial rites and their costs. There was also the question of authenticity: to ensure that the will was composed by a testator of sound mind, compulsory precautions were taken. The composition of the will was attended by witnesses at a public notary office, the document was sealed, and a special public procedure for its opening had to be followed.<\/p>\n

\n

1. Introductory (Wills)<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The introductory clause goes back, in Egypt, to the early Ptolemaic period. The text consists of the formula \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf<\/strong> \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd with the name of the testator in the nominative, and the formal identifiers as routinely applied in the place and time of composition. Cf., e.g., P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 3.64\u201395, ll. 69\u201372 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03ce|70<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u0394]\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 (\u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03be\u03b5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5|71<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03af\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd]\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u1fe6\u03bd | 72<\/sup> [\u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \\\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03b9\/ \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd (\u2018Dion of Herakleia, of the company of Damon, commander of five hundred men, cleruch, about 65 years old, short [with honey-coloured complexion], bald-forehead and round face, with a scar on his cheek beside his [left] eyebrow and another one in the middle of his forehead above his right eyebrow, being of sound mind and in possession of his wits, has made the following will\u2019 (Transl.: Clarysse (1991)<\/span>: 94). The text records the soldier\u2019s military unit, rank, age, and a detailed account of his body features. The same scheme is used mutatis mutandis<\/em> throughout the Roman period. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III 492.2\u20133 (130 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where one uses the genealogical identifier as is the rule in contemporary agoranomic instruments from Oxyrhynchos:[\u03c4]\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5[\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u1fe6]\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u0398\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c4\u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c3\u0323[\u03af\u03bf]\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1[\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u03c8\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b1[\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] | 3<\/sup> \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6[\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5[\u03af\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f69\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0398\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1[\u03b1]\u03c0\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323\u03bd[ \u0323] \u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u1f38\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10[\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u1fb7] (\u2018Thatres daughter of Ammonios, son of Sarapion, whose mother is Tsenthotsymis from Tryphonos Ision of the lower toparchy, now residing in the city of Oxyrhynchos accompanied as kyrios<\/em> by Horion alias Theon son of Sarapion son of – – from Ibion Ammoniou of the same lower toparchy the son of her cousin Heraklous daughter of Sarapion son of Sarapion, whose mother is Tausiris alias Sarapous, , has made in the street the following disposition being sane and in her right mind \u2026\u2019), with an account of the patronym, papponym, metronym, and domicile. A different formulation is used in Roman wills: P.Diog. 10.2 (211, Ptolemais Euergetis): L(ucius) Ignatius Rufinus Ant(inoites) t(estamentum) f(ecit) (\u2018Lucius Ignatius Rufinus, a citizen of, Antinoopolis, has composed the will\u2019) and in Greek, e.g., BGU I 326.1.2\u20133 (189 CE, Karanis): [\u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b5]\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5[\u1f76]\u03c2 | [\u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03af]\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1]\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af[\u03b7\u03c3]\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018Gaius Longinus Castor, a veteran honorably discharged from the Praetorian classis<\/em> of the Misenians. has composed the will\u2019). The post-Antonine formulation \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8(\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd) \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 had composed a will and dictated it to be written\u2019), P.Princ. II 38.1\u20133 (c. 264 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), is also used, in all probability, in a contemporary loan contract: CPR XVIIb 11.36\u201346, ll. 36-37 (217\/8 CE?, Panopolis). The extremely long and convoluted introductory clause in Byzantine wills finds different expressions as attested in its aforementioned predecessors. P.Cair.Masp. III 67312.5-28 (567 CE, Antinoopolis): \u2627 \u03a6\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b9(\u03c2 [\u0398]\u03b5\u0323[\u03cc]\u03b4\u0323[\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf]\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323\u03be\u0323[\u03ba]\u03ad\u0323[\u03c0\u03c4]\u03c9\u0323\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 | 6<\/sup> \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2\u0323 \u1f10\u0323[\u03bd]\u03b4\u0323[\u03cc\u03be\u03bf(\u03c5)] \u03bc\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03ae\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd]\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 7<\/sup> \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd | 8<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u0323(\u1fe6)\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u0323[\u03b3]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03c4\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 9<\/sup> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u1f7c\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u1f7c\u03c2) \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f76\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 | 10<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc) \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | 11<\/sup> \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf, \u03bd\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 12<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u1ff7 | 13<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff4\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9(\u03bd), | 17<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c6\u03ae\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9|18<\/sup>\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf(\u03c5)\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u1ff6\\\u03bd\/ \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u1f11\u03be\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4[\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8]\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 | 19<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03b4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f65\u03c1\u1fb3, \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd, | 21<\/sup> \u1f25\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 (l<\/em>. \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1) \u1f11\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | 22<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 23<\/sup> \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, | 24<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f27\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd | 25<\/sup> \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 26<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 27<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2 | 28<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018I, Flavius Theodorus, exactor of the ducal staff of the Thebaide, son of Phoibammon of glorious memory, former scholasticus<\/em> of the phoros<\/em> of the Thebais, originating from Antinoopolis, composed this written will as detailed below, distressed and fearing the future, lest, before I manage to dispose of my property and against my hope I will end my life, for this reason, sane and in my right mind and drawing up my account with much precision, and holding my mind, with God, sound, and maintaining my senses and my power of reasoning unaffected, I draw up this will in the presence of the seven requested lawful witnesses that were summoned by my request and gathered for this purpose. who are Roman citizens of age, applying themselves to the task, who added their subscription in the following to this will of mine and sealed it at one gathering, time, and occasion, with no other activity setting in between, in accordance with the capacity of the laws, which will I have dictated in Greek words and have entrusted to be submitted to writing, and I wish it to have its own strength and warranty in all its existing provisions, and let it also possess no less the status of a codicil and the capacity of all last wills and fideicommissary letters, having been produced and made public before every office and authority at all occasions and times, in accordance with the precepts that have been solemnly introduced by the laws\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 339-340; Strobel (2014): 38-39.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.2-3, 15 (codicillus) (189, Kar); VI<\/strong> 1285.3-4 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak); VII<\/strong> 1654.4-5 (98-117, PtolEu); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.2-3 (125, PtolEu); 72.1-4 (I, HermN); XVIIb<\/strong> 11.36-46, ll. 36-37 (217\/8?, Panop) [loan]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.4-66 (570, Antin); III<\/strong> 67312.5-28 (567, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 188.1-5 (320, Kar); X<\/strong> 267.2-3 (180-192, Ox); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.1-2 (186-210, Phil?); 10.2 (211, PtolEu); P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 1.12-13 (164A<\/sup><\/span>, Diospolis Mikra); 2.14-16 (150A<\/sup><\/span>, Latopolis); 3.1.1 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 4.1-2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 16, B.6 (Il<\/sup>, Dura Europos); P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.2-3 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 341.2 (II, Ox?); P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.8-9 (139A<\/sup><\/span>-132A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.1 (133, Pim[ ]); XII<\/strong> 487.2 (117-138, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 149.3-6 (199, Ox); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.1-14 (c. 610, Hermonthis); II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b.2-5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos); V<\/strong> 1727.4-21 (583\/4, Sy); VII<\/strong> 2015.5-8 (242A<\/sup><\/span>, Memphis); P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 6.2-3 (190\/1, PtolEu); P.M\u00fcnch.<\/span><\/strong> I 8.1-8 (c. 540, Sy); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.4-8 (96, Ox); 105.2 (118-138, Ox); II<\/strong> 368.2-3 (43\/4, Ox); III<\/strong> 489.3 (117, Ox); 490.2-3 (124, Ox); 491.2-3 (126, Ox); 492.2-3 (130, Ox); 494.2-3 (156, Ox); 495.2 (182-189, Ox); 646 (117-126?, Ox); 647.2-3 (IIf<\/sup>, Ox); 652.3-4 (Is<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); VI<\/strong> 907.1-2 (276, Ox); XX<\/strong> 2283.6-13 (586, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.1-2 (134, Ox); LII<\/strong> 3692.1 (II, Ox); LXVI<\/strong> 4533.2 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 1.1-31, ll. 6-8 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 1.33-68, ll. 37-39 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 1.87-98, ll. 92-95 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 2.31-44, ll. 36-38 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 3.8-37, ll. 13-16 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.38-63, ll. 43-45 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.64-95, ll. 69-72 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 4.3-5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 6.1-26, ll. 1-2 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 6.27-47, ll. 32-34 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Meris of Polemon); 6.48-52, l. 52 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 7.2-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 9.8-19, ll. 12-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 11.7-10 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 13.1-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 14.6-9 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.12-40, ll. 17-20 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.41-66, ll. 46-49 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.67-94, ll. 72-74 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.95-122, ll. 100-103 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.123-128, ll. 128 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Kerke[- -]); 17.15-40, ll. 20-22 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 17.41-49, ll. 45-47 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 18.10-13 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog); 19.1-3 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 22.1-14, ll. 6-9 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 22.15-32, ll. 18-21 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.15-38, ll. 21-24 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 24.39-57, ll. 43-45 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 25.8-38, ll. 13-15 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 26.8-13, l.\u00a012- (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.1-3 (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.2 (119\/20, OxN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 284.2-3 (176-180, PtolEu); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 465 (190, Teb); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.2-3 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, l. 9? (138-161, Alex?); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.1-2 (335\/6?, ArsN); XII<\/strong> 10859.5-6 (220A<\/sup><\/span>, Ghoran); XIV<\/strong> 11642.1 (178\/9, PtolEu); XVIII<\/strong> 13168.1-2 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); 13308.3-5 (81-96, PtolEu?); XX<\/strong> 14379.6 (320, Kar); XXIV<\/strong> 15921.3-6? (176-193, Ox); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> pp. 6-7, ll. 1-8 (c. 460, Antin); XX<\/strong> 35.3-5 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\n

\n

2. Invalidation<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The invalidation of previously composed wills is attested in early Ptolemaic wills only. P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 6.1\u201326, ll. 16\u201317 (238\/7 BCE<\/span>, Arsinoites): \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9] | [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018Let the wills that I have formerly composed be invalid\u2019). See also P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 7.8\u20139 (238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites) and P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 15.4\u20135 (both: 238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Clarysse (1991):<\/span> 133, 139, 141.<\/p>\n

\n

3. Exclusion Clause<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Both the Roman testamentum per aes et libram<\/em> (below: R) and the Greek diatheke<\/em> (below: G) contain an exclusion clause. Their wording and location, however, are so different from one another that one may assume a totally different background for each. The Greek clause (e.g., P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 24.15\u201338 l. 26 (226\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9, is positioned at the end of the document, frequently following a clause that prohibits and penalizes all challenges to the disposition (e.g., P.K\u00f6ln II 100.17: 133 CE, Pim[], Oxyrhynchites). Its wording is relatively constant and goes back to the third century BCE. The Latin text of the Roman clause (e.g., P.Oxy. LII 3692.6 (II CE, Oxyrhynchos) reads: cete\u0323ri omnes exhere\u0323des sunto (\u2018All the others are to be excluded\u2019) (so the editio princeps<\/em>). The Greek text of the Roman will follows the Roman prototype, with the small but significant addition of the personal pronouns \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 or \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 after the noun \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2857.4\u20135 (134 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf(\u03af) | 5<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u0323 (\u2018Let all others be disinherited\u2019.) Unlike the diatheke<\/em>, it is located at the beginning of the document, immediately after the heredis institutio<\/em>. Here as in other respects, Byzantine documentation exhibits fusion. See particularly, and most succinctly, Stud.Pal. I p. 6ff. ll. 24\u201326: \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\\\u03c5\/ \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 | 25<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\\\u03c5\/ \u03c4\u1fc7 | 26<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 (\u2018Let all others be disinherited since I have decided so, no one being entitled to challenge this will of mine\u2019) where the wording is Roman but the positioning at the end of the document is Greek.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 348-349 [<\/span>Greek], 382-383 [<\/span>Roman]; Amelotti (1966): 123-130; Nowak (2014): 153-159; Strobel (2014): 40-41.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> VII<\/strong> 1696a.8 (II, Phil) [R]; CPR<\/strong><\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.17 (125, PtolEu) [G]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.202-225 (570, Antin) [R]; III<\/strong> 67312.49-52 (567, Antin) [R]; 67324.13-14 (VI, Aphr) [R]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.5-6 (186-210, Phil?) [R]; 10.3 (211, PtolEu) [R]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 2.23-24 (150A<\/sup><\/span>, Latop) [G]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 62.12-18 (535, Herm?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.17 (133, Pim[], OxN) [G]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 149.16-18 (199, Ox) [G]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b AV 5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos) [G]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.3 (II, UP) [R]; P.Oxy.<\/span> I<\/strong> 104.31-32 (96, Ox) [G]; III<\/strong> 490.7 (124, Ox) [G]; 492.10 (130, Ox) [G]; 646.13-14 (117-126?, Ox); 649.7 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox) [G]; VI<\/strong> 907.4-5 (276, Ox) [R]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.4-5, 11-12 (134, Ox) [R]; LII<\/strong> 3692.6 (II, Ox) [R]; P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 2.31-44, l. 41 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 4.12-13 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok ?) [G]; 6.1-26, l. 16 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 7.7-8 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [G]; 9.8-19, ll. 17-18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 11.13-14 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 14.16-17 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.12-40, ll. 23-24 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.67-94, ll. 79-80 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 16.95-112, l. 107 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 17.15-40, ll. 25-26 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 23.3 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; 24.15-38, l. 26 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 25.8-38, ll. 37-38 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [G]; 27.2 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [G]; P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.4 (c. 264, PtolEu) [R]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.10-11 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN) [R]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 465.25 (190, Teb) [G]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1263.11-12 (166\/7, Ox) [G]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25 l. 10 ? (172-175, Alex?) [R]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.3 (335\/6?, ArsN) [R]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.4.18 (117-137, Teb) [R]; SPP<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> p. 6ff., ll. 24-25 (c. 460, Antin) [R]; XX<\/strong> 35.11 (235, HerakN) [G].<\/p>\n

\n

4. Freedom of Future Disposition<\/h2>\n

Category: Capacity, Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In all well-established types of hereditary dispositions\u2014diatheke<\/em>, meriteia<\/em>, and testamentum per aes et libram<\/em>\u2014the testator maintains the future right to dispose of his property. At the core stands the formulation \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1F\u1f76 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018May I enjoy good health and remain in authority\u2019), which may be developed further using the infinitive or the participle of the present tense to denote the activities that the testator may undertake. The array of verbs covers the use of the estate in general: \u03c7\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, (\u2018dispose and administer\u2019), later \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018benefit from\u2019), \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018dispense\u2019), \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018accomplish\u2019); specific acts of alienation inter vivos<\/em>: \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018sell\u2019), \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018mortgage\u2019); the composition of a new will: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018write a new will\u2019), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018cede\u2019), \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018undertake to the benefit of others\u2019), \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018undertake new disposition\u2019); the invalidation of the present one: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd (\u2018take for invalidation the present will\u2019), \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd (\u2018repeal and annul the present will\u2019). Later texts avoid \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and express capacity in other ways: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018have capacity\u2019, \u2018authority\u2019), followed by the infinitive. All types of activities are represented in P.Oxy. III 495.2\u20133 (182\u2013189 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f43 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd|3<\/sup>[\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd [\u1f00]\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f43 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018For as long as I live I shall have authority over my property to undertake in its regard without hindrance whatever I wish, to repeal and annul the present will, and whatever I undertake will be valid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 204-205). The Roman P.Hamb. I 72.9\u201316 (II\/III CE, Unknown Provenance) takes a different approach. It does not anticipate the future invalidation of the present will but sanctions any past or future acts as if they were introduced by the present act: si quid ego po\u0323st h[o]c t\u0323estamentum meum nuncupatu[m -ca.?- ] | 10<\/sup> codicillis charta membrana aliove quo genere\u0323 [-ca.?-] | 11<\/sup> scri\u0323p\u0323[tum signatumque re]li\u0323[quero, quo non recto tes]|12<\/sup>tamen\u0323[ti iure l]e\u0323g\u0323um[v]e\u0323 d\u0323ari quid aut fieri\u00b7 iu[sse]|13<\/sup>ro, [aut si quid] vel vi[v]us d\u0323ed\u0323i donavi \u00b7 deder[o -ca.?- ] | 14<\/sup> don\u0323aver\u0323[o vel li]b\u0323e\u0323r\u0323um liberamve esse vetuer\u0323[o -ca.?- ] | 15<\/sup> {au[t]} se{e}r\u0323[vum s]e\u0323[rvam]v\u0323e\u0323, ratum esto ac s\u0323i in h\u00f3c t[es]| 16<\/sup> t[am]en\u0323t\u0323o\u0323 cau[tum] c\u0323o\u0323n\u0323prehensumve esset<\/em> (\u2018If, after this will has been drawn up in codicils, on parchment, or in any other type of [instrument], written and signed, I will leave behind any document in which I will order that anything should be given or undertaken contrary to the precepts of the will and laws, and if I have given, donated, will have given or donated, will have prohibited my son, daughter, slave, both male and female (from doing anything), let this be considered as if it was set out and incorporated in this very will\u2019). P.Cair.Masp. III 67312.28\u201334 (567 CE, Antinoopolis) takes up the same concept: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 | 29<\/sup> \u03ba[\u03c9]\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 30<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323, \u03b2\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bb[\u03bf]\u03bc\u0323[\u03b1]\u03b9\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b1]\u1f76\u0323 [\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb]\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | 31<\/sup> \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 | 32<\/sup> \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 | 33<\/sup> \u1f10\u03ba \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5) | 34<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3. (\u2018If I decide, after this, to compose a codicil, one or many, and to make additional dispositions in them, I wish and command that the codicils, one or many, that I may in the future compose have and shall have their own authority and validity deriving from the laws as if confirmed in this very will\u2019.)<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 339-340; Amelotti (1966): 161-163; Strobel (2014): 48-49, 169-171.<\/span><\/p>\n

akyr.<\/strong>: \u1f00\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 akyrosis<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 apolau.<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 chr.<\/strong>: \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 desp.<\/strong>: \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 diath.<\/strong>: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 epitel.<\/strong>: \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 exous.<\/strong>: \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hypotith.<\/strong>: \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 kyrion<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0mesiteu.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 metadiath.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0metatith.<\/strong>: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0oikonom.<\/strong>: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 parasynch.<\/strong>: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 86.23-25 (155, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypoth., parasynch.]; 183.10-27, ll. 25-27 (85, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypoth., diath., \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; II<\/strong> 483.7 (II, ArsN) [meriteia; oikonom.]; VI<\/strong> 1285.4 (110A<\/sup><\/span>, Herak) [diatheke; kyrion]; VII<\/strong> 1654.5-7 (98-117, PtolEu) [diatheke; kyrion: metadiath., akyr., \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.4 (125, PtolEu) [diatheke; kyrion: pol., hypoth., metadiath., oikonom. (part)]; 72.4-6 (I, HermN) [kyrion: dioik., oikonom.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.66-73 (570, Antin) [diatheke; krat.: NOM., DESP., EPIKRAT.]; 67312.34-35 (567, Antin); P.Col.<\/span> VII<\/strong> 188.5-6 (320, Kar) [diatheke; despot.]; X<\/strong> 267.3-4 (180-192, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., akyrosis]; P.Coll.Youtie<\/span> II<\/strong> 83.12-13 (353, Ox) [hereditary disposition; \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f73]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 3.1.2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [kyrion]; 4.2 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [diatheke; kyrion]; P.Dura<\/span><\/strong> 16, B.6 (Il<\/sup>, Dura Europos); P.Flor.<\/span> III<\/strong> 341.2-3 (II, Ox?) [diatheke]; P.Grenf.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 24.4 (139A<\/sup><\/span>-132A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.5-7 (VI?, UP); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72 .9-13 (II\/III, UP) [Roman, see above]; 73.10-12 (II, Phil?) [Roman]; P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.2-5 (133, Pim[ ]) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiath., akyrosis]; XII<\/strong> 487.2-3 (117-138, Ox) [chr., dioik.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.4-5 (295, Herm) [apolau.]; II<\/strong> 149.6-7 (199, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.14-15 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [apolau.]; II<\/strong> 219v<\/sup>b.5 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, Itos) [diatheke; kyrion]; 288.31-36 (90, SokN) [meriteia; exous.: pol., metatith., hypotith., \u1f00\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; 294.33-60, ll. 46-57 (109, PtolEu) [meriteia; exous.: metadiatith., parach., epitel., metamer., oikonom., \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; V<\/strong> 1727.21-27 (583\/4, Sy) [enapolaun., chr.]; VII<\/strong> 2015.9 (242A<\/sup><\/span>, Memphis) [dioik.]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.12-16 (147, Ox) [Roman]; IX<\/strong> 549.6-7 (117\/8, Kar) [diatheke]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.8-9 (96, Ox) [kyrion: chr., dioik.]; 105.2-3 (118-138, Ox) [exous.: metadiatith.]; III<\/strong> 489.4-5 (117, Ox) [kyrion: chr., oikonom., metadiatith.]; 490.3-4 (124, Ox) [exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 491.3-4 (126, Ox) [exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 492.4 (130, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; 494.3-5, 25-27 (156, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: diatel., metadiath., akyr.]; 495.15-16 (182-189, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, akyr.; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2]; 634.3-4 (126, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyr.]; 646.3 (117-126?, Ox); 649.2-3 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox); 652.4-5 (Is<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., matediatith.*, akyrosis]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.40-41 (224, Ox) [Roman]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.21-26 (134, Ox) [Roman]; LXVI<\/strong> 4533.2-3 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel.; metadiatith., akyrosis]; P.Petr<\/span><\/strong>.2<\/sup> I<\/strong> 1.1-31, l. 9 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 1.87-98, l. 95 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 2.31-44, ll. 37-38 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 3.8-37, ll. 16-17 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 3.64-95, l. 72 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 4.5-6 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 6.1-26, l. 3 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 6.27-47, ll. 34-35 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 7.5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 9.8-19, l. 15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 11.10-11 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 13.4-5 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 14.9-10 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 15.1 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 16.12-40, ll. 20-21 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 17.15-40, ll. 22-23 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 17.41-49, ll. 47-48 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 19.3-4 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 22.1-14, l. 9 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; oikonom.]; 22.15-32, ll. 21-22 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [diatheke; dioik.]; 24.15-38, ll. 24-25 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; 24.39-57, ll. 45-46 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [diatheke; dioik.]; 25.8-38, l. 15 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [diatheke; dioik.]; P.Scholl<\/span><\/strong> 5.2-5 (I\/II, Tholt) [diatheke]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.2 (119\/20, OxN) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyr.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 13.3-4 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [diatheke; exous.: epitel., metadiatith., akyrosis]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7559.13-15 (118, Teb) [meriteia; exous., oikonom.]; 7630.9-24, ll. 20-22 (172-175, Alex?) [Roman]; VI<\/strong> 9377.12-13 (138, Teb) [meriteia; exous.: oikonom.]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.4.17 (117-137, Teb) [meriteia; exous.: pol., hypotith., metadiatith.]; 9642.5.20-24 (139-161, Teb) [meriteia; oikonom.]; 9642.6.14-16 (c. 133, Teb) [meriteia; oikonom.]; XII<\/strong> 10888.14-16 (119, Teb?) [meriteia; oikonom.]; XVI<\/strong> 12334.6-22, ll. 7-8 (IIl<\/sup>, Phil); XVIII<\/strong> 13168.2 (123A<\/sup><\/span>, Path) [kyrion]; 13232.6 (I, Haueris); XX<\/strong> 14379.6-7 (320, Kar) [diatheke; despot.]; XXX <\/span><\/strong>17458.18-19 (122\/3, Kar) [exous.: pol., parach., hypoth., mesit., metadiath., oikonom.]; SPP<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> p. 6f. ll. 8-9 (c. 460, Antin); XX<\/strong> 35.5-6 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\n

\n

5. Epitropoi<\/em> (royal)<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

This clause, which names the epitropoi<\/em>, is unique to the Petrie wills and is not attested in any other Egyptian papyrus. In two cases\u2014P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 1.69\u201386, ll. 70\u201374 (238\/7 BCE, Arsinoites) and 18.13\u201314 (236\/5 BCE, Theogonis)\u2014the epitropoi<\/em> are private persons; in all others they are the reigning couple, Ptolemy III, Berenike II, and their children. The regnal formula varies, as in P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I 16.95\u2013122 (236\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 |<\/span> 109<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f08\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af[\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd] \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 |<\/span> 110<\/sup> \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f74[\u03bd] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd]\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4[\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03b1. -ca.?- ] (\u2018And as guardians, I choose King Ptolemy son of Ptolemy and Arsinoe, the Sibling-Gods, and Queen Berenike, the sister and wife of King Ptolemy, and their children\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 105-108; Kreller (1919): 375-377; Vandorpe (2002):<\/span> 29-32.<\/p>\n

P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 1.1-31, ll. 14-18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 1.69-86, ll. 70-74 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN) [a private person]; 2.31-44, ll. 41-44 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 3.8-37, ll. 24-26 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.38-63, ll. 49-52 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 3.64-95, ll. 82-85 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 4.13 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 7.12-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 8.1-4 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 11.14-15 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 14.17-20 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 15.5-7 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 16.12-40, ll. 24-27 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.41-66, ll. 53-55 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.67-94, ll. 81-84 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 16.95-122, ll. 108-110 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 17.1-14, ll. 1-3 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 17.15-40, ll. 26-29 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 18.13-14 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Theog) [a private person]; 22.15-32, ll. 29-32 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 23.4-7 (235\/4A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.1-14, ll. 1-2 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.15-38, ll. 27-30 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 24.39-57, ll. 54-56 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?); 25.8-38, l. 38 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); 27.2-3 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 28.2-3 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, ArsN); 30.19 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

6. Cretio<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In Roman wills, the cretio<\/em> is the means by which legal heirs take possession of and title to the estate. It is attested in 16 documents. The concurrent Latin formulation may be found in P.Diog. 10.3\u20135 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): cerni\u0323toque | 4<\/sup> hereditatem meam infra di\u0323e\u0323m\u0323 centesimum proximis qua s\u0323c\u0323i\u0323et | 5<\/sup> poterit\u2039que testari se\u203a heredem esse s(ine) d(olo) m(alo)<\/em> (\u2018Let (my heir) claim my inheritance before the one hundredth day from that day in which he gains knowledge (and) is able (to declare) that he is my heir without evil intent\u2019). The Greek text routinely reads (P.Princ. II 38. 4\u20135: c. 264 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9|5<\/sup>[\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd[\u03cc]\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018And let (my heir) enter upon my inheritance within the one hundred days that are reserved for the commemoration of the deceased, as soon as he knows and is able to testify that he is my heir\u2019). Cf. also PSI XI 1027 = CPL 213 = FIRA III 59 (151 CE, Oxyrhynchos), in which the performance of the cretio<\/em> is recorded.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 121-124; Taubenschlag (1955): 214-216; Amelotti (1966): 123-130; Kaser (1971): 716-717; (1975): 525-526; Migliardi Zingale (1988): 9-10; Nowak (2014): 147-153; Strobel (2014): 41-43.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.7-10 (189\/194, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1696.a.4-6 (II, Phil); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 76.19-21 (III, UP); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.6-9 (186-210?, Phil?); 10.3-5 (211, PtolEu); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.4-5 (II, UP); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 907.5-6 (176, Ox); XXII<\/strong> 2348.4-5? (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.7-9, 14-15 (134, Ox); LII<\/strong> 3692.6-10 (II, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.4-5 (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.5-7 (II, ArsN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.11-16 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 696.4-7 (III, ArsN); XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-24, ll. 11-13 (172-175, Alex); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.3-4 (335\/6, ArsN); SPP<\/span> XX<\/strong> 35.12 (235, HerakN).<\/p>\n

\n

7. Substitutio<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the protasis<\/em>, the event of the heirs\u2019 death is described through the routine verbs of death reported in \u2018the act of bequeathal\u2019: \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9. One papyrus, P.Oxy. XXVII 2474.25\u201328 (III CE, Oxyrhynchos), uses the expression \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9. The verb stands in the aorist with the exception of P.Lond. II 288.28\u201329 (90 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), where the present tense is invoked, but the reading should be reconsidered: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u0323\u1f72\u0323 \u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u0314\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9(\u03bd) | 29<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 vac.? \u1f00\u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u0323[\u03ac]\u03b8[\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]. The verb is frequently given in the infinitive and introduced by \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9, which is used only in the aorist tense. The relative apotropaic clause \u1f43 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 appears in two documents: P.Colt.Ness. III 115.6\u20139 (VI CE, Nessana); P.Oxy. XXVII 2474.25\u201328 (III CE, Oxyrhynchos). The circumstances of the death are commonly expressed through the formulation \u1f04\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018childless and intestate\u2019). The apodosis<\/em> will then express the devolution of the share of the deceased upon his co-heirs. The verb that reports this may be \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 (\u2018revert\u2019) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9 (\u2018fall\u2019) or \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9 (here: \u2018convey\u2019). The subject may be expressed by the noun \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6). The beneficiaries who are to receive the share stand, in the case of \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, in the genitive. P.Oxy. III 491.10 (126 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018If any of the three sons happen to die childless, his share shall belong to his surviving brothers equally\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 195). With verbs denoting movement, the name of the beneficiary may be in the accusative, introduced by \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 or \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. III 490.6-7 (124 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] | 7<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 [\u03b5\u1f30]\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f44\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018If Dionysios happens to die childless and intestate, the property devolving upon him from me shall be sent to my nearest relations\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 192).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 90-94; Kreller (1919): 362-366, 381-382. Strobel (2014): 43, 265-269.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU I<\/span><\/strong> 326.1.10-13 (189, Kar); CPR I<\/strong> 208.11-12 (II, ArsN?); VI<\/strong> 76.22-24 (III, UP); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.19-21 (I\/II, Memphis?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 100.15-17 (133, Pim[]); P.Lond<\/strong>.<\/span> II 288.28-31 (90, SokN); P.Oxy. III<\/strong> 490.6-7 (124, Ox); 491.10 (126, Ox); XXVII<\/strong> 2474.25-28 (III, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.23-25 (II, ArsN); P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 43.13-14 (119\/120, OxN); 44.7-8 (c. 130, Kar); SB XXX<\/strong> 17458.16-18 (122\/3, Kar).<\/p>\n

\n

8. Dolos Abesto<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

This routine wording, prohibiting a future malicious act in connection with the will in question, appears in Roman wills only. The Latin text is recorded as in P.Hamb.<\/span> I 72.17 (II\/III CE, Unknown Provenance): h(uic) t(estamento) \u00b7 d\u0323(olus) m\u0323(alus) ab\u0323[e]sto.<\/em> (\u2018With regard to this will, let all fraud be absent\u2019.) The Greek text may follow the Roman prototype literally, using the dative as well. Cf., e.g., P.Select. 14.29 (II CE, Arsinoites): \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7] \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9. Some scribes, however, prefer the genitive to the dative, deriving from \u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9 (LSJ, s.v. A). Greek texts also exhibit the asyndetic combination \u1f00\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9, Extended phrasing is also attested. Cf., in particular, P.Oxy. XVI 1901.54-56 (VI CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2] | 55<\/sup> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1ff6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u1f10\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2] | 56<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (\u2018May guile and malice depart and be absent from this my will, which holds good having been made in the consulship aforesaid\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 125).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 340; Amelotti (1966): 164-165; Strobel (2014): 49-50; Nowak (2015): 202-203.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.3 (189, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1655.45 (169, Phil); 1695.b2.1 (157, Alex); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67324.8-9 (VII, Aphr); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.24 (186-210, Phil?); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.17 (II\/III, UP); 73.12-13 (II, Phil?); P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.59-65 (c. 610, Hermonthis); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.10 (147, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XVI<\/strong> 1901.54-56 (VI, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.26-27 (134, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.29 (II, ArsN); P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 7.13-14 (546\/7, Aphr); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25 l. 21 (138-161, Alex?); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.15 (335\/6, ArsN); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p.6ff. ll. 28-29 (c. 460, Antin).<\/p>\n

\n

9. Emptio Familiae<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The Roman testamentum per aes et libram<\/em> concludes by documenting the fiduciary sale of the estate. In the clause that provides evidence of the sale, the following are recorded (1)\u00a0the emptor,<\/em> whose activity is reported in the formulation fa\u0323m\u0323(iliam) pec[uni]a[mq]ue testam(enti) \u00b7 f(aciendi) e(mit) quis (sestertio) i\u0323[ -ca.?- ]<\/em> (P.Hamb. I 72.18), and (2)\u00a0the libripens<\/em> (lib[rip(endis)] l\u0323[o(co) qui]s\u0323 (loc. cit. l. 19), and the antetestus<\/em> (ant(estatus est) qu[e]m\u0323. (loc. cit. 20)). The Greek text offers a literal translation. Familiam pecuniamque<\/em> is rendered by \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5. Testamenti faciendi causa<\/em> is modified and expressed through the genitive absolute \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. The perfect emit<\/em> is rendered through the aorist \u1f10\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf, and the ablativus pretrii<\/em> sestertio nummo uno<\/em> is rendered largely through the genitivus pretii<\/em> \u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, although some Greek scribes (e.g., P.Bagnall 5.8) still apply the dative. The noun libripens<\/em> finds expression in the participle of the verb \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9, in the genitive absolute \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, and the antestatus est<\/em> in \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf with the antestatus<\/em> in the accusative, or \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 with the antestatus in the nominative. In both cases, the verb is in the aorist. BGU I 326.2.3\u20136 (194, Karanis?) may be treated as paradigmatic: \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae|4<\/sup>\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4[\u03b5] \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5[\u03b9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f38\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b6\u03c5|5<\/sup>\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1[\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6]\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9). \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u1fb6\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1|6<\/sup>\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1[\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd], \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9) (\u2018On the making of this will Julius Petronianus bought the household and chattels for one sestertius, Gaius Lucretius Saturnilus, acting as scale-holder, acknowledged, and he called up Marcus Sempronius Heraclianus to witness (acknowledged)\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl. Kreller (1919): 329-330; Amelotti (1966): 163-169; Kaser (1971): 107-108; Nowak (2011b): 110-111; (2012): 575; Strobel (2014): 50-51.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lat.: Latin<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.4-6 (189, Kar); VII<\/strong> 1655.45-49 (169, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 5v<\/sup>.7-10 (213, Ox); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.24-25 (186-210?, Phil?); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.18-20 (II\/III, UP) [Lat.]; 73.13-15 (II, Phil?); P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.5-7 (246, ArsN?); P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.17-18 (147, Ox) [Lat.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXII<\/strong> 2348.41-44 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.27-30 (134, Ox); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.29-31 (II, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 22-25? (138-161, Alex); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.15 (335\/6 ?, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

10. Legatum per Damnationem<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the legatum per damnationem,<\/em> the heirs are made subject to the obligation to deliver the bequeathed object to the beneficiary: heres meus Titio Stichum servum meum dare damnas esto<\/em> (Gai. 2. 193, and Kaser<\/span> (1971): 743 with further formulations in n. 4). In Roman wills from Egypt, the clause is used introductorily and is followed by a mixture of the text of the fidei commissum<\/em> the legatum per vindicationem<\/em>. Cf., e.g., BGU I 326.1.13\u20132.1 (189 CE, Karanis): \u1f43\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7|14<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd]\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4]\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6|15<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, [\u1f03 \u1f10]\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7, \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 |16<\/sup>[\u03b1]\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9). | 17<\/sup> [\u03a3\u03b1\u03c1]\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03b9\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 | 18<\/sup> [\u1f97 \u03ba]\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1|19<\/sup>[\u03c1\u03b1]\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u1ff7, \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd | 20<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03bf]\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50|21<\/sup>[\u03c4]\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f43 \u1f20\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u0398\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, | 22<\/sup> [\u1f41]\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 || 1<\/sup> \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9[\u1f70] \u0394\u03b9\u1ff6\u03c1\u03c5\u03be (\u2018Whoever becomes my heir shall be liable to give, do, (and) surrender all these provisions that are incorporated into this will of mine and I entrust to her faith. Sarapias my slave, daughter of Cleopatra my freedwoman, shall be free, to whom I also give, bequeath five grain-bearing arouras,<\/em> which I have in the vicinity of the village of Karanis, in a place called Strouthos, and in the same manner one and a quarter aroura<\/em> of a depression and in the same manner one-third part of a house and a third of the same house that I purchased earlier from Prapetheus, his mother being Thaseus, and in the same manner one-third of a palm grove that I have near the canal that is called the old canal\u2019). Cf. Dig. 32.95pr. (Maec. 2 fideicomm.): Quisquis mihi heres erit, damnas esto dare fideique eius committo, uti det, quantas summas dictavero dedero.<\/em> (‘Let whoever shall be my heir be required to pay, and I charge him to pay, whatever sums I mention\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 348-349; Amelotti (1966): 130-135; Nowak (2014): 160-175; Strobel (2014): 44-47.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.13-16 (189, Kar?); VII<\/strong> 1696 b.13 (II, Phil); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> III<\/strong> 67312.104-109-112 (567, Antin); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.9-11 (186-210?, Phil?); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XXII<\/strong> 2348.5-6, 12-13, 15-16 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.5-6 (134, Ox); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.6-7 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 10-11 (138-161, Alex?).<\/p>\n

\n

11. Legatum per Vindicationem<\/em><\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The term legatum<\/em> is used here to denote a special form of bestowal from a testator to a beneficiary outside the bequeathal clause. The term is originally used in the Roman context, with the formulary well represented in Latin in P.Diog. 10.5\u20139 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): d\u0323(o) l(ego) Lucretia\u2039e\u203a Octauia\u2039e\u203a [c]o\u0323niu|gae meae, qui multum la\u0323borauer\u0323i\u0323t\u0323 in infirmita\u0323t\u0323em me\u0323a\u0323m\u0323, iug(era) | fr(umentaria) v semis in loco Potamoni secundum Ser\u0323eni l\u0323a[t]us\u0323 et | partem dimidiam domum meam qui appella\u0323tur\u0323 i( )p\u0323\\i\/ \u00a0\u0323ari<\/em> (\u2018I give and bequeath to Lucretia Octavia, my wife, who took much pain on account of my weakness, five and a half grain-bearing iugera<\/em> in a location called Potamon near the land of Serenus, and half a share of my house, which is called …\u2019). For the Greek version, see, e.g., P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2857.16\u201319 (134 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03a4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03b9 | 17<\/sup> [\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5]\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u1ff3 \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u1fb7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd[\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8]\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd. | 18<\/sup> \u03a4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u0323[\u03b7]\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u1ff3 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03be\u0323\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1[\u1ff3] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u0323[\u03c4]\u03cc\u0323\u03bd (\u2018To Tiberius Claudius Theonas, my fellow-freedman, I give and leave a hundred drachms. To Tiberius Claudius Demetrius, my fellow freedman, I give and leave a hundred drachms\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 78). Some testators use different vocabulary, employing the verb \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 (object in the accusative, beneficiary in the dative) expressing the act of bequeathal: P.Tebt. II 381.14\u201316 (123 CE, Tebtynis): \u03c4[\u1ff7] \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5[\u03c4\u03b1]|15<\/sup>\u03c7\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c{\u03b9} \u1f03\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b5\u2039\u1fd6\u203a\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03bd\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 [\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] | 16<\/sup> \u0398\u03b5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0398\u03b1\u03ae\u03c3[\u03b9]\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd (\u2018To Sansneus (Thaesis acknowledges) that she has bequeathed eight drachmas of silver, which Sansneus shall receive from Thenpetesouchos after the death of Thaesis\u2019.) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, pp. 227-228). This text, however, is not a Roman will but a meriteia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A different text, associated with the legatum per vindicationem,<\/em> albeit hesitantly, is first recorded in P.Oxy. VI 907.23\u201326 (276 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3\u0323 \u0394\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c6\u03af\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u03c5] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1f43\u03bd \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00[\u03c6\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 – ca.26 -] | 24<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u039c\u1ff6\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c1]\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03a0\u03b1\u1fe6\u0323[\u03bd\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 – ca.14 – \u03c4\u1fc7 \u0394\u03b9]|25<\/sup>\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u1fc3 \u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b1 \u0323[ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u0323 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 (\u2018To Aurelius Dionysammon I bequeath and I wish that there be given him during his lifetime from \u2026 and the cornland belonging to me at Moa thirty jars of wine at the vintage and \u2026 artabae<\/em> of wheat by the tenth measure in the month of Pauni\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 251). The clause is also extensively attested in wills from the Byzantine period, during which it becomes the main means of bequeathing property. Cf. further above, \u2018the bequeathal clause<\/a>\u2019. A case in point is P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.276\u2013285 (570 CE, Antinoopolis): \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u0323[\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c9]\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3] | 276<\/sup> \u1f0c\u03c0\u03b1 \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5[\u03bf\u03c6]\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c5] \u1f0c\u03c0\u03b1 \u0392\u03b7\u03c3\u1fb6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf[\u03c5] | 277<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4[\u03b1\u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd] | 278<\/sup> \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u1f79\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9[\u03bd], \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 | 297<\/sup> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3]\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b8\u1f78[\u03bd] | 280<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72\u0323 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u1f78 \u1f00\u0323[\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3]\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u0323\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u0323[\u03b7\u03bd] | 281<\/sup> \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1[\u03c4]\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74[\u03bd] \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f27\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u1fc6[\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4]\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u0323[\u03c4\u1ff7] \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 | 282<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd [\u03b5]\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9\u03b7\u03bd]\u03b5\u0323\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u1fc6\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u1f30\u03ce\u0323[\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c7\u1f74[\u03bd] | 283<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u0323\u03b9[\u03b4\u1f74]\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f61\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b5\u0323\u1f34\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\u0323 [\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6\u03c4\u0323\u03bf | 284<\/sup> \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2\u0323 \u0398(\u03b5\u1f78)\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 [\u03c8]\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6[\u03c2] | 285<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \\\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2\/ \u1f34[\u03b1\u03c3]\u03b9\u03bd (\u2018I wish and order and again present to the aforesaid sacred monastery of Apa Hieremias through the most god-loved Apa Besas, who has been proclaimed abbot and through those succeeding him as abbots of the abbey, the joint skiff of mine, out of two skiffs that have been fully furnished, with all its equipment as stated in the written act of sale recording the previous owners, which came into my hands by virtue of an act of purchase from several residents of Antinoopolis, from whom I received and hold the act of sale of the object that I now wish to be completely given to said abbey to perpetually be under its full and absolute capacity, eternal possession and ownership, usufruct and extraction of produce, since it is befitting for the absolution of my sins before God and salvation of my soul\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919) 348-349; Strobel (2014): 44-47; Nowak (2015): 160-175.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.18-2.1, col. 2.17-18 (189, Kar) [codicillus]; VII<\/strong> 1695.b2.1 (157, Alex); CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 76.1-17 (III, UP); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.275-285, 293-301 (570, Antin) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; III<\/strong> 67312.99-104, 104-108 (567, Antin) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.9-15, 18-23 (186-210?, Phil?); 10.5-9 (211, PtolEu); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.8-9 (II, Phil?) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 437.5 (II, UP); 439.9?-10 (147, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 634. 5-6, 7-8 (126, Ox);<\/span> VI<\/strong> 907.22-26 (276, Ox) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; XX<\/strong> 2348.16-19 (224, Ox); XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.2.16-19 (134, Ox); P.Princ.<\/span> II<\/strong> 38.5-11? (c. 264, PtolEu); P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.8-20 (II, ArsN); P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 277.7-8 (IIIs<\/sup>, ArsN); VII<\/strong> 684.22-25 (117-138, UP); P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.14-16 (123, Teb) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9]; P.Vat.Aphrod.<\/span><\/strong> 7.11-13 (546\/7, Aphr) [\u2018Byzantine legatum\u2019]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1040.19-34 (III, Ox) [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 11-15, 18-20 (172-175, Alex ?); SB XXX<\/strong> 17458.12-14 (122\/3, Kar).<\/p>\n

\n

12. Noncompliance of Heirs (legatum)<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

One document only, P.Cair.Masp. III 67324.2-8 (before 525\/6 CE?, Aphrodite ?) accords the legatees remedies in the event that the heirs fail to comply with the testator\u2019s will. \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03bf, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1fe5\u1fb3\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u0323[\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf(\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5] | 3<\/sup> \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u0323[\u03bb]\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03bd] \u03b5\u0323\u1f50\u0323[\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9]\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf(\u03c5)\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, | 4<\/sup> \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u0323[\u03bf(\u03c5)] | 5<\/sup> \u03c4\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 -ca.?- ]\u03c7[ \u0323 \u0323]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323(\u03c5) \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c4\u0323\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf(\u1fe6) | 6<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf(\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \\\u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2(\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2)\/ \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03b1(\u1fe6)\u03c4\u03b1) \u1f11\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u0323\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 | 7<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u1f79\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f01\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u0323\u03b5[\u1f76] | 8<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\u2018I wish also this, that if it happens that due to indifference my heirs, being my daughters or their heirs, will not reasonably pay to the sacred monastery the endowment mentioned by me above of wheat and wine gathered, I order the most reverent priest of the same monastery and those living in it as monks to collect it, willfully or not, continually, in addition to the expectation that sacred endowments will unexceptionably always be prosperous for the dead\u2019).<\/p>\n

\n

13. Quasi Legatum<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the context of hereditary dispositions, the verb \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 is used to denote special measures that the principal heirs must take. In P.Dryton 4.14\u201320 (126 BCE, Pathyris), the imperative form, \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9, \u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, is attested five times: (1)\u00a0to assign a place for the building of a dovecote, (2)\u00a0to defray the costs of building the dovecote, (3)\u00a0to assign maintenance for the widowed wife, (4)\u00a0to pay alimony to the underage children, and (5)\u00a0to provide a dowry when the testator\u2019s daughter comes of age. In the case of the construction costs, the children\u2019s alimony, and the dowry, the subjects are expressed in the plural and their joint action is adverbially denoted: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03bd, \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd. In the Roman period, the verb \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 is used in the same context to assign a fixed amount from the principal heir to another family member. So in P.Oxy. I 104.22\u201325 (96 BE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 | 23<\/sup> \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4\u1f78]\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f08\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2) \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03a4\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b9 | 24<\/sup> [\u03bc]\u03b5\u03c4[\u1f70] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc[\u03c2] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|25<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3]\u03c9\u0323 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018And said son shall give within thirty days after the death of my husband to the daughter born to me from my husband Atreus the forty silver drachms that I bequeath to her\u2019). P.Petr.2<\/span><\/strong><\/sup> I 25.8\u201338 ll. 25\u201327, 35\u201337 (226\/5 BCE, Krokodilopolis) is exceptional as it records the duty of the testator\u2019s wife to perform her daughters\u2019 ekdosis<\/em> and the son\u2019s duty to pay for the maintenance of a vineyard.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 79-90; Kreller (1919):<\/span> 351 n. 25.<\/p>\n

P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 4.14-20 (126A<\/sup><\/span>, Path); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 487.9 (117-138, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.22-25 (96, Ox); III<\/strong> 649.6-7 (Is<\/sup>\/II, Ox); LXVI<\/strong> 4533.6-7 (Il<\/sup>\/IIe<\/sup>, Ox); P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 25.8-38, ll. 25-27, 35-37 (226\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok); P.Ups.Frid<\/span><\/strong>. 1.16-19 (48, Dionysias).<\/p>\n

\n

14. Provisions in Will<\/h2>\n

Category: provisions, testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In the Greek diatheke<\/em> P.Oxy. III 494.16-18 (156 CE, Oxyrhynchos), the wife, who receives the right to dispose of the testator\u2019s possessions, should support their joint son, who has been appointed heir: \u1f21 \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u0323[\u03b9]\u03b1\u0323[\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf]|17<\/sup>\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd[\u03b1] \u1f10\u03bd \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7) \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 | 18<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u2018And my said wife shall supply my son Deios on account of his sustenance and other expenses each month in the city of Oxyrhynchos two artabae of wheat by the measure used for payment…, sixty drachms and on account of clothing two hundred drachms yearly\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 362-366; Taubenschlag (1932a): 522.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

15. Additional Assignments of Property (Free Wording)<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Beneficiaries are subject to terms resulting from their acceptance of the estate. No established formulation is attested. See P.Gron. 10.9\u201313 (VI CE?, Unknown Provenance): \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f74 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9|10<\/sup>\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1f74 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f20\u03c0\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7[\u03c9]\u03c1\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03bf]\u03c5 | 11<\/sup> \u1f20\u0323[\u03be\u03af\u03c9]\u03c3\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u1f7a \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u02bc \u1f10\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, | 12<\/sup> \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 \u03a0\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018Since my most genuine sister has asked me to cede to her three\u00a0<\/span>arouras\u00a0<\/span>of plain land west of the estate, I herewith command that after my death it will be so executed that she will hold said three\u00a0<\/span>arouras\u00a0<\/span>together with the one-third of the island and the place of Pkro, which have long since been ceded to her without written documentation\u2019<\/span>).<\/p>\n

P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9-13, 22-26 (VI?, UP); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.6-8 (II, Phil?); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XIV<\/strong> 1638 (282, Ox) [diairesis]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 689d.36-38 (420\/1?, Ox); SB<\/span> XII<\/strong> 10888.7-10 (119, ArsN).<\/p>\n

\n

16. Activa<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The activa<\/em> clause regulates the recovery of claims. The surviving texts report different scenarios:<\/span> P.Fouad I 33.21\u201324 (I CE, Unknown Provenance): a claim from the husband of the testatrix of the remainder of her dowry;<\/span> P.Oxy.<\/span> X 1274.1\u20135 (IIIm<\/sup> CE, Oxyrhynchos): an amount of money owed to the testator by contract;<\/span> P.Lips. I 29.14\u201316 (295 CE, Hermopolis): sale, the remaining consideration;<\/span> P.Vind.Tand. 17.18-27 (I CE, Soknopaiou Nesos), perhaps also\u00a0<\/span>P.Fouad\u00a0<\/span>I 35.12\u201314<\/span> (48 CE, Oxyrhynchos): regulation of the use of money deposited in a bank; and finally,<\/span> P.Ryl. II 153<\/span> (169 CE, Hermopolis), in which the testator records two types of claims: the right of the guardian of his underage children to collect the\u00a0<\/span>opsonia<\/em> (\u2018allowance\u2019) \u00a0<\/span><\/em>to which he is entitled by virtue of his athletic crown (25\u201327) and claims for payment by a slave upon his manumission (37\u201339).<\/p>\n

No established formulation or location is apparent. For a claim in the form of a dowry, cf., e.g., P.Fouad\u00a0<\/span>I 33.21-24<\/span> (I CE, Unknown Provenance): \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u0323\u1fd6\u0323 \u1f21 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5|<\/span>22<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5[\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd] \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b9\u03c1\u03af|<\/span>23<\/sup>[\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1] \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u1f40\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f51\u03c0\u0323\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd |<\/span> 24<\/sup> [\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1]\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3(\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c6\u0323 (\u2018Tapeteuris concedes that after her own death her husband Sirion shall be absolved of having to pay the dowry, in the amount of 700 drachms, that he owes her by virtue of a\u00a0<\/span>syngraphodiatheke<\/em>\u2019). For a contractual claim, see P.Lips. I 29.14-16 (295 CE, Hermopolis): \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03b4\u03ad \u03c3\u03b5\u0323 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 [\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f00[\u03c0\u1f78] \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4]\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff7 \u03bc[\u03bf]\u03c5 | 15<\/sup> [\u1f51\u03c0]\u1f78 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 [\u1f08]\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b8\u0323\u03cc\u0323\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9[\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac]\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf[\u03bd] \u03bc\u03bf[\u03b9] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u1f13\u03bd\u0323 | 16<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b8]\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bd\u03af\u03b4[\u03b9]\u03b1 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1[\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5[\u03bb]\u03b8\u0323\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0323 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0[\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40]\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f51\u0323[\u03c0\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf]\u1fe6 (\u2018I wish you to know that of the debts owes to the same son of mine by [ – – ] a gymnasiarch of the city of Alexandria, out of\/from\/of the price of fine linen, twelve talents of new coinage, I have been forwarded only one [ – – ]and one hundred knidia<\/em> of Theban [ – – ], so that you shall proceed against him with regard to his outstanding debts\u2019)<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 14-17.<\/span><\/p>\n

CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.14-16 (125, PtolEu); P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.21-24 (I, UP); 35.12-14 (48, Ox); P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 29.14-16 (295, Herm); P.Lond. III<\/strong> 1040.14-15 (534, Antin); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> X<\/strong> 1274.1-5 (IIIm<\/sup>, Ox); P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.25-27, 37-39 (169, Herm); P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 27.17-18 (I, SokN); P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.11-13 (131, Sy).<\/p>\n

\n

17. Disavowal of Debts<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In two early Ptolemaic wills and nowhere else in extant documents, the testator adds a declaration that he is not liable for debts: P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 7.8 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis?): \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5]\u03af\u03bb\u03c9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 [\u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd (\u2018I owe no one anything\u2019). See also P.Petr.2<\/sup> I 9.8\u201319, l. 18 and 11.14 of the same date and provenance.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Clarysse (1991): 139-140.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

18. Existing Debts<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Nineteen wills provide for the settlement of the testator\u2019s debts. The verb that signifies debt, \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9, appears in subordinate clauses as a participle connected with the finite verb \u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9. E.g., P.Hamb. IV 278.23\u201324 (190 CE, Tebtynis): \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u1ff6\u0323 \u1f40\u03c6\u0323[\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1] | 24<\/sup> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u0308\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1. Derived from the same root are \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 and the noun \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u1f77\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (always in the plural). The word \u03c7\u03c1\u1f73\u03bf\u03c2 is equally common at all times and in all contexts. Most scribes express the return of the debt via the terms \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 or \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f73\u03c9, as well as \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2) and \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c9 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2). In P.Cair.Masp. II 67151.285\u2013293 (570 CE, Antinoopolis), beyond the settlement of debt per se<\/em>, the text indicates the origin of the money (\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018Let him take these from Petros\u2019, l. 288) and stipulates the obliteration of the promissory note (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u0323[\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd(?)] | 293<\/sup> \u1f23\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd] (\u2018Take for obliteration the act of pledge (?) which he holds on their account\u2019). Six documents (see below) discuss a specific debt, usually to one of the beneficiaries. In the remaining 11 cases, the clause covers any potential debt. Only the diairesis<\/em> P.Mich. IX 554.33\u201336 records both: [- ca.18 – \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9]\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 35<\/sup> [- ca.40 -] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03bf[ \u0323] \u1f03\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af[\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9] \u0393\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03c6\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] | 36<\/sup> [\u039c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00]\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u02bc \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1[\u03c5\u03c4]\u1f78\u03bd \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018Whatever Gaius Minucius Aquilas manifestly owes, both public and private debt [\u2026], the three hundred drachms that Gaius Minucius Aquilas owes his sister, Minucia Thermoutharion, he shall repay her after one year, without interest\u2019). For the Latin phrasing of the clause, see P.Diog. 10.9\u201310 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): si q[uid] ue|10<\/sup>nerit debitum<\/em> (l<\/em>. debiti<\/em>) c\u0323aus\u0323a\u0323 aut\u0323 a\u0323liquem ra\u0323tionem, ex\u0323[aequa]bi|tur a\u0323b\u0323 h\u0323erede me\u0323[o]<\/em> (\u2018If anything results on account of debt or any other account, it shall be settled by my heir\u2019). The location of the clause varies; sometimes it is clustered with that providing for the burial rites.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 97-100; Kreller (1919): 368-369, 385, 386.<\/span><\/p>\n

specific:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 specific debt with prospective payer;<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0general:<\/strong> general liability for any occuring debt.<\/p>\n

syntactical framework<\/strong>: expression of debt, expression of payment.<\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.10-26, ll. 24-25 (85, SokN) [specific: son; \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7; \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.16-17 (125, PtolEu) [specific: brother; \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd; \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u02bc \u1f40\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u1fe6]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.285-293 (570, Antin) [specific; \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6; \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03bd]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.9-10 (211, PtolEu) [general; debitum; exaequabitur]; P.Eleph.<\/span><\/strong> 2.13-15 (284A<\/sup><\/span>, Eleph) [general; \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2; \u1f10\u03be\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.8-10 (211, Herm) [general; \u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 322a.33 (46, Teb) [\u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2]; IX<\/strong> 554.34-47 (before 93, Ptolemais Euergetis) [general and specific]; XVIII<\/strong> 785 a+b.14-17? (47\/61, PtolEu) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1; \u1f03\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9; \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 104.19-22 (96, Ox) [specific: husband; \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9]; III<\/strong> 491.5-6 (126, Ox) [general; \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 494.21-22 (156, Ox) [general; \u1f03 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; XIV<\/strong> 1638.25 (282, Ox) [general; \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd; \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.18? (224, Ox) [general]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.20-23 (II, ArsN) [general]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.3-4 (c. 130, Kar) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 603.29-30 (103-116, Teb) [general; \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.17-18 (123, Teb) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03b9 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9]; 465.23-25 (190, Teb) [general; \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u1f40\u03c6[\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1] | \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1: \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9];\u00a0PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 5.6 (Ie<\/sup>\/I, Teb) [specific: wife; \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7]; SB<\/span> VIII<\/strong> 9642.6.11 (c. 133, Teb) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f73\u03c9\u03bd: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; XII<\/strong> 10888.11-14 (119, Teb?) [general; \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2]; SB<\/span> XXIV<\/strong> 16001.14 (168, Kar); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p. 6-7, ll. 22-23 (c. 460, Antin) [specific ?; \u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1, \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1; \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\n

\n

19. Burial Rites<\/h2>\n

Category: Duties, Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0391 clause that anticipates and regulates the performance of burial rites is attested as an independent clause only for the Roman and Byzantine periods. It is recorded in both diaireseis<\/em> and wills. In wills, the text is recorded in both Greek and Latin documents (below: \u2018Lat\u2019). The subject is dealt with toward the end of the document and may be followed by an account of the passiva<\/em>. (E.g., SB VI 9377.10\u201312 (138 CE, Tebtynis); SB XII 10888.11-14 (after 119 CE, Arsinoites): \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd(\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd) | 12<\/sup> \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f29\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03ba(\u03bb\u03ae\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u0323\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03bb(\u1fc6\u03c2) | 13<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4(\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2) \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd\u0323 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb(\u03c9\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u02bc \u1f41\u03bd|14<\/sup>\u03b4\u0323\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4(\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03c4\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) (\u2018The funeral rites, the laying-out, and the repayment of all apparent debts, in whatever form, will be incumbent upon my heiress\u2019). As in the case cited above, the clause is occasionally phrased as a genitive absolute stating that the burial rites shall fall into the beneficiary\u2019s sphere of responsibility (below: \u2018sfr.\u2019). However, there is a clear preference for formulating the clause as a directive introduced by the verb \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 (e.g., BGU I 326.2.1 (194 CE, Karanis): \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf[\u03bc\u03b9]\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u03b1\u03bb]\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78[\u03bd] \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9) (below: \u2018v.\u2019), or the future indicative (below: \u2018f.\u2019), with the beneficiaries as the subject. Cf., e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.22-25 (165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 | 23<\/sup> \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03b9]\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 | 24<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f50\u03c9\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f23\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03b4\u03b9|25<\/sup>\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u0323 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (\u2018and my wife, and after her death my son Dius, shall give to my slaves and freedmen for a feast which they shall celebrate at my tomb on my birthday every year one hundred drachmae of silver to be spent\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 205).<\/p>\n

In cases of a directive, the dative (Lat.: ablative) or prepositional expressions are used to indicate the agent. The object of the clause is either payment for the burial, including the amount that should be spent (below: \u2018pay.\u2019), or the act of burial itself (below: \u2018bur.\u2019). In most cases, the clause deals only with the act of burial; the most common terms used for this purpose are \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae (\u2018laying out\u2019), \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018funeral\u2019), and, more generally, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4o\u03c2, corporis cura<\/em>. In the Byzantine period, the terms \u1f05\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77 and \u1f00\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018holy offices and services for the repose of my soul\u2019) are added. In two documents, however\u2014the Roman P.Oxy. III 494.22\u201325 (156 CE, Oxyrhynchos) and the Byzantine P.Lond. I 77.56\u201359 (c. 610 CE, Hermonthis)\u2014the deceased\u2019s future commemoration is regulated as well.<\/p>\n

Instructions for the construction of the tomb are also attested, although quite rarely. Cf. in particular P.Oxy. XXII 2348.31\u201338 (224 CE, Oxyrhynchos), where the \u2018laying out\u2019 of the deceased should also include this construction: \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce]\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 32<\/sup> [\u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd\u0323 \u03c6\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03bf]\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03c5\u0323\u1f31\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u03c4[\u03b9]\u03cc\u0323\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | 33<\/sup> \u03ba\u0323\u03b1[\u03c4]\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c6\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bd \u1fa7 \u1f21\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f40\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5|34<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad]\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1{\u03b5}\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd | 35<\/sup> \u03b2\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9|\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bc\u0323\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 | 36<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | 37<\/sup> \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f08\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | 38<\/sup> \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (\u2018I lay upon the aforesaid sons the charge of caring for my body, and I wish my body to be buried in the grave that I have prepared near the tomb of my aforesaid deceased wife Herakleia. I wish my sons to give in equal proportions five hundred drachmae towards the cost of my funeral dress together with the erection of a tomb, this to be supervised by my aforesaid companion Taseus and the aforesaid Aurelius Apion, also known as Ammonius, and my friend Aurelius Ptollio\u2019). (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 141).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 369-371, 385-386; Amelotti (1966): 141-142, 159-161; Migliardi Zingale (2005): 269-278; Nowak (2011a): 117-126; (2015): 182-194; Strobel (2014): 160-168.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 183.10-26 l. 25 (85, SokN) [sfr.; bur.]; 326.2.1-2 (189, Kar) [v.; bur.]; III<\/strong> 896.7 (161-169, ArsN) [f.; bur.]; IV<\/strong> 1131.33-37 (13A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex) [diairesis, sfr.+f.; pay.]; VII<\/strong> 1655.57-59 (169, Phil) [f.; pay.]; 1695.b.2 (157, Alex) [lat.; v.; bur.+pay.]; CPR<\/span> VI<\/strong> 1.13-14 (125, PtolEu) [f.; bur.+pay.]; P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 34.15-17 (I\/II, Mem?) [diairesis; f.; pay.]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.160-168 (570, Antin) [v.; bur.]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.12-13 (211, PtolEu) [lat.; v.; bur.]; 11.18-19 (213, PtolEu) [v.; pay.]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.28-29 (I, UP) [v.; pay.]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I 29.11-12 (295, Herm) [unique; bur.]; 30.1-24 ? (III, Ox?) [f.; pay.]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 77.56-59 (c. 610, Hermonthis) [v.; bur.]; II<\/strong> 288.27-28 (90, SokN) [bur.]; III<\/strong> 932.10 (211, Herm);\u00a0P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 322a.33-34 (46, Teb) [diairesis: f.; bur.]; VII<\/strong> 439.11-12 (147, Ox) [diairesis; f.; bur.]; IX<\/strong> 549.12 (117\/8, PtolEu?) [v.; bur.]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 494.22-25 (156, Ox) [f.; bur. (commemoration)]; XVI<\/strong> 1901.48-50 (VI, Ox) [v.; bur.]; XXII<\/strong> 2348.29-38 (224, Ox) [v.; fun.,<\/span> supervision]; XXXVIII<\/strong> 2857.19-21 (134, Ox) [ed.: [\u03c4]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03ba]\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9; bur.]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.27-29 (IIe<\/sup>, ArsN) [v.; bur.]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.4 (c.130, Kar) [f.; bur.]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> IV<\/strong> 284.18 (176-180, PtolEu) [f.; bur.]; VI<\/strong> 546.1 (c. 155, UP) [f.; bur.]; VII<\/strong> 603.28 (103-116, Teb) [f.; bur.]; 684.21 (117-138, UP) [f.; bur.]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 381.16-17 (123, Teb) [f.; bur.]; P.Wisc.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 14.10-11 (131, Sy); PSI<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1263.6-9 (166\/7, Ox) [v.; bur., supervision]; XIII<\/strong> 1325.9-25, ll. 20-21 (138-161, Alex?) [v.; bur.]; PSI Congr.<\/span><\/strong> XI<\/strong> 5 l. 7 (IlA<\/span><\/sup>\/Ie<\/sup>, Teb) [f.; bur.]; SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 8265.14 (335\/6?, ArsN) [f.; bur.]; VI<\/strong> 9373.11-15 (II, Teb); 9377.10-12 (138, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.1.11-14 (c. 112, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; 9642.3.11-14 (125, Teb) [sfr.; bur.]; 9642.4.14-15 (117-137, Teb) [sfr.; pay.]; 9642.5.18 (139-161, Teb) [f.; pay.]; XII<\/strong> 10888.11-14 (119, Teb?) [sfr.; pay.]; XVIII<\/strong> 13308.39-40 (81-96, PtolEu?) [f.; bur.]; XXIV<\/strong> 16001.17 (168, Kar); SPP<\/span> I<\/strong> p.6-7, ll. 26-28 (c. 460, Antin) [v.; bur.].<\/p>\n

\n

20. Guardianship<\/h2>\n

Category: testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

The appointment of guardians is recorded in twenty-nine documents, twenty-five wills, three marriage documents, and one diairesis<\/em>. Four documents are Ptolemaic, one dates to the sixth century CE. The rest are Roman. The instrument recording the appointment could be meriteia<\/em>, diatheke<\/em> or a Roman will. The person who assumes the care of the underage children does not have to be termed guardian expressis verbis<\/em>. This is the case in P.Diog. 11.19-22 (213 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis), where, instead of using the term epitropos<\/em> the testatrix orders her mother and husband to \u2018take care\u2019 and \u2018provide for\u2019 (\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03c7o\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd) her son: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1) \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323 | 20<\/sup> \u1f09\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba]\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1) \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | 21<\/sup> \u0394\u0323\u03b9[\u03bf]\u03b3\u0323[\u03ad]\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u2039\u1fe6\u203a \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323|22<\/sup>\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u1fe6\u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u2039\u03b5\u203a[\u1fd6]\u03b1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u0323\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Let my mother Harpokratiaine and my husband, who is also the father of my son, Loukretios Diogenes, take care of my son and furnish as sustenance to his benefit the provision from all my properties\u2019).<\/p>\n

Some scribes will suffice with recording the shear act of appointment, as seems to be the rule in particular in the Ptolemaic period. Cf., e.g., P.Dryton 2.21-23 (150 BCE,<\/span> Latopolis): \u1f18\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf[\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd] | 22<\/sup> [\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0]\u03c9 \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc[ \u0323]\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd] \u03a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5[\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1[\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5] | 23<\/sup> [\u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc6, \u1f41\u03bc]\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f18]\u03c3\u03b8\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f18\u03c3\u03b8\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4[\u03bf\u03c5] (\u2018As epitropos<\/em> I leave behind Herm[o\/a]philos, son of Pamphilos, of the deme Philoteris, being a relative of Dryton, son of Pamphilos, and in like manner of Esthladas son of Esthladas\u2019) (transl., P.Dryton, p. 65), unless the text refers, as suggested by Vandorpe [P.Dryton., p. 30], to testamentary executor.<\/p>\n

In the Roman period, the appointment clause is extensively developed. So in the case of BGU I 86.17-23 (155 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): the clause exhibits the routine verb for the act of appointment (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9), the period for which the appointment is made (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd (\u2018after his death\u2019), \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018until they reach the legal age\u2019); the appointed guardian stands in the accusative; besides his name, the document also reports the guardian\u2019s form of acquaintance with the testator, and his occupation. The object of the care, the children, appears in the genitive. Ll. 17-20: \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f41 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u1f6d\u03c1\u1ff3) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1) \u03b1\u1f50|19<\/sup>\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9), \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd) \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1|20<\/sup>\u03b3\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5[\u03bf\u1fe6] (\u2018And the same declaring party appoints after his own death for his underage children, Horos and Pabous, as their guardian and manager, until they reach the legal age of puberty, his genuine friend Pabous son of Satabous son of Harpagathes from the above-stated village, a priest of the same god\u2019).<\/p>\n

In the following section, the clause records the duties of the guardian: the maintenance of the wards. The scribe specifies some categories: e.g., \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f75, \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (\u2018nourishment\u2019, \u2018oil\u2019 and \u2018clothing\u2019). Rather than prescribing a set quota, the guardian is allowed to provide for the children \u2018as is befitting\u2019. \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u1f6d\u03c1\u1ff3) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1], | 21<\/sup> \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 (\u2018Let the said guardian supply the underage children with the befitting nourishment, oil, clothing and everything else that is proper\u2019). The final section is unique to this document: the duty of the guardian to render an account of his activities after they have come of age: \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79{\u03c5}\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b9, \u1f41\u03c0[\u03cc]\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9), \u03c4\u03b7\u0323\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) | 23<\/sup> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u1fd6\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u0323\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u1f78]\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018And let Pabous surrender to the underage children, once they come of legal age, the report regarding all his activities, all the responsibility resting with Pabous\u2019).<\/p>\n

Other documents consider the position of the surviving wife. In some cases, the wife is appointed sole or joint guardian. Sole guardianship is stipulated in CPR VI 1.10-13, which stresses the wife’s exclusivity through the adjectives \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018\u2026.without trustee and without being accountable\u2019, so translated in P.Sijp. 44, p. 295) but also sets limits to her freedom of disposal of her children\u2019s estate: [\u03c4]\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5[\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 11<\/sup> [\u1f10\u03c0\u03af]\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f57 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd[\u03b5\u03c0]\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00]\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4[\u03bf\u03bd – ca.13 -] | 12<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4[\u03c9\u03bd \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323\u03ba\u03b1 \u0323 \u1f20\u0323\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1 \u0323[- ca.15 -] | 13<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323]\u03bf\u0323\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4[\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2] (\u2018(and I appoint) my wife as guardian of the children born to us from each other until they come of age, acting without a trustee and without being accountable, – – by all means, alienating however simply nothing nor disposing of any object that pertains to the guardianship. And Aphroditous, the mother of the children, shall hand over to them their property clear of any public charge and any expense\u2019). \u0323<\/p>\n

Other testators appoint a male guardian but also establish the wife as a supervisor (epakolouthetria<\/em>) of his activity. Much cited document is P.Oxy. VI 907.18-22 (276 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad]|19<\/sup>\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4[\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f69\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f29\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1[\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1] | 20<\/sup> \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2] | 21<\/sup> \u1f38\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf [\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b2\u03bf]\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f22 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4[\u1f78\u03bd – ca.29 -] (\u2018I appoint guardian of my three children aforesaid who are under age, Horion, Heraclides, and Didyme, until the boys attain majority and the girl is married, Aurelius Demetrius son of Dionysotheon, with the concurrence, that all that pertains to the guardianship, of my aforesaid wife Isidora also called Prisca; and accordingly, I do not wish any magistrate or deputy or any other person to intrude himself …….\u2019(transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 251).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 102-105; (1930): 46-50; Kreller (1919): 377-379, 387, 388; Taubenschlag (1932a): 521-522; Amelotti (1966): 145-148, 149-151; Beaucamp (1992): 172-191; Montevecchi (1997): 47-52; Yiftach (2006b): 153-166; Strobel (2014): 38-39, 229-233.<\/span><\/p>\n

acc.<\/strong>: accounts;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0app.<\/strong>: appointment ;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 adm.<\/strong>: administration;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0bw.<\/strong>: Byzantine will;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0d.<\/strong>: diatheke;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0mar.<\/strong>: marriage document;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0m.<\/strong>: meriteia;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0tal.<\/strong>: testamentum per aes et libram<\/em><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 86.17-23 (155, SokN) [m.; app.; adm.; accounts]; 326.2.16-17 (189, Kar) [tal.; app.: ed.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f30\u03b4\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u2039\u03b5\u203a\u03b9]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 208.9-10 (II, ArsN?) [\u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; VI<\/strong> 1.10-13 (125, PtolEu) [d.; app.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd]; 76.18, 25-34 (III, UP) [tal.; adm.: \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (?)]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> II<\/strong> 67151.225-274 (570, Antin) [bw.; adm. with penalty clause]; P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 9.12-15 (186-210?, Phil?) [tal.; adm.]; 11.19-21 (213, PtolEu) [m.; adm.]; P.Dryton<\/span><\/strong> 1.17-18 (164, Diospolis Mikra) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9]; 2.21-23 (150, Latopolis) [d.; \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9]; 3.7-9 (126A<\/span><\/sup><\/span>, Path) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd]; 4.5-6 (126A<\/span><\/sup><\/span>, Path) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd]; P.Fouad<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 33.24-25 (I, UP) [d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd]; P.Lips.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 28.20-22 (381, Herm) [adm.; ed.: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1|21<\/sup>\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2;]; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 932.9-10 (211, Herm) [diairesis; adm.: \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> VII<\/strong> 439.4-8 (147, Ox) [tal.; app.: ed.: quam et anegl\u0323ogistam (?);]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> XVIII<\/strong> 785 a+b.15-19 (47\/61, PtolEu) [m.; app.: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2]; P.Oxy.<\/span> II<\/strong> 265.27-29 (81-96, Ox) [mar.: adm.]; III<\/strong> 491.8-10 (126, Ox) [d.; app.: \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; 495.14-15 (182-189, Ox) [d.; adm.; \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9]; 496.11-13 (127, Ox) [d.; app.: ed.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u0323\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5] \u1f22\u0323 \u1f41\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9;]; 497.12-14 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox) [d.; app. same as foreg.]; VI<\/strong> 907.18-22 (276, Ox) [tal.\/d.; app.: \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6; \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3]; XXVII<\/strong> 2474.20-25, 36-46 (III, Ox) [tal.; app.: \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9; adm.: \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4{\u03b5}\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.18-24, 33-35 (169, Herm) [d.; app.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2; adm.: \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.7 (c. 130, Kar) [m.; app.: \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]; P.Vind.Tand.<\/span><\/strong> 27.16 (I, SokN) [m.; app.: \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; SB<\/span> VI<\/strong> 9373.15-17 (II, Teb) [m.; app.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd]; VIII<\/strong> 9642.6.12-13 (c. 133, Teb) [m.; adm.].<\/p>\n

\n

21. Manumission<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Twenty-two wills from the Ptolemaic through the Byzantine period\u2014Greek and Roman wills as well as meriteia<\/em>\u2014record acts of manumission that take effect upon or after the testator\u2019s death. Four formulations are attested. [Type1<\/strong>] features the verb \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9; it is well documented in both the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods (e.g., P.Oxy. III 494.5\u20137: 165 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 | 6\u00a0<\/sup>\u0394\u03af\u03b1 \u0393\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u02bc \u03b5\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f19\u03c1\u03bc\u1fb6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9|7<\/sup>\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u0394\u0323[\u03b9]\u03bf\u0323\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03af\u0323[\u03b4]\u03b1 (\u2018If I die while this will is still in force I set free by Zeus, Ge, and Helios, due to their favourite disposition and reverence, my slaves, Psenamounis, also known as Ammonios, and Hermas, and Apollonous also known as Demetria and her daughter Diogenis and another slave of mine called Diogenis\u2019). [Type2]<\/strong> invoking \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1o\u03c2 and the imperative or infinitive of \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u1f77, is recorded in the Roman period only; e.g., P.Tebt. II 407.5\u20138 (199, Tebtynis): \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc[\u1f72]\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u0394\u03af\u03b1 | 6<\/sup> [\u0393\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70] \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u0323[\u1fe6]\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 [\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 [\u03c3]\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 7<\/sup> [- ca.12 -]\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4[\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd]\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u0398[\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc]\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | 8<\/sup> [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7]\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f38\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd [\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0394]\u03b9\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1f76 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323]\u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 (\u2018Let the slaves be free under the sanction of Zeus, Ge, and Helios, on account of the fellowship and solicitude existing between us, namely – – and Sarapias and her child Thermouthis and Soteria and her children Isidora and Dioskoros and – – tios and Sarapammon\u2019). [Type3<\/strong>] with the verb \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018to manumit\u2019), is attested in the Roman period in both Greek and in Latin. Some documents also specify the duties of the slave after his manumission. P.Sijp. 44.2\u20133 (c. 130 CE, Karanis): \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc7] \u00a0\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u00a0\u0323[ \u0323 \u00a0\u0323 \u00a0\u0323] \u00a0\u0323\u03b1\u0323 [\u03c4]\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50[\u03c4]\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u0323\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c6\u02bc \u1fa7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74 \u1f21\u0323 \u1f38\u0323\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f76 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | 3\u00a0<\/sup>[\u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f43\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd], \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u0323[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a4\u03b1\u0323\u03bc\u03cd\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018\u2026 and to manumit the she-slave (whom) he owns, Isarous, upon his death; on the condition that Isarous herself will also offer her services to his wife Tamystha [as long as she lives] but the taxes for manumission are for Tamystha\u2019). One document, P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span> I 3.8-37, ll. 19\u201323 (238\/7 BCE, Krokodilopolis) uses, according to the editors\u2019 restoration, the formulation \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd. These clauses usually appear in the upper section of the document, immediately following the bequeathal clause.<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Arangio-Ruiz (1906): 100-102; Kreller (1919): 352-354, 387-388; Amelotti (1966): 143-144; Strobel (2014): 47-48, 268-282; Nowak (2015): 175-182.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/strong><\/span> I<\/strong> 326.1.4-5, 1.18 (189, Kar) [2]; VII<\/strong> 1696.a7 (II, Phil); P.Bagnall<\/span><\/strong> 5v<\/sup>.4-6 (213, Ox) [2]; P.Cair.Masp.<\/strong><\/span> III<\/strong> 67312.99-104 (567, Antin) [3]; P.Col.<\/span> X<\/strong> 267.4-5 (180-192, Ox) [1]; P.Gron.<\/span><\/strong> 10.4-5 (VI?, UP) [3]; P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 72.5-8 (II\/III, UP) [3]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 549.7 (117\/8, PtolEu?)?; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 494.5-7 (156, Ox) [1]; XXVII<\/strong> 2474.28-31 (III, Ox) [2]; P.Petr.2<\/sup><\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 3.8-37, ll. 19-23 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd]; 3.38-63, ll. 46-49 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1, 2]; 3.64-95, ll. 81-82 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; 7.9-11 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok?) [1]; 9.8-19, l. 18 (238\/7A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1?]; 16.95-122, ll. 105-107 (236\/5A<\/sup><\/span>, Krok) [1]; P.Ryl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 153.33-37 (169, Herm) [2?. ed.: \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u0323|[\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9];]; P.Select.<\/span><\/strong> 14.3-5 (II, ArsN) [2];\u00a0P.Sijp.<\/span><\/strong> 44.2-3 (c. 130, Kar) [3]; P.Stras.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 122.10-12 (161-169, Euh) [2?]; P.Tebt.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 407.5-8, 18-19 (199, Teb) [2]; PSI<\/span><\/strong> IX<\/strong> 1040.15-19 (III, Ox) [3]; SB<\/strong><\/span> XXII<\/strong> 15345.3-12 (116, Teb) [2].<\/p>\n

\n

22. Children<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

Three marriage documents from the Roman and Byzantine periods record preexisting children. In P.Cair.Masp. III 67340v<\/sup>.54\u201360 (VI CE, Antinoopolis), appears the son of the wife born in an earlier bond. In P.Mil.Vogl. II 71.14\u201315 (172-175 CE, Tebtynis), it is reported that the daughter has not been registered to date, and the document serves as a record of her existence: \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac|15<\/sup>[\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u0395\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1]\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd[\u03b7] \u03bc\u0323\u03ad\u03c7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03b9 [\u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd (\u2018And a daughter, Eudaimonis, who has not been registered until now, was born to them from each other\u2019).<\/p>\n

P.Cair.Masp.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 67340v<\/sup>.54-60 (VI, Antin); P.Mil.Vogl.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 71.14-15 (172-175, Teb); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XII<\/strong> 1473.8-10 (201, OxN); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 450 r col. 1-27 ll. 21-22 (tres) (II, Ox).<\/p>\n

\n

23. \u2018Hereditary\u2019<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

In contrast to the death clause (see below), which regulates the assignment of both spouses\u2019 assets to each other and their future joint children, the hereditary clause records the detailed disposition of specific assets by the spouses or their parents. The disposition commonly takes the form of meriteia<\/em>. Some texts indicate the presence of the assignor: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u2018present at the registration office\u2019). The most commonly used verb is \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, which may take the object in the accusative and the beneficiaries in the dative or be followed by \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 with the object in the accusative and the beneficiary in the genitive. In all cases, the assignment is said to be effective \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd.Most cases, especially those exhibiting the last-mentioned scheme, originate in the Arsinoite nome and date to the second half of the first century or the first half of the second century CE. Cf., e.g., BGU I 183.11\u201314 (85 CE, Soknopaiou Nesos): \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2) \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03be\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 | 12<\/sup> [\u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9 \u1f10]\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f18\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7c \u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u1f74 | 13<\/sup> [\u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u03cd\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd]\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1[\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2] \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f18\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | 14<\/sup> [\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5]\u1f31\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f6d\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb. (\u2018Present at the registration office is the mother of the partners, Satabous, daughter of Horos son of Haryotes, age approximately sixty five with a mole on the upper left lip with the son of her sister Tanephrimis, Stotoetis son of Erieus, aged approximately forty eight with a scar on the right eyebrow, and conceding after her own death to her children, Stotoetis and Horos, her daughters Soueris and Herieia, and the children of another deceased son Tesenouphis, Stotoetis and Horos etc.\u2019)<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Rupprecht (1987): 308-309; Yiftach (2003): 221-230.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 183.10-26 (85, SokN) [\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2; \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; 251.8-20 (81, SokN) [mother of the groom: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; 252.10-15 (98, PtolEu) [mother of the bride: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd]; CPR<\/span> I<\/strong> 28.8-28 (110, PtolEu) [spouses: \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; 236.10-15 (81-96, SokN)?; P.Lond.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 294.33-60 (160, PtolEu) [parents of the bride: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; P.Mich.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 121r<\/sup>.2.2.1-7 (42, Teb) [spouses: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9]; V<\/strong> 343.8-9 (54, Teb) [spouses: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd]; P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> XLIX<\/strong> 3491.9-14 (157\/8, Ox) [parents of the bride: \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9]; SB<\/span> XVI<\/strong> 12334.6-22 (IIl<\/sup>, Phil) [mother of the bride: \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9].<\/p>\n

\n

24. Death<\/h2>\n

Category: Testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A clause that regulates the material consequences of death is incorporated into Ptolemaic marriage documents, some from Alexandria and from Roman Oxyrhynchos, and one Byzantine. The clause, positioned at the end of the document, is closely analogous to the bequeathal clause in contemporary wills. In the Ptolemaic P.Gen. I 21.14-15 (II CE, Unknown Provenance), it begins with the invocative formulation \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 and continues with a protasis<\/em> that anticipates the event of death. In contrast to wills, which regulate the demise of a single person, in this case, two people are involved. This results in a change in the protasis<\/em> from first person to third, with an indefinite pronoun followed by a genitive partitive: \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 | 15<\/sup> \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u0323\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u0323\u03c3\u0323[\u03b7\u03b9]\u2026 (\u2018May they be in good health. But if one of them suffers a human fate and dies …\u2019). In the proceeding apodosis<\/em>, the act of bequeathal, an active measure taken by the testator in his or her will (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c9), is impersonalized by the use of \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9, with the family estate functioning as a subject, and the bequeathees in the genitive.<\/p>\n

The author\/scribe first (1)<\/strong> presupposes the existence of joint children and designates them joint heirs, alongside their surviving parent, of the estate of the predeceased. They all stand in the genitive (\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b6\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00[\u03bb]\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd); \u2018Let the property he left behind be of the surviving (parent) and of the children whom they will beget in the future from each other\u2019). Then, (2)\u00a0<\/strong>introduced by the genitive absolute, the clause deals with the event of death in the absence of joint children: \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | 16<\/sup> \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | 17<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | 18<\/sup> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u2018Should there be no children, or even if there are any (but) they die before reaching puberty, either when both parents are alive or after the death of one \u2026\u2019. Under these circumstances, the author\/scribe first discusses the death of the wife (2a)<\/strong> with two possible scenarios: (2a1)<\/strong>: the wife\u2019s mother, who has provided the dowry, is still alive or (2a2)<\/strong> has died. The rule in both scenarios is the same: the dowry is reimbursed. The next clause deals with the husband\u2019s failure to comply. The event (2b)<\/strong> of the husband\u2019s death must have followed but the text is now lost. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u1fc3, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd | 20<\/sup> \u1f48\u03bb\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9[\u03ac]\u03b4\u03b9\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b6\u1fc6\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b3\u0323\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 | 21<\/sup> [- ca.25 -] \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u0323\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03b9, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018If Arsinoe dies first, let Menekrates return the pherne<\/em> in its entirety to Olympias her mother if she is still alive (and), if not, to the closest next of kin of Arsinoe herself. – – If he does not, let him pay indemnity forthwith\u2019).<\/p>\n

The Roman P.Oxy. III 496.10 (127 CE, Oxyrhynchos) follows the same structure. The invocative formula and the protasis<\/em> discussing the event of death first presuppose the presence of joint children (1)<\/strong>: [\u03c3]\u03c5\u03bd\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u02bc \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u1f10\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u0323[\u1f72] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03b7\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9[\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018When they come together, may they enjoy health; but if either husband or wife should chance to die \u2026\u2019). Then, however, rather than deciding the fate of his estate, the clause moves in two new directions: (1a)\u00a0<\/strong>the right of the surviving partner (?) to his or her assets, circumscribed by the vocabulary of the \u2018capacity clause<\/a>\u2019 and then the fate of the surviving partner\u2019s estate after his or her death: \u1f10\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1]|11<\/sup>[\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3\u03af]\u03b1\u03bd \u1f03\u0323 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5[\u1fd6]\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7[\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9] \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5[\u03b9\u03bd], \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd [\u1f10]\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae[\u03bb]\u03c9\u03bd [\u03c4]\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9[\u03bd] (\u2018The husband shall have power over his own property to make any further provisions he pleases and to divide it among whom he will, but if he makes no further provisions the property shall after his death belong to their children\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 211).<\/p>\n

Still under the heading of death in the presence with children, the clause discusses (1b)<\/strong> the issue of guardianship in the event of the husband’s death. It presupposes the appointment of guardians by the husband (1b1):<\/strong> \u03b5\u0323\u1f30\u0323 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f26\u03bd [\u1f41] \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 [\u03c4]\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb[\u03b5]\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba[\u1f7c]\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 [ -ca.?- ] | 11<\/sup> [ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] \u1f14\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u0323\u03bc\u0323[\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5] \u1f22\u0323 \u1f41\u0323 \u1f14\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc[\u03b5]\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f25\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9, \u2039\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u203a \u03c4\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad[\u03bd]\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4[\u03b1\u03b9] (\u2018If the husband dies first, the bride shall have \u2026 and she or her nearest relation on the one part and whomever shall be appointed by the husband on the other part shall together be guardians, the children being brought up with their mother until they come of age\u2019). Then the clause determines the outcome of the event that the husband has not appointed guardians (1b2):<\/strong> the ekballein<\/a> clause is used to preempt any challenge to the wife\u2019s position as guardian: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03af[\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f22] | 13<\/sup> \u1f41\u0323 [\u1f14]\u03bd\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l.<\/em> [\u1f14]\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf]\u03c2 \u1f10\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03b2\u0323\u03ac\u0323[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5]\u03b9\u0323\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5]\u03c2. \u2018If the husband appoints no guardian for the one part of the guardianship, the bride and her nearest of kin shall act alone and no one shall be permitted to deprive her of the guardianship nor any part of it\u2019.<\/p>\n

Then follows the regulation of death in the absence of joint children (2)<\/strong>. Case 1 is the death of the wife (2a)<\/strong>, in which the wife\u2019s property reverts to her relatives: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10[\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc7 -ca.?- \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1]|14<\/sup>\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03be[\u03ae]\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u2018If the bride dies first without their having any children or when those children who have been born have died childless, the husband shall repay the dowry, namely \u2026 the four thousand one hundred silver drachms, within sixty days and shall send to said relations of the bride all the rest of her property\u2019.)<\/p>\n

The husband\u2019s death follows (2b)<\/strong>. The wife\u2019s right to recover her assets is followed by the kyrieueto<\/em><\/a> clause, which enables her to control the deceased husband\u2019s estate until her assets are recovered: \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f61\u03c3\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd [\u03c0]\u03c1[\u03cc]\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4[\u03ad\u03ba]\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1[\u1f50]\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1[\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd] | 15<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u02bc \u1f02\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018Similarly, if the husband dies first without their having any children or when those who had been born have died, leaving him childless, the bride shall \u2026 and withdraw the slave Kallityche and those children that may be born to her, and until she recovers them she shall have control over the whole property\u2019).<\/p>\n

The present section (2b)<\/strong> ends with the ekloge<\/em> clause, which entitles the wife to choose between the recovery of her dotal assets in kind and their value in cash, and the praxis<\/em>: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03c9\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (l<\/em>. \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 [\u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f34\u03c3\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd] | 16<\/sup> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0[\u03ac]\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (\u2018and with regard to all the provisions the choice shall rest with the bride to have either, if she prefers, the aforesaid gold ornaments included in the dowry at the same weight or in their equivalent value, and the bride and her agents shall have the right of execution upon both the husband and all his property in accordance with their agreement with each other\u2019).<\/p>\n

The Byzantine P.Cair.Masp. I 67006v<\/sup>.119-130 (c. 566-570 CE, Antinoopolis ?) deals with the same circumstances in a different arrangement and with a different vocabulary: (1)\u00a0<\/strong>death of the wife in the presence of joint children (\u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u03b2\u0323[\u03b1\u03b9]|119<\/sup>\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2[\u03b1\u03af]|\u03b7), \u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u0323\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f74) \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u0323\u1fb6\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fb6\u03bd) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u2039\u03bd\u203a \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd) \u03c0\u03ad\u03b4[\u03c9\u03bd] (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) | 120<\/sup> \u03bc\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f72\u2039\u03bd(?)\u203a) \u1f51\u03c0\u0323\u03cc[\u03bd]\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 [\u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76] \u1f11\u0323[\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9]\u03b4\u0323[\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f55\u03c0\u03bf]\\\u03bd\/\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323, [\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7] \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u0323\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u03c2 | 121<\/sup> [\u03c4(?)]\u03b5\u0323[\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2(?)] – ca.13 -\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323- ca.29 -) (\u2018If it happens, may it never be the case, that the bride dies before her husband, if there are children present, even if just one, the husband shall [ – – ] before the death (?)\u2019), and then (2)<\/strong>\u00a0the death of the wife without the presence of joint children: [\u03c4]\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u0323\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74\u0323 \u1f64\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd) \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76\u0323 \u1f11\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u1f7a\u0323\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2) \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u0323\u1f76 (l<\/em>. \u03bc\u1f74) \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4[\u03bf\u03c2], \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) | 123<\/sup> \u1f04\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03ba\u0323[\u03b5\u03c1]\u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03b9] (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u0323 – ca.30 – [\u1f04]\u03bd\u0323\u03b4\u0323\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u0323\u03b7\u0323 | – c. 28 -\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u0323\u03bf \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b5\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 (\u2018If I have no children, not even one, the husband shall be able to enjoy only – – \u2019). The consequences in the former case are not clear; in the latter case, the husband is allowed to recover his own assets only.<\/p>\n

The case of the premature death of the husband follows in the same order, introduced by (l<\/em>. 125) \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f34\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u1ff3) \u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u1ff3 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3) \u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u1f14\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd) \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2)). First, in the presence of children, the wife is contractually entitled to all categories of property that she received on the occasion of the marriage: \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7) \u1f61\u03c2 | 126<\/sup> \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03b5\u1f30) \u03c3\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7) \u03c4\u0323\u1ff7\u0323 [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76(?)] . \u0323 \u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323- ca.14 – \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03c5\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1fc6[\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc]|127<\/sup>\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u0323\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u0323[\u03bd] (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd\u0323 \u1f51\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u1f7c\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u1f78\u03c2) \u1f25\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (l<\/em>. \u1f55\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u1ff7) \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd[\u03b5]\u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03ba\u03b1) | 128<\/sup> \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bd\u03b5 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f15\u03b4\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd | 129<\/sup> \u1f45\u0323\u03c1\u0323[\u1fb3] (l<\/em>. \u1f65\u03c1\u1fb3) \u03b3\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (\u2018If the husband happens to die before the death of his wife and there are joint children, even if only one, let the wife benefit from all the hedna<\/em> and whatever was assigned to her on the occasion of marriage\u2019). If there are no children, she will recover \u2018everything that belongs to her husband\u2019 (\u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03b1]): \u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f11\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03af\u0323\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (l<\/em>. \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03bc\u0323\u1f74\u0323 \u1f64\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), | 130<\/sup> \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5[\u03c1]\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9\u0323 (l<\/em>. \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u1f05\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323 \u03c4\u0323\u1f70\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03b1] (\u2018If there are no children, not even one, the bride shall benefit from all her husband\u2019s belongings\u2019).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 222-237; Montevecchi (1936): 78-81; Rupprecht (1987): 309-310; Yiftach (2003): 221-231.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> IV<\/strong> 1098.44-51 (19A<\/sup><\/span>-15A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); P.Cair.Masp.<\/span> I<\/strong> 67006v<\/sup>.119-130 (566-570, Antin?); P.Col.<\/span><\/strong> VIII<\/strong> 227.19?-30? (IIl<\/sup>,\/IIIe<\/sup>, UP); P.Freib.<\/span><\/strong> III<\/strong> 26.13-16? (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 29.11-19 (178A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); 30.6-15, 23-28 (179\/8A<\/sup><\/span>, Phil); P.Gen.<\/span> I<\/strong> 21.14-22 (IIA<\/sup><\/span>, UP); P.Ifao<\/span> III<\/strong> 5.8-18 (II, Ox); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> II<\/strong> 265.9-12, 27-32, 33-37 (81-96, Ox); 372.14 (74\/5, Ox\u039d); III<\/strong> 496.10-16 (127, Ox); 497.11-18 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); 606.6 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox); XLIX<\/strong> 3491.c.d (157\/8, Ox); PSI<\/span><\/strong> V<\/strong> 450r<\/sup>.1-27, ll. 1-6 (II, Ox); SB<\/span> V<\/strong> 7612.23-25 (II\/III, Alex?); VI<\/strong> 8974.1.1-3.25 (IbA<\/span><\/sup>, Bousiris); XXIV<\/strong> 16072.47-68 (12A<\/sup><\/span>, Alex); XXVIII<\/strong> 16944.5 (97, UP); 17046.13 (IIe<\/sup>, Ox).<\/p>\n

\n

25. Opening the Will<\/h2>\n

Category: testamentary<\/p>\n

Link to Synallagma<\/a><\/p>\n

A record of the opening of the will is attached to the text of Roman and Greek wills from the second and early third centuries CE. The Latin prototype records the opening and reading of the will; the office and city where the will was opened; the day, month, and consular year; and the presence of most of the witnesses who identify their seals. See, e.g., P.Diog. 10.19\u201322 (211 CE, Ptolemais Euergetis): apert(um) e\u0323t rec(itatum) Aug(usto foro) Ars(inoitu) met\u0323(ropoleos) iii Non\u0323[as Iunias,] | 19<\/sup> Quintiano et Basso co(n)s(ulibus), anno eodem, mense Pauni die v[iiii] | 20<\/sup> praes(ente) pl(urima) part(e) signat(orum) f(igentium) sig(na). L(ucius) Va\u0323l\u0323e\u0323r\u0323ius Lucretianus ad\u0323g(noui). M(arcus) L[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 21<\/sup> nus ad\u0323g(noui). Fl(avius) D\u0323i\u0323du\u27e6mianus\u27e7 \\Diogenes\/ ad\u0323g(noui). Arrius Nigerus\u0323 a\u0323dg(noui) M(arcus) Aurel(ius) Anubion. L(ucius) A\u0323[ \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323] | 22<\/sup> Cottarus.<\/em> (\u2018Opened and read aloud in the forum of Augustus of the metropolis of the Arsinoite nome, three days before the Nonae of June, when Quintianus and Bassus were consuls, in the same year, on the ninth day of the month of Pauni, in the presence of the majority of the witnesses, who have attached their seals. I, Lucius Valerius Lucretianus, have recognized; I Marcus L[ – – ]nus, have recognized; I, Flavius Diogenes,<\/u> have recognized; I, Arrius Nigerus, have recognized; Marcus Aurelius Anoubion. Lucius A[- -] Cottarus\u2019). In the Greek text, the passive aorist corresponds the Roman perfect (\u1f20\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7) and the text also identifies the official who supervised the opening. See, in particular, P.Oxy. XXII 2348.51\u201359 (224 CE, Oxyrhynchos): \u1f20\u03bd\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7 (l<\/em>. \u1f20\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b7) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7 | 52<\/sup> \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f09\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 | 53<\/sup> \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f33 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9|54<\/sup>\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f48\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 | 55<\/sup> \u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 | 56<\/sup> \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u1f50\u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0398\u1f7c\u03b8 \u03b9\u03b5. \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76 | 57<\/sup> \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f2d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 | 58<\/sup> \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018Opened and read in the same city, in the presence of Aurelius Harpokration, strategos, in his office, and the majority of the sealers who have acknowledged and given their seals, the day before the Ides of October, in the same consulate, in the fourth year of Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus, Thoth 15. The remaining sealers, Aurelius Saras and Aurelius Heron, have recognized. Aurelius Diogenes, Marcus Aurelius Sarapodorus.\u2019) (transl.: editio princeps<\/em>, p. 141).<\/p>\n

Bibl.: Kreller (1919): 395-406; Amelotti (1966): 183-190; Migliardi Zingale (1982): 117-123; Yiftach (2002): 149-164; Nowak (2012): 578-579; (2015): 73-102; Strobel (2014): 54-64; Colella (2018): 55-60.<\/span><\/p>\n

BGU<\/span> I<\/strong> 326.2.10-14, 2.21 (189, Kar) [codicillus]; VII<\/strong> 1655.60-71 (169, Phil); XIII<\/strong> 2244.11-17 (186, Alex); P.Diog.<\/span><\/strong> 10.19-22 (211, PtolEu); P.Hamb.<\/span><\/strong> I<\/strong> 73.19-22 (II, Phil?); P.K\u00f6ln<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0II<\/strong> 100.35-40 (133, Pim[ ]); P.Laur.<\/span> I<\/strong> 4.8-14 (246, ArsN?); P.Lund<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 6.20-23 (190\/1, PtolEu); P.Oxy.<\/span><\/strong> VI<\/strong> 907.28 (276, Ox); XXII<\/strong> 2348.51-58 (224, Ox).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-37","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/37"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":61,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/37\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2580,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/37\/revisions\/2580"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/37\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=37"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=37"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/e-publish.uliege.be\/taxonomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=37"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}